AN9532: Using the HI-0539 in a Multiplexed A/D System

Using the HI7190 in a Multiplexed System
®
Application Note
December 1995
AN9532
Author: John D. Norris
Introduction
The purpose of this application note is to inform the system
designer how to use the HI7190 with a multiplexer. This will
enable the designer to perform a high precision 24-bit analog to
digital conversion using one sigma delta converter with four
fully differential inputs which are individually selectable. Each
channel may have a unique gain and filter response as defined
by the HI7190 Control Register (CR). Refer to [1] for a complete
HI7190 description.
Functional Description
The HI7190 multiplexing circuit is shown in Figure 2. This
includes a HI539 4 channel differential multiplexer, two HA5127
single channel ultra-low noise operational amplifiers (op amps)
and the HI7190 Sigma-Delta A/D converter.
A fully differential circuit was used to offer the greatest amount
of noise immunity and common mode rejection. This type of circuit will only measure the difference between the HI and LO
inputs. Noise voltage which is common to both signal lines will
cancel out in this balanced differential amplifier. In addition,
common mode voltages appearing at the inputs will also be
rejected based on the amplifiers Common Mode Rejection
Ratio (CMRR). Although differential inputs minimize the effects
of noise, proper signal conditioning should be performed (i.e.,
twisted-pair, isolation, filtering).
The inputs of this circuit begin at the HI539 which is a 4 channel
differential multiplexer that has been optimized for low level differential signals. The user selects one of the 4 input channels,
labeled CH1 to CH4, based on the multiplexer address A0 and
A1 (see Table 1 for the address decode). The differential multiplexer outputs labeled OUTA and OUTB are then connected to
the non inverting inputs to the HA5127 operational amplifiers.
The op amps are used in unity gain to buffer the inputs of the
HI7190 and to reduce the loading of the differential input signals being measured. The op amp has been designed for ultranoise (3nV/√Hz) applications and a high CMRR (126dB).
INITIAL SYSTEM START
FOR CHANNELS 1 TO 4
SELECT DESIRED CHANNEL BY
USING SYNC PIN, APPROPRIATE
ADDRESS AND CONTROL
REGISTER INFORMATION
PERFORM SYSTEM OFFSET, POSITIVE
FULL SCALE AND NEGATIVE FULL
SCALE CALIBRATION.
SAVE CALIBRATION COEFFICIENTS
TO THE APPROPRIATE SYSTEM RAM
SELECT DESIRED CHANNEL BY
USING SYNC PIN, APPROPRIATE
ADDRESS AND CONTROL
REGISTER INFORMATION
READ CALIBRATION COEFFICIENTS
FROM SYSTEM RAM AND WRITE
TO APPROPRIATE CAL REGISTERS
PERFORM ANALOG TO DIGITAL
CONVERSION AND READ DATA
NO
SELECT
NEW
CHANNEL?
TABLE 1. CHANNEL DECODE
YES
A1
A0
SELECTED CHANNEL
0
0
1
0
1
2
FIGURE 1. SYSTEM FLOW CHART
1
0
3
1
1
4
NOTE: Any change in ambient temperature, supply voltage or channel programming (outside of original channel calibration) the user
should begin at the “initial system start” block.
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CAUTION: These devices are sensitive to electrostatic discharge; follow proper IC Handling Procedures.
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Application Note 9532
Power Supplies
Example 1
This application circuit is designed to use ±5V for the HI7190
supply and ±10V for the multiplexer and op amps. With these
increased op amp supplies, care should be taken to ensure the
inputs of the HI7190 do not exceed the HI7190 supplies, or permanent damage may occur.
The notch frequency is programmed for 10Hz, each channel
has a unique Control Register (CR), SCLK is in the internal
mode of 1.25MHz. The user applies an active low to the SYNC
pin and changes the multiplexer address. To obtain the new
channel information the following bits are transferred from the
microprocessor memory. Please refer to the HI7190 datasheet
for details of the Serial Interface.
System Flow and Control
The system flow chart is shown in Figure 1. The details of calibration and channel selection are described in the following
sections.
NUMBER
OF BITS
REGISTER
8
IR
Calibration
24
CR
Reprograms the HI7190
The HI7190 has the ability to null any system offset errors and
generate the positive and negative gain slope factors for the
transfer function of the converter. The system offset and gain
errors are nulled by performing a three point calibration which
involves recording conversion results for three different input
conditions - “zero-scale,” “positive full-scale,” and “negative
full-scale”.
8
IR
Defines pending 3 byte offset calibration RAM write
24
OC RAM
Offset calibration coefficients
8
IR
Defines pending 3 byte FS +
calibration RAM write
24
FS + RAM
8
IR
24
FS + RAM
Calibration should be performed for EACH of the four channels
to null out the individual channel errors with the results stored in
the microprocessor memory. When the user switches channels
during normal conversions, the calibration coefficients should
be read from the microprocessor memory and written back to
the HI7190. In addition, the user may have unique gain and filter performance for each channel and restore during the switch.
