Application Note 1612 ISL6844 Reference Design: ISL6844EVAL3Z Introduction Where: This document focuses on Intersil’s solution for the flyback converter. An inexpensive approach with discrete circuitry has been adopted instead of an integrated solution. Low cost and optimal performance are the prime objectives. POUT = Total output power Intersil’s superior industry-standard ISL684x family of PWM controllers would best serve the needs of this design. Some key features of this family of parts include: • 40ns peak current sensing • 1A MOSFET driver η = Converter’s efficiency, assuming 75% Fsw = Switching frequency As a result, the peak magnitizing current = 1.06A The transformer’s turn ratio can be determined from: ( V out + V F ) ⋅ ( 1 – d 2 ) n = -------------------------------------------------------V IN, MIN ⋅ d MAX (EQ. 2) d MAX + d 2 < 1 ISL6844 was selected for its large UVLO hysteresis, UVLO start threshold, and the fact that the converter has been designed for a maximum operational duty cycle of 50%, thus protecting the IC by limiting the duty cycle in case of extreme fault conditions. Where: Specifications VF = Forward drop across the diode, assuming 0.6V n = Turns ratio between the primary and the secondary windings • Operating Input Voltage: 24V DC ±10% d2 = Duty cycle of diode conduction time • Output Voltage: ±15V d2Tsw is the magnitizing current reset time. Setting d2 to 0.5, Equation 2 yields the transformer’s turn ratio of 1. • Output Current: 100mA D1 • Ripple: 50mVP-P 1 VIN CIN • Switching Frequency: 300kHz n +15V COUT1 CS RS DS n • Topology: DCM Flyback COUT2 D2 Design Procedure OUT -15V CS Figure 1 shows a simplified circuit of the solution. It is assumed that loads are balanced for both positive and negative outputs. The turn ratio of the auxiliary winding is chosen to be the same as the secondary winding. Figure 2 shows typical operational waveforms of a flyback converter in discontinuous conduction mode. Determine the Maximum Duty Cycle and Transformer Turn Ratio RSENSE VIN ISL6844 VREG n VDD FB CAUX GND FIGURE 1. SIMPLIFIED CIRCUIT ISL6844 clamps the duty cycle to 50%. However, in this converter design, it is assumed that the operating maximum duty cycle, dmax, will be 35% at the minimum input voltage of 21.6V. Given the power level, the flyblack converter is designed to operate in discontinuous conduction mode. The magnitizing inductance can be calculated using Equation 1: 2 2 V IN, MIN ⋅ d max L M = η ⋅ ----------------------------------------2 ⋅ P out ⋅ F sw 2 (EQ. 1) 2 21.6 ⋅ 0.35 = 0.75 ⋅ -------------------------------------- = 23.8μH 3 2 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 300 ×10 November 28, 2011 AN1612.1 1 CAUTION: These devices are sensitive to electrostatic discharge; follow proper IC Handling Procedures. 1-888-INTERSIL or 1-888-468-3774 | Intersil (and design) is a registered trademark of Intersil Americas Inc. Copyright Intersil Americas Inc. 2010, 2011. All Rights Reserved All other trademarks mentioned are the property of their respective owners. Application Note 1612 The transformer used in this design is Pulse’s PA3374Nl. It is a gapped ferrite toroid core, which has the following parameters: TSW ILM Ipk • Ae = 4.3mm2 • AL = 35nH/n2 • le = 13.1mm Ipri dTSW MOSFET ON DIODES (D1 AND D2) OFF d2TSW MOSFET OFF