DATASHEET

ISL6525
®
Data Sheet
December 27, 2004
Buck and Synchronous-Rectifier
Pulse-Width Modulator (PWM) Controller
The ISL6525 provides complete control and protection for a
DC-DC converter optimized for high-performance
microprocessor applications. It is designed to drive two
N Channel MOSFETs in a synchronous-rectified buck
topology. The ISL6525 integrates all of the control, output
adjustment, monitoring and protection functions into a single
package. A programmable delay time for the PGOOD signal
makes it especially suitable for the VTT regulation in VRM8.5
applications.
The output voltage of the converter can be precisely
regulated to as low as 1.20V, with a maximum tolerance of
±1% over temperature and line voltage variations.
The ISL6525 provides simple, single feedback loop, voltagemode control with fast transient response. It includes a
200kHz free-running triangle-wave oscillator that is
adjustable from below 50kHz to over 1MHz. The error
amplifier features a 15MHz gain-bandwidth product and
6V/µs slew rate which enables high converter bandwidth for
fast transient performance. The resulting PWM duty ratio
ranges from 0% to 100%.
The ISL6525 protects against over-current conditions by
inhibiting PWM operation. The ISL6525 monitors the current
by using the rDS(ON) of the upper MOSFET which eliminates
the need for a current sensing resistor.
FN4998.3
Features
• Drives Two N-Channel MOSFETs
• Operates From +5V or +12V Input
• Simple Single-Loop Control Design
- Voltage-Mode PWM Control
• Fast Transient Response
- High-Bandwidth Error Amplifier
- Full 0% to 100% Duty Ratio
• Excellent Output Voltage Regulation
- 1.20V Internal Reference
- ±1% Over Line Voltage and Temperature
• Programmable delay for PGOOD signal
• Over-Current Fault Monitor
- Does Not Require Extra Current Sensing Element
- Uses MOSFETs rDS(ON)
• Small Converter Size
- Constant Frequency Operation
- 200kHz Free-Running Oscillator Programmable from
50kHz to Over 1MHz
• 14 Pin, SOIC Package
• Pb-Free Available (RoHS Compliant)
Applications
• Power Supply for Various Microprocessors
Ordering Information
• VTT Regulation for VRM8.5
PART NUMBER
TEMP.
RANGE (oC)
PACKAGE
PKG.
DWG. #
• High-Power 5V to 3.xV DC-DC Regulators
ISL6525CB
0 to 70
14 Ld SOIC
M14.15
• Low-Voltage Distributed Power Supplies
ISL6525CBZ
(See Note)
0 to 70
14 Ld SOIC
(Pb-free)
M14.15
Pinout
ISL6525
(SOIC)
TOP VIEW
*Add “-T” suffix to part number for tape and reel packaging.
NOTE: Intersil Pb-free products employ special Pb-free material
sets; molding compounds/die attach materials and 100% matte tin
plate termination finish, which are RoHS compliant and compatible
with both SnPb and Pb-free soldering operations. Intersil Pb-free
products are MSL classified at Pb-free peak reflow temperatures that
meet or exceed the Pb-free requirements of IPC/JEDEC J STD-020.
1
RT
1
14 DELAY
OCSET
2
13 VCC
SS
3
12 LGATE
COMP
4
11 PGND
FB
5
10 BOOT
GND
6
9
UGATE
PGOOD 7
8
PHASE
CAUTION: These devices are sensitive to electrostatic discharge; follow proper IC Handling Procedures.
1-888-INTERSIL or 321-724-7143 | Intersil (and design) is a registered trademark of Intersil Americas Inc.
Copyright © Intersil Americas Inc. 2001, 2004. All Rights Reserved
All other trademarks mentioned are the property of their respective owners.
