WAG_AG_AB_Wagerup_Ambient_Phase 2

Wagerup Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Programme
Intensive Ambient Air Quality Study
Phase 2: August to October 2004
REPORT
April 2005
Dr Bob van Emden
Dr Greg Power
Central Chemical Consulting
PO Box 2546
Malaga
Western Australia 6944
Greg Power & Associates
PO Box 975
Canning Bridge
Western Australia 6153
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Table of Contents
List of Figures .............................................................................................................................................................2
Executive Summary ................................................................................................................................................3
1 Introduction ..........................................................................................................................................................4
2 Sampling and Analysis........................................................................................................................................5
3 Results .................................................................................................................................................................6
4 Discussion .........................................................................................................................................................16
5 Conclusions .......................................................................................................................................................26
6 Recommendations .............................................................................................................................................26
APPENDICES...........................................................................................................................................................28
List of Figures
Figure 1 Mean and maximum concentrations of formaldehyde and acetaldehyde at 11 locations over the 6 weeks
as determined by passive sampling.. ............................................................................................................ 7
Figure 2 Concentrations of aldehyde and ketone compounds at the Boundary Rd 2 sampling site over the 6 week
programme around the Wagerup region....................................................................................................... 8
Figure 3 Concentrations of aldehyde and ketone compounds at Hoffman Road over the 6 week sampling
programme around the Wagerup region. .................................................................................................... 9
Figure 4 Concentrations of aldehyde and ketone compounds at the Yarloop Lawn Bowls over the 6 week
sampling programme around the Wagerup region.. ..................................................................................... 9
Figure 5 Concentrations of aldehyde and ketone compounds at Bremnar Road over the 6 week sampling
programme around the Wagerup region..................................................................................................... 10
Figure 6 Concentrations of aldehyde and ketone compounds at the Hamel Training Centre over the 6 weeks
sampling programme around the Wagerup region. .................................................................................... 10
Figure 7 Weekly average formaldehyde concentrations at the 5 key sampling points around Wagerup as
determined by TO-11A active sampling. ................................................................................................. 11
Figure 8 Weekly average acetaldehyde concentrations at the 5 key sampling points around Wagerup as
determined by TO-11A active sampling.. .................................................................................................. 12
Figure 9 Weekly average acetone concentrations at the 5 key sampling points around Wagerup as determined by
TO-11A active sampling. . ........................................................................................................................ 13
Figure 10 Average and maximum concentrations of benzene and toluene at 11 locations over the 6 week
programme as determined by passive sampling. ........................................................................................ 14
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Wagerup Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Programme
Intensive Ambient Air Quality Study
Phase 2: August to October 2004
Executive Summary
This report summarises and analyses the results of the second phase of an extensive air quality
monitoring campaign carried out in the winter and spring months of 2004. Phase 2 included more
intensive sampling at selected locations over a six week period from 23 August to 1 October 2004 in
the region surrounding the Wagerup alumina refinery. The work was conducted on behalf of Alcoa
World Alumina Australia (Alcoa) and the local community by independent, NATA accredited
sampling and analytical specialist laboratories using USEPA or other applicable standard techniques1.
Air samples were analysed for a broad spectrum of organic and inorganic species, including Volatile
Organic Compounds (VOCs), Semi-Volatile Organic Compounds (SVOCs), inorganic anions, acids,
and metals. Products of combustion (CO2, CO, NOx, SOx) were not included in this study.
A total of 274 volatile chemical compounds were analysed for. Of these, a total of 35 were identified at
quantifiable levels, and a further 31 were indicated in some samples at levels too low to quantify.
The overall air quality was found to be typical of rural environments in both the nature and the levels of
chemical compounds detected, except for acetaldehyde which was at levels more typical of urban
environments (refer to Table 5 in the text). All of the compounds detected were at levels well below
applicable environmental and health standards. These most commonly detected compounds were
formaldehyde, acetaldehyde and acetone, which were found at levels similar to those measured in the
DoE study in 20032. Most samples also showed the presence of lower levels of other aldehydes and
ketones, as well as benzene and toluene.
The main chemical compounds detected are all known to be present in refinery emissions. The levels
found in the ambient environment are generally many times greater than the calculated refinery
influence for each compound. There was a lack of any clear spatial distribution that would indicate a
refinery influence on the levels of the compounds detected. This is consistent with the proposition that
the levels of chemicals in the ambient atmosphere are dominated by human and natural processes other
than the refinery operation.
The chemical compounds detected and their levels in the atmosphere showed little spatial variation and
for the most part appeared to be randomly distributed, limiting the ability to attribute specific sources.
Elevated levels of both carbonyls and VOCs were found at the Waroona and Yarloop township sites,
consistent with the effects of human activities associated with the use of fossil fuels. Sampling sites
closest to the refinery generally showed lower concentrations of the compounds detected, although
indications of higher than average levels of carbonyls at the Boundary Rd and to a lesser extent the
Hoffman Rd sites could warrant further investigation.
The study provides quality assured information on the overall air quality on a daily and weekly average
basis over the study period (late winter to early spring). No clear evidence was found of an influence
of the refinery on overall air quality of the study region for averaging times of 8 hours to one week.
Similar results were found in the earlier study (Phase 1), carried out over a fifteen week period from
1
All sampling was carried out by Environmental Consulting Services (ECS), Unit 4, 7 Day Road, Rockingham, WA 6168, and
all analysis was carried out by Leeder Consulting, Unit 5, 18 Redland Drive, Mitcham, Victoria 3132.
2
“Results of Carbonyl Sampling at Wagerup”, WA Department of Environment, January 2004.
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May to August 2004. This is consistent with the results of recent dispersion modelling, which indicates
that the contribution of the refinery to the levels of the VOCs detected in the ambient air is in general
far lower than the background concentrations present from other sources. It is therefore to be expected
that refinery influence will be difficult if not impossible to detect by examining the regional
distribution VOC concentrations.
Recommendations are made regarding additional work to further clarify the contributions of the
refinery and other sources of chemical emissions to air quality in the region.
1 Introduction
An intensive sampling and analysis programme has been conducted to assess air quality in the region
around the Wagerup alumina refinery. The programme was developed using information from
previous studies, in particular the 15-week Phase 1 Study carried out from May to September 2004.
The Phase 2 Study scope was developed by Alcoa with input from the community, DoE, the Chemistry
Centre and CSIRO. The independent specialists contracted to perform the sampling and analysis were
chosen through a formal, open competitive bidding process managed by Alcoa on behalf of the
stakeholders and with direct input from community representatives. NATA accreditation of procedures
was a condition of the selection process. USEPA methods were used wherever possible, otherwise
applicable Australian Standard or International Standard methods were used.
This report is an analysis of the data as presented, and while all due care was taken in relation to data
integrity, the authors are not responsible for any errors in the original data. The methodology and data
were not derived or directly audited by the authors.
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2 Sampling and Analysis
2.1 Sampling and analysis: an overview of methods
The three main sampling techniques used were:
•
Passive sampling for aldehydes, ketones and VOCs using the Radiello3 sampling technique, in
which samples were collected weekly at 11 locations, in duplicate;
•
Active sampling for aldehyde and ketones using the USEPA methods TO-11A & TO-5A,
VOCs using USEPA method TO-17, SVOCs using USEPA method TO-13, inorganic acids
using NIOSH 7903, and halogens using NIOSH 6011. Samples were collected at 5 locations in
duplicate, 3 times per week for 8 hours starting about 8:00am;
•
Active sampling for metals associated with particulates. Method AS 2800-1985, which is for
the determination of lead, was the sampling method used for all metals. The sample is collected
using a High Volume Sampler. Samples were collected at four sites, each sample being taken
over a period of one week. Between one and six samples were taken at each site. The lead
component was determined as by Atomic Flame Mass Spectroscopy (AFMS), as per AS 28001985. The additional metals were analysed by the method most appropriate for each particular
metal, using either AFMS or vapour generation and Inductively Coupled Plasma Spectroscopy
(ICP).
Radiello sampling is a proprietary method for the passive collection of VOCs from ambient air using
cylindrical cartridges containing an inner adsorbent and outer radial diffusion layer1. It has the
advantage of requiring no pumping or metering of air, and no power supply. Radiello sampling can be
used to collect under ambient conditions over a long period of time, and so can be used where the
concentration of VOCs is below the normal detection limits for active sampling over a shorter time.
Any transient excursions in the concentrations of VOCs are captured by this sampling method and
included in the overall average concentrations.
The USEPA TO-11A methodology for monitoring air with low carbonyl content requires a calibrated
pumping system to sample ambient air for a known time between 1 and 24 hours. The ambient air flow
can be between 100 mL/minute and 2000 mL/minute, depending on the concentration of organics
present. The ambient air is passed through a cartridge containing an adsorbent such as silica coated
with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH) and a strong acid catalyst. The hydrazones resulting from
reaction with airborne aldehydes and ketones are later analysed using high performance liquid
chromatography. Before contacting the DNPH adsorbent, the ambient air is passed through granular
potassium iodide to remove ozone, necessary to prevent loss of the DNPH product prior to analysis.
Using TO-11A, low molecular weight carbonyl compounds including benzaldehyde are commonly
measured to less than 0.5 ppb by volume.
The USEPA TO-5A method is an older operating procedure in which air is passed through an impinger
containing solutions of DNPH, so that the solutions capture the ambient aldehydes and ketones. As
with TO-11A, the hydrazones formed are analysed using HPLC. The accuracy of the TO-5A method
can allow measurements down to 1-2 ppb by volume.
A USEPA TO-17 sampling protocol collects ambient VOCs by passing a known volume of air through
suitable media, followed by thermal desorption, then gas chromatography and mass spectrometry for
analysis. The method is considered capable of measuring VOC concentrations of 0.5 ppb to 25 ppb in
ambient air.
3
For further details visit the web page at: http://www.radiello.it/english/
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The USEPA TO-13A technique utilises the collection of polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), typically
onto polyurethane foam (PUF) or a similar adsorbent, followed later by desorption and analysis of the
PAHs. Analysis is achieved by separation of components by gas chromatography followed by
detection by mass spectrometry. A known volume of approximately 300,000 litres of air is typically
drawn through the PUF adsorbent filters during rapid flow sampling (220 litres/minute). The TO-13A
method is applicable to the measurement of easily condensed PAHs containing three or more aromatic
rings.
2.2 Sampling sites
Passive sampling was conducted at the following 11 locations throughout the 6 weeks of the
comprehensive programme: Boundary Road, Hoffman Road; Bremnar Road, Hamel Training Centre,
the Yarloop Lawn Bowls, Residue Area, Residue South, Hamel Neighbour, Yarloop Neighbour, the
Waroona Lawn Bowls and the Willowdale Mine. Refer to Appendix 1 for the location of each
sampling point on the aerial photograph.
Active sampling was conducted at the following 5 locations throughout the 6 weeks of the
comprehensive programme: Boundary Rd 2 (8), Hoffman Road (10), Bremnar Road (11), Hamel
Training Centre (2), and the Yarloop Lawn Bowls (5). Refer to Appendix 1 for the location of each
sampling point.
3 Results
3.1 Background aldehyde and ketones by passive sampling
Over the 6 week period of passive sample collection at 11 locations, five compounds: formaldehyde,
acetaldehyde, propanal, butanal and benzaldehyde, were measured at concentrations above their
respective method detection limits (see Appendix 2A&B). Formaldehyde and acetaldehyde
concentrations are frequently above their detectable limit and show measurable variation between the
different sampling sites (see Appendix 3). Figure 1 shows the mean and maximum weekly
(background) formaldehyde and acetaldehyde concentrations at the 11 different sites during the 6 week
period from 23rd August to 1st October 2004 (source data is in Appendix 3).
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5.00
Formaldeyde
Acetaldehyde
Maximum
Maximum
Aldehyde Conc. (ug/m3)
4.00
3.00
2.00
1.00
0.00
Bremnar
Road
Residue
Area
Residue
South
Boundary
Road 3
Boundary
Road 2
Hoffman
Road
Clifton Road
Yarloop
Yarloop
Lawn Bowls
Willowdale
Mine
Waroona
Lawn Bowls
Hamel
Training
Centre
Figure 1 Mean and maximum concentrations of formaldehyde and acetaldehyde at 11 locations over the 6 weeks as determined
by passive sampling. Both compounds are well below applicable health limits (11 and 50ug/m3 respectively for chronic
health effects) and their odour thresholds (60 to 1230 for formaldehyde and 380 for acetaldehyde) – see Table 4.
The highest concentration of formaldehyde and acetaldehyde (8 to 10 times the Method Detection
Limit (MDL – see Appendix 4 for definition) occurs at Waroona Lawn Bowls (Sample Point 1) some
10 km north of the refinery (see Figure 1 and Appendix 1). This is attributable to sources associated
with various localized activities including emissions from vehicles and other combustion engine
devices, domestic and other wood fires, tobacco smoke, domestic chemicals and building products
(Table 6), which are expected to be more concentrated in the town than in the surrounding rural
environment. Bremnar Road (Sample Point 11) and Hamel Neighbour (Sample Point 9) (labeled
“Point 1 Boundary Road” on aerial photo) sample points had the lowest mean background
concentration of these 2 compounds. At the latter sites the mean values are only 2 - 4 times the average
MDL (indicated by the dashed line in Figure 1).
The concentration of propanal, butanal and benzaldehyde was frequently measured at below the
method detection limits. This makes averaging of duplicate results unreliable, in which case they are
recorded as “D” (when detected but not quantified) or “nd” (not detected) in Appendix 2.
3.2 Concentrations of aldehydes and ketones at 5 key sites by active sampling
A total of twelve different aldehyde and ketone (carbonyl) compounds: formaldehyde, acetone,
acetaldehyde, benzaldehyde, hexanal, butanal/isobutyraldehyde, propanal, acrolein, methacrolein,
pentanal, 2-pentanone/3-methyl-2-butanone and methyl ethyl ketone, were measured at concentrations
above their respective detection limits (by USEPA TO-11A), though only the first three were present in
the majority of samples. The formaldehyde and acetaldehyde concentrations are consistently above
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their MDLs at each of the 5 sampling locations (see Figures 2–6 & Appendix 5).
concentrations recorded were well below the applicable 24 hour health standards (Table 4).
All the
The concentrations of carbonyls at the 5 key sampling sites are also shown in Figures 2 to 6. Yarloop
Lawn Bowls and Bremnar Road sites recorded several higher propanal concentrations, while the other
six compounds generally lower than at the other four sites (see Figures 2 to 6). Propanal is associated
with vegetative and fossil fuel burning, wood heaters, tobacco smoke, and burning plastics, and is
emitted naturally from trees and shrubs (Table 6). The Hoffman Road site reports several mean
duplicate benzaldehyde concentrations that are well above the MDL and higher than the other sites (see
Figure 3).
The other 5 compounds (not displayed in Figures 2 to 6) are detected infrequently at the 5 sampling
points (see Appendix 6). There are no significant differences in the concentration levels of these
compounds at the 5 different sites.
Recent dispersion modelling (CSIRO, 2005) indicates that the observed concentrations of these
compounds in the ambient air are not explained by their presence in refinery emissions, because the
calculated contribution of the refinery is in every case many times less than the concentrations
observed. This indicates that the measured levels are dominated by other natural and anthropomorphic
processes (Table 6).