DIODES (D1 AND D2) ON • Ve = 56.5mm3 d3TSW MOSFET OFF DIODES (D1 AND D2) OFF This section provides general guideline to calculate the number of turn and wire size. For more details on designing transformer parameters, please contact a Pulse representative. Ipk The number of turns on the primary side, Np, can be determined from: L [ uH ] × 1000 -----------------------------------AL Np = Isec,1 = <Iout,1> (EQ. 5) 23.8 × 1000 ------------------------------- = 26.07 35 Therefore, the primary side has 26 turns. With the turn ratio of 1, the secondary side and the auxiliary primary side also have 26 turns. Next the calculate the maximum flux density to make sure that it is below the saturation limit.Where: Isec,2 L M ⋅ I M, max B max = -------------------------------Np ⋅ Ae (EQ. 6) –6 <Iout,2> For the operating power level, the wire sizes of the primary, secondary, and auxiliary windings are selected such that the current density in each winding is about 0.25335 cm2/A (50 circular mil/A). FIGURE 2. TYPICAL OPERATIONAL CURRENT WAVEFORMS Transformer Core Selection From Figure 2, the RMS current in the transformer primary side can be calculated from: d I rms, pri = I pk ⋅ --3 4 23.8 ×10 ⋅ 1.06 = ------------------------------------------- ×10 = 0.226T –2 26 ⋅ 4.3 ×10 (EQ. 3) 0.35 = 1.06 ⋅ ----------- = 0.362A 3 The RMS current in each transformer secondary side can also be computed from: A w, pri ≥ 0.25335 ⋅ 0.362 = 0.0917cm 2 To simplify transformer winding, AWG#37 is used for all primary, secondary and auxiliary windings. Primary MOSFET Selection The primary MOSFET needs to be able to handle the voltage stress, given by: V DSFET = V IN, MAX + [ n × ( V out + V f ) ] = 26.4 + [ 1 × ( 15 + 0.6 ) ] = 42V I pk d I rms, sec = ------- ⋅ -----22 3 (EQ. 7) (EQ. 8) (EQ. 4) As a good design practice, some margin is provided to this peak stress voltage to accommodate transient spikes and for a good reliable performance over time. Providing a 30% design margin as a rule of thumb, the minimum rating on the primary MOSFET needs to be 54.6V. 1.06 0.5 = ----------- ⋅ -------- ⋅ = 0.216A 2 3 2 AN1612.1 November 28, 2011 Application Note 1612 The RMS current through the MOSFET can be calculated from: I rms, FET = I pk ⋅ d --3 (EQ. 9) P L = W L ⋅ F SW = 267.4 ×10 0.35 = 1.06 ⋅ ----------- = 0.362A 3 Selecting the conduction loss in the MOSFET to 1% of total output power, 0.03W. The required MOSFET’s rDS(ON) to achieve the required conduction loss is shown in Equation 10. P FET, cond – loss r DS ( ON ) = ------------------------------------------2 I FET, rms Average power transferred to the snubber circuit is: –9 (EQ. 14) 3 ⋅ 300 ×10 = 0.08W To limit peak voltage spikes across the MOSFET to 50V, the snubber voltage is set to: V S = peakV MOSFET – V IN, MIN (EQ. 15) = 50 – 21.6 = 28.4V (EQ. 10) 0.03 = ------------------ = 0.229Ω 2 0.362 The average power transferred to the snubber circuit in Equation 14 is dissipated by the snuuber resistor, so RS is determined by: 2 VS R S = ------Pl Vishay’s SI4436DY is selected in this design. Output Diode Selection Schottky diodes are recommended for the output diode due to their low forward voltage drop. The voltage stress across the output diode can calculated by: V Diode = n × V IN, MAX + V OUT (EQ. 11) = 1 × 26.4 + 15 = 41.4V The output capacitance