ISL6525
Typical Application
12V
+5V OR +12V
VCC
OCSET
SS
MONITOR AND
PROTECTION
BOOT
RT
OSC
UGATE
PHASE
ISL6525
+VO
REF
FB
PVCC +12V
LGATE
-
+
+
-
PGND
GND
COMP
Block Diagram
VCC
POWER-ON
RESET (POR)
110%
+
DELAY
-
PGOOD
90%
VCC 10µA
+
-
10µA
SOFTSTART
+
-
OCSET
200µA
OVERCURRENT
BOOT
4V
UGATE
REFERENCE
PHASE
PWM
COMPARATOR
DACOUT
+
-
+
-
ERROR
AMP
FB
SS
GATE
INHIBIT CONTROL
LOGIC
PWM
LGATE
PGND
COMP
GND
OSCILLATOR
RT
2
FN4998.3
December 27, 2004
ISL6525
Absolute Maximum Ratings
Thermal Information
Supply Voltage, VCC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . +15.0V
Boot Voltage, VBOOT - VPHASE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . +15.0V
Input, Output or I/O Voltage . . . . . . . . . . . . GND -0.3V to VCC +0.3V
ESD Classification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Class 2
Thermal Resistance (Typical, Note 1)
θJA (oC/W)
SOIC Package . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
117
Maximum Junction Temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150oC
Maximum Storage Temperature Range . . . . . . . . . . -65oC to 150oC
Maximum Lead Temperature (Soldering 10s) . . . . . . . . . . . . 300oC
(Lead tips only)
Operating Conditions
Supply Voltage, VCC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . +12V ±10%
Ambient Temperature Range . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0oC to 70oC
Junction Temperature Range . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0oC to 125oC
CAUTION: Stresses above those listed in “Absolute Maximum Ratings” may cause permanent damage to the device. This is a stress only rating and operation of the
device at these or any other conditions above those indicated in the operational sections of this specification is not implied.
NOTE:
1. θJA is measured with the component mounted on a low effective thermal conductivity test board in free air. See Tech Brief TB379 for details.
Electrical Specifications
Recommended Operating Conditions, Unless Otherwise Noted
PARAMETER
SYMBOL
TEST CONDITIONS
MIN
TYP
MAX
UNITS
EN = VCC; UGATE and LGATE Open
-
5
-
mA
EN = 0V
-
50
100
µA
Rising VCC Threshold
VOCSET = 4.5VDC
-
-
10.4
V
Falling VCC Threshold
VOCSET = 4.5VDC
8.2
-
-
V
Enable - Input threshold Voltage
VOCSET = 4.5VDC
0.8
-
2.0
V
-
1.27
-
V
VCC SUPPLY CURRENT
Nominal Supply
ICC
Shutdown Supply
POWER-ON RESET
Rising VOCSET Threshold
OSCILLATOR
Free Running Frequency
RT = OPEN, VCC = 12
185
200
215
kHz
Total Variation
6kΩ < RT to GND < 200kΩ
-15
-
+15
%
-
1.9
-
VP-P
1.188
1.20
1.212
V
-
88
-
dB
-
15
-
MHz
-
6
-
V/µs
350
500
-
mA
-
5.5
10
W
300
450
-
mA
-
3.5
6.5
W
170
200
230
µA
-
10
-
µA
5.5
10
14.5
µA
-
2
-
V
∆VOSC
Ramp Amplitude
RT = OPEN
REFERENCE
Reference Voltage
ERROR AMPLIFIER
DC Gain
Gain-Bandwidth Product
GBW
Slew Rate
SR
COMP = 10pF
GATE DRIVERS
Upper Gate Source
IUGATE
VBOOT - VPHASE = 12V, VUGATE = 6V
Upper Gate Sink
RUGATE
ILGATE = 0.3A
Lower Gate Source
ILGATE
VCC = 12V, VLGATE = 6V
Lower Gate Sink
RLGATE
ILGATE = 0.3A
IOCSET
VOCSET = 4.5VDC
PROTECTION
OCSET Current Source
Soft Start Current
ISS
PGOOD DELAY
Discharge Current Source
NMOS gate threshold voltage
3
FN4998.3
December 27, 2004
ISL6525
Typical Performance Curves
70
RT PULLUP
TO +12V
1000
60
CGATE = 3300pF
IVCC (mA)
RESISTANCE (kΩ)
80
100
RT PULLDOWN
TO VSS
50
40
CGATE = 1000pF
30
20
10
CGATE = 10pF
10
10
100
SWITCHING FREQUENCY (kHz)
1000
FIGURE 1. RT RESISTANCE vs FREQUENCY
0
100
200
300 400 500 600 700 800
SWITCHING FREQUENCY (kHz)
900
1000
FIGURE 2. BIAS SUPPLY CURRENT vs FREQUENCY
Functional Pin Descriptions
GND (Pin 6)
RT (Pin 1)
Signal ground for the IC. All voltage levels are measured with
respect to this pin.
This pin provides oscillator switching frequency adjustment.