12.0
Boundary Rd 2
10.0
Week 1
Week 2
Week 3
Week 4
Week 5
Week 6
Ave MDL
Concentration (ug/m3)
8.0
Site Mean
6.0
4.0
2.0
0.0
Formaldehyde
Acetaldehyde
Acetone
Propanal
Hexanal
MEK
Benzaldehyde
Figure 2 Concentrations of aldehyde and ketone compounds at the Boundary Rd 2 sampling site over the 6 week programme
around the Wagerup region. All concentrations are well below applicable health standard levels (Table 4). Each point
represents the average of duplicates on a given day.
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12.0
Hoffman Road
Week 1
Week 2
Week 3
Week 4
Week 5
Week 6
10.0
Ave MDL
Site Mean
Concentration (ug/m3)
8.0
6.0
4.0
2.0
0.0
Formaldehyde
Acetaldehyde
Acetone
Propanal
Hexanal
MEK
Benzaldehyde
Figure 3 Concentrations of aldehyde and ketone compounds at Hoffman Road over the 6 week sampling programme around the
Wagerup region. All concentrations are well below applicable health standard levels (Table 4). Each point represents
the average of duplicates on a given day.
12.0
Yarloop Lawn Bowls
10.0
Week 1
Week 2
Week 3
Week 4
Week 5
Week 6
Ave MDL
Site Mean
Concentration (ug/m3)
8.0
6.0
4.0
2.0
0.0
Formaldehyde
Acetaldehyde
Acetone
Propanal
Hexanal
MEK
Benzaldehyde
Figure 4 Concentrations of aldehyde and ketone compounds at the Yarloop Lawn Bowls over the 6 week sampling programme
around the Wagerup region. All concentrations are well below applicable health standard levels (Table 4). Each point
represents the average of duplicates on a given day.
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12.0
Bremnar Road
Week 1
Week 2
Week 3
Week 4
Week 5
Week 6
10.0
Ave MDL
Site Mean
Concentration (ug/m3)
8.0
6.0
4.0
2.0
0.0
Formaldehyde
Acetaldehyde
Acetone
Propanal
Hexanal
MEK
Benzaldehyde
Figure 5 Concentrations of aldehyde and ketone compounds at Bremnar Road over the 6 week sampling programme around
the Wagerup region. All concentrations are well below applicable health standard levels (Table 4). Each point
represents the average of duplicates on a given day.
12.0
Hamel Training Centre
Week 1
Week 2
Week 3
Week 4
Week 5
Week 6
10.0
Ave MDL
Site Mean
Concentration (ug/m3)
8.0
6.0
4.0
2.0
0.0
Formaldehyde
Acetaldehyde
Acetone
Propanal
Hexanal
MEK
Benzaldehyde
Figure 6 Concentrations of aldehyde and ketone compounds at the Hamel Training Centre over the 6 weeks sampling
programme around the Wagerup region. All concentrations are well below applicable health standard levels (Table 4).
Each point represents the average of duplicates on a given day.
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The mean concentration of formaldehyde in week four (4.4 ug/m3), is higher than all other weeks at
each of the 5 sample collection points. Reliable mean (duplicate) values are obtained during this week
since they are frequently more than twice the average detection limit (MDL - see Figure 7 & Appendix
5). The concentration of formaldehyde at all 5 sites in week 3 is lower than for the other 5 weeks (see
Figures 7 & 8). The concentrations of formaldehyde and acetaldehyde during this week were often less
than 1.5 times their MDLs. The calculated mean concentrations are therefore less reliable (see
Appendix 4 & 5).
The highest weekly formaldehyde concentrations occurred at the Boundary Rd 2 and Hoffman Road
sampling points, but the differences between these and the other sites are small and the weekly
variation in mean formaldehyde concentration is greater than the differences between the 5 sampling
points (see Figure 7).
Week 1
Week 2
Week 3
Week 4
Week 5
Week 6
Maximum
10.0
Formaldehyde Conc. (ug/m3)
6 week mean
Ave MDL
7.5
5.0
2.5
0.0
Boundary Rd 2
Hoffman Road
Yarloop Lawn Bowls
Bremnar Road
Hamel Training Centre
Figure 7 Weekly average formaldehyde concentrations at the 5 key sampling points around Wagerup as determined by TO-11A
active sampling. The bars show weekly average values. The points show the highest value recorded each week, with
the week identified by the colour of the symbol. All concentrations are well below applicable health standard levels
(Table 4).
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Week 1
Week 2
Week 3
Week 4
Week 5
Week 6
Maximum
S i 4
10.0
Acetaldehyde Conc. (ug/m3)
6 week mean
Ave MDL
7.5
5.0
2.5
0.0
Boundary Rd 2
Hoffman Road
Yarloop Lawn Bowls
Bremnar Road
Hamel Training Centre
Figure 8 Weekly average acetaldehyde concentrations at the 5 key sampling points around Wagerup as determined by TO-11A
active sampling. The bars show weekly average values. The points show the highest value recorded each week, with
the week identified by the colour of the symbol. All concentrations are well below applicable health standard levels
(Table 4).
The highest weekly mean concentration of acetaldehyde over all sites for the 6 week programme was
2.5 ug/m3 (Appendix 5), and this occurred in weeks 4 & 5. The highest individual weekly value of 4.9
ug/m3 was recorded in week 5 at Boundary Rd. (see Figure 8 & Appendix 5). Week 3 has the lowest
mean concentration of acetaldehyde (1.5 ug/m3), although the difference with other weeks is smaller
than for formaldehyde.
The average differences between sites do not appear to be statistically significant because the weekly
variation in mean acetaldehyde concentration (1.5 – 2.5 ug/m3) is similar to the differences between the
5 sampling points.
The mean concentrations of acetone in weeks two and four (1.5 - 1.6 ug/m3) are higher than for the
other weeks (0.5 – 1.3 ug/m3) (see Appendix 5). Week three has the lowest mean concentration, at
approximately half the average method detection limit (see Appendix 4). The highest weekly acetone
concentrations appear to be at the Boundary Rd 2 and Hoffman Road sampling points, although it is
doubtful that this is statistically significant because they lie only slightly above the average six-week
MDL. Hamel Training Centre records the lowest mean acetone concentrations, with no acetone
detected in weeks one and three4. The weekly variation in mean acetone concentration is greater than
the differences between the 5 sampling points (see Figure 9).
While the variations between sites are too small in relation to overall variability to be definitive, the
average values appear to be marginally higher at the Boundary Rd and Hoffman Rd sites, and these
sites also show the majority of highest individual results for the carbonyl compounds. No comparative
data are available for Waroona, which would be expected to be higher based on the Radiello results.
4
Only one duplicate run was performed at Hamel Training Centre during week one.
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Week 1
Week 2
Week 3
Week 4
Week 5
Week 6
Maximum Weekly
10.0
6 Week Mean
Acetone Conc. (ug/m3)
Ave MDL
7.5
5.0
2.5
0.0
Boundary Rd 2
Hoffman Road
Yarloop Lawn Bowls
Bremnar Road
Hamel Training Centre
Figure 9 Weekly average acetone concentrations at the 5 key sampling points around Wagerup as determined by TO-11A
active sampling. The bars show weekly average values. The points show the highest value recorded each week, with
the week identified by the colour of the symbol. All concentrations are well below applicable health standard levels
(Table 4).
Ambient air samples were also collected by an alternative active sampling method, USEPA Method
TO-5A, for aldehyde and ketone analysis.
Formaldehyde, acetone, acetaldehyde,
butanal/isobutyraldehyde, hexanal, and 2-pentanone/3-methyl-2-butanone were detected by this
method. However the results are less useful than from TO-11A because of the lower sensitivity of TO5A, which meant that most results failed to satisfy reporting quality criteria (see Appendices 4 & 7).
3.3 VOCs collected by passive sampling at 11 different sites
A total of eleven VOC compounds were detected by passive sampling at the 11 passive sampling
points: benzene, toluene, xylenes, n-decane, n-hexane, n-heptane, isooctane, isobutanol,
2-methyl pentane, 3-methyl pentane and cylcohexane. All of these compounds were measured at low
concentrations and often were not detected in individual samples (see Appendix 8). Benzene and
toluene were the species most frequently detected at the 11 sampling points over the 6 week
programme.
The mean concentration of benzene and toluene is highest in ambient air sampled at the Waroona and
Yarloop Lawn Bowls sampling locations (see Figure 10). These sample points are the only ones to
have mean concentrations of any VOC above the average MDL (see Figure 10 & Appendix 8). It is
therefore not possible to present a true average concentration for these compounds for each site, and the
values shown below the MDL in Figure 10 are indicative only.
A greater proportion of samples from Waroona and Yarloop Lawn Bowls record individual VOC
concentrations above their MDLs (see Appendix 8). The higher concentrations of VOCs recorded at the
township sites are consistent with the presence of general fuel burning activities (vehicles, wood fires,
etc – see Table 6). All values recorded are well below applicable health standard levels (Table 4).
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3.00
Benzene
Toluene
maximum
maximum
2.50
Ave MDL = 0.12 ug/m3
Concentration (ug/m3)
2.00
1.50
1.00
0.50
0.00
Bremnar
Road
Residue
Area
Residue
South
Boundary
Road 3
Boundary
Road 2
Hoffman
Road
Clifton Road Yarloop
Willowdale Waroona
Yarloop Lawn Bowls
Mine
Lawn Bowls
Hamel
Training
Centre
Figure 10 Average and maximum concentrations of benzene and toluene at 11 locations over the 6 week programme as
determined by passive sampling. The influence of fuel burning activities in townships is evident. All concentrations are
well below applicable health standard levels (Table 4).
3.4 Concentration of VOCs at the 5 key sampling sites
Benzene, toluene, xylene and carbon tetrachloride were the only VOCs collected by active sampling
with ambient concentrations above detection limits. However it is not possible to report a reliable
mean concentration for these compounds since most values were below the MDLs (see Appendix 9A).
There are no clear differences between VOC concentrations in a particular week or between sampling
locations.
The following VOCs were detected but not quantified by USEPA TO-17 during the 6 week period:
n-hexane, n-pentane, iso-pentane, 2-methyl pentane, 3-methyl pentane and methyl cyclopentane. They
were detected most frequently at the Yarloop Lawn Bowls site (see Appendix 9B). All concentrations
are well below applicable health standard levels (Table 4).
3.6 Concentration of SVOCs the 5 key sampling sites
The following SVOCs were detected and quantified using USEPA Method TO-13A during the 6 week
sampling programme at the five key sampling sites: fluorene, naphthalene, phenanthrene, dibenzofuran,
1-methyl naphthalene, 2- methyl naphthalene, m&p-cresol, o-cresol, phenol, 2,4-dimethylphenol,
1,4 dichlorobenzene, fluoranthene, pyrene and benzyl alcohol (see Appendix 10A&B). These
compounds were at the greatest concentration, and most frequently detected at Yarloop Lawn Bowls
where three or more were detected on most sampling days (see Appendix 10B)5. All concentrations are
well below applicable health standard levels (Table 4).
5
No samples were collected by TO-13A at Boundary Rd 2 or Waroona during the 6 weeks.
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3.7 Trace metal concentrations in suspended particulates
Samples of ambient air were collected at the Hoffman Road, Hamel Training Centre, Bremnar Road
and Boundary Rd 2 sites to determine the lead and other metals content on solid particulates. The
results of the weekly samples show levels of lead, mercury and other heavy metals (see Appendix 11).
All concentrations measured are at very low levels. Examples of comparisons with applicable health
standard levels are shown in Table 4A.
3.8 Inorganic acid concentrations at the 5 key sites
Samples of ambient air were collected at the 5 key sampling sites to determine the concentration of six
different inorganic acids. The results of weekly 6 hour samples collected at each site showed the
absence of all inorganic acids except for occasional traces of sulphuric acid at the Bremnar Road and
Hamel Training Centre sites at different times (see Appendix 12). The highest value recorded was
130ug/m3, well below the NPI 8 hour TWA standard of 1000ug/m3. All other samples were below
110ug/m3. No source of the traces of sulphuric acid was identified.
3.9 Chlorine and bromine concentrations at the 5 key sites
Samples of ambient air were collected at the Boundary Rd 2, Hoffman Road, Bremnar Road and
Hamel Training Centre sites for determination of bromine and chlorine. The results of the weekly
samples show traces of both bromine and chlorine at each site on occasions (Appendix 13). Two
samples showed quantifiable levels of chlorine, at 170 and 150 ug/m3, and all other samples were
below these levels. These results are well below the 8 hour TWA of 1500 ug/m3 according to NIOSH
and OSHA. No specific source was identified for either element.
.
- 15 -
4 Discussion
4.1 Comparison between passive and active sampling results: Carbonyls
The passive sampling apparatus adsorbs sample over an entire week which results in averaging of air
concentration over this period. This type of sampling results in high sensitivity (low method detection
limits) because a larger quantity of compound can be collected over the longer sampling periods made
available by this method. Transient peaks occurring within the period are captured and included in the
average concentration recorded. The aldehyde and ketone data acquired by this technique are different
to the data from samples collected by active sampling over of 8 hour periods during daylight hours.
A comparison of formaldehyde and acetaldehyde concentrations determined by passive (Radiello) and
active sampling (TO-11A) is shown in Table 1. Both formaldehyde and acetaldehyde concentrations
are recorded higher at all sites when sampled and analysed by TO-11A. The aldehyde and ketone
contributions to ambient air from human activity (in particular vehicular traffic and other fuel burning
activities) may be expected to be greatest during daylight hours, which may at least partly explain the
observed difference. However no investigation of method biases was done, so artefacts due to the
differences between the sampling techniques cannot be discounted.
The weekly average concentrations measured by passive sampling showed that the average and
individual highest values were greatest at the Waroona Lawn Bowls site. The lowest values were
recorded at Residue South, the closest site to the refinery, and Bremnar Rd, which is farthest from both
the refinery and the towns (Fig 1). This indicates that the influence of general human activities
associated with the town (principally fuel burning) have a significant influence on the overall levels of
carbonyls in the atmosphere, whereas a refinery influence could not be discerned. The results of the
active sampling show indications of higher values at the Boundary Rd and Hoffman Rd sites than at the
other key sites sampled. Whether this could be indicative of a refinery influence is unclear, and no
comparison with Waroona can be drawn because it was not included in the group of key sites for active
sampling.
