RMT. Energy Harvesting and storage Europe 2015

ENERGY HARVESTING: RMT
COMPONENTS, SOLUTIONS,
DEVELOPMENTS.
G.Gromov
1
RMT LTD
 20 YEARS AT THE THERMOELECTRIC MARKET
 NOMENCLATURE OF MORE THAN 2 000 TYPES OF TECS
 PRODUCTION CAPABILITY OF MORE THAN 5M UNITS PER YEAR
 ISO 9001:2008 CERTIFIED
ENERGY HARVESTING: RMT COMPONENTS, SOLUTIONS, DEVELOPMENTS. G. Gromov
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RMT LTD
Bulk Technology
144 Elements per
cm2
256 Elements per cm2
Regular
Own high-performance Bi-Te material
Best Price-Performance ratio on the market
256 Elements per cm2
HD Technology
1100 Elements per cm
Automated
manufacturing
2
Advanced HD
All in-house
5 mm
Super HD
Telcordia GR-468 qualified
RoHS compliant solutions by default
Full-featured flexibility with new developments
THERMOELECTRIC COOLING
MICROMODULES
ENERGY HARVESTING: RMT COMPONENTS, SOLUTIONS, DEVELOPMENTS. G. Gromov
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THERMOELECTRIC MICROMODULE APPLICATIONS
Coolers
Generators
Sensors
Thermoelectric
Micromodules
ENERGY HARVESTING: RMT COMPONENTS, SOLUTIONS, DEVELOPMENTS. G. Gromov
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THERMOELECTRIC MICROMODULE APPLICATIONS
COOLER
SENSOR
GENERATOR
Tc
Th
Th
Th
Tc
Tc
Rload
I
I
E
Tc
Th
Qc
Ql
QP
QR/2
Ql
QP
QR/2
Th
Tc
Qh
Qh
Ql
QP
QR/2
Ql
QP
QR/2
Th
Tc
Qc
Qh
Ql
Ql
Qc
Peltier
Seebeck - Peltier
Seebeck
𝐼 × 𝐴𝐶𝑅
− 𝐾∆𝑇
2
2𝑁𝛼 2 × 𝑇𝑐
𝑄𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
, 𝑇𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0
2 × 𝐴𝐶𝑅
1
∆𝑇𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑍𝑇𝑐2 , 𝑄𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0
2
𝐸
𝑅𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 + 𝐴𝐶𝑅
𝑅𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑
𝑃 = 𝐸2 ×
𝑅𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 + 𝐴𝐶𝑅
𝑍 × ∆𝑇
𝜂=
4
∆𝑇 = 𝑄 × 𝑅𝑇
𝑄𝐶 = 2𝑁𝛼𝑇𝑐 𝐼 −
𝐼=
2
𝐸 = 𝑎 × 2𝑁 × (𝑇ℎ − 𝑇𝑐 )
1 𝛼
𝑆𝑎 = ×
𝑓 𝑘
1
𝑆𝑎 =
𝑍 × 𝐴𝐶𝑅
𝑎 × 2𝑁
ENERGY HARVESTING: RMT COMPONENTS, SOLUTIONS, DEVELOPMENTS. G. Gromov
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THERMOELECTRIC GENERATORS for ENERGY HARVESTING
Coolers
Generators
Sensors
Thermoelectric
Micromodules
ENERGY HARVESTING: RMT COMPONENTS, SOLUTIONS, DEVELOPMENTS. G. Gromov
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THERMOELECTRIC ENERGY HARVESTING MARKET
