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DATASHEET
PWM DC/DC Controllers with VID Inputs for Portable
GPU Core-Voltage Regulator
ISL95874, ISL95875, ISL95876
Features
The ISL95874, ISL95875, ISL95876 ICs are Single-Phase
Synchronous-Buck PWM regulators featuring Intersil’s
proprietary R4 Technology™. The wide 3.3V to 25V input voltage
range is ideal for systems that run on battery or AC-adapter
power sources. The ISL95875 and ISL95876 are low-cost
solutions for applications requiring dynamically selected
slew-rate controlled output voltages. The soft-start and dynamic
setpoint slew-rates are capacitor programmed. Voltage
identification logic-inputs select four (ISL95875, ISL95876)
resistor-programmed setpoint reference voltages that directly set
the output voltage of the converter between 0.5V and 1.5V, and
up to 5V with a feedback voltage divider.
• Input Voltage Range: 3.3V to 25V
Compared with R3 modulator, the R4 modulator has equivalent
light-load efficiency, faster transient performance, accurately
regulated frequency control and all internal compensation. These
updates, together with integrated MOSFET drivers and Schottky
bootstrap diode, allow for a high-performance regulator that is
highly compact and needs few external components. The
differential remote sensing for output voltage and selectable
switching frequency are another two new functions. For
maximum efficiency, the converter automatically enters
diode-emulation mode (DEM) during light-load conditions, such
as system standby.
• Output Voltage Range: 0.5V to 5V
• Precision Regulation
- Proprietary R4™ Frequency Control Loop
- ±0.5% System Accuracy Over -10°C to +100°C
• Optimal Transient Response
- Intersil’s R4™ Modulator Technology
• Output Remote Sense
• Extremely Flexible Output Voltage Programmability
- 2-Bit VID Selects Four Independent Setpoint Voltages for
ISL95875 and ISL95876
- Simple Resistor Programming of Setpoint Voltages
• Selectable 300kHz, 500kHz, 600kHz or 1MHz PWM Frequency
in Continuous Conduction
• Automatic Diode Emulation Mode for Highest Efficiency
• Power-Good Monitor for Soft-Start and Fault Detection
Applications
• Mobile PC Graphical Processing Unit VCC Rail
• Mobile PC I/O Controller Hub (ICH) VCC Rail
• Mobile PC Memory Controller Hub (GMCH) VCC Rail
RVCC
+5V
CVCC
VCC
SREF
PGOOD
QHS
12
11
LO
10
VOUT
0.5V TO 3.3V
QLS
9
VO
CBOOT
8
ROFS
CIN
ROCSET
PHASE
VIN
3.3V TO 25V
RPGOOD
13
14
PVCC
15
LGATE
EN
5
CSOFT
ROFS1
4
UGATE
OCSET
GPIO
BOOT
7
3
RTN
FB
2
GND
6
1
RFB1
FSEL
RTN1
PGND
16
CPVCC
CO
CSEN
RTN1
RO
RFB
0
FIGURE 1. ISL95874 APPLICATION SCHEMATIC WITH ONE OUTPUT VOLTAGE SETPOINT AND DCR CURRENT SENSE
March 2, 2012
FN7933.1
1
CAUTION: These devices are sensitive to electrostatic discharge; follow proper IC Handling Procedures.
1-888-INTERSIL or 1-888-468-3774 | Copyright Intersil Americas LLC. 2011, 2012. All Rights Reserved
Intersil (and design) is a trademark owned by Intersil Corporation or one of its subsidiaries.
All other trademarks mentioned are the property of their respective owners.