Table 1. Mean formaldehyde and acetaldehyde concentration at each of the 5 key
sampling sites determined by TO-11A and Radiello
Formaldehyde (ug/m3)
Location
Acetaldehyde (ug/m3)
Active (8 hrs)
Passive (1 week)
Active (8 hrs)
Passive (1 week)
Boundary Rd 2
3.27
0.80
2.60
0.37
Hoffman Road
3.15
0.45
2.36
0.25
Yarloop Lawn Bowls
2.57
0.93
1.73
0.43
Bremnar Road
2.68
0.34
1.84
0.26
Hamel Training Centre
2.22
0.70
1.68
0.32
All sites
2.8
0.6
2.0
0.3
- 16 -
4.2 Comparison between passive and active sampling results: VOCs
The results from passive and active sampling for VOCs show a similar pattern to the aldehydes and
ketones discussed above. This is illustrated in Table 1a, which shows the maximum concentrations
recorded for benzene and toluene at the same sites (maximum values are given because it was not
possible to determine averages due to the large number of non-detects – see Appendices 7&8). The
maximum concentrations of benzene and toluene (4.6 & 1.7 ug/m3) obtained by active sampling are
higher than the weekly maximum VOC concentrations at the corresponding 5 sites determined by
passive sampling (0.37 & 0.41 ug/m3). A larger number of different VOCs were detected by passive
sampling due to the lower method detection limits (see Appendices 7&8).
The results of passive sampling show the highest concentrations of benzene and toluene at the Waroona
and Yarloop township sampling sites, with Waroona the greater. The Residue sites, which are the
closest sampling sites to the refinery, show among the lowest concentrations. This again indicates that
fuel burning activities in the towns are the most notable influence on the overall concentrations of the
measured compounds in the atmosphere. The pattern is similar for active sampling, with the Yarloop
site showing the highest levels of benzene and toluene, and also the largest number of individual VOCs
detected. Comparison with Waroona could not be made because it was not included in the group of
key sites. An exception is the single high benzene result recorded at Hoffman Rd.
Table 1a. Maximum benzene and toluene concentration at each of the 5 key sampling
sites determined by TO-17 and Radiello
Benzene (ug/m3)
Location
Toluene (ug/m3)
Active (8 hrs)
Passive (1 week)
Active (8 hrs)
Passive (1 week)
Boundary Rd 2
0.58
0.12
nd
0.14
Hoffman Road
4.6
nd
nd
nd
Yarloop Lawn Bowls
0.62
0.37
1.7
0.41
Bremnar Road
0.62
0.12
nd
0.13
Hamel Training Centre
0.73
0.12
0.60
0.27
- 17 -
4.3 Summary of all compounds detected during ambient study
A total of 66 different volatile compounds were detected (at least once) using both active and passive
sampling techniques during the 6 week ambient programme. The compound types identified were:
aldehyde and ketones (29 different compounds), aromatics (9), alkanes & cycloalkanes (14), alcohols,
phenols & cresols (8), heterocycles (2), organohalides & halides (3) and others (1) (see Table 2).
Table 2. Comprehensive list of all VOCs detected by active ambient sampling in this study of the
region surrounding the Wagerup Refinery.
Compound detected
Aldehydes and Ketones
Formaldehyde
Acetaldehyde
2-Propenal (Acrolein)
Acetone
Propanal
2-methylPropenal (Methacrolein)
Butenal
Methyl Vinyl ketone
2-Butanone (MEK)
Butanal*
Methylglyoxal
3-Penten-2-one
Pentanal
2-Pentanone**
3-Methyl-2-butanone**
Cyclohexanone
trans-2-Hexenal
3,3-Dimethyl-2-butanone
Hexanal
Benzaldehyde
Heptanal
Tolualdehyde
6-Methyl-5-hepten-2-one
Octanal
Ambient
Concentration
(ug/m3)
Active
Passive
nd - 7.0
nd - 11.4
nd - 0.25
nd - 5.4
nd - 4.6
nd - 0.56
TO-11A, TO-5
TO-11A, TO-5
TO-11A, TO-5
TO-11A, TO-5
TO-11A, TO-5
TO-11A, TO-5
Radiello
Radiello
nd - 0.096
TO-11A, TO-5
TO-11A, TO-5
TO-11A, TO-5
TO-11A, TO-5
TO-11A, TO-5
TO-5
TO-11A, TO-5
TO-11A, TO-5
TO-11A, TO-5
TO-11A, TO-5
D, SQ
nd - 0.56
nd - 0.52
D, SQ
D, SQ
nd - 0.95
nd - 0.89
D, SQ
D, SQ
D, SQ
D, SQ
nd - 0.54
nd - 3.6
D, SQ
nd - 0.15
D, SQ
D, SQ
Nonanal
Vanillin
D, SQ
D, SQ
Decanal
Undecanal
Dodecanal
D, SQ
D, SQ
D, SQ
Alcohols, Phenols & Cresols
isoButanol
Phenol
Benzyl Alcohol
2 methylPhenol (o-Cresol)
3&4 methylPhenol (m&p-Cresol)
2,4 Dimethyl Phenol
2-ethylHexanol
Eucalyptol
TO-11A, TO-5
TO-11A, TO-5
TO-11A, TO-5
TO-11A, TO-5
TO-11A, TO-5
Radiello
Radiello
Radiello
TO-11A, TO-5
TO-11A, TO-5
TO-11A, TO-5
TO-11A, TO-5, TO13A
TO-11A
TO-11A, TO-5, TO13A
TO-11A, TO-5
TO-11A, TO-5
nd - 1.8
nd - 0.0099
nd - 0.068
nd - 0.0092
nd - 0.018
nd - 0.013
T, SQ
TO-13A
TO-13A
TO-13A
TO-13A
TO-13A
Radiello
T, SQ
TO-13A
Radiello
Molecular
Weight
30.0
44.0
56.1
58.1
58.1
70.1
CAS
120.1
126.2
128.2
50-00-0
75-07-0
107-22-2
67-64-1
123-38-6
78-85-3
4170-303
78-94-4
78-93-3
123-72-8
78-98-8
96-22-0
110-62-3
107-87-9
563-80-4
108-94-1
6728-263
75-97-8
66-25-1
100-52-7
111-71-7
1334-787
110-93-0
124-13-0
142.1
152.1
124-19-6
121-33-5
156.1
170.1
184.1
112-31-2
112-44-7
112-54-9
74.1
94.1
108.1
108.2
108.2
122.2
130.3
75-65-12
108-95-2
100-51-6
95-48-7
106-44-5
105-67-9
104-76-7
470-82 to
6
70.1
70.1
72.1
72.1
72.1
86.1
86.1
86.1
86.2
98.1
98.1
100.1
100.2
106.1
114.2
154.1
- 18 -
Table 2. (cont.)
Compound detected
Ambient
Concentration
(ug/m3)
Active
Alkanes and Cycloalkanes
n-Pentane
Isopentane
methylCyclopentane
2-methyl-Pentane
3-methyl-Pentane
n-Hexane
n-Decane
Undecane
Dodecane
Tridecane
Tetradecane
Hexadecane
Heptadecane
Octadecane
T, SQ
T, SQ
T, SQ
T, SQ
T, SQ
nd - >L, SQ
T, SQ
T, SQ
T, SQ
T, SQ
T, SQ
T, SQ
T, SQ
T, SQ
TO-17
TO-17
TO-17
TO-17
TO-17
TO-17
TO-17
TO-13A
Aromatics
Benzene
Toluene
Xylenes
Naphthalene
1-Methyl Naphthalene
2-Methyl Naphthalene
Flourene
Phenanthrene
Fluoanthene
nd - 4.6
nd - 1.7
nd - 1.1
nd - 0.030
nd - 0.0099
nd - 0.02
nd - 0.0033
nd - 0.0066
nd - 0.0011
Heterocycles
Dibenzofuran
Pyrene
Organo Halides & Halides
Chlorine
1,4 Dichlorobenzene
Carbon tetrachloride
Passive
Molecular
Weight
CAS
72.2
72.2
84.2
86.2
86.2
86.2
142.3
156.3
170.3
184.4
198.4
226.5
240.2
109-66-0
78-78-4
96-37-7
107-83-5
96-14-0
1120-21-4
124-18-5
1120-21-4
112-40-3
629-50-5
629-59-4
544-76-3
TO-17
TO-17
TO-17
TO-13A
TO-13A
TO-13A
TO-13A
TO-13A
TO-13A
78.1
92.1
106.2
128.2
142.2
142.2
166.2
178.2
202.3
71-13-2
108-88-3
108-38-3
91-20-3
90-12-0
91-57-6
86-73-7
85-01-8
206-44-0
nd - 0.0033
nd - 0.0032
TO-13A
TO-13A
168.2
202.2
132 to 64-9
129-00-0
nd - 170
nd - 0.0099
nd - 0.73
NIOSH-6011
TO-13A
TO-17
70.9
147.0
153.8
7782-50-5
106-46-7
56-23-5
nd - 360
NIOSH-7903
98.1
7664-38-2
Radiello
Radiello
Radiello
Radiello
Radiello
TO-13A
TO-13A
TO-13A
Others
Sulphuric acid
Notes: nd: not detected T, SQ: tentative assignment & semi –quantitative
D, SQ: assigned but semi-quantitative only >L, SQ: exceeds calibration limit so semi-quantitative results.
Shading indicates the compounds are not present in Wagerup Refinery emissions,
according to the Wagerup Refinery Air Emissions Inventory Final Report, 2002.
Source Alcoa TDG
- 19 -
Of the 66 species detected, just over half (35), have been determined quantitatively in this study (see
Table 3 for more details). The remaining compounds were recorded with tentative assignments and
semi-quantitative values only, due to low levels and/or lack of appropriate standards and accreditation
for the analysis .
Table 3 Summary of sampling methods and detection limits used to identify all compounds throughout the programme.
Compound/ type
Aldehydeyor ketone
acetone
propanal, hexanal etc
Sampling method
Passive or active
Collection time
Ave MDL
ug/m3
# Species
analysed for
# Species
quantified
# Species
detected only
TO-11A
TO-11A
Active
Active
8 hours
8 hours
1.2
0.12
29
14
15
TO-5A
Active
12 hours
13
27
6
13
Radiello
Passive
1 week
0.11
Radiello
Radiello
Passive
Passive
1 week
1 week
0.25
0.87
9
5
0
TO-17
Active
2 hours
0.6 - 1.2
52
4
6
Radiello
Passive
1 week
0.11 - 0.16
35
11
4
TO-13A
Active
1-3 days
0.001 - 0.004
212
14
6
NIOSH-7903
NIOSH-7903
Active
Active
6 hours
6 hours
90 - 130
45 - 64
6
1
0
AS-2800
Active
1 week
0.000001-0.0001
18
17
0
NIOSH-6011
Active
3 1/2 hours
130 - 170
2
1
0
y
Aldehyde or ketone
formaldehyde, acetaldehyde &
acetone including propanal,
hexanal etc
Aldehydes
formaldehyde, acetaldehyde &
benzaldehyde
propanal
butanal
VOC
benzene, toluene & carbon
tetrachloride etc
VOC
benzene, toluene, xylenes
hexane etc
& n-
SVOC
naphthalene, phenol
cresol etc
& o-
Inorganics
sulphuric acid, hydrochloric acid,
hydrogen fluoride
Metals
lead, aluminium, arsenic,
boron,barium, beryllium, cadmuim,
cobalt, copper, gallium, mercury,
lithium, molybdenum, nickel,
selenium, thalium, vanadium
Halogens
chlorine & bromine
- 20 -
4.4 Comparison of concentrations of species at the 5 key sampling sites with odour
thresholds, ambient guidelines, and typical rural air quality
The peak concentrations of the VOCs measured are well below ambient air guideline levels (Table 4).
This is also true for odour thresholds, with the possible exception of benzaldehyde which was occasionally
measured at the lower end of its range of reported odour threshold values and has a pleasant, fruity smell.
Table 4: Ambient Air Quality Guidelines and Odour Thresholds
Species
Formaldehyde
Acetaldehyde
Acetone
Propanal
Benzaldehyde
2-Butanone (MEK)
Hexanal
Methacrolein
Acrolein
Butanal
Butenal
Pentanal
Tolualdehyde
2-Pentanone
Maximum
Concentration
Measured
(ug/m3)
7.0
11.4
5.4
4.6
3.6
0.56
0.54
0.56
0.25
0.52
0.10
0.95
0.15
0.89
Acute Health Effects
Value
Averaging
(ug/m3)
Period
Reference
54
24 h
NEPC(AT)
2,000
24hr
WHOa
66,000
24hr
ATSDR
3
24hr
OAQC
13,000
1hr
OEHHA
4
0.2
1h
1h
TCEQ
OEHHA
0.4
0.06
Annual
Annual
100
Odour
TCEQ
10
Odour
530
1h
TCEQ
Carbon Tetrachloride
0.73
1900
130
7h
1h
Benzene
4.6
174
1,300
150
600
12000
4,113
1,083
152
19,000
5,800
500
22,000
24hr
6h
8hr
Dibenzofuran
1,4-Dichloro Benzene)
0.0033
0.0099
Toluene
Xylenes
iso-Butanol
Phenol
2.3
1.1
1.8
0.0099
2,4-Dimethyl Phenol
Benzyl Alcohol
m&p-Cresol
o-Cresol
Cresol mixtures
0.0130
0.068
0.018
0.0092
Chronic Health Effects
Value
Averaging
(ug/m3)
Period
Reference
11
Annual
NEPC(AT)
50
Annual
WHOa
33,000
Annual
ATSDR
2
Annual
TCEQ
2.2
Annual
TCEQ
5,000
Annual
IRIS
24hr
24hr
1h
8hr
1h
1h
8hr
Carcinogenic Effects
Probability
(per ug/m3) Reference
1.30E-05
NEPC(AT)
9.00E-07
WHOa
TCEQ
OEHHA
TCEQ
TCEQ
NOHSC
OSHA (STL)
NIOSH (REL)
OEHHA
TCEQ
ATSDR
OEHHA
6.00E-06
WHO
5300
Annual
705000
TWA
410000
TWA
250
TWA
OEHHA
40
TCEQ
13
0.2 (0.03 ppm)
ATSDR
60
Annual
OEHHA
20 pg/m3 based on TGA TMI of 70 pg/kg/day for dioxin
ACGIH
TCEQ
60
TCEQ
ATSDR
120
ATSDR
NEPC(AT)
411
Annual
NEPC(AT)
NEPC(AT)
946
Annual
NEPC(AT)
TCEQ
1520
Annual
TCEQ
OSHA
150
Annual
TCEQ
OEHHA
200
OEHHA
73
US EPA PRG
TCEQ
50
Annual
TCEQ
OSHA
OEHHA
0.5
Annual
TCEQ
-
The following should all be handled as PAH using TEF for chronic effects
Pyrene
0.0032
1-Methyl Naphthalene
0.0099
2-Methyl Naphthalene
0.020
Naphthalene
0.03
Total Naphthalenes
0.06
Phenanthrene
0.0066
100
10hr
NIOSH
Fluorene
0.0033
Fluoranthene
0.0011
-
4
-
Annual
-
ATSDR
-
-
Odour
Threshold
ug/m3
60 -1,230
380
47,300
22 - 400
0.8 - 180
15,900
19
>300,000
-
Odour Guideline
-
>8,000
150
-
ug/m3
20
22
5
-
440
-
-
Reference
TCEQ
TCEQ
TCEQ
-
Indicates values close to a known exposure standard
References:
NEPC(AT)
WHOa
OEHHA
ATSDR
OAQC
NIOSH
ACGIH
National Environmental Protection (Air Toxics) Measure (NEPC, 2004)
World Health Organisation Guidelines for Air Quality (2000a)
California Office of Environmental Health Haxard Assessment (OEHHA) Toxicity Criteria Database
U S Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) Minimal Risk Levels (MRLs) for Hazardous Substances
Ontario Air Quality Criteria
National Institute for Safety and health
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygenists
- 21 -
Table 4A: Exposure Guidelines for Metals in Airborne Particulates1
Note that in this table short term values are compared with annual average guidelines, which is an
extremely conservative comparison, ie the safety margin is very large.