Th
Tc
Rload
I
$900 million
to 2024
Harry Zorvos. Successful commercial Energy Harvesting deployments in Wearable, Industrial Controls,
Transportation, Medicine, Handhelds, Fitness and Building Control” IDTechEx, 2013
ENERGY HARVESTING: RMT COMPONENTS, SOLUTIONS, DEVELOPMENTS. G. Gromov
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THERMOELECTRIC ENERGY HARVESTING MARKET
Solid-State Device
No Moving Parts
Reasonable prices
Reliably for over 30 years Why Thermoelectric
Maintenance-Free
Energy Harvesting
Small Heat Sources
Small Temp. Differences
Compact, Simple and Scalable
ENERGY HARVESTING: RMT COMPONENTS, SOLUTIONS, DEVELOPMENTS. G. Gromov
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RMT for THERMOELECTRIC ENERGY HARVESTING
Thermoelectric
applications basic
knowledge
Solutions for
energy harvesting
applications
Wide components
(thermoelectric
generators)
nomenclature
Test and
development
equipment
ENERGY HARVESTING: RMT COMPONENTS, SOLUTIONS, DEVELOPMENTS. G. Gromov
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BASIS. HOW IT WORKS
THERMAL BALANCE EQUATIONS
𝐸 = 2𝑁𝛼∆T
Th
Tc
𝐼=
Rload
I
𝐸
𝑅𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 + 𝐴𝐶𝑅
𝑈 = 𝐼𝑅𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 = 𝐸
Qh
Th
Ql
Tc
QP
QP
Ql
𝑚=
QR/2
𝑃 = 𝐸2 ×
QR/2
Qc
𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑅𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑
𝐴𝐶𝑅
𝑅𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑
𝑅𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 + 𝐴𝐶𝑅
𝑅𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑
𝑅𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 + 𝐴𝐶𝑅
2
2
𝐸2
=
4 × 𝐴𝐶𝑅
1
𝑄ℎ = 2𝑁𝑘∆T + 2𝑁𝛼𝐼𝑇ℎ − 𝐼2 (2𝑁𝑅)
2
1
𝑄𝑐 = 2𝑁𝑘∆T + 2𝑁𝛼𝐼𝑇𝑐 + 𝐼2 (2𝑁𝑅)
2
ENERGY HARVESTING: RMT COMPONENTS, SOLUTIONS, DEVELOPMENTS. G. Gromov
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BASIS. HOW IT WORKS
MAXIMAL POWER vs LOAD RESISTANCE Rload
Th
𝑅𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑
𝑅𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 + 𝐴𝐶𝑅
𝑃 = 𝐸2 ×
Tc
Rload
2
I
6,0
ACR=3,0
ACR=4,9
ACR=8,2
ACR=13,3
5,0
𝑷𝒎𝒂𝒙
P, mW
4,0
3,0
2,0
1,0
𝑹𝒍𝒐𝒂𝒅 = 𝑨𝑪𝑹
0,0
0
5
10
15
20
Rload, Ohm
𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝐸2
=
4 × 𝐴𝐶𝑅
ENERGY HARVESTING: RMT COMPONENTS, SOLUTIONS, DEVELOPMENTS. G. Gromov