needs to meet the ripple and noise requirements, and also be able to handle the ripple current. Assuming ceramic capacitors are used as the output filter, the voltage ripple from the capacitor’s ESR is negligible. The minimum capacitance required to meet specifications can be approximately calculated from Equation 12. ΔV PP ( 1 – d 2 ) ⋅ T SW C OUT > --------------- ⋅ ------------------------------------2 I OUT –3 ( 1 – 0.5 ) 50 ×10 > ---------------------- ⋅ ----------------------------------3 2 0.1 ⋅ 300 ×10 (EQ. 12) 10µF ceramic capacitors are selected for each output. Design margin has been provided to account for noise spikes. Snubber Circuit When the MOSFET switches off, it interrupts the current that flows through the transformer leakage inductance. An RCD snubber circuit is typically used in flyback converters to clamp voltage spikes on the MOSFET. Assuming that the transformer leakage inductance is 2% of the magnitizing inductance, the energy stored in the leakage inductance during MOSFET’s on-time is: 3 (EQ. 17) –6 3.33 ×10 = 10 ⋅ --------------------------- = 3.33nF 3 10 ×10 Output Filter 1 2 W L = --- ⋅ L L ⋅ I LM 2 –6 1 = --- ⋅ 0.02 ⋅ 23.8 ×10 ⋅ ( 1.06 ) 2 = 267.4nJ 2 So RS = 10kΩ is selected. Cs is selected such that the RSCS time constant is substantially longer than the switching period to keep low ripple voltage on the snubber circuit. A time constant of 10 times the switching period is used for calculation: T SW C S ≈ 10 ⋅ -----------RS Diodes Inc’s B180 are employed in this design. > 0.42μF (EQ. 16) 2 28.4 = -------------- = 10.08kΩ 0.08 (EQ. 13) CS = 3.33nF is used in the design. Feedback Network The feedback is being tapped off of the primary auxiliary winding. This is one of the advantages of selecting the flyback topology, since the auxiliary winding voltage follows the output. This scheme was fully exploited, since the load fluctuation is minimal, and that load regulation does not suffer much at these power levels. For tighter regulation requirements, an opto-coupled solution would need to be used, which leads to additional cost. Referring to the schematic on page 8, the output voltage can be set by: V OUT + V F R 22 ---------- = ----------------------------–1 R 23 V ref 15 + 0.6 = --------------------- – 1 = 5.2 2.514 (EQ. 18) R23 = 1kΩ and R22 = 5.23kΩ are selected. The control-to-output transfer function of the DCM flyback converter is [1]: R E ⋅ L M ⋅ F SW 1 + s ⋅ ESR ⋅ C - ⋅ ------------------------------------------------------G vc = K ⋅ -----------------------------------( 1 + s ⋅ 0.5 ⋅ R E ⋅ C E ) 2 (EQ. 19) Where: RE = Equivalent load resistor reflected to the auxiliary output. AN1612.1 November 28, 2011 Application Note 1612 CE = Equivalent capacitor reflected to the auxiliary output. 40 ESR = Equivalent series resistance of the output capacitor. 1W TOTAL OUTPUT K = ISPK(MAX)/VC(MAX). 