By placing a resistor (RT) from this pin to GND, the nominal
200kHz switching frequency is increased according to the
following equation:
6
5 • 10
Fs ≈ 200kHz + --------------------R T ( kΩ )
(RT to GND)
Conversely, connecting a pull-up resistor (RT) from this pin to
VCC reduces the switching frequency according to the
following equation.:
7
4 • 10
Fs ≈ 200kHz – --------------------R T ( kΩ )
(RT to 12V)
PGOOD (Pin 7)
PGOOD is an open-drain output used to indicate the status
of the converter output voltage. This pin is pulled low when
the converter output is not within ±10% of the set voltage. A
delay time can be programmed using the DELAY pin (pin
14). See Pin 14 description for more information.
PHASE (Pin 8)
Connect the PHASE pin to the upper MOSFET source. This
pin is used to monitor the voltage drop across the MOSFET
for over-current protection. This pin also provides the return
path for the upper gate drive.
UGATE (Pin 9)
OCSET (Pin 2)
Connect a resistor (ROCSET) from this pin to the drain of the
upper MOSFET. ROCSET, an internal 200µA current source
(IOCS), and the upper MOSFET on-resistance (rDS(ON)) set
the converter over-current (OC) trip point according to the
following equation:
I OCS • R OCSET
I PEAK = ------------------------------------------r DS ( ON )
Connect UGATE to the upper MOSFET gate. This pin
provides the gate drive for the upper MOSFET.
BOOT (Pin 10)
This pin provides bias voltage to the upper MOSFET driver.
A bootstrap circuit may be used to create a BOOT voltage
suitable to drive a standard N-Channel MOSFET.
PGND (Pin 11)
An over-current trip cycles the soft-start function.
This is the power ground connection. Tie the lower MOSFET
source to this pin.
SS (Pin 3)
LGATE (Pin 12)
Connect a capacitor from this pin to ground. This capacitor,
along with an internal 10µA current source, sets the softstart interval of the converter.
Connect LGATE to the lower MOSFET gate. This pin
provides the gate drive for the lower MOSFET.
COMP (Pin 4) and FB (Pin 5)
Provide a 12V bias supply for the chip to this pin.
COMP and FB are the available external pins of the error
amplifier. The FB pin is the inverting input of the error
amplifier and the COMP pin is the error amplifier output.
These pins are used to compensate the voltage-control
feedback loop of the converter.
4
VCC (Pin 13)
DELAY (Pin 14)
This pin is used to program the delay of the PGOOD (pin 7)
signal by placing a capacitor between this pin and GND or
VCC. The external capacitor only delays the rising edge of
FN4998.3
December 27, 2004
ISL6525
Initialization
The ISL6525 automatically initializes upon receipt of power.
Special sequencing of the input supplies is not necessary. The
Power-On Reset (POR) function continually monitors the input
supply voltages. The POR monitors the bias voltage at the VCC
pin and the input voltage (VIN) on the OCSET pin. The level on
OCSET is equal to VIN less a fixed voltage drop (see overcurrent protection). The POR function initiates soft start
operation after both input supply voltages exceed their POR
thresholds. For operation with a single +12V power source, VIN
and VCC are equivalent and the +12V power source must
exceed the rising VCC threshold before POR initiates operation.
Soft Start
The POR function initiates the soft start sequence. An internal
10µA current source charges an external capacitor (CSS) on
the SS pin to 4V. Soft start clamps the error amplifier output
(COMP pin) and reference input (+ terminal of error amp) to
the SS pin voltage. Figure 3 shows the soft start interval with
CSS = 0.1µF. Initially the clamp on the error amplifier (COMP
pin) controls the converter’s output voltage. At t1 in Figure 3,
the SS voltage reaches the valley of the oscillator’s triangle
wave. The oscillator’s triangular waveform is compared to the
ramping error amplifier voltage. This generates PHASE
pulses of increasing width that charge the output capacitor(s).
This interval of increasing pulse width continues to t2 . With
sufficient output voltage, the clamp on the reference input
controls the output voltage. This is the interval between t2 and
t3 in Figure 3. At t3 the SS voltage exceeds the reference
voltage and the output voltage is in regulation. This method
provides a rapid and controlled output voltage rise.
The over-current function protects the converter from a
shorted output by using the upper MOSFETs on-resistance,
rDS(ON) to monitor the current. This method enhances the
converter’s efficiency and reduces cost by eliminating a
current sensing resistor.