Metal
Speciation
Lead
Mercury
Chromium
Chromium
Arsenic
Metal
Metal
V
0 & III
Inorganic
Guideline Value
ug/m3
0.2
0.33
0.0011
0.11
0.0055
Averaging Period
3 months
Annual
Annual
Annual
Annual
Max Found
ug/m3
0.00080
<0.00001
-2
0.0023
0.00014
1
New Zealand Ambient Air Quality Guidelines, AQ Report No 32, NZ Ministry for the Environment,
May 2002.
2
It is highly unlikely that the Cr(VI) is present, however even if all were in that form the highest spot
sample recorded would still be below the annual average guideline value.
The concentrations observed for the organic compounds quantified are comparable values for rural air
elsewhere, and significantly lower than typically observed in urban and residential situations (see Table 5).
An exception is acetaldehyde, which is in the range normally associated with urban environments. The
highest average and peak concentrations of most carbonyls were found at the Boundary Rd and Hoffman
Rd sites. While the differences involved are of the same order as the variability between sites, nevertheless
this could be worthy of further investigation in that these carbonyls are components of the refinery
emissions. The highest level of propanal was found at the Yarloop site, and was not associated with
maxima in any of the other key compounds.
Table 5 Comparison of Ambient Air Quality determined in this study to others.
All concentrations in micrograms/cubic metre (ug/m3)
Typical Concentrations of VOCs in Ambient Air
Concentrations in this study
Compound
Rural
Ambient
Urban
Ambient
Indoor
Residential
6 Week Mean
Weekly Max
Formaldehyde
1 – 6(1)
2 – 20(1)
30 – 100(1,2)
2.7
5.6
Acetaldehyde
0.0 – 1.4(3)
1.6 – 44(3)
30 – 100(3)
1.9
4.9
Acetone
0.5 – 5(4)
10 – 100(4)
5 – 27(3)
1.1
2.4
Propanal
0.1 – 0.2(6)
0.5 – 10(5,6)
-
0.4
4.6
Hexanal
0.00 – 0.25(6)
0.06 – 1.55(6)
-
0.17
0.54
MEK
0.2 – 2.3(6)
0.6 – 6.5(6)
-
0.15
0.56
(6)
-
0.19
3.65
Benzaldehyde
(6)
0.00 – 0.15
0.1 – 0.7
References:
1. International Programme on Chemical Safety Bulletin EHC89, 1989
- 22 -
2. State of Knowledge report: Air Toxics and Indoor Air Quality in Australia, Environment Australia
2001
3. Acetaldehyde as a Toxic Air Contaminant, California EPA, November 1993
4. International Programme on Chemical Safety Bulletin EHC207, 1998
5. Characterisation and identification of Sources of Volatile Organic Compounds in an Industrial Area
in Brisbane, O Hawas et al, ANSTO, 1991
6. Tilson Air Quality Study, Manitoba Environmental, August 2000
4.5 Sampling techniques and detection limits
The various sampling methods used have differing collection times and hence also detection limits.
Aldehydes, ketones and VOCs concentration determined by passive sampling generally have lower
detection limits due to the considerably longer collection time (see Table 3). A low method detection
limit allows compounds to be measured to a lower concentration and with greater reliability.
The less concentrated aldehydes and ketones such as propanal and hexanal have lower method
detection limits when determined by the active sampling method TO-11A, as indicated in Table 3.
This appears to be due to species-specific difficulties in analysis of samples collected by the Radiello
technique.
- 23 -
4.6 Common origins and source of ambient species
The likely sources for the species most frequently detected in ambient air in this programme are given
in Table 6.
Table 6 Common origins of VOCs detected in ambient air in the current programme.
1,2
Formaldehyde
Acetaldehyde1,2
Vegetative fires & fossil fuel burning, wood heaters, tobacco smoke,
combustion engines, natural decomposition processes including
atmospheric oxidation of hydrocarbons, glues, detergents, cosmetics,
building products. The most common aldehyde in the environment.
Vegetative fires & fossil fuel burning, wood heaters, tobacco smoke,
combustion engines, atmospheric conversion of other compounds,
respiration of plants, ripening of fruit.
Acetone3
Vegetative fires & fossil fuel burning, evaporation from living plants
and trees, breakdown of body fats, solvents, tobacco smoke, landfill
sites, vehicle exhaust.
Propanal4
Vegetative & fossil fuel burning, wood heaters, tobacco smoke,
combustion engines, burning plastics, natural emissions from trees
and bushes.
Benzaldehyde5
Natural emissions from plants and grasses, decomposition of leaf
litter, common flavouring in foods, combustion processes, atmospheric
photo-oxidation of toluene and other aromatic hydrocarbons.
MEK1
Hexanal6,7
Benzene1
Toluene1
Acrolein (2 Propenal)1
Vegetative fires & fossil fuel burning, wood heaters, biological
degradation processes, veneer & plywood manufacture, varnishes &
lacquers, paints & primers, tobacco smoke, vehicle exhaust, cleaners,
dyes, inks, insecticides, laundry starches, lubricants, nail polish &
remover, shoe polish, furniture, particle board.
Natural degradation of plant matter, storage and drying of wood, food
flavouring.
Vegetative fires & fossil fuel burning, oil and coal, landfills, service
stations and all machinery using liquid fuel, burning crop residues and
forest management burning, tobacco smoke.
Vegetative fires & fossil fuel burning, service stations and all
machinery using liquid fuel, burning crop residues and forest
management burning, tobacco smoke, consumer products including
adhesives, polishes, varnish removers & thinners, coatings, particle
board, leather dressings, lubricating oils, pens and markers, furniture,
vinyl products.
Fuel and vegetative burning, tobacco smoke, livestock feeds,
pesticides
References:
1. State of Knowledge Report: Air Toxics and Indoor Air Quality in Australia, Environment
Australia, 2001
2. WHO Air Quality Guidelines 2002
3. eco-usa.net, extract from Toxicological Profile of Acetone, Agency for Toxic Substances &
Disease Registry, US Public Health Service, May 1994
- 24 -
4. Spectrum Chemical Fact Sheet for Propanal, www.speclab.com
5. Spectrum Chemical Fact Sheet for Benzaldehyde, www.speclab.com
6. Spectrum Chemical Fact Sheet for Hexanal, www.speclab.com
7. “Emission of Hexanal and CO from Storage of Wood Pallets”, U Svedberg et al, Ann Occup Hyg,
Vol 48, pp339-349, 2004
4.7 Calculated Refinery Contributions to Ambient Concentrations of Key Compounds
Table 7 outlines the levels of the most prevalent Volatile Organic Compounds detected at Boundary Road.
All compounds were detected at concentrations typical of rural environments and well below levels of
concern. The same compounds are present in refinery emissions and the Ground Level Concentrations
GLCs) resulting from those emissions have been calculated by CSIRO using the TAPM model. It is
therefore possible to estimate the contribution of the refinery emissions to the GLCs of each compound. In
all cases it can be seen that the contribution from the refinery is small in comparison to the background
concentrations from other sources, which are a combination of natural and anthropogenic sources.
Table 7
Ambient VOC Concentrations at Boundary Rd
Measured Ambient Levels
ug/m3
ug/m3
Refinery Contribution
ug/m3
%
ug/m3
Max
Average
Average(1)
Detected
24hr 95%(2)
Formaldehyde
3.3
6.8
0.00340
0.1%
0.05
Acetaldehyde
2.6
11.4
0.01000
0.4%
0.10
Acetone
1.3
5.4
0.06100
4.7%
0.64
1.0
0.00272
(1)
0.9%
<0.00003
(1)
Propanal
Hexanal
0.31
0.2
0.5
MEK
0.16
0.6
0.00660
4.1%
Benzaldehyde
0.14
0.6
0.00080
0.7%
-
(3)
0.58
0.00085
0.02
Toluene
-
(3)
-
(4)
0.00580
0.05
Acrolein
-(3)
0.25
0.0019(1)
Benzene
0.06
(1)
Numbers in italics are estimated as ratio to acetone on basis of emission rates
(2)
95th percentile 24-hour maximum values
(3)
Insufficient data to calculate averages
(4)
Toluene was not detected at Boundary Rd above the average MDL (0.60 ug/m3) by the TO17
method. The maximum value detected over all sites was 1.7ug/m3 at the Yarloop
Lawn Bowls site.
- 25 -
5 Conclusions
This study provides detailed knowledge of the ambient air quality in the region surrounding the Wagerup
alumina refinery, including the townships of Waroona and Yarloop and the associated rural environment.
The study was carried out over a six week period and built on data and information gathered in the
previous fifteen week preliminary study. A variety of recognised sampling and analytical techniques were
employed, including USEPA methods for determining volatile organic compounds (VOCs), carbonyls,
metals and inorganic compounds. A total of 274 volatile chemical compounds were analysed for. Of
these, 35 were detected and quantified, a further 31 were detected at levels too low to quantify, and the
remainder were not detected.
The main chemical compounds detected are all known to be present in refinery emissions. The levels
found in the ambient environment are generally many times greater than the calculated refinery influence
for each compound. There was a lack of any clear spatial distribution that would indicate a refinery
influence on the levels of the compounds detected. This is consistent with the proposition that the levels of
chemicals in the ambient atmosphere are dominated by human and natural processes other than the refinery
operation.
All chemical compounds detected were found to be at levels well below applicable limits set for the
protection of human health, and were generally within the ranges expected for rural environments. An
exception to the latter is acetaldehyde, which was found at levels more typical of urban environments.
This could warrant further investigation to establish the source, but the distribution, levels and relativity to
other compounds mean that the refinery is unlikely to be the cause.
The chemical compounds detected and their levels in the atmosphere showed little spatial variation and for
the most part appeared to be randomly distributed, limiting the ability to attribute specific sources.
Elevated levels of both carbonyls and VOCs were found at the Waroona and Yarloop township sites,
consistent with the effects of human activities associated with the use of fossil fuels. Sampling sites
closest to the refinery were generally showed lower concentrations of the compounds measured, although
indications of higher than average levels of carbonyls at the Boundary Rd and to a lesser extent the
Hoffman Rd sites could warrant further investigation.
The exclusion of sampling sites at Waroona and close to the refinery in the group of key sites for intensive
monitoring is a weakness of the study, as comparisons between Waroona and close to the refinery could be
expected to be informative on the basis of the Radiello passive sampling results.
Significant differences were observed between the weekly results from Radiello passive sampling and the
USEPA methods for VOCs and carbonyls. It is not clear to what extent this is due to differences in
sampling technique or real differences in ambient concentrations between day and night, and between
workdays and weekends. It would be useful to resolve this by parallel sampling and analysis.
6 Recommendations
To resolve the issues raised by this study and further investigate the possibility of detecting influences of
the refinery on ambient air quality, the following recommendations are made:
1. A comparative study of Radiello and USEPA sampling techniques over the same time periods
should be carried out to investigate the apparent bias between the techniques and indicate possible
reasons;
2. An investigation of the cause of the apparent elevated levels of carbonyls at Boundary Rd could be
informative;
3. Investigation of techniques for monitoring short-term concentrations of compounds of interest
should be progressed, preferably by continuous monitoring techniques such as the Opsis that is
currently being trialed for formaldehyde and benzene. This should attempt to correlate variations in
- 26 -
concentrations with short term influences of refinery emissions on the ambient atmosphere
indicated by marker compounds, in particular NOx.
4. Information from 3 should be used in combination with dispersion modeling and emission source
measurements to improve knowledge of the influences of the refinery on ambient air quality. This
provides a practical alternative to the approach of event monitoring with ultra-trace analysis, which
is not recommended due to the difficulties involved in identifying and capturing events, the high
dilution from dispersion, and the background levels of chemicals existing in the atmosphere from
other natural and anthropogenic sources.
5. An investigation of the hexanes, pentanes and PAHs detected at the Yarloop site could be carried
out to confirm their concentrations and identify likely sources.
- 27 -
APPENDICES
- 28 -
Appendix 1: Aerial Photo showing the location of the 11 sampling points used in the comprehensive Wagerup ambient air program.
- 29 -
Appendix 2: Aldehyde and ketones concentration at 11 sampling points around Wagerup as determined by passive sampling (Radiello).
Formaldehyde
ug/m3
1
2
3
4
5
6
Waroona Lawn Bowls
run 1
run 2
1.0
1.2
1.5
3.3
0.87
0.97
0.93
1.1
1.1
1.3
0.59
0.59
Yarloop Lawn Bowls
run 1
run 2
0.57
0.47
2.1
2.4
0.58
0.58
0.41
0.91
0.96
0.77
0.61
0.81
Clifton Rd Yarloop
run 1
run 2
0.38
0.47
1.2
1.6
0.19
0.097
0.74
0.41
0.58
0.39
0.51
0.61
Residue South
run 1
run 2
0.19
0.19
0.59
0.39
0.30
0.30
0.25
0.68
0.94
0.75
0.30
0.20
Hoffman Road
run 1
run 2
0.20
0.20
0.90
1.0
0.29
0.29
0.33
0.58
0.48
0.77
0.31
0.10
Bremnar Road
run 1
run 2
0.37
0.37
0.49
0.68
0.19
0.19
0.17
0.25
0.57
0.57
0.099
0.099
Mean
Acetaldehyde
1
2
3
4
5
6
1.00
1.41
0.87
0.99
0.60
0.60
0.43
0.42
0.42
0.49
0.31
0.36
0.36
0.85
0.80
0.50
0.68
0.70
0.36
3.1
0.80
0.60
0.90
0.47
0.22
0.58
0.46
0.29
0.45
0.48
0.11
0.58
0.46
0.39
0.57
0.60
0.11
0.58
0.34
0.39
0.46
1.3
0.22
0.70
0.23
0.48
0.46
0.48
0.055
0.35
0.23
0.30
0.33
0.36
0.055
0.46
0.35
0.40
0.33
0.36
0.12
0.35
0.11
0.29
0.34
0.48
0
0.35
0.11
0.39
0.23
0.24
0.055
0.34
0.23
0.20
0.34
0.23
0.22
0.34
0.23
0.30
0.45
0.23
Mean
Propanal
1
2
3
4
5
6
0.65
1.04
0.41
0.45
0.53
0.43
0.27
0.33
0.28
0.22
0.23
0.30
nd
nd
0.25
0.21
0.24
0.5
nd
1.2
nd
0.21
0.49
0.5
nd
nd
nd
nd
0.49
0.52
nd
nd
nd
0.21
0.24
0.26
nd
nd
nd
0.21
0.25
0.26
nd
nd
nd
nd
0.25
0.26
nd
nd
nd
nd
0.48
0.51
nd
nd
nd
0.21
0.24
0.51
nd
nd
nd
nd
0.25
0.26
nd
nd
nd
0.21
0.25
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
0.24
0.50
nd
nd
nd
nd
0.24
0.50
Butanal
1
2
3
4
5
6
nd
nd
0.87
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
1.7
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
0.87
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
0.87
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
0.88
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
0.89
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
0.87
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
Benzaldehyde
1
2
3
4
5
6
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
0.20
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
- 30 -
Appendix 2 (cont.)