ISL95874, ISL95875, ISL95876
Application Schematics: ISL95874
RVCC
+5V
CVCC
CPVCC
FSEL
UGATE
VOUT
0.5V TO 3.3V
LO
PHASE
QLS
PGOOD
CO
ROCSET
9
QHS
BOOT
CBOOT
8
10
4
RPGOOD
VCC
13
PVCC
14
LGATE
3
5
CSOFT
ROFS1
SREF
11
FB
GPIO
2
CIN
CSEN
VO
EN
12
7
RTN
1
6
GND
RFB1
OCSET
RTN1
15
16
PGND
VIN
3.3V TO 25V
RTN1
RO
RFB
0
ROFS
FIGURE 2. ISL95874 APPLICATION SCHEMATIC WITH ONE OUTPUT VOLTAGE SETPOINT AND DCR CURRENT SENSE
RVCC
+5V
CVCC
CPVCC
9
FSEL
UGATE
LO
PHASE
RSEN
VOUT
0.5V TO 3.3V
QLS
PGOOD
CBOOT
ROCSET
4
QHS
8
10
RPGOOD
VCC
13
14
PVCC
LGATE
3
5
CSOFT
ROFS1
SREF
11
CIN
BOOT
VO
GPIO
2
7
EN
12
6
RTN
1
FB
GND
RFB1
OCSET
RTN1
15
16
PGND
VIN
3.3V TO 25V
CO
CSEN
RTN1
RO
RFB
ROFS
0
FIGURE 3. ISL95874 APPLICATION SCHEMATIC WITH ONE OUTPUT VOLTAGE SETPOINT AND RESISTOR CURRENT SENSE
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FN7933.1
March 2, 2012
ISL95874, ISL95875, ISL95876
Application Schematics: ISL95875
RVCC
GPIO
VID0
SREF
SET0
5
16
6
15
7
14
8
13
9
12
RSET2
RSET3
RPGOOD
CIN
QHS
BOOT
UGATE
VOUT
0.5V TO 5V
LO
PHASE
QLS
EN
PGOOD
CBOOT
FSEL
VO
CO
CSEN
RTN1
RO
RFB
CSOFT
RSET1
PVCC
17
FB
SET1
4
VCC
CVCC
ROCSET
VID1
18
11
ROFS1
RTN1
RTN
19
3
10
GND
RFB1
2
VIN
3.3V TO 25V
OCSET
PGND
20
CPVCC
1
LGATE
+5V
ROFS
0
FIGURE 4. ISL95875 APPLICATION SCHEMATIC WITH FOUR OUTPUT VOLTAGE SETPOINTS AND DCR CURRENT SENSE
RVCC
GPIO
VID0
SREF
SET0
RSET2
RSET3
CSOFT
RSET1
17
5
16
6
15
7
14
8
13
9
12
RPGOOD
PVCC
4
FB
SET1
18
CVCC
CIN
QHS
BOOT
UGATE
EN
QLS
PGOOD
FSEL
CBOOT
VO
VOUT
0.5V TO 5V
RSEN
LO
PHASE
ROCSET
ROFS1
RTN1
RTN
VID1
19
3
11
RFB1
2
10
GND
VCC
VIN
3.3V TO 25V
CO
CSEN
RTN1
RO
OCSET
PGND
20
CPVCC
1
LGATE
+5V
RFB
ROFS
0
FIGURE 5. ISL95875 APPLICATION SCHEMATIC WITH FOUR OUTPUT VOLTAGE SETPOINTS AND RESISTOR CURRENT SENSE
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FN7933.1
March 2, 2012
ISL95874, ISL95875, ISL95876
Application Schematics: ISL95876
RPGOOD
VCC
18
13
5
12
6
11
7
SET2
UGATE
VOUT
0.5V TO 5V
LO
PHASE
QLS
EN
PGOOD
CO
CBOOT
FSEL
CSEN
RTN1
RO
RFB
ROFS
RSET4
RSET3
CSOFT
17
LGATE
4
RSET2
SET1
14
GND
QHS
BOOT
ROCSET
SET0
3
CIN
10
RSET1
15
CVCC
VO
SREF
2
9
VID0
16
OCSET
VID1
GPIO
VIN
3.3V TO 25V
1
FB
ROFS1
RTN1
RTN
8
RFB1
19
20
PGND
CPVCC
PVCC
RVCC
+5V
0
FIGURE 6. ISL95876 APPLICATION SCHEMATIC WITH FOUR OUTPUT VOLTAGE SETPOINTS AND DCR CURRENT SENSE
SET0
RPGOOD
VCC
17
13
5
12
6
11
7
SET2
ROFS
RSET4
RSET3
CSOFT
18
19
4
RSET2
SET1
14
GND
QHS
BOOT
LO
UGATE
RSEN
PHASE
PGOOD
VOUT
0.5V TO 5V
QLS
EN
CBOOT
FSEL
ROCSET
RSET1
3
CIN
CO
CSEN
RTN1
10
SREF
15
CVCC
VO
VID0
2
9
GPIO
16
OCSET
VID1
VIN
3.3V TO 25V
1
FB
ROFS1
RTN
8
RFB1
RTN1
LGATE
20
PGND
CPVCC
PVCC
RVCC
+5V
RFB
RO
0
FIGURE 7. ISL95876 APPLICATION SCHEMATIC WITH FOUR OUTPUT VOLTAGE SETPOINTS AND RESISTOR CURRENT SENSE
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FN7933.1
March 2, 2012
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Block Diagram
VCC
POR
SOFT-START
CIRCUITRY
BOOT
EN
5
DRIVER
PHASE
DEAD-TIME
GENERATION
FB
INTERNAL
COMPENSATION
AMPLIFIER
SREF
PVCC
OVERVOLTAGE/
UNDERVOLTAGE
DRIVER
+
LGATE
PGND
*SET 0
R4
*SET 1
MODULATOR
VO
**SET2
REFERENCE
VOLTAGE
CIRCUITRY
*VID1
REMOTE SENSE
CIRCUITRY
OVERCURRENT
OCSET
*VID0
Fs SELECTION
CIRCUITRY
GND
*ISL95875, ISL95876 ONLY
RTN
FSEL
**ISL95876 ONLY
FN7933.1
March 2, 2012
FIGURE 8. SIMPLIFIED FUNCTIONAL BLOCK DIAGRAM OF ISL95874, ISL95875, ISL95876
ISL95874, ISL95875, ISL95876
PGOOD
CIRCUITRY
PGOOD
UGATE
ISL95874, ISL95875, ISL95876
Pin Configurations
20 PVCC
13 VCC
14 PVCC
15 LGATE
16 PGND
PGND 2
1 LGATE
ISL95875
(20 LD 3.2X1.8 UTQFN)
TOP VIEW
ISL95874
(16 LD 2.6X1.8 UTQFN)
TOP VIEW
19 VCC
RTN 4
17 UGATE
EN 3
10 PHASE
VID1 5
16 PHASE
SREF 4
9 PGOOD
VID0 6
15 EN
SREF 7
14 PGOOD
SET0 8
13 FSEL
SET1 9
12 VO
OCSET 11
11 UGATE
FB 10
RTN 2
VO 8
18 BOOT
OCSET 7
GND 3
FB 6
12 BOOT
FSEL 5
GND 1
17 VCC
16 BOOT
VID1 2
15 UGATE
14 PHASE
GND
12 PGOOD
SET1 6
11 FSEL
VO 10
SET0 5
OCSET 9
13 EN
FB 8
SREF 4
SET2 7
6
18 PVCC
RTN 1
VID0 3
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19 LGATE
20 PGND
ISL95876
(20 LD 3X4 QFN)
TOP VIEW
FN7933.1
March 2, 2012
ISL95874, ISL95875, ISL95876
ISL95874 Functional Pin Descriptions
PIN NUMBER
SYMBOL
1
GND
IC ground for bias supply and signal reference.
2
RTN
Negative remote sense input of VOUT. If resistor divider consisting of RFB and ROFS is used at FB pin, the same resistor
divider should be used at RTN pin, i.e. keep RFB1 = RFB, and ROFS1 = ROFS.
3
EN
Enable input for the IC. Pulling EN above the rising threshold voltage initializes the soft-start sequence.
4
SREF
Soft-start and voltage slew-rate programming capacitor input. Connects internally to the inverting input of the VSET voltage
setpoint amplifier.
5
FSEL
Input for programming the regulator switching frequency. Pull this pin to VCC for 1MHz switching. Pull this pin to GND
with a 100k resistor for 600kHz switching. Leave this pin floating for 500kHz switching. Pull this pin directly to GND
for 300kHz switching.
6
FB
Voltage feedback sense input. Connects internally to the inverting