The over-current function cycles the soft-start function in a
hiccup mode to provide fault protection. A resistor (ROCSET)
programs the over-current trip level. An internal 200µA (typical)
current sink develops a voltage across ROCSET that is
reference to VIN. When the voltage across the upper MOSFET
(also referenced to VIN) exceeds the voltage across ROCSET,
the over-current function initiates a soft-start sequence. The
soft-start function discharges CSS with a 10µA current sink and
inhibits PWM operation. The soft-start function recharges CSS,
and PWM operation resumes with the error amplifier clamped
to the SS voltage. Should an overload occur while recharging
CSS, the soft start function inhibits PWM operation while fully
charging CSS to 4V to complete its cycle. Figure 4 shows this
operation with an overload condition. Note that, in this particular
application, the inductor current increases to over 15A during
the CSS charging interval and causes an over-current trip. The
converter dissipates very little power with this method. The
measured average input power for the conditions of Figure 4 is
2.5W.
SOFT-START
Functional Description
Over-Current Protection
OUTPUT INDUCTOR
PGOOD signal, not the falling edge. An internal hysteresis
guarantees glitch-free transition of PGOOD. Refer to
Programming PGOOD Delay Time section for more
information.
4V
2V
0V
15A
10A
5A
0A
TIME (20ms/DIV.)
FIGURE 4. OVER-CURRENT OPERATION
SOFT-START
(1V/DIV.)
The over-current function will trip at a peak inductor current
(IPEAK) determined by:
I OCSET • R OCSET
I PEAK = -------------------------------------------------r DS ( ON )
OUTPUT
VOLTAGE
(1V/DIV.)
0V
0V
t2
t1
t3
TIME (5ms/DIV.)
FIGURE 3. SOFT-START INTERVAL
where IOCSET is the internal OCSET current source (200µA
- typical). The OC trip point varies mainly due to the
MOSFETs rDS(ON) variations. To avoid over-current tripping
in the normal operating load range, find the ROCSET resistor
from the equation above with:
1. The maximum rDS(ON) at the highest junction temperature.
5
FN4998.3
December 27, 2004
ISL6525
3. Determine I PEAK for I PEAK > I OUT ( MAX ) + ( ∆I ) ⁄ 2
,
where ∆I is the output inductor ripple current.
For an equation for the ripple current see the section under
component guidelines titled ‘Output Inductor Selection’.
A small ceramic capacitor should be placed in parallel with
ROCSET to smooth the voltage across ROCSET in the
presence of switching noise on the input voltage.
Programming PGOOD Delay Time
The PGOOD rising edge delay can be programmed by
connecting a small capacitor CDELAY between the DELAY pin
and GND. The rising-edge delay is determined by the 10µA
discharging current source IDISCH , the voltage difference
between VCC and the gate threshold voltage VTH of the opendrain FET, and the capacitor value. The delay time tDELAY can
be calculated with the following equation,
C DELAY ( VCC – V TH )
t DELAY = ----------------------------------------------------------I DISCH
Please note that the capacitors CIN and CO each represent
numerous physical capacitors. Locate the ISL6525 within 3
inches of the MOSFETs, Q1 and Q2. The circuit traces for the
MOSFETs’ gate and source connections from the ISL6525
must be sized to handle up to 1A peak current.
Figure 6 shows the circuit traces that require additional
layout consideration. Use single point and ground plane
construction for the circuits shown. Minimize any leakage
current paths on the SS PIN and locate the capacitor, Css
close to the SS pin because the internal current source is
only 10µA. Provide local VCC decoupling between VCC and
GND pins. Locate the capacitor, CBOOT as close as practical
to the BOOT and PHASE pins.
+VIN
BOOT
D1
Q1
CBOOT
SS
VOUT
PHASE
ISL6525
+12V
VTH is typically 2V, VCC is 12V, and IDISCH is 10µA. Thus,
1nF of CDELAY leads to 1ms of delay time typically.
LO
LOAD
2. The minimum IOCSET from the specification table.
CO
Q2
VCC
CVCC
CSS
GND
Application Guidelines
Layout Considerations
As in any high frequency switching converter, layout is very
important. Switching current from one power device to another
can generate voltage transients across the impedances of the
interconnecting bond wires and circuit traces. These
interconnecting impedances should be minimized by using
wide, short printed circuit traces. The critical components
should be located as close together as possible using ground
plane construction or single point grounding.