3W TOTAL OUTPUT The equivalent load reflected to the auxiliary output can be estimated from: 2 V aux R E = ---------------------------------P OUT ( Total ) (EQ. 20) 2 ( 15V ) = ------------------- = 75Ω 3W GAIN (GVC) 20 0 20 The equivalent capacitor reflected to the auxiliary output can be estimated from: N S1 N S2 + ------------- ⋅ C C E = C aux + ------------- ⋅ C N aux N OUT1 aux OUT2 1 .10 100 3 1 .10 1 .10 1 .10 5 From Equation 23, the pole of the control-to-output transfer function for 3W output is located at 202Hz. Setting the closed-loop’s bandwidth of 10kHz, the feedback compensation must have a mid-band gain of 3.11 (10dB). The mid-band gain is determined by R 24 A mid – band = ---------R 22 (EQ. 22) (EQ. 24) Therefore, R24 is selected to be 16.2kΩ. POUT(MAX) = The maximum power allowed = 4W The first zero of compensation is set at 1/3 of the crossover frequency, 3.33kHz. C9 can be calculated from: VC(MAX) has value of 1.1V, clamped by ISL6844’s internal circuit. Along with the result from Equation 22, K has a value of 0.97. 1 C 9 = -------------------------------------------------------------------3 3 2 ⋅ π ⋅ 3.33 ×10 ⋅ 16.2 ×10 Replaces K and the results from Equation 21 and Equation 22 into Equation 19, yields 1 G vc = 15.87 ⋅ ---------------------------------------------------–4 ( 1 + s ⋅ 7.875 ×10 ) 6 FIGURE 3. GAIN OF G VC (EQ. 21) The value of ISPK(MAX) can be determined by assuming that the auxiliary output delivers all of the output power. 4W 2 ⋅ ----------15V = ------------------- = 1.067A 0.5 4 FREQUENCY (Hz) 15 15 = 1μF + ------ ⋅ 10μF + ------ ⋅ 10μF = 21μF 15 15 P OUT ( MAX ) 2 ⋅ -------------------------------V AUX I SPK ( MAX ) = ----------------------------------------D2 40 10 (EQ. 23 Note that with the low ESR values of the output ceramic capacitor, the zero due to their ESR is located at the frequency significantly higher than the switching frequency. As the result, the impact of capacitor’s ESR is neglected for compensator design. (EQ. 25) = 2.95nF 2.7nF is used for C9. The second zero of compensation is set at half of the switching frequency. C10 can be calculated from: 1 C 10 = ------------------------------------------------------------------3 3 2 ⋅ π ⋅ 150 ×10 ⋅ 16.2 ×10 (EQ. 26) = 65.5pF 68pF is used for C10. From Equation 20, it shows that when the total output power reduces, the equivalent load resistor increases. This increases the DC-gain in Equation 19, also the pole is moved to the lower frequency. 4 AN1612.1 November 28, 2011 Application Note 1612 Printed Circuit Board The fixture of the PCB is a 2-layer board with dimensions of 4 by 6 centimeters. All components are surface-mount packages and are placed in the top layer. TABLE 1. TERMINAL TERMINALS SIGNALS P1 VIN (Input voltage) P2 RTN (Input ground return) P3 +15V (+15V output voltage) P4 +15V(-15V output voltage) P5,P6 GND (Output ground) Reference [1] Dixon, Lloyd H., “Closing the Feedback Loop”, Unitrode Power Supply Design Seminar, slup068, 1984. FIGURE 4. EVALUATION BOARD PHOTO (TOP SIDE) FIGURE 5. EVALUATION BOARD PHOTO (BOTTOM SIDE) 5 AN1612.1 November 28, 2011 Application Note 1612 Typical Performance Curves FIGURE 6. START UP AT NO LOAD FIGURE 7. START UP AT FULL LOAD FIGURE 8. OUTPUT RIPPLES AT NO LOAD FIGURE 9. OUTPUT RIPPLES AT FULL LOAD 17.5 OUTPUT VOLTAGES (V) EFFICIENCY (%) 85 80 75 70 65 60 55 50 45 40 0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 TOTAL OUTPUT POWER (W) FIGURE 10. EFFICIENCY 6 3.0 3.5 17.0 16.5 VOUTP 16.0 15.5 15.0 VOUTN 14.5 0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 TOTAL OUTPUT POWER (W) IOUTP = IOUTN 3.0 3.5 FIGURE 11. OUTPUT VOLTAGE REGULATIONS AN1612.1 November 28, 2011 Application Note 1612 Typical Performance Curves (Continued) FIGURE 12. OVER CURRENT