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BASIS. HOW IT WORKS
MAXIMAL EFFICIENCY vs OPTIMAL LOAD mopt
𝑅𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 = 𝑚 × 𝐴𝐶𝑅
Th
Tc
Rload
I
𝑚𝑜𝑝𝑡 =
𝑃𝑜𝑝𝑡
𝜼𝒎𝒂𝒙
𝑹𝒍𝒐𝒂𝒅 = 𝒎𝒐𝒑𝒕 𝑨𝑪𝑹
1+𝑍×
𝑇ℎ + 𝑇𝑐
2
𝐸2
𝑚
=
×
𝐴𝐶𝑅
1+𝑚
𝜂𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
Δ𝑇
𝑇ℎ 𝑚
2
𝑚𝑜𝑝𝑡
𝑜𝑝𝑡
+1−
Δ𝑇
𝑇ℎ
𝒎𝒐𝒑𝒕 ~ 2
𝑅𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 ~1.0 … 1.4 𝐴𝐶𝑅
ENERGY HARVESTING: RMT COMPONENTS, SOLUTIONS, DEVELOPMENTS. G. Gromov
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BASIS. HOW IT WORKS
MAXIMAL POWER vs THERMAL RESISTANCES RTEG , Rc
∆𝑇 < ∆𝑇𝑠
Rload
𝑅𝑠 = 𝑅′ 𝑇𝐸𝐺 + 𝑅𝑐
′
𝑅𝑇𝐸𝐺
=
1
𝑅𝑇𝐸𝐺
≈
𝐾 ′ 1 + 𝑍𝑇𝑐
1+𝑚
I
Th
DT
7,0
T’c
DTs
Rc=2
Rc=3
Rc=6
Rc=10
6,0
Tc
5,0
𝑷𝒎𝒂𝒙
P, mW
T’h
4,0
3,0
2,0
1,0
0,0
0
𝑹𝒄 = 𝑹′𝑻𝑬𝑮
5
10
15
RTEG, K/W
𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑍 × ∆𝑇𝑠2
𝑅′ 𝑇𝐸𝐺
≈
×
4
𝑅′ 𝑇𝐸𝐺 + 𝑅𝑐
×
2
1
𝑍𝑇𝑐
1+
1+𝑚
ENERGY HARVESTING: RMT COMPONENTS, SOLUTIONS, DEVELOPMENTS. G. Gromov
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BASIS. TEG DESIGN and PERFORMANCE
OUTPUT VOLTAGE
𝐸 = 2𝑁 × 𝛼 × ∆𝑇
𝑈=𝐸×
Rload
𝑈𝑃𝑀𝐴𝑋 =
I
T’h
Th
DT
𝐸
𝑎𝑡 𝑅𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 = 𝐴𝐶𝑅
2
𝑈𝑅𝑀𝐴𝑋 ≈ 𝐸 𝑎𝑡 𝑅𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 ≫ 𝐴𝐶𝑅
T’c
DTs
𝑅𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑
𝑅𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 + 𝐴𝐶𝑅
Tc
500
𝑵
DT=2,5°C
E, mV
DT=5°C
DT=10°C
DT=20°C
50
𝑬
Umax ~ 0.5-1.0E
5
5
50
Number of pellet pairs N
ENERGY HARVESTING: RMT COMPONENTS, SOLUTIONS, DEVELOPMENTS. G. Gromov
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BASIS. TEG DESIGN and PERFORMANCE
PERFORMANCE
𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 2𝑁 ×
𝑅𝑇𝐸𝐺 =
Rload
𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
I
Th
DT
1
2𝑁 × 𝑓 × 𝑘
𝑍
1
× ∆𝑇 2 ×
4
𝑅𝑇𝐸𝐺
T’c
DTs
100,00
Tc
1/RTEG
10,00
P, mW
T’h
𝑍
× ∆𝑇 2 × 𝑓 × 𝑘
4
1MD06
1,00
1MD04
1MD03
1MD02
0,10
Pmax
0,01
5
50
500
RTEG, K/W
ENERGY HARVESTING: RMT COMPONENTS, SOLUTIONS, DEVELOPMENTS. G. Gromov
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RMT TEGS
1MD04-057-03
Rteg = 2.51Ohm @Thot=85ºC
N couples = 57
Thot=85ºC
(example value)
Tcold=27ºC
(example value)
RMT TEG datasheets contain all info for simplified TEG estimations
ENERGY HARVESTING: RMT COMPONENTS, SOLUTIONS, DEVELOPMENTS. G. Gromov
.