FIGURE 6. PRINTED CIRCUIT BOARD SMALL SIGNAL
LAYOUT GUIDELINES
VIN
OSC
DRIVER
PWM
COMPARATOR
LO
-
∆VOSC
DRIVER
+
VOUT
PHASE
CO
ESR
(PARASITIC)
VIN
ZFB
VE/A
ISL6525
-
ZIN
+
Q1
LO
VOUT
PHASE
REFERENCE
DETAILED COMPENSATION COMPONENTS
CIN
LGATE
ERROR
AMP
Q2
D2
CO
ZFB
LOAD
UGATE
PGND
C1
RETURN
FIGURE 5. PRINTED CIRCUIT BOARD POWER AND
GROUND PLANES OR ISLANDS
Figure 5 shows the critical power components of the converter.
To minimize the voltage overshoot the interconnecting wires
indicated by heavy lines should be part of ground or power
plane in a printed circuit board. The components shown in
Figure 6 should be located as close together as possible.
6
VOUT
C2
ZIN
C3
R2
R3
R1
COMP
FB
+
ISL6525
REF
FIGURE 7. VOLTAGE - MODE BUCK CONVERTER
COMPENSATION DESIGN
FN4998.3
December 27, 2004
ISL6525
Figure 7 highlights the voltage-mode control loop for a
synchronous-rectified buck converter. The output voltage
(VOUT) is regulated to the Reference voltage level. The error
amplifier (Error Amp) output (VE/A) is compared with the
oscillator (OSC) triangular wave to provide a pulse-width
modulated (PWM) wave with an amplitude of VIN at the
PHASE node. The PWM wave is smoothed by the output filter
(LO and CO).
The modulator transfer function is the small-signal transfer
function of VOUT/VE/A. This function is dominated by a DC
Gain and the output filter (LO and CO), with a double pole
break frequency at FLC and a zero at FESR. The DC Gain of
the modulator is simply the input voltage (VIN) divided by the
peak-to-peak oscillator voltage ∆VOSC.
Modulator Break Frequency Equations
1
F LC = -------------------------------------2π • L O • C O
1
F ESR = -------------------------------------------2π • ( ESR • CO )
constructed on the log-log graph of Figure 8 by adding the
Modulator Gain (in dB) to the Compensation Gain (in dB).
This is equivalent to multiplying the modulator transfer
function to the compensation transfer function and plotting
the gain.
100
FZ1 FZ2
FP1
FP2
80
OPEN LOOP
ERROR AMP GAIN
60
GAIN (dB)
Feedback Compensation
40
20
20LOG
(R2/R1)
20LOG
(VIN/∆VOSC)
0
COMPENSATION
GAIN
MODULATOR
GAIN
-20
CLOSED LOOP
GAIN
-40
FLC
-60
10
100
1K
FESR
10K
100K
1M
10M
FREQUENCY (Hz)
The compensation network consists of the error amplifier
(internal to the ISL6525) and the impedance networks ZIN
and ZFB. The goal of the compensation network is to provide
a closed loop transfer function with the highest 0dB crossing
frequency (f0dB) and adequate phase margin. Phase margin
is the difference between the closed loop phase at f0dB and
180 degrees. The equations below relate the compensation
network’s poles, zeros and gain to the components (R1, R2,
R3, C1, C2, and C3) in Figure 8. Use these guidelines for
locating the poles and zeros of the compensation network:
The compensation gain uses external impedance networks
ZFB and ZIN to provide a stable, high bandwidth (BW) overall
loop. A stable control loop has a gain crossing with
-20dB/decade slope and a phase margin greater than 45
degrees. Include worst case component variations when
determining phase margin.
Compensation Break Frequency Equations
Output Capacitor Selection
1
F Z1 = ---------------------------------2π • R 2 • C1
1
F P1 = -----------------------------------------------------C1 • C2
2π • R2 •  ----------------------
 C1 + C2
1
F Z2 = -----------------------------------------------------2π • ( R1 + R3 ) • C3
1
F P2 = ---------------------------------2π • R3 • C3
1. Pick Gain (R2/R1) for desired converter bandwidth
2. Place 1ST Zero Below Filter’s Double Pole (~75% FLC)
3. Place 2ND Zero at Filter’s Double Pole
4. Place 1ST Pole at the ESR Zero
5. Place 2ND Pole at Half the Switching Frequency
6. Check Gain against Error Amplifier’s Open-Loop Gain
7. Estimate Phase Margin - Repeat if Necessary
Figure 8 shows an asymptotic plot of the DC-DC converter’s
gain vs frequency. The actual Modulator Gain has a high
gain peak do to the high Q factor of the output filter and is
not shown in Figure 8. Using the above guidelines should
give a Compensation Gain similar to the curve plotted. The
open loop error amplifier gain bounds the compensation
gain. Check the compensation gain at FP2 with the
capabilities of the error amplifier. The Closed Loop Gain is
7
FIGURE 8. ASYMPTOTIC BODE PLOT OF CONVERTER GAIN
Component Selection Guidelines
An output capacitor is required to filter the output and supply
the load transient current. The filtering requirements are a
function of the switching frequency and the ripple current.