Boundary Rd 3
run 1
run 2
0.38
0.38
0.60
0.50
0.48
0.39
0.41
0.25
0.48
0.48
0.31
0.20
Boundary Road 2
run 1
run 2
0.29
0.29
2.1
2.4
0.19
0.19
na
na
0.58
0.58
0.82
0.51
Willowdale Mine
run 1
run 2
0.67
0.48
1.2
1.7
0.29
0.29
0.86
1.2
0.47
0.65
1.2
0.20
Mean
Acetaldehyde
1
2
3
4
5
6
0.44
0.37
0.80
0.79
0.78
0.75
0.80
0.55
0.67
0.70
0.11
0.47
0.23
0.29
0.34
0.48
0.055
0.47
0.34
0.29
0.34
0.36
0.11
0.35
0.57
na
0.45
0.36
0.22
0.35
0.34
na
0.45
0.48
0.11
0.23
0.35
0.20
0.33
0.35
0.11
0.34
0.23
0.40
0.33
0.35
0.12
0.32
0.34
0.40
0.34
0.47
0.12
0.43
0.34
na
0.34
0.23
0.23
0.35
0.35
0.30
0.44
0.51
0.055
0.46
0.23
0.30
0.33
0.51
Mean
Propanal
1
2
3
4
5
6
0.32
0.31
0.37
0.37
0.26
0.29
0.33
0.29
0.36
0.31
nd
nd
nd
0.21
0.24
0.26
nd
nd
nd
nd
0.24
0.52
nd
nd
0.24
na
0.24
0.52
nd
nd
nd
na
nd
0.26
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
0.51
0.24
nd
nd
0.22
0.24
0.51
nd
nd
0.25
nd
0.25
0.50
nd
nd
nd
na
nd
0.25
0.24
nd
nd
nd
0.24
0.51
nd
nd
nd
0.21
0.48
0.51
Butanal
1
2
3
4
5
6
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
1.7
na
nd
nd
nd
nd
0.87
na
nd
nd
nd
nd
0.88
nd
nd
nd
1.7
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
0.88
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
0.88
na
nd
nd
nd
nd
0.89
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
0.89
nd
nd
nd
Benzaldehyde
1
2
3
4
5
6
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
na
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
Formaldehyde
ug/m3
1
2
3
4
5
6
Hamel Training Centre
run 1
run 2
0.40
0.40
1.8
1.5
0.29
0.097
0.84
na
0.48
0.57
0.99
0.20
- 31 -
Residue Area
run 1
run 2
0.38
0.57
1.7
1.1
0.39
0.3
0.76
1.0
0.57
1.0
0.20
0.20
Appendix 3: Formaldehyde and acetaldehyde concentration at 11 sampling points around Wagerup as determined by passive sampling (Radiello).
Formaldehyde
Sampling Sites
Boundary Road
Willowdale Mine
Hamel Training Centre
Residue Area
Waroona Lawn Bowls
Yarloop Lawn Bowls
Clifton Road Yarloop
Residue South
Hoffman Road
Bremnar Road
Boundary Road 3
Week 1
mean
Std Error
0.29
0.00
0.58
0.27
0.40
0.00
0.48
0.27
1.10
0.14
0.52
0.14
0.43
0.13
0.19
0.00
0.20
0.00
0.37
0.00
0.38
0.00
Week 2
mean
2.25
1.45
1.65
1.40
2.40
2.25
1.40
0.49
0.95
0.59
0.55
ALL 11 sites
0.45
1.40
0.09
Std Error
0.42
0.71
0.42
0.85
0.42
0.42
0.57
0.28
0.14
0.27
0.14
0.42
Week 3
mean
Std Error
0.19
0.00
0.29
0.00
0.19
0.27
0.35
0.13
0.92
0.00
0.58
0.00
0.14
0.13
0.30
0.00
0.29
0.00
0.19
0.00
0.44
0.13
Week 4
mean
Std Error
No samples
1.03
0.48
0.84
0.00
0.88
0.34
1.02
0.71
0.66
0.71
0.58
0.47
0.47
0.61
0.46
0.35
0.21
0.11
0.33
0.23
Week 5
mean
Std Error
0.58
0.00
0.56
0.25
0.53
0.13
0.79
0.61
1.20
0.27
0.87
0.27
0.49
0.27
0.85
0.27
0.63
0.41
0.57
0.00
0.48
0.00
Week 6
mean
Std Error
0.67
0.44
0.70
1.41
0.60
1.12
0.20
0.00
0.59
0.28
0.71
0.28
0.56
0.14
0.25
0.14
0.21
0.30
0.10
0.00
0.26
0.16
Combined 1 - 6
mean
Std Error
0.80
0.17
0.77
0.52
0.70
0.39
0.68
0.37
1.20
0.30
0.93
0.30
0.60
0.28
0.42
0.22
0.45
0.20
0.34
0.06
0.41
0.11
0.35
0.65
0.68
0.44
0.66
0.06
0.40
0.22
0.39
0.27
Acetaldehyde
Boundary Road
Willowdale Mine
Hamel Training Centre
Residue Area
Waroona Lawn Bowls
Yarloop Lawn Bowls
Clifton Road Yarloop
Residue South
Hoffman Road
Bremnar Road
Boundary Road 3
Week 1
mean
Std Error
0.17
0.16
0.11
0.00
0.12
0.00
0.14
0.25
0.36
0.00
0.17
0.16
0.17
0.16
0.06
0.00
0.06
0.17
0.14
0.23
0.08
0.08
Week 2
mean
0.35
0.29
0.38
0.41
1.98
0.58
0.64
0.41
0.35
0.34
0.47
ALL 11 sites
0.14
0.56
Sampling Sites
0.11
Std Error
0.00
0.16
0.16
0.16
3.18
0.00
0.17
0.16
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.36
Week 3
mean
Std Error
0.46
0.33
0.29
0.17
0.34
0.00
0.29
0.17
0.80
0.00
0.46
0.00
0.29
0.16
0.29
0.17
0.11
0.00
0.23
0.00
0.29
0.16
Week 4
mean
Std Error
No samples
0.30
0.28
0.40
0.00
0.30
0.00
0.55
0.14
0.34
0.14
0.44
0.13
0.35
0.14
0.34
0.14
0.25
0.14
0.29
0.00
Week 5
mean
Std Error
0.45
0.00
0.33
0.00
0.34
0.00
0.39
0.16
0.79
0.31
0.51
0.17
0.46
0.00
0.33
0.00
0.29
0.16
0.40
0.16
0.34
0.00
Week 6
mean
Std Error
0.42
0.17
0.35
0.00
0.35
0.34
0.51
0.00
0.59
0.33
0.54
0.17
0.89
1.16
0.36
0.00
0.36
0.34
0.23
0.00
0.42
0.17
Combined 1 - 6
mean
Std Error
0.37
0.13
0.28
0.10
0.32
0.10
0.34
0.12
0.84
0.66
0.43
0.11
0.48
0.29
0.30
0.08
0.25
0.13
0.26
0.09
0.32
0.07
0.35
0.36
0.42
0.46
0.38
0.10
0.11
Summary
Sampling Site
Site No.
11
3
4
9
8
10
6
5
12
1
2
Bremnar Road
Residue Area
Residue South
Boundary Road 3
Boundary Road
Hoffman Road
Clifton Road Yarloop
Yarloop Lawn Bowls
Willowdale Mine
Waroona Lawn Bowls
Hamel Training Centre
ALL 11 sites
mean
0.34
0.68
0.42
0.41
0.80
0.45
0.60
0.93
0.77
1.20
0.70
0.66
Formaldeyde
Min
Maximum mean
0.10
0.59
0.26
0.20
1.40
0.34
0.19
0.85
0.30
0.26
0.55
0.32
0.19
2.25
0.37
0.20
0.95
0.25
0.14
1.40
0.48
0.52
2.25
0.43
0.29
1.45
0.28
0.59
2.40
0.84
0.40
1.65
0.32
0.28
1.43
0.38
Acetaldehyde
Min
Maximum
0.14
0.40
0.14
0.51
0.06
0.41
0.08
0.47
0.17
0.46
0.06
0.36
0.17
0.89
0.17
0.58
0.11
0.35
0.36
1.98
0.12
0.40
0.14
- 32 -
0.62
0.09
0.24
0.17
Appendix 4: Method Detection Limit defined, and low concentration assignments, used in this study.
The Method Detection Limit (MDL) refers to the lowest concentration a detected compound can be reliably reported. The value equates to 4 times the compound concentration
of a method blank sample.
“D” is assigned to a single value or mean duplicate (for recording purposes) if: ½ MDL < x1 < MDL. To obtain representative averages (at a sampling site or for a given week)
the measurements were allocated a value equal to ½ MDL.
“nd” is assigned to a single value or mean duplicate where x2 < ½ MDL. A value of zero (“0”) was chosen for these measurements when averaging.
Duplicate values are considered “reportable” if both of the conditions below are met:
(a)
One value x1 > 2 MDL, and the other value x2 > MDL &
(b)
│x1 – x2│ < ¼ mean.
- 33 -
Appendix 5: Formaldehyde, acetaldehyde and acetone concentrations at 5 key sampling points around Wagerup determined by the active sampling USEPA
method TO-11A.
Formaldehyde
Week number and commencement date
1
rd
23 Aug 2004
2
th
30 Aug 2004
3
th
6 Sept 2004
4
th
13 Sept 2004
5
6
th
20 Sept 2004
th
27 Sept 2004
Site
Ave
Boundary Rd 2
2.57
3.04
1.96
4.53
4.46
3.07
3.27
Hoffman Road
3.32
3.58
1.23
5.57
3.00
2.17
3.15
Yarloop Lawn Bowls
1.75
2.75
1.23
4.48
2.84
2.35
2.57
Bremnar Road
2.46
3.47
1.62
3.82
2.57
2.12
2.68
Hamel Training Centre
0.00
1.96
1.23
3.84
2.65
1.88
1.93
Weekly Ave
2.02
2.96
1.45
4.45
3.10
2.32
2.72
Acetaldehyde
Site
Week number
1
2
3
4
5
6
Ave
Boundary Rd 2
1.87
2.39
1.99
2.75
4.87
1.75
2.60
Hoffman Road
2.38
1.82
1.51
2.98
2.23
2.52
2.24
Yarloop Lawn Bowls
1.79
1.87
1.23
2.29
1.89
1.28
1.73
Bremnar Road
1.08
2.11
1.55
2.37
1.64
1.65
1.73
Hamel Training Centre
0.00
1.49
1.32
2.28
1.82
1.41
1.39
Weekly Ave
1.42
1.94
1.52
2.54
2.49
1.72
1.94
Acetone
Site
Week 1
Week 2
Week 3
Week 4
Week 5
Week 6
Ave
Boundary Rd 2
0.71
1.52
0.77
1.82
2.43
0.46
1.29
Hoffman Road
1.58
2.15
0.70
1.12
1.06
0.89
1.25
Yarloop Lawn Bowls
0.63
1.68
0.44
2.20
0.72
0.40
1.01
Bremnar Road
0.88
1.19
0.62
1.25
0.75
1.59
1.05
Hamel Training Centre
0.00
1.50
0.00
1.24
1.67
0.37
0.80
Weekly Ave
0.76
1.61
0.51
1.53
1.33
0.74
1.08
- 34 -
Appendix 6: Aldehyde and ketones concentration at the 5 key sampling points around Wagerup as
determined by USEPA TO-11A.
Boundary Rd 2 (Weeks)
Acetone
Propanal
Butanal/
Isobutyraldehyde
Day #
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
1
Acrolein
Methacrolein
Methyl Ethyl Ketone
Pentanal
Hexanal
2-Pentanone/
3-Methyl-2-butanone
Benzaldehyde
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
1
nd (1.9)
D (2.7)
2
2.0 (1.8)
1.3 (0.95)
2.4 (1.1)
3
1.1 (0.18)
0.34 (0.094)
D (0.11)
D (0.18)
D (0.092)
0.72 (0.093)
D (0.14)
nd (0.19)
D (0.27)
0.20 (0.18)
0.11 (0.094)
D (0.11)
0.19 (0.18)
D (0.090)
0.13 (0.093)
D (0.14)
nd (0.19)
nd (0.14)
nd (0.094)
nd (0.094)
nd (0.11)
nd (0.095)
nd (0.090)
nd (0.091)
nd (0.13)
nd (0.19)
D (0.27)
D (0.18)
0.15 (0.095)
0.13 (0.11)
nd (0.095)
nd (0.090)
0.11 (0.093)
nd (0.13)
nd (0.19)
D (0.27)
0.24 (0.18)
0.17 (0.095)
0.28 (0.11)
D (0.18)
D (0.092)
D (0.091)
D (0.14)
nd (0.19)
nd (0.14)
nd (0.094)
nd (0.094)
nd (0.11)
nd (0.095)
nd (0.090)
0.093(0.093)
nd (0.13)
0.54 (0.19) 0.31 (0.18)
0.14 (0.14) 0.095(0.095) 0.42 (0.18)
nd (0.11)
0.090(0.090)
0.22 (0.092)
0.23 (0.13)
nd (0.19)
0.37 (0.18)
0.26
(0.095) 0.35 (0.18)
0.35 (0.27)
0.24 (0.11)
D (0.092)
0.091(0.091)
0.22 (0.14)
0.63 (0.19) 0.24 (0.18)
0.19 (0.14) 0.095(0.095)
0.19 (0.11)
5
6.8 (0.97)
6
1.3 (0.92) *
1.8 (1.0)
1.4 (1.0)
0.98 (0.98)
1.4 (1.0)
nd (1.0)
1.0 (1.0)
1.5 (0.19)
0.81 (0.097)
D (0.092)
0.20 (0.10)
D (0.10)
D (0.099)
0.62 (0.10)
1.2 (0.20)
0.58 (0.10)
0.13 (0.096)
0.37 (0.097)
0.099(0.092) *
0.15 (0.10)
nd (0.099)
nd (0.098)
0.17 (0.10)
0.10 (0.10)
nd (0.10)
nd (0.096)
nd (0.097)
nd (0.092) *
nd (0.10)
nd (0.095)
0.12 (0.098)
0.25 (0.10)
nd (0.10)
nd (0.10)
0.12 (0.096)
0.15 (0.097)
nd (0.092) *
0.38 (0.10)
0.12 (0.10)
0.12 (0.098)
0.24 (0.10)
nd (0.10)
nd (0.10)
0.41 (0.15)
0.64 (0.097)
0.18 (0.092) *
0.21 (0.10)
0.18 (0.10)
0.098(0.098)
0.20 (0.10)
0.30 (0.20)
0.16 (0.10)
0.12 (0.096)
nd (0.097)
nd (0.092) *
0.12 (0.10)
nd (0.099)
0.30 (0.15)
nd (0.098)
0.16 (0.10)
0.37 (0.097)
nd (0.10)
nd (0.10)
0.24 (0.092)*
0.32 (0.10)
0.20 (0.10)
0.47 (0.15)
0.20 (0.098)
0.24 (0.10)
0.44 (0.097)
0.22 (0.10)
0.12 (0.10)
0.20 (0.092)
0.30 (0.10)
0.18 (0.10)
0.15 (0.098)
0.34 (0.10)
0.10 (0.10)
0.18 (0.10)
0.19 (0.096)
0.31 (0.097)
0.15 (0.092) *
0.12 (0.10)
nd (0.099)
nd (0.098)
0.14 (0.10)
nd (0.10)
nd (0.10)
D (1.8)
1.3 (0.92)
1.5 (0.93)
1.6 (1.4)
D (0.19)
0.64 (0.27)
4
2.7 (0.96)
D (0.18)
nd (0.090)
0.091(0.091)
0.16 (0.14)
* Value is for run 2 only.