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RMT TEGS
RMT MICROMODULE TECHNOLOGY
144 Elements per cm2
256 Elements per cm2
Regular
400 Elements per cm2
HD Technology
1100 Elements
per cm2
Advanced HD
5mm
SuperHD
ENERGY HARVESTING: RMT COMPONENTS, SOLUTIONS, DEVELOPMENTS. G. Gromov
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RMT TEGS
ADVANTAGES
Bulk Technology process
Maintenance-free
Environmentally conscious
RMT TEGs
Miniature dimensions
High performance
Long lifetime operating
World widest range
Best Performance-Price ratio
RMT bulk-Technology TEGs Seebeck coefficient per pair - α=400mV/K
As a reference - thin-film Technology TEGs have only 250 m V/K
ENERGY HARVESTING: RMT COMPONENTS, SOLUTIONS, DEVELOPMENTS. G. Gromov
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BULK or THIN-FILM TECHNOLOGY
THIN-FILM MODULE
BULK TECHNOLOGY MODULE
5mm
BiTe pellets are grown on a substrate by
thin-film process. Two substrates are
soldered together
BiTe materials manufactured in ingots, cut
into pellets and soldered between two
metallized ceramics
ENERGY HARVESTING: RMT COMPONENTS, SOLUTIONS, DEVELOPMENTS. G. Gromov
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BULK or THIN-FILM TECHNOLOGY
THIN-FILM MODULE
BULK TECHNOLOGY MODULE
“T” vs “B”
Voltage
Efficiency
THE SAME HEAT FLUX
THE SAME TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE
𝑬𝑩
≈ 𝟎. 𝟓 … 𝟎. 𝟔
𝑬𝑻
𝜼𝑩
≈ 𝟐, 𝟐 … 𝟐, 𝟓
𝜼𝑻
MAXIMUM POWER (𝑹𝒍𝒐𝒂𝒅 = 𝑨𝑪𝑹)
THE SAME HEAT FLUX
𝑷𝑩
≈ 𝟏. 𝟓 … 𝟑
𝑷𝑻
𝜼𝑩
≈ 𝟔, 𝟓 … 𝟕, 𝟓
𝜼𝑻
Power
ENERGY HARVESTING: RMT COMPONENTS, SOLUTIONS, DEVELOPMENTS. G. Gromov
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RMT TEGS
ENERGY HARVESTING APPLICATIONS
Dr. Harry Zervos, Dr. Peter Harrop and Raghu Das. IDTechEx. Energy Harvesting and Storage 20142024: Forecasts, Technologies, Players.
ENERGY HARVESTING: RMT COMPONENTS, SOLUTIONS, DEVELOPMENTS. G. Gromov
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RMT TEGS
THERMOELECTRIC ENERGY HARVESTING APPLICATIONS
5-10°C
Low power heat sources. Typical –
human body.
• Watches, sport trackers, wireless sensors.
10-20°С
Middle range heat sources. Industrial
and natural heat sources.
• Power for wireless sensors, WNS.
20-50°С
High power heat sources. Mostly
industrial nature.
• Power for wireless sensors, remote control.
ENERGY HARVESTING: RMT COMPONENTS, SOLUTIONS, DEVELOPMENTS. G. Gromov
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RMT TEGS
OPTIMAL SOLUTION ALGORITHM
∆𝑇𝑠 = ∆𝑇 + ∆𝑇с
Rload
I
∆𝑇 =
Tc
1
× ∆𝑇𝑠 = 2.5 °𝐶
2
𝑆 ≈ 𝟏𝟓 см2
T’c
DT DTs
T’h
Th
∆𝑻𝒔 = 5 °𝑪
𝑅с = 𝟓𝟕 𝐾/𝑊
𝑅′ 𝑇𝐸𝐺 ≅ 𝑅с = 𝟓𝟕 𝐾/𝑊
𝑅𝑇𝐸𝐺 ≈ 𝑅 ′ 𝑇𝐸𝐺 × 1.35
𝐸 = 2 × 𝑈𝑇𝐸𝐺 ≥ 2 × 20 𝑚𝑉
DC-DC input voltage >20 mV
ENERGY HARVESTING: RMT COMPONENTS, SOLUTIONS, DEVELOPMENTS. G. Gromov
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RMT TEGS
OPTIMAL SOLUTION ALGORITHM
Optimal solution
500
140
80
50
60
40
E, mV
100
2.7x4.0 mm2
44 pairs
(0.2x0.2x0.4mm3)
20
5
0
0
50
N
100
150
10,00
𝑹′𝑻𝑬𝑮 ≅ 𝑹с = 𝟓𝟕 𝑲/𝑾
𝑹𝑻𝑬𝑮 ≈ 𝑹′ 𝑻𝑬𝑮 × 𝟏. 𝟑𝟓
𝑬 = 𝟐 × 𝑼𝑻𝑬𝑮 ≥ 𝟐 × 𝟐𝟎 𝒎𝑽
P, mW
RTEG, K/W
120
1MD02-044-04
1MD06-xx-07
1MD06-xx-08
1MD04-xx-05
1MD04-xx-08
1MD03-xx-04
1MD03-xx-05