The load transient requirements are a function of the slew
rate (di/dt) and the magnitude of the transient load current.
These requirements are generally met with a mix of
capacitors and careful layout.
Modern microprocessors produce transient load rates above
1A/ns. High frequency capacitors initially supply the transient
and slow the current load rate seen by the bulk capacitors.
The bulk filter capacitor values are generally determined by
the ESR (effective series resistance) and voltage rating
requirements rather than actual capacitance requirements.
High frequency decoupling capacitors should be placed as
close to the power pins of the load as physically possible. Be
careful not to add inductance in the circuit board wiring that
could cancel the usefulness of these low inductance
components. Consult with the manufacturer of the load on
specific decoupling requirements. For example, Intel
recommends that the high frequency decoupling for the
Pentium Pro be composed of at least forty (40) 1.0µF
ceramic capacitors in the 1206 surface-mount package.
Pentium® is a registered trademark of Intel Corporation.
FN4998.3
December 27, 2004
ISL6525
Use only specialized low-ESR capacitors intended for
switching-regulator applications for the bulk capacitors. The
bulk capacitor’s ESR will determine the output ripple
voltage and the initial voltage drop after a high slew-rate
transient. An aluminum electrolytic capacitor’s ESR value is
related to the case size with lower ESR available in larger
case sizes. However, the equivalent series inductance
(ESL) of these capacitors increases with case size and can
reduce the usefulness of the capacitor to high slew-rate
transient loading. Unfortunately, ESL is not a specified
parameter. Work with your capacitor supplier and measure
the capacitor’s impedance with frequency to select a
suitable component. In most cases, multiple electrolytic
capacitors of small case size perform better than a single
large case capacitor.
Output Inductor Selection
The output inductor is selected to meet the output voltage
ripple requirements and minimize the converter’s response
time to the load transient. The inductor value determines the
converter’s ripple current and the ripple voltage is a function
of the ripple current. The ripple voltage and current are
approximated by the following equations:
V IN - V OUT V OUT
∆I = -------------------------------- • ---------------Fs x L
V IN
∆VOUT = ∆I x ESR
Increasing the value of inductance reduces the ripple current
and voltage. However, the large inductance values reduce
the converter’s response time to a load transient.
One of the parameters limiting the converter’s response to a
load transient is the time required to change the inductor
current. Given a sufficiently fast control loop design, the
ISL6525 will provide either 0% or 100% duty cycle in
response to a load transient. The response time is the time
required to slew the inductor current from an initial current
value to the transient current level. During this interval the
difference between the inductor current and the transient
current level must be supplied by the output capacitor.
Minimizing the response time can minimize the output
capacitance required.
The response time to a transient is different for the
application of load and the removal of load. The following
equations give the approximate response time interval for
application and removal of a transient load:
L O × I TRAN
t RISE = ------------------------------V IN – V OUT
L O × I TRAN
t FALL = -----------------------------V OUT
where: ITRAN is the transient load current step, tRISE is the
response time to the application of load, and tFALL is the
response time to the removal of load. With a +5V input
source, the worst case response time can be either at the
application or removal of load and dependent upon the
output voltage setting. Be sure to check both of these
8
equations at the minimum and maximum output levels for the
worst case response time.
Input Capacitor Selection
Use a mix of input bypass capacitors to control the voltage
overshoot across the MOSFETs. Use small ceramic
capacitors for high frequency decoupling and bulk capacitors
to supply the current needed each time Q1 turns on. Place
the small ceramic capacitors physically close to the
MOSFETs and between the drain of Q1 and the source of
Q2.
The important parameters for the bulk input capacitor are the
voltage rating and the RMS current rating. For reliable
operation, select the bulk capacitor with voltage and current
ratings above the maximum input voltage and largest RMS
current required by the circuit. The capacitor voltage rating
should be at least 1.25 times greater than the maximum
input voltage and a voltage rating of 1.5 times is a
conservative guideline. The RMS current rating requirement
for the input capacitor of a buck regulator is approximately
1/2 the DC load current.