Shaded cells show days when no samples were collected.
Bold typeface indicates measured value is "reportable" as > 2 times MDL.
- 35 -
Appendix 6 (cont.)
Hoffman Road (Weeks)
Acetone
Day #
1
2
3
4
1
3.8 (1.9)
None
2.4 (1.3)
1
2
3
4
D (0.13)
1
Acrolein
Methacrolein
Methyl Ethyl
Ketone
2
3
4
5
Hexanal
2-Pentanone/
3-Methyl2-butanone
Benzaldehyde
nd (0.93)
D (0.19)
D (0.18)
D (0.13)
D (0.099)
D (0.099)
D (0.095)
D (0.19)
0.13 (0.096)
6
1.4 (1.0)
1.2 (0.97)
0.98 (0.98)
3.4 (0.96)
1.4 (1.0)
0.94 (0.94)
1.7 (0.95)
1.1 (0.95)
nd (1.0)
0.47 (0.20)
0.26(0.097)
1.2 (0.20)
0.32 (0.10)
0.45 (0.094)
0.26(0.095)
0.17 (0.095)
0.46 (0.10)
0.53 (0.20)
0.12 (0.10)
nd (0.098)
nd (0.096)
0.11 (0.095)
0.12 (0.095)
nd (0.096)
nd (0.092)
nd (0.094)
nd (0.10)
nd (0.10)
nd (0.098)
nd (0.096)
nd (0.092)
nd (0.096)
nd (0.094)
nd (0.10)
0.14 (0.10)
D (0.20)
0.16 (0.097)
0.27 (0.095)
nd (0.096)
0.095(0.095)
nd (0.096)
nd (0.094)
nd (0.10)
D (0.20)
0.12 (0.10)
0.11 (0.095)
0.84 (0.096)
0.11 (0.094)
0.12 (0.10)
1
2
3
4
5
nd (0.16) *
None
nd (0.13)
D (0.16) *
None
D (0.13)
5
Pentanal
1.4 (0.99)
5
None
D (0.13)
nd (0.16) *
None
nd (0.13)
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
1.8 (0.99)
4
D (0.16) *
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
2.5 (1.3)
D (0.16) *
None
5
Butanal/
Isobutyraldehyde
3
D (1.8)
D (1.6) *
5
Propanal
2
nd (0.16) *
None
0.13 (0.13)
0.16 (0.16) *
None
0.52 (0.13)
D (0.16) *
None
0.89 (0.13)
0.16 (0.16) *
None
2.3 (0.13)
0.15 (0.13)
D (0.099)
D (0.099)
nd (0.093)
nd (0.094)
nd (0.096)
nd (0.13)
nd (0.094)
nd (0.098)
nd (0.093)
0.21 (0.094)
nd (0.096)
nd (0.13)
nd (0.094)
0.12 (0.098)
nd (0.093)
D (0.19)
D (0.18)
nd (0.095)
nd (0.093)
0.16 (0.10)
0.25 (0.13)
D (0.099)
0.099 (0.099)
0.11 (0.095)
D (0.19)
0.096 (0.096)
nd (0.13)
nd (0.094)
nd (0.098)
nd (0.093)
0.40 (0.19)
0.40 (0.18)
0.28 (0.13)
0.14 (0.098)
0.26 (0.099)
0.093 (0.093)
D (0.19)
0.096 (0.096)
0.16 (0.097)
0.21 (0.095)
nd (0.10)
nd (0.098)
nd (0.095)
nd (0.093)
nd (0.096)
nd (0.092)
0.13 (0.096)
nd (0.094)
nd (0.10)
0.24 (0.10)
0.12 (0.098)
0.18 (0.10)
0.16 (0.092)
0.25 (0.096))
0.17 (0.096)
0.14 (0.10)
0.10 (0.098)
0.10 (0.096)
0.16 (0.095)
0.41 (0.096)
0.16 (0.094)
0.14 (0.10)
nd (0.098)
0.10 (0.096)
nd (0.092)
0.78 (0.096)
nd (0.094)
nd (0.10)
0.25 (0.095)
0.30 (0.095)
D (0.21)
0.18 (0.13)
0.18 (0.099)
0.14 (0.099)
D (0.095)
0.13 (0.094)
0.17 (0.096)
D (0.097)
0.19 (0.095)
0.12 (0.10)
3.65 (0.13)
2.4 (0.098)
nd (0.094)
nd (0.093)
0.12 (0.097)
0.11 (0.095)
Shaded cells show days when no samples were collected.
Bold typeface indicates measured value is "reportable" as > 2 times MDL.
- 36 -
Appendix 6 (cont.)
Yarloop Lawn Bowls (Weeks)
Acetone
Propanal
Day #
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
nd (1.4)
3
4
5
6
D (1.9)
4.0 (1.0)
2.8 (1.9)
1.4 (0.99)
3.8 (2.4)
1.1 (0.94)
1.2 (0.99)
1.2 (0.99)
nd (0.94)
nd (0.98)
nd (1.7)
1.4 (0.99)
nd (0.97)
1.3 (0.95)
nd (0.95)
nd (1.0)
0.32 (0.099)
3.2 (0.99)
1
D (0.15)
4.6 (0.15)
1.4 (0.20)
0.78 (0.15)
2
3
4
5
3.5 (0.24)
D (0.19)
0.26 (0.099)
0.20 (0.098)
0.59 (0.094)
D (0.099)
D (0.20)
D (0.099)
D (0.097)
D (0.10)
D (0.096)
0.52 (0.10)
D (0.10)
1
nd (0.14)
D (0.19)
0.29 (0.20)
nd (0.093)
nd (0.099)
Butanal/
Isobutyraldehyde
2
3
4
5
0.33 (0.24)
D (0.19)
0.14 (0.099)
0.12 (0.098)
0.11 (0.094)
nd (0.098)
nd (0.20)
D (0.099)
0.16 (0.099)
D (0.099)
0.14 (0.095)
nd (0.095)
nd (0.10)
1
nd (0.14)
nd (0.093)
nd (0.099)
nd (0.093)
0.18 (0.099)
Acrolein
2
3
4
5
1
nd (0.11)
nd (0.094)
nd (0.093)
nd (0.098)
nd (0.094)
nd (0.098)
nd (0.17)
nd (0.099)
nd (0.097)
0.11 (0.095)
nd (0.095)
nd (0.10)
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
0.31 (0.24)
1
D (0.15)
2
3
4
5
1
D (0.24)
Methacrolein
Methyl Ethyl Ketone
Pentanal
Hexanal
2-Pentanone/
3-Methyl2-butanone
Benzaldehyde
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
nd (0.099)
nd (0.14)
nd (0.17)
nd (0.093)
0.20 (0.20)
nd (0.093)
nd (0.099)
nd (0.094)
nd (0.093)
nd (0.098)
nd (0.094)
nd (0.098)
nd (0.099)
nd (0.097)
nd (0.095)
nd (0.095)
nd (0.10)
nd (0.099)
nd (0.14)
0.29 (0.24)
0.20 (0.20)
D (0.19)
0.30 (0.099)
D (0.19)
0.57 (0.20)
0.26 (0.19)
0.24 (0.20)
D (0.099)
D (0.099)
0.20 (0.099)
0.12 (0.10)
0.11 (0.094)
0.13 (0.095)
0.18 (0.099)
0.16 (0.10)
0.32 (0.10)
nd (0.14)
D (0.19)
0.25 (0.20)
0.13 (0.093)
0.099(0.099)
nd (0.11)
nd (0.094)
nd (0.093)
0.14 (0.098)
0.11 (0.096)
nd (0.098)
nd (0.17)
nd (0.099)
nd (0.097)
nd (0.095)
nd (0.095)
nd (0.10)
nd (0.099)
0.17 (0.17)
D (0.093)
0.51 (0.20)
0.40 (0.15)
0.18 (0.099)
0.15 (0.094)
0.20 (0.099)
0.24 (0.098)
0.11 (0.096)
0.20 (0.098)
0.12 (0.099)
0.16 (0.099)
0.19 (0.095)
0.17 (0.096)
0.16 (0.10)
D (0.19)
D (0.099)
D (0.099)
0.76 (0.20)
0.13 (0.099)
0.18 (0.095)
0.39 (0.19)
0.15 (0.096)
0.14 (0.096)
0.20 (0.20)
0.11 (0.099)
D (0.10)
D (0.19)
nd (0.093)
nd (0.097)
0.31 (0.20)
nd (0.098)
nd (0.095)
0.13 (0.093)
nd (0.094)
nd (0.095)
nd (0.099)
nd (0.098)
nd (0.10)
0.22 (0.099)
D (0.15)
0.71 (0.24)
0.23 (0.17)
D (0.15)
0.14 (0.11)
0.20 (0.17)
0.094(0.094)
0.14 (0.099)
0.33 (0.10)
nd (0.094)
0.20 (0.099)
0.20 (0.099)
Shaded cells show days when no samples were collected.
Bold typeface indicates measured value is "reportable" as > 2 times MDL.
- 37 -
Appendix 6 (cont.)
Bremnar Road (Weeks)
Acetone
Propanal
Butanal/
Isobutyraldehyde
Acrolein
Methacrolein
MEK
Pentanal
Hexanal
2-Pentanone/
3-Methyl2-butanone
Benzaldehyde
Day #
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
6
None
1.7 (0.93)
1.5 (1.0)
2.0 (1.3)
1.2 (0.96)
2.2 (2.0)
nd (0.94)
1.0 (1.0)
nd (0.99)
1.2 (0.99)
1.6 (0.94)
1.1 (0.91)
1.2 (0.99)
nd (1.5)
2.0 (0.90)
3.5 (1.7)
D (0.13)
None
2.5 (0.19)
2.5 (0.20)
1.9 (0.97)
D (0.24)
0.98 (0.20)
D (0.20)
1.4 (0.092)
D (0.096)
0.32 (0.10)
0.48 (0.099)
0.40 (0.10)
D (0.091)
0.30 (0.089)
0.22 (0.15)
1.7 (0.17)
None
D (0.013)
0.15 (0.10)
0.15 (0.13)
nd (0.096)
nd (0.098)
0.20 (0.09)
nd (0.094)
nd (0.098)
nd (0.099)
nd (0.096)
nd (0.090)
nd (0.15)
0.38 (0.17)
None
nd (0.15)
nd (0.17)
None
0.15 (0.15)
nd (0.17)
None
0.15 (0.15)
0.19 (0.19)
None
nd (0.15)
0.21 (0.17)
None
0.22 (0.15)
0.38 (0.17)
None
D (0.15)
D (0.19)
None
nd (0.15)
nd (0.17)
0.28 (0.09)
0.12 (0.097)
360
D (0.013)
nd (0.093)
nd (0.092)
nd (0.013)
0.11 (0.093)
0.15 (0.094)
nd (0.013)
0.32 (0.19)
0.21 (0.094)
0.075 (0.013)
D (0.19)
0.13 (0.094)
nd (0.013)
0.28 (0.093)
0.26 (0.094)
D (0.013)
0.19 (0.19)
0.30 (0.09)
D (0.013)
0.30 (0.19)
0.13 (0.094)
nd (0.013)
nd (0.10)
nd (0.094)
nd (0.090)
nd (0.10)
nd (0.094)
nd (0.090)
0.10 (0.10)
0.11 (0.096)
0.11 (0.090)
0.10 (0.10)
nd (0.094)
nd (0.090)
0.27 (0.10)
0.096(0.096)
0.18 (0.090)
0.46 (0.10)
0.38 (0.096)
0.23 (0.090)
0.27 (0.10)
0.21 (0.096)
nd (0.090)
0.12 (0.099)
0.11 (0.097)
nd (0.13)
nd (0.098)
nd (0.097)
0.13 (0.13)
nd (0.098)
0.21 (0.097)
0.38 (0.24)
0.15 (0.10)
0.20 (0.10)
0.13 (0.13)
nd (0.098)
0.12 (0.097)
0.26 (0.13)
0.12 (0.098)
0.38 (0.10)
0.26 (0.13)
0.17 (0.098)
0.21 (0.097)
0.59 (0.24)
0.12 (0.10)
0.12 (0.097)
nd (0.096)
nd (0.099)
nd (0.089)
nd (0.096)
nd (0.099)
0.16 (0.099)
0.21 (0.096)
nd (0.099)
0.16 (0.099)
nd (0.096)
nd (0.099)
nd (0.089)
0.19 (0.096)
0.14 (0.099)
0.20 (0.099)
0.31 (0.20)
0.13 (0.099)
0.18 (0.089)
1.6 (0.20)
nd (0.099)
nd (0.089)
0.092 (0.092)
0.12 (0.098)
nd (0.096)
nd (0.089)
0.35 (0.20)
D (0.099)
nd (0.089)
0.33 (0.20)
0.17 (0.096)
0.11 (0.089)
nd (0.098)
nd (0.096)
nd (0.089)
0.41 (0.20)
0.16 (0.099)
0.17 (0.092)
0.31 (0.20)
0.24 (0.10)
0.18 (0.092)
1.0 (0.20)
nd (0.096)
nd (0.089)
Shaded cells show days when no samples were collected.
Bold typeface indicates measured value is "reportable" as > 2 times MDL.
- 38 -
Appendix 6 (cont.)
Hamel Training Centre (Weeks)
Acetone
Propanal
Butanal/
Isobutyraldehyde
Acrolein
Methacrolein
Methyl Ethyl Ketone
Pentanal
Hexanal
2-Pentanone/
3-Methyl-2-butanone
Benzaldehyde
Day #
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
6
1.0 (1.0)
None
1.5 (1.9)
nd (0.94)
D (2.0)
1.4 (0.99)
None
1.6 (0.91)
nd (0.92)
1.8 (0.98)
1.2 (1.0)
nd (1.0)
nd (1.3)
1.5 (0.95)
nd (0.96)
1.4 (1.0)
2.6 (1.0)
1.2 (0.98)
None
0.73 (0.094)
0.80 (0.19)
0.28 (0.20)
0.34 (0.15)
0.45 (0.21)
None
D (0.093)
D (0.097)
D (0.098)
0.34 (0.10)
0.25 (0.10)
1.5 (0.25)
D (0.095)
D (0.096)
D (0.10)
0.76 (0.10)
0.28 (0.10)
None
0.17 (0.094)
nd (0.094)
D (0.20)
nd (0.099)
nd (0.10)
None
0.15 (0.13)
D (0.093)
D (0.095)
D (0.097)
D (0.096)
nd (0.097)
nd (0.10)
0.12 (0.097)
0.32 (0.10)
nd (0.10)
nd (0.098)
None
nd (0.094)
nd (0.094)
nd (0.099)
nd (0.099)
nd (0.10)
None
nd (0.091)
nd (0.092)
nd (0.097)
nd (0.097)
nd (0.10)
nd (1.3)
nd (0.090)
nd (0.096)
nd (0.10)
0.20 (0.10)
nd (0.098)
None
nd (0.094)
nd (0.094)
D (0.20)
nd (0.099)
nd (0.10)
None
nd (0.091)
nd (0.092)
0.22 (0.098)
0.14 (0.097)
nd (0.10)
nd (0.13)
nd (0.090)
nd (0.096)
0.16 (0.10)
0.29 (0.10)
nd (0.098)
None
None
0.19 (0.094)
0.11 (0.091)
D (0.19)
D (0.097)
0.22 (0.20)
0.16 (0.097)
0.18 (0.099)
0.14 (0.097)
0.30 (0.21)
0.18 (0.10)
nd (0.13)
D (0.090)
0.12 (0.098)
0.10 (0.10)
0.43 (0.10)
0.20 (0.098)
None
nd (0.094)
nd (0.094)
nd (0.099)
nd (0.099)
nd (0.10)
None
nd (0.091)
nd (0.092)
nd (0.097)
nd (0.097)
nd (0.10)
nd (0.13)
nd (0.090)
nd (0.096)
nd (0.10)
0.14 (0.10)
nd (0.098)
None
nd (0.094)
0.094(0.094)
D (0.20)
nd (0.099)
nd (0.10)
None
D (0.093)
nd (0.092)
0.14 (0.097)
0.26 (0.10)
0.14 (0.10)
0.25 (0.25)
D (0.090)
nd (0.096)
0.14 (0.10)
0.48 (0.10)
0.18 (0.098)
None
None
0.33 (0.25)
0.25 (0.19)
D (0.093)
D (0.095)
0.11 (0.094)
D (0.097)
0.12 (0.098)
D (0.20)
0.15 (0.098)
0.10 (0.10)
0.16 (0.099)
0.30 (0.10)
1.0 (0.10)
0.34 (0.21)
0.14 (0.10)
0.27 (0.098)
None
None
0.25 (0.25)
0.11 (0.094)
0.091(0.091)
0.095(0.095)
0.63 (0.19)
0.14 (0.097)
0.13 (0.096)
0.78 (0.20)
0.12 (0.098)
0.12 (0.10)
nd (0.099)
0.12 (0.10)
0.16 (0.10)
nd (0.10)
nd (0.10)
nd (0.098)
Shaded cells show days when no samples were collected.
Bold typeface indicates measured value is "reportable" as > 2 times MDL.
- 39 -
Appendix 7: Aldehyde and ketones concentration at the 5 key sampling points around Wagerup as determined by USEPA TO-5A.
Formaldehyde
Acetaldehyde
Acetone
Butanal/
Isobutyraldehyde
Hexanal
2-Pentanone/
3-methyl-2-butanone
Boundary Rd 2 (Days)
Hoffman Road (Days)
Bremnar Road (Days) Hamel Training Centre (Days)
1
2
3
4
5
1
2 3 4
5
1 2
3
4
5 1
2
3
4
5
Week #
1
None
None None
None
None
None
None
None None
2
25 (12)
14 (14) 13 (13)
nd (12)
13 (13)
None
3
Invalid
None
None
None
None
4
None
nd (15)
13 (13)
nd (10)
nd (11) nd (14)
5
nd (13)
nd (13)
nd (14)
nd (14)
None
nd (12)
6
None
13 (13)
nd (11)
None
nd (14) nd (13)
1
None
None None
None
None
None
None
None None
2
D (14) 13 (13)
D (12)
D (12)
D (13)
None
3
Invalid
None
None
None
None
4
None
D (15)
D (13)
D (10)
D (11) 28 (14)
5
13 (13)
D (13)
14 (14)
14 (14)
None
D (12)
6
None
nd (13)
nd (11)
None
D (14)
D (13)
1
None
None None
None
None
None
None
None None
2
D (14) 13 (13)
D (12)
D (12)
D (13)
None
3
Invalid
None
None
None
None
4
280 (10)
None
D (15)
25 (13)
D (11)
D (14)
5
D (13)
D (13)
D (14)
D (14)
None
D (12)
6
None
D (13)
D (11)
None
D (14)
D (13)
1
None
None None
None
None
None
None
None None
2
D (14) 22 (13)
D (12)
D (12)
D (13)
None
3
Invalid
None
None
None
None
4
51 (13)
25 (10)
None
D (15)
nd (11) nd (14)
5
nd (13)
D (13)
nd (14)
nd (14)
None
nd (12)
6
None
14 (13)
nd (11)
None
20 (14) nd (13)
1
None
None None
None
None
None
None
None None
2
nd (14) nd (13)
nd (12)
nd (12)
nd (13)
None
3
Invalid
None
None
None
None
4
None
nd (15)
13 (13)
nd (10)
nd (11) nd (14)
5
nd (13)
D (13)
nd (14)
nd (14)
None
nd (12)
6
None
14 (13)
nd (11)
None
nd (14) nd (13)
1
None
None None
None
None
None
None
None None
2
34 (12)
D (14) 39 (13)
D (12)
D (13)
None
3
Invalid
None
None
None
None
4
59 (13)
34 (10)
None
D (15)
D (11)
D (14)
5
18 (13)
D (13)
D (14)
D (14)
None
D (12)
6
None
D (13)
D (11)
None
D (14)
D (13)
Only run 2 analysed. Collection flow rate at end many times higher than at start.
No sample collected.
Bold typeface indicates measured value is "reportable" as > 2 times MDL.
- 40 -
Yarloop Lawn Bowls (Days)
1
2
3
4 5
None
None
nd (14)
None
nd (13)
None
None
D (14)
None
nd (13)
None
None
D (14)
None
D (13)
None
None
nd (14)
None
nd (13)
None
None
nd (14)
None
nd (13)
None
None
D (14)
None
nd (13)
None
None
nd (14)
14 (14)
nd (13)
nd (14)
None
None
14 (14)
14 (14)
D (13)
nd (14)
None
None
D (14)
D (14)
D (13)
D (14)
None
None
nd (14)
nd (14)
nd (13)
nd (14)
None
None
nd (14)
nd (14)
nd (13)
nd (14)
None
None
D (14)
D (14)
D (13)
nd (14)
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
Appendix 8: VOCs concentration at 11 sampling points around Wagerup as determined by passive sampling
(Radiello).
n-Hexane
n-decane
n-Heptane
Isooctane
nd (0.16)
nd (0.14)
nd (0.21)
0.16 (0.16)
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
0.15 (0.15)
nd
nd
0.14 (0.14)
nd
nd
0.89 (0.22)
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd (0.16)
nd (0.14)
nd (0.22)
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd (0.16)
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd (0.15)
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
0.59 (0.15)
nd
nd
nd
nd
0.29 (0.14)
0.15 (0.15)
nd
nd
nd
nd
0.57 (0.14)
0.15 (0.15)
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
D (0.23)
nd
nd
nd
nd (0.22)
nd
D (0.23)
nd
nd
nd
0.22 (0.22)
0.23 (0.23)
D (0.22)
nd
nd
nd
Benzene
Toluene
Xylenes
1
nd (0.11)
nd (0.12)
2
3
4
5
6
0.12 (0.12)
0.12 (0.12)
nd
nd
nd
nd
0.12 (0.12)
nd
0.13 (0.13)
nd
1
nd (0.12)
nd (0.13)
2
3
4
5
6
1
2
3
4
5
6
1
2
3
4
5
6
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd (0.12)
0.12 (0.12)
nd
nd
nd
nd
0.12 (0.12)
nd
0.12 (0.12)
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
0.11 (0.11)
nd
0.13 (0.13)
nd (0.13)
nd
nd
nd
nd
0.13 (0.13)
0.13 (0.13)
0.27 (0.13)
0.12 (0.12)
nd
nd
nd
Cyclohexane
Others
nd (0.17)
nd (0.17)
nd
nd
nd
nd
0.17 (0.17)
nd
0.36 (0.18)
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd (0.16)
nd (0.17)
nd (0.19)
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
0.16 (0.16)
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
0.65 (0.16)
0.51 (0.17)
nd
0.56 (0.14)
0.26 (0.13)
0.35 (0.17)
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd (0.17)
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd (0.17)
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
0.18 (0.18)
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
0.52 (0.17)
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
Week #
Bremnar
Road (11)
Residue
Area (3)
Residue
South (4)
Boundary
Road 3 (7)
1
nd (0.12)
nd (0.13)
nd (0.15)
4.1 (0.14)
nd (0.22)
0.16 (0.16)
0.17 (0.17)
nd (0.19)
nd
Boundary
Road 2 (8)
2
3
4
5
6
nd
0.12 (0.12)
nd
0.12 (0.12)
nd
nd
0.13 (0.13)
0.14 (0.14)
0.13 (0.13)
0.14 (0.14)
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
D (0.22)
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
0.20 (0.20)
nd
nd
nd
nd
Y1
nd
nd
1
nd (0.12)
nd (0.13)
nd (0.16)
12 (0.15)
nd (0.23)
0.33 (0.17)
0.53 (0.18)
nd (0.18)
nd
Hoffman
Road (10)
2
3
4
5
6
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
D (0.22)
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
Note : Y 1 : Isobutanol 1.8 (0.14)
- 41 -
Appendix 8 (cont.)
Clifton Road (6)
Yarloop
Lawn Bowls (5)
Willowdale
Mine (12)
Week #
1
2
3
4
5
Benzene
Toluene
Xylenes
n-Hexane
n-decane
n-Heptane
Isooctane
Cyclohexane
Others
0.23 (0.12)
nd
0.12 (0.12)
nd
nd
nd (0.13)
nd
0.13 (0.13)
0.11 (0.11)
nd
nd (0.15)
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd (0.14)
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd (0.22)
nd
D (0.22)
nd
nd
nd (0.16)
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd (0.17)
nd
nd
nd
nd
0.17 (0.17)
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
6
nd
0.27 (0.14)
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
1
2
3
0.12 (0.12)
0.37 (0.12)
0.25 (0.13)
nd (0.15)
nd (0.14)
nd (0.22)
D (0.16)
nd (0.17)
nd (0.17)
nd
0.24 (0.12)
nd
0.26 (0.13)
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
D (0.22)
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
4
0.20 (0.10)
0.22 (0.11)
nd
0.12 (0.12)
nd
0.14 (0.14)
nd
0.30 (0.15)
nd
5
0.12 (0.12)
0.26 (0.13)
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
6
0.25 (0.13)
0.41 (0.14)
0.16 (0.16)
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
1
2
3
4
nd (0.12)
nd
nd
nd
nd (0.13)
nd
nd
nd
nd (0.15)
nd
nd
nd
0.43 (0.14)
nd
nd
nd
nd (0.22)
nd
D (0.23)
nd
nd (0.16)
nd
nd
nd
nd (0.17)
nd
nd
nd
nd (0.19)
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
5
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
6
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
1
0.63 (0.13)
0.41 (0.12)
0.16 (0.16)
0.30 (0.15)
nd (0.23)
0.17 (0.17)
nd (0.18)
nd (0.19)
nd
Waroona
2
0.22 (0.11)
0.36 (0.12)
0.29 (0.15)
0.68 (0.14)
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
Lawn Bowls (1)
3
0.48 (0.12)
0.39 (0.13)
nd
nd
D (0.22)
nd
nd
nd
nd
4
0.42 (0.10)
0.68 (0.11)
0.27 (0.14)
0.25 (0.13)
nd
0.14 (0.14)
nd
0.31 (0.15)
nd
5
0.36 (0.12)
0.38 (0.13)
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
6
0.49 (0.12)
0.72 (0.13)
0.32 (0.16)
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
1
2
3
4
5
6
nd (0.12)
nd
0.12 (0.12)
nd
nd
nd
nd (0.14)
nd
nd
nd
0.13 (0.13)
nd
nd (0.15)
nd
nd
2.2 (0.16)
nd
nd
nd (0.15)
nd
nd
nd
0.43 (0.14)
nd
nd (0.23)
0.42 (0.21)
D (0.22)
nd
nd
nd
nd (0.17)
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd (0.18)
nd
nd
0.57 (0.19)
0.17 (0.17)
nd
nd (0.19)
nd
nd
0.39 (0.19)
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
Y2
nd
nd
Hamel
Training Centre (2)
Note : Y 2 : 2-Methylpentane: 0.74 (0.15) & 3-Methylpentane: 0.74 (0.15)
- 42 -
Appendix 9A: VOCs concentration at the 5 key sampling points around Wagerup as determined by active sampling method USEPA TO-17.
Carbon tetrachloride (Days)
2
3
4
Week #
1
1
nd
nd
Boundary
2
nd
nd
nd
Rd 2
3
4
5
6
1
2
3
4
5
6
1
2
3
4
5
6
nd
nd
nd
0.62 (0.62)
nd
nd
1
nd
2
3
4
5
6
1
2
3
4
5
6
nd
0.62 (0.62)
nd
nd
1 Lost
Hoffman
Road
Yarloop
Lawn Bowls
Bremnar
Road
Hamel
Training Centre
nd
nd
nd
1 Lost
nd
nd
nd
2 Lost
nd
nd
nd
nd
D
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
1 Lost
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
1
nd
0.58 (0.58)
nd
D (1.2);
D (0.59)
D (1.2);
D (0.60)
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd 0.62 (0.62)
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
1 Lost
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
0.62 (0.62)
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
0.73 (0.61)
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
1.6 (1.6);
0.85 (0.85)
Y Toluene 2.3 ug/m3 and Xylene 1.1 on Run 1/AM (MDLs 0.60 ug/m3)
* S-B-benzene: 360.0 ug/m3 on Run 1/AM (MDL 1.2 ug/m3)
nd
nd
nd
2 Lost
nd
D (1.2);
D (0.60)
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
Benzene (Days)
2
3
5
*
nd
nd
nd
1 Lost
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
1 Lost
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
4
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
1
2
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
4.6 (1.2)
nd 0.86 (0.62)
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
1 Lost
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
1.7 (1.2)
nd
nd
nd
0.95 (0.59) 0.73 (0.61)
nd
Y
nd
nd
nd
nd
*
nd
nd
nd
nd
1 Lost
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
5
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
0.74 (0.62)
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
D (0.62)
nd
nd
0.60 (0.60)
nd
nd
nd
nd
Shaded cells show days when no samples were collected
Italic typeface indicates one run has measured value more than 2 times the MDL.
- 43 -
4
nd
nd
nd
nd
1.3 (1.3)
0.79 (0.57)*
nd
nd
nd
nd
Toluene (Days)
3
5
Appendix 9B: Additional VOCs at the 5 key sampling points as determined by USEPA TO-17.