1MD02-xx-03
1MD02-xx-04
1MD02-xx-05
E
1,00
0,10
1MD02
0,01
10
100
RTEG, K/W
ENERGY HARVESTING: RMT COMPONENTS, SOLUTIONS, DEVELOPMENTS. G. Gromov
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RMT TEGS
OPTIMAL SOLUTION ALGORITHM
Optimal solution
1MD02-044-04
~ 1 Year x
2.7x4.0 mm2
44 pairs
(0.2x0.2x0.4mm3)
ENERGY HARVESTING: RMT COMPONENTS, SOLUTIONS, DEVELOPMENTS. G. Gromov
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RMT TEGS
MicroTEGs with 0.05-25 mW power
for Harvesting Applications
Rload
I
Th
DT
10 - 20°C
30 - 50°C
T’c
DTs
100,00
Tc
10 - 25 mW
1.0 - 3.0 mW
0.05 - 0.5 mW
10,00
Pmax, mW
T’h
5 - 10°C
1,00
0,10
0,01
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
DTs, K
ENERGY HARVESTING: RMT COMPONENTS, SOLUTIONS, DEVELOPMENTS. G. Gromov
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RMT TEGS
ENERGY HARVESTING APPLICATIONS
Dr. Harry Zervos, Dr. Peter Harrop and Raghu Das. IDTechEx. Energy Harvesting and Storage 20142024: Forecasts, Technologies, Players.
ENERGY HARVESTING: RMT COMPONENTS, SOLUTIONS, DEVELOPMENTS. G. Gromov
27
DEVELOPMENTS
WRISTWATCHES
The watch is driven by body heat converted into the electrical power by the
thermoelectric. At least two models have been built, one by Seiko and another by
Citizen. The Seiko watch under normal operation produces 22 μW of electrical
power.
ENERGY HARVESTING: RMT COMPONENTS, SOLUTIONS, DEVELOPMENTS. G. Gromov
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DEVELOPMENTS
WEARABLE CHARGER CONCEPT
Thermoelectric effects connect a difference of temperatures with electricity. In other
words, when two parties of a bracelet have different temperature, between them there is
a current. Certainly, the difference of body temperature of the person and environment,
has to promote it.
http://www.mobipower.ru/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=250.
ENERGY HARVESTING: RMT COMPONENTS, SOLUTIONS, DEVELOPMENTS. G. Gromov
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DEVELOPMENTS
WEARABLE HEALTH MONITORING
Germany-based industrial designer Olga Epikhina has conceived a parasitic, wearable
health monitoring system that relies on the power generated by human body heat and
vibrations to monitor body temperature, blood pressure, brainwave and heartbeats.
Each piece of the set comes complete with a vibration energy harvester, a
thermoelectric generator and a capacitor for energy storage
http://www.greendiary.com/healthpals-body-heat-powered-wearable-health-monitoring-system.html
ENERGY HARVESTING: RMT COMPONENTS, SOLUTIONS, DEVELOPMENTS. G. Gromov
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DEVELOPMENTS
ENERGY-AUTONOMOUS RADIATOR ACTUATOR
Although we have already seen mobile phone concepts and even cooking pots
utilizing thermoelectric energy harvesting, thermoelectric radiator valves are currently
becoming very popular, with the temperature difference between a radiator and the
ambient air being the source for the generated power. Honeywell, Moeller,
Kieback&Peter, Tahydronics are some of the companies that already have such
products available on the market.