For a through hole design, several electrolytic capacitors
(Panasonic HFQ series or Nichicon PL series or Sanyo MVGX or equivalent) may be needed. For surface mount
designs, solid tantalum capacitors can be used, but caution
must be exercised with regard to the capacitor surge current
rating. These capacitors must be capable of handling the
surge-current at power-up. The TPS series available from
AVX, and the 593D series from Sprague are both surge
current tested.
MOSFET Selection/Considerations
The ISL6525 requires 2 N-Channel power MOSFETs. These
should be selected based upon rDS(ON), gate supply
requirements, and thermal management requirements.
In high-current applications, the MOSFET power dissipation,
package selection and heatsink are the dominant design
factors. The power dissipation includes two loss
components; conduction loss and switching loss. The
conduction losses are the largest component of power
dissipation for both the upper and the lower MOSFETs.
These losses are distributed between the two MOSFETs
according to duty factor (see the equations below). Only the
upper MOSFET exhibits switching losses, since the schottky
rectifier clamps the switching node before the synchronous
rectifier turns on.
PUPPER = IO2 x rDS(ON) x D + 1 Io x VIN x tSW x Fs
2
PLOWER = IO2 x rDS(ON) x (1 - D)
where: D is the duty cycle = VO / VIN,
tSW is the switching interval, and
Fs is the switching frequency.
FN4998.3
December 27, 2004
ISL6525
These equations assume linear voltage-current transitions
and do not adequately model power loss due the reverserecovery of the lower MOSFETs body diode. The
gate-charge losses are dissipated by the ISL6525 and don't
heat the MOSFETs. However, large gate-charge increases
the switching interval, tSW which increases the upper
MOSFET switching losses. Ensure that both MOSFETs are
within their maximum junction temperature at high ambient
temperature by calculating the temperature rise according to
package thermal-resistance specifications. A separate
heatsink may be necessary depending upon MOSFET
power, package type, ambient temperature and air flow.
power and +12 VDC for the bias, the gate-to-source voltage
of Q1 is 7V. A logic-level MOSFET is a good choice for Q1
and a logic-level MOSFET can be used for Q2 if its absolute
gate-to-source voltage rating exceeds the maximum voltage
applied to PVCC .
+12V
+5V OR LESS
VCC
ISL6525
BOOT
Q1
UGATE
Standard-gate MOSFETs are normally recommended for
use with the ISL6525. However, logic-level gate MOSFETs
can be used under special circumstances. The input voltage,
upper gate drive level, and the MOSFETs absolute gate-tosource voltage rating determine whether logic-level
MOSFETs are appropriate.
PVCC
+
+12V
DBOOT
+
VCC
+5V OR +12V
VD
BOOT
ISL6525
CBOOT
UGATE
PVCC
+
NOTE:
VG-S ≈ VCC - VD
+5V
OR +12V
Q2
LGATE
Q2
D2
NOTE:
VG-S ≈ PVCC
GND
FIGURE 10. UPPER GATE DRIVE - DIRECT VCC DRIVE OPTION
Schottky Selection
Rectifier D2 is a clamp that catches the negative inductor
swing during the dead time between turning off the lower
MOSFET and turning on the upper MOSFET. The diode must
be a Schottky type to prevent the lossy parasitic MOSFET
body diode from conducting. It is acceptable to omit the diode
and let the body diode of the lower MOSFET clamp the
negative inductor swing, but efficiency could slightly decrease
as a result. The diode's rated reverse breakdown voltage must
be greater than the maximum input voltage.
ISL6525 DC-DC Converter Application
Circuit
Q1
PHASE
+5V
OR +12V
LGATE
PGND
Figure 9 shows the upper gate drive (BOOT pin) supplied by
a bootstrap circuit from VCC . The boot capacitor, CBOOT
develops a floating supply voltage referenced to the PHASE
pin. This supply is refreshed each cycle to a voltage of VCC
less the boot diode drop (VD) when the lower MOSFET, Q2
turns on. A logic-level MOSFET can only be used for Q1 if
the MOSFETs absolute gate-to-source voltage rating
exceeds the maximum voltage applied to VCC . For Q2, a
logic-level MOSFET can be used if its absolute gate-tosource voltage rating exceeds the maximum voltage applied
to PVCC.
NOTE:
VG-S ≈ VCC - 5V
PHASE
The figure below shows an application circuit of a DC-DC
converter. Detailed information on the circuit, including a
complete Bill-of-Materials and circuit board description, can
be found in application note AN9916.