A calibration routine should be initiated whenever there is a
change in the ambient operating temperature, supply voltage or
any change in the gain, bipolar, or unipolar input range.
Conversion Time
The throughput of the multiplexing application is dependent
upon many factors including the programmed notch frequency,
input level, settling time of the multiplexer and op amps, serial
interface clock and the SYNC pin. The SYNC pin guarantees a
maximum settling time of 3 conversion periods when switching
channels of the multiplexer.
The programmed notch frequency defines the number of possible conversions per second. With the default 10MHz crystal the
possible notch frequency/conversion rate is 10 to 2000 per second. The input level greatly effects the settling time of the multiplexer, op amps and HI7190. As described in the HI539 and
HA5127 datasheets, the multiplexer settles in 0.9μs (0.01%)
and op amps settle in 1.5μs (0.1%). The serial interface clock
(SCLK) will define the speed of the bit transfer when reading
the Control Register and calibration coefficients back to the
HI7190 for EACH channel. An active low on the SYNC pin is
used to reset the modulator and place it in a stand-by mode
(not converting) until the pin is returned to high state.
Control/Timing Sequence
To maximize the conversion throughput of this application the
user would apply an active low to the SYNC pin, change the
multiplexer address, write the new channel Control Register
and calibration coefficients and return the SYNC pin high.
Please refer to Figure 3. Below are examples of minimum and
maximum conversion rates, assuming a constant channel
switching.
2
128
COMMENTS
Defines pending 3 byte CR write
Full scale calibration coefficients
Defines pending 3 byte FS calibration RAM write
Full scale calibration coefficients
Total
Given a 1.25MHz SCLK, the bit transfer = 1/SCLK = 800ns.
The “reprogramming” would take 800ns x 128 bits = 102μs.
The SYNC pin can then be returned high since the multiplexer and op amps only needed 0.75μs to switch and 2.4μs
to settle but are provided 102μs.
The potential programmed conversion rate of 10Hz equates
to 10 conversions per second or one conversion every
100ms; thus implies the 102μs to settle the multiplexer, op
amp and reprogramming are negligible. With three conversions needed to stabilize the HI7190, valid results would be
available after 300ms. The conversion rate is then 1/300ms
or 3.3 conversions per second.
Example 2
The notch frequency is programmed for 2kHz, each channel
has a unique Control Register, SCLK is in the external mode
with the maximum of 5MHz. The user applies an active low
to the SYNC pin and changes the multiplexer address. To
obtain the new channel information the same 128 bits as
described in example 1 are transferred from the microprocessor memory.
Given a 5MHz SCLK the bit transfer = 1/SCLK = 200ns. The
“reprogramming” would take 200ns x 128 bits = 26μs. The
SYNC pin can then be returned high since the multiplexer and
op amps only need 0.75μs to switch and 2.4μs to settle but are
provided 26μs.
The potential programmed conversion rate of 2kHz equates to
2000 conversions per second or one conversion every 500μs,
again implies the 26μs to settle the multiplexer, op amp and
reprogramming is negligible.
With three conversions needed to stabilize the HI7190, valid
results would be available after 1.5ms. The conversion rate
is then 1/1.5ms or 667 conversions per second.
Application Note 9532
Reference
[1] HI7190 Data Sheet, FN3612, Intersil Corporation
+10V
VOP+
10MHz
14
15
AGND
V+
HA-5127
HI-539
HI
CH 1 LO
HI
CH 2
LO
HI
CH 3
LO
HI
CH 4
LO
4
13
5
12
6
11
7
10
2
IN1A
IN1B
IN2A
IN2B
IN3A
IN3B
IN4A
IN4B
OUTA
OUTB
8
9
3
3
2
VOP+
7
6
+
4
VOPVOP+
7
6
+
4
VOP-
EN A0
2
1
16
V-
A1
17
13
+
4.7μF
+5V
0.μF
HI-7190
12
11
R1
10
9
8
+2.5V
REFERENCE
HA-5127
16
15
OSC1 OSC2
DVDD
AVDD
VINHI
SCLK
VINLO
V CM
SDO
SYNC
VRHI
VRLO
VOP-
CS
DRDY
3
A0
SDIO
-5V
A1
0.1μF
7
AVSS
+
AGND
4.7μF
14
RESET
1
3
2
19
4
5
18
+5V
+
4.7μF
0.1μF
DATA I/O
DATA OUT
SYNC
CS
DRDY
RESET
MODE 20
DGND
6
-10V
FIGURE 2. MULTIPLEXING CIRCUIT
SYNC
MUX
CHANGE
HI7190
REPROGRAM
1-BIT
2-BIT
128-BIT
FIGURE 3. CONTROL SEQUENCE
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