Perspectives
 Temperature sensors, occupancy sensors
 Enabling users to control the heating system, automatically switch their home
appliances on and off.
ENERGY HARVESTING: RMT COMPONENTS, SOLUTIONS, DEVELOPMENTS. G. Gromov
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DEVELOPMENTS
TEMPERATURE TRANSMITTERS
Supplied to Robinson Brothers for use its specialty chemical manufacturing process.
ABB’s energy harvesting wireless temperature transmitter needs a minimum of 30
degrees temperature difference.
ENERGY HARVESTING: RMT COMPONENTS, SOLUTIONS, DEVELOPMENTS. G. Gromov
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DEVELOPMENTS
UNIVERSAL CHARGER CONCEPT
The charger can work with different heat sources: hot/cold water cap; hot stone; solar
radiation falls to earth and others.
Heat sink
TEGs
Electronics
DC-DC
Battery
Sensors
Heat sink
USB
The RMT concept
ENERGY HARVESTING: RMT COMPONENTS, SOLUTIONS, DEVELOPMENTS. G. Gromov
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DEVELOPMENTS
SOIL GENERATOR CONCEPT
There is natural daily dynamical temperature difference at top soil layer about 20-30
centimeters. Heat flux in the soil ~ 100 W/m2. Variable temperature difference ±10…20°C.
To use it with help of TEG and heat pipe.
Antenna
Heat sink
Soil node
~20…30 cm
Tu
DT
Daily Heat Flux
TEG
Ta
Electronics
DC-DC
Battery
Sensors
Heat pipe (gravity free)
0
Heat sink
24
12
24
time, hours
The RMT concept
ENERGY HARVESTING: RMT COMPONENTS, SOLUTIONS, DEVELOPMENTS. G. Gromov
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DEVICES for TESTS and DEVELOPMENTS
TE GENERATORS
DEVELOPMENT
KIT
All-in-one solution for TEG analysis
Optimal for TEGs energy harvesting analysis
Detailed TEG output and data logging
Precise temperature setup for experiments
Ability to connect different DC-DC converters
Compact design (A4 size)
Works with PC and in stand-alone mode
ENERGY HARVESTING: RMT COMPONENTS, SOLUTIONS, DEVELOPMENTS. G. Gromov
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TE GENERATORS DEVELOPMENT KIT
ENERGY HARVESTING: RMT COMPONENTS, SOLUTIONS, DEVELOPMENTS. G. Gromov
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TE GENERATORS DEVELOPMENT KIT
ENERGY HARVESTING: RMT COMPONENTS, SOLUTIONS, DEVELOPMENTS. G. Gromov
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APPENDIX. TE GENERATORS DEVELOPMENT KIT
SPECIFICATIONS
Parameters
Units
Value
Temperature stabilizing range
Max temperature difference to set
Output voltage range of TEG
Electric current range of the TEG
Heat flux range
Output voltage of DC-DC converter
Load current
High current mode
Low current mode
Computer interface
TEGs Dimensions Supported
Length x Width, А х В
Height, Н
Power Supply of the Kit
Maximal power consumption
Overall dimensions of Kit АхВхН, max
Weight
Dimensions of main Modules
Mounting table
Electronic plate
Controller unit
Programmable heat flux unit
DC/DC converter unit
°С
°C
V
A
W
V
+10 … +100
50
0 … 9.999
0 … 1.000
0 … 9.999
0 … 9.999
A
mA
0 … 0.100
0 … 5.0
USB
mm2
mm
V
W
mm
kg
2х2 … 30х30
0.5 … 5.0
110 … 240
60
200 х 300 х 80
3.0
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
200 х 300 х 20
100 х 200 х 25
55 х 55 х 35
55 х 55 х 8
55 х 55 х 10
ENERGY HARVESTING: RMT COMPONENTS, SOLUTIONS, DEVELOPMENTS. G. Gromov
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