RESPONSE 7 AN1612.1 November 28, 2011 Schematic C13 1 2 2 1 R11 5.1 1nF/2kv D4 1 1 10 1 1 1 C16 0.1uF R25 4.02k 1 P5 RTN 1 C17 0.1uF 1 C18 0.1uF 2 C24 10uF 1 2 C14 0.1uF 2 2 1 2 R26 4.02k 1 2 1 C8 1uF 2 2 D5 8 R15 D1 +15V P6 RTN P4 -15V B180 2 BAT54 2 U1 7 2 R10 5.1 1 C15 5 2.2uF R6 1 R5 1k 2 100 1 2 2 1 2 R1 0.82ohm VDD FB OUT CS GND RTCT 1 2 C6 150pF 16.2k 1 R22 10k 2 3 4 1 2 R4 10k 1 COMP ISL6844 1 DNP 10uF 1 2 Q2 SI4436DY 1 D7 BZT52C18 C11 2 6 VREF C9 2.7nF 2 1 1 8 1 R23 2k 2 VREF R24 1 C10 68pF 2 2 R3 12.1k C12 220pF 2 1 Application Note 1612 Vin- C23 10uF 1 2 BAT46W 4 21 1 2 2 6 7 D2 BAT46W D3 1 R14 6.49k 1 2 3 1 2 CS 3.3nF 2 1 C4 1uF P2 RS 10k 1 C3 10uF 2 8 POWER INPUT 24V P3 1 1 B180 2 Vin+ 1 1 5 1 1 2 2 1 T1 2 P1 AN1612.1 November 28, 2011 Application Note 1612 Bill of Materials REF DES QTY PART NUMBER U1 1 ISL6844IUZ IC, PWM Controller Q2 1 SI4436DY MOSFET, N-channel, 60V D1 1 BAT54WS Schottky Diode, 30V SOD323F Diodes Inc. D2, D3 2 BAT46W Schottky Diode, 100V SOD123 Diodes Inc. D4, D5 2 B180 Schottky Diode, 80V, 1A SMA Diodes Inc. D7 DNP BZT52C18 Zener Diode 18V SMA T1 1 PA3374NL Transformer, Custom C3 1 C5750X7R1H106K Capacitor, ceramic, X7R, 10µF, 20%, 50V SM_2210 Generic C4 1 Capacitor, ceramic, X7R, 1.0µF, 20%, 50V SM_0805 Generic C6 1 Capacitor, ceramic, X5R, 150pF, 20%, 50V SM_0603 Generic C8 1 Capacitor, ceramic, X5R, 1.0µF, 20%, 25V SM_0805 Generic C9 1 Capacitor, ceramic, X5R, 2.7nF, 20%, 50V SM_0603 Generic C10 1 Capacitor, ceramic, X5R, 68pF, 20%, 50V SM_0603 Generic C11 1 Capacitor, ceramic, X5R, 10µF, 20%, 25V SM_1206 Generic C12 1 Capacitor, ceramic, X7R, 220pF, 20%, 50V SM_0603 Generic C13 1 Capacitor, ceramic, X7R, 1000pF, 10%, 2kV SM_1808 TDK C14, C16, C17, C18 4 Capacitor, ceramic, X7R, 100nF, 10%, 50V SM_0603 Generic CS 1 Capacitor, ceramic, X7R, 3.3nF, 20%, 50V SM_0805 Generic C15 1 Capacitor, ceramic, X7R, 2.2µF, 20%, 10V SM_0603 Generic C4520X7R3D102K DESCRIPTION PACKAGE MSOP-8 SOP-8 VENDOR Intersil Vishay Diodes Inc. Pulse C23, C24 2 Capacitor, ceramic, X5R, 10µF, 10%, 25V SM_1812 Generic R1 1 Resistor, 0.82Ω, 1%, 1/4W SM_1206 Generic R3 1 Resistor, 12.1kΩ, 1%, 1/16W SM_0603 Generic R4, R22 2 Resistor, 10kΩ, 5%, 1/16W SM_0603 Generic R5 1 Resistor, 1kΩ, 1%, 1/16W SM_0603 Generic R6 1 Resistor, 100Ω, 1%, 1/16W SM_0603 Generic R10, R11 2 Resistor, 5.1Ω, 1%, 1/16W SM_0603 Generic R14 1 Resistor, 6.49kΩ, 1%, 1/16W SM_0603 Generic R15 1 Resistor, 10Ω, 1%, 1/16W SM_0603 Generic RS 1 Resistor, 10kΩ, 5%, 1/4W SM_1206 Generic R23 1 Resistor, 2kΩ, 1%, 1/16W SM_0603 Generic R24 1 Resistor, 16.2kΩ, 5%, 1/16W SM_0603 Generic R25, R26 2 Resistor, 4.02kΩ, 5%, 1/16W SM_0603 Generic 9 AN1612.1 November 28, 2011 Application Note 1612 ISL6844EVAL3Z Printed Circuit Board Layers FIGURE 1. ISL6844EVAL3Z - TOP LAYER (SILKSCREEN) FIGURE 2. ISL6844EVAL3Z - TOP LAYER (COMPONENT SIDE) FIGURE 3. ISL6844EVAL3Z - BOTTOM LAYER (SOLDER SIDE) FIGURE 4. ISL6844EVAL3Z - BOTTOM LAYER (SILKSCREEN) Intersil Corporation reserves the right to make changes in circuit design, software and/or specifications at any time without notice. Accordingly, the reader is cautioned to verify that the Application Note or Technical Brief is current before proceeding. For information regarding Intersil Corporation and its products, see www.intersil.com 10 AN1612.1 November 28, 2011