Additional Compounds (Days)
Boundary
Rd 2
Hoffman
Road
Yarloop
Lawn Bowls
Bremnar
Road
Hamel
Training Centre
Week #
1
2
3
4
5
6
1
2
3
4
5
6
1
2
3
4
5
6
1
2
3
4
5
6
1
2
3
4
5
6
1
nd
MCP, Hexane
2
nd
nd
nd
3
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
1 Lost
nd
Hexane
nd
2 Lost
2-MP, Pentane
Iso-Pentane
nd
D
nd
Hexane
D
nd
nd
1 Lost
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
2-MP
nd
1 Lost
nd
D
2-MP, Pentane 2-MP, Pentane
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
4
nd
nd
nd
Hexane
Hexane
Hexane
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
D
Hexane
D
nd
nd
2-MP, Pentane
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
5
nd
nd
Hexane
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
2-MP, Pentane
nd
Hexane
nd
nd
2-MP, Pentane
nd
Hexane
nd
nd
D More than 3 additional compounds found - semi-quantative analysis only
MCP: methyl cyclopentane 2-MP: 2-methylpentane
- 44 -
Appendix 10 A: VOCs concentration at 4 key sampling points as determined by USEPA TO-13A.
(Days)
Week #
Boundary
1
1-6
2
3
4
5
No samples collected over 6 week period.
Rd 2
1
2
Hoffman
Road
None
Naphthalene 0.0034
1-Mnaph 0.0033
2-Mnaph 0.0033
nd
nd
nd
3
Benzyl Alcohol
0.068
Benzyl Alcohol 0.0063
nd
nd
Naphthalene 0.0061
1-Mnaph 0.0041
2-Mnaph 0.0081
m&p Cresol 0.0051
o-Cresol 0.0010
4
Naphthalene 0.0033
Benzyl Alcohol
0.0033
nd
Addnl
Addnls
Addnls
5
nd
nd
Addnls
Addnl
2-Mnaph 0.0010
Addnl
6
nd
m&p Cresol 0.0032
Pyrene 0.0032
m&p Cresol 0.016
nd
2-Mnaph 0.00078
m&p Cresol 0.0016
Addnls
None
10
11
7
6
3
Naphthalene 0.0036
Addnl
5 plus
7 plus
Addnl
Addnls
Addnl
m&p Cresol 0.00098
Phenol 0.00098
Addnl
1
2
Yarloop
Lawn Bowls **
3
4
5
6 plus
6 plus
Addnls
Addnls
Naphthalene 0.0034
nd
3 plus
Addnls
Naphthalene 0.016
5 plus
Addnls
6 plus
Addnls
6
Addnl
nd
Addnl
Phenol 0.0025
Addnl
4 plus
1
nd
nd
None
nd
nd
nd
None
nd
nd
nd
nd (Addnl)
nd (Addnl)
nd (Addnl)
nd
nd (Addnls)
nd
m&p Cresol
0.0051
nd (Addnls)
Bremnar
2
nd
nd
Road
3
None
nd
Hamel
Training
4
5
6
1
2
3
Centre
4
None
nd
5
Naph 0.0031
6
m&p Cresol 0.015
Addnls
2-MNaph 0.0053
Mnaph 0.0026
nd
1-
m&p Cresol
0.0050
Addnls
** See Appendix 2B for more detailed information at this locality.
Shading indicates no samples were collected.
- 45 -
Appendix 10 B: PAHs concentration at Yarloop Lawn Bowls as determined by active sampling method USEPA TO-13A.
Week #
1
2
2
3
4
5
Fluorene 0.0033 Naphthalene
0.030 Phenanthrene 0.0066
Dibenzofuran 0.0033
1-Mnaph 0.0099
2-Mnaph 0.020
m&p Cresol 0.0039
o-Cresol 0.0020
Phenol 0.0099
2,4-Dimethylphenol 0.013
1,4-Dichlorobenzene 0.0099
Naphthalene 0.0032
1-MNaph 0.0099
2-MNaph 0.020
m&p Cresol 0.0050
o-Cresol 0.0050
Phenol 0.0011
1,4-Dichlorobenzene 0.0011
Naphthalene 0.0098
1-MNaph 0.0033
2-Mnaph 0.0033
m&p Cresol 0.016
o-Cresol 0.0033
1,4-Dichlorobenzene 0.0033
Naphthalene 0.0090
2-Mnaph 0.0030
1,4-Dichlorobenzene 0.0030
Fluoranthene 0.0011
Fluorene 0.0022
Naphthalene 0.018
Phenanthrene 0.0056
Pyrene 0.0011
1-MNaph 0.0056
2-MNaph 0.010
m&p Cresol 0.0011
1,4-Dichlorobenzene 0.0022
Addnls
nd
Naphthalene 0.0036
Addnl
Naphthalene 0.016
1-Mnaph 0.0040
2-Mnaph 0.0080
m&p Cresol 0.0080
o-Cresol 0.0040
Addnl
Naphthalene 0.0061
Phenanthrene 0.0020
1-MNaph 0.0020
2-MNaph 0.0031
m&p Cresol 0.0080
o-Cresol 0.0040
1,4-Dichlorobenzene 0.0022
Addnls
Naphthalene 0.016
Naphthalene 0.0095
1-Mnaph 0.0040
2-Mnaph 0.0032
m&p Cresol 0.0032
1,4-Dichlorobenzene 0.0032
Addnls
Addnl
m&p Cresol 0.00098
Phenol 0.00098
Addnl
Addnl
Phenol 0.0025
Addnl
1-Mnaph 0.0040
2-Mnaph 0.0032
m&p Cresol 0.014
o-Cresol 0.0016
Addnls
Lost
1-Mnaph 0.0033
2-Mnaph 0.0033
m&p Cresol 0.0065
o-Cresol 0.0033
2,4-Dimethylphenol
0.0033
1,4-Dichlorobenzene
0.0033
Addnls
4
Naphthalene 0.0034
5
Naphthalene 0.0032
m&p Cresol 0.0096
o-Cresol 0.0064
Addnls
6
3 DAYS
No samples Collected.
1
Addnl
1-Mnaph 0.0037
2-Mnaph 0.0074
m&p Cresol 0.011
o-Cresol 0.0037
2,4-Dimethylphenol
0.0037
Benzyl Alcohol 0.015
1,4-Dichlorobenzene
0.0037
Addnls
nd
Naphthalene 0.025
Phenanthrene 0.0031
Dibenzofuran 0.0031
1-MNaph 0.0062
2-MNaph 0.012
m&p Cresol 0.018
o-Cresol 0.0092
Phenol 0.0062
2,4-Dimethylphenol 0.0092
1,4-Dichlorobenzene 0.0031
- 46 -
Appendix 11: Metals concentrations at the 5 key sampling points around Wagerup as determined by AS-2800.
Hoffman Road (Weeks)
(ug/m3)
Ave MDL
TSP
Bremnar Road (Weeks)
1
2
3
4
5
6
9
12
12
16
13
16
1
2
3
8.0
9.4
9.6
Lead
0.0000042
0.00017
0.00031
0.000051
0.00017
0.00025
0.00066
0.00018
0.00080
nd
Aluminium
0.0000167
nd
0.26
nd
0.67
0.53
0.78
Arsenic
Boron
Barium
Beryllium
Cadmium
Cobalt
Chromium
Copper
Galium
Mercury
Lithium
Molybdenum
Nickel
Selenium
Thallium
Vanadium
Zinc
0.0000042
0.0000836
0.0000084
0.0000004
0.0000004
0.0000167
0.0000084
0.0000167
0.0000004
0.0000143
0.0000167
0.0000836
0.0000418
0.0000418
0.0000004
0.0000167
0.0000167
0.000019
nd
nd
nd
0.000015
nd
nd
0.00010
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
0.00017
0.000019
nd
0.00038
0.000051
nd
nd
0.000010
0.0000038
nd
0.00077
0.00067
nd
nd
nd
nd
0.00028
0.000077
0.0000036
0.00077
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
0.000051
nd
nd
nd
0.000034
0.00014
0.000068
0.0000038
nd
nd
nd
0.017
nd
nd
nd
0.000051
0.0010
0.00037
0.00034
nd
0.00017
nd
0.00049
0.000098
0.0000051
0.0015
0.0017
0.0000071
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
0.00071
0.00014
nd
nd
0.00018
nd
0.00025
0.000053
nd
0.0012
nd
0.000075
0.11
nd
0.0000063
nd
0.000016
0.0013
0.00036
nd
nd
0.00063
nd
0.00094
0.000094
0.0000047
0.0016
nd
nd
0.000040
nd
nd
0.000012
0.000006
nd
0.0018
0.00018
nd
nd
nd
nd
0.00060
nd
0.0000074
0.00020
nd
2.1
0.00014
0.44
0.012
0.000026
0.0000047
0.00016
0.0023
0.0011
0.00094
nd
0.0016
0.00012
0.00068
0.00012
0.0000044
0.0023
0.0094
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
0.00049
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
- 47 -
4
5
6
NO samples collected
Hamel Training Centre (Weeks)
Ave MDL
TSP
Lead
0.0000041
Aluminium
Arsenic
Boron
Barium
Beryllium
Cadmium
Cobalt
Chromium
Copper
Galium
Mercury
Lithium
Molybdenum
Nickel
Selenium
Thallium
Vanadium
Zinc
0.0000165
0.0000041
0.0000823
0.0000082
0.0000004
0.0000004
0.0000165
0.0000082
0.0000165
0.0000004
0.0000150
0.0000165
0.0000823
0.0000411
0.0000411
0.0000004
0.0000165
0.0000165
1
2
Boundary Rd 2 (Weeks)
3
4
5
6
1
12
17
16
19
10
0.00039
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
N0 samples collected nd
0.00086
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
0.0000043
nd
nd
0.00028
0.35
0.000035
nd
nd
nd
nd
0.000053
0.0021
0.00049
nd
nd
nd
nd
0.0010
0.000071
0.0000053
0.00088
nd
0.00045
1.3
0.000050
0.25
nd
nd
nd
0.00010
0.0025
0.00065
nd
0.00000050
0.0012
0.00012
0.00094
0.000050
nd
0.0022
nd
0.00064
0.60
0.000072
0.10
nd
0.0000045
0.0000075
0.000045
0.0034
0.00075
0.000030
nd
0.00045
0.00010
0.0017
0.000090
0.0000030
0.00075
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
0.000056
0.0014
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
0.00056
nd
0.0000061
0.00028
nd
** No samples were collected for TSP and metals analysis at Yarloop Lawn Bowals.
- 48 -
2
3
4
NO samples collected
5
6
Appendix 12: Inorganic acids concentration at the 5 key sampling points around Wagerup as determined by NIOSH 7903.
Sulphuric Acid
Nitric Acid
Phosphoric
Acid
Hydrogen
Bromide
Hydrogen
Chloride
Hydrogen
Fluoride
Week #
1
2
3
4
5
6
1
2
3
4
5
6
1
2
3
4
5
6
1
2
3
4
5
6
1
2
3
4
5
6
1
2
3
4
5
6
1
Boundary Rd 2 (Days)
2
3
4
5
nd (95)
nd (93)
1
Hoffman Road (Days)
2
3
4
nd (110)
Invalid
D (110)
None
nd (100)
nd (110)
nd (110)
5
1
Yarloop Lawn Bowls (Days)
2
3
4
nd (90)
nd (110)
130 (110)
Invalid
nd (100)
D (100)
nd (90)
nd (95)
nd (93)
None
nd (100)
nd (110)
nd (110)
nd (110)
Invalid
nd (110)
nd (110)
nd (110)
Invalid
nd (100)
nd (100)
nd (90)
nd (90)
nd (110)
Invalid
nd (110)
nd (110)
nd (110)
Invalid
nd (100)
nd (100)
nd (90)
nd (110)
Invalid
nd (110)
nd (110)
nd (110)
Invalid
nd (100)
nd (100)
nd (90)
nd (110)
Invalid
nd (110)
nd (110)
nd (110)
Invalid
nd (100)
nd (100)
nd (90)
nd (57)
Invalid
nd (54)
nd (56)
nd (57)
Invalid
nd (51)
nd (50)
nd (45)
nd (95)
nd (93)
None
nd (100)
nd (110)
nd (110)
nd (90)
nd (95)
nd (93)
None
nd (100)
nd (110)
nd (110)
nd (90)
nd (95)
nd (93)
None
nd (100)
nd (110)
nd (110)
nd (90)
nd (47)
nd (46)
None
nd (51)
nd (56)
nd (57)
nd (45)
No sample collected.
Bold typeface indicates measured value is "reportable" as > 2 times MDL.
- 49 -
5
Appendix 12 (cont.)
Sulphuric Acid
Nitric Acid
Phosphoric
Acid
Hydrogen
Bromide
Hydrogen
Chloride
Hydrogen
Fluoride
Week #
1
2
3
4
5
6
1
2
3
4
5
6
1
2
3
4
5
6
1
2
3
4
5
6
1
2
3
4
5
6
1
2
3
4
5
6
1
Bremnar Road (Days)
2
3
4
5
nd (90)
360 (91)
D (97)
D (100)
nd (110)
nd (130)
1
Hamel Training Centre (Days)
2
3
4
D (93)
Invalid
nd (120)
nd (110)
260 (110)
nd (90)
nd (91)
nd (97)
nd (100)
nd (110)
nd (130)
nd (93)
nd (93)
Invalid
nd (120)
nd (110)
nd (110)
nd (90)
nd (91)
nd (97)
nd (100)
nd (110)
nd (130)
nd (93)
nd (93)
Invalid
nd (120)
nd (110)
nd (110)
nd (90)
nd (91)
nd (97)
nd (100)
nd (110)
nd (130)
nd (93)
nd (93)
Invalid
nd (120)
nd (110)
nd (110)
nd (90)
nd (91)
nd (97)
nd (100)
nd (110)
nd (130)
nd (93)
nd (93)
Invalid
nd (120)
nd (110)
nd (110)
nd (45)
nd (45)
nd (48)
nd (53)
nd (56)
nd (64)
5
D (93)
nd (47)
nd (46)
Invalid
nd (61)
nd (54)
nd (56)
No sample collected.
Bold typeface indicates measured value is "reportable" as > 2 times MDL.
- 50 -
Appendix 13: Bromine and chlorine concentrations at the 5 key sampling points around Wagerup as determined by NIOSH 6011.
Week #
1
Boundary Rd 2
2
Property
3
4
5
6
1
2
3
4
5
6
1
2
3
4
5
6
Hoffman
Road
Yarloop
Lawn Bowls
1
2
Bromine (Days)
3
4
5
1
2
Chlorine (Days)
3
nd (140)
nd (140)
4
5
nd (140)
nd (140)
nd (140)
nd (140)
nd (140)
nd (140)
nd (140)
nd (140)
nd (150)
150 (150)
nd (140)
nd (140)
170 (140)
nd (140)
1
Bremnar
Road
Hamel
Training Centre
2
3
4
5
6
1
2
3
4
5
6
nd (130)
nd (130)
nd (140)
nd (140)
nd (140)
nd (170)
nd (140)
nd (170)
nd (140)
nd (170)
nd (160)
nd (140)
nd (140)
nd (170)
nd (160)
nd (140)
Shaded cells show days when no samples were collected
- 51 -