D2
NOTE:
VG-S ≈ PVCC
PGND
GND
FIGURE 9. UPPER GATE DRIVE - BOOTSTRAP OPTION
Figure 10 shows the upper gate drive supplied by a direct
connection to VCC . This option should only be used in
converter systems where the main input voltage is +5 VDC
or less. The peak upper gate-to-source voltage is
approximately VCC less the input supply. For +5V main
9
FN4998.3
December 27, 2004
ISL6525
12VCC
VIN
CIN
1µF
330µF/25V
V OUT
CDELAY
1000pF
1µF
VCC
10K
PGOOD DELAY
7
13
6
14
MONITOR AND
PROTECTION
SS 3
4.99K
10 BOOT
RT 1
9 UGATE Q1
OSC
0.1µF
U1
ISL6525
SPARE
REF
0.1µF
L1
8 PHASE
VOUT
13 VCC
12 LGATE
-
+
+
5
FB
1N4148
2 OCSET
11 PGND
-
4
COUT
1000µF
6
COMP
SPARE
Q2
GND
33pF
20K
6.8nF
C16
1K
SPARE
SPARE
Component Selection Notes:
CIN - 330µF 25W VDC, Rubycon ZA series or equivalent
COUT - 1000µF 6.3W VDC, Rubycon ZA series or equivalent
L1 - Core: Micrometals T44-52; Winding: 12 Turns of 19AWG
Q1 - Intersil MOSFET; HUF76121D
Q2 - Intersil MOSFET; HUF76129D
FIGURE 11. DC-DC CONVERTER APPLICATION CIRCUIT
10
FN4998.3
December 27, 2004
ISL6525
Small Outline Plastic Packages (SOIC)
M14.15 (JEDEC MS-012-AB ISSUE C)
N
INDEX
AREA
0.25(0.010) M
H
14 LEAD NARROW BODY SMALL OUTLINE PLASTIC
PACKAGE
B M
E
INCHES
-B-
1
2
3
L
SEATING PLANE
-A-
h x 45o
A
D
-C-
e
µα
A1
B
0.25(0.010) M
C A M
SYMBOL
MIN
MAX
MIN
MAX
NOTES
A
0.0532
0.0688
1.35
1.75
-
A1
0.0040
0.0098
0.10
0.25
-
B
0.013
0.020
0.33
0.51
9
C
0.0075
0.0098
0.19
0.25
-
D
0.3367
0.3444
8.55
8.75
3
E
0.1497
0.1574
3.80
4.00
4
e
C
0.10(0.004)
B S
0.050 BSC
1. Symbols are defined in the “MO Series Symbol List” in Section 2.2 of
Publication Number 95.
1.27 BSC
-
H
0.2284
0.2440
5.80
6.20
-
h
0.0099
0.0196
0.25
0.50
5
L
0.016
0.050
0.40
1.27
6
N
NOTES:
MILLIMETERS
α
14
0o
14
8o
0o
7
8o
Rev. 0 12/93
2. Dimensioning and tolerancing per ANSI Y14.5M-1982.
3. Dimension “D” does not include mold flash, protrusions or gate burrs.
Mold flash, protrusion and gate burrs shall not exceed 0.15mm (0.006
inch) per side.
4. Dimension “E” does not include interlead flash or protrusions. Interlead
flash and protrusions shall not exceed 0.25mm (0.010 inch) per side.
5. The chamfer on the body is optional. If it is not present, a visual index
feature must be located within the crosshatched area.
6. “L” is the length of terminal for soldering to a substrate.
7. “N” is the number of terminal positions.
8. Terminal numbers are shown for reference only.
9. The lead width “B”, as measured 0.36mm (0.014 inch) or greater
above the seating plane, shall not exceed a maximum value of
0.61mm (0.024 inch).
10. Controlling dimension: MILLIMETER. Converted inch dimensions
are not necessarily exact.
All Intersil U.S. products are manufactured, assembled and tested utilizing ISO9000 quality systems.
Intersil Corporation’s quality certifications can be viewed at www.intersil.com/design/quality
Intersil products are sold by description only. Intersil Corporation reserves the right to make changes in circuit design, software and/or specifications at any time without
notice. Accordingly, the reader is cautioned to verify that data sheets are current before placing orders. Information furnished by Intersil is believed to be accurate and
reliable. However, no responsibility is assumed by Intersil or its subsidiaries for its use; nor for any infringements of patents or other rights of third parties which may result
from its use. No license is granted by implication or otherwise under any patent or patent rights of Intersil or its subsidiaries.
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11
FN4998.3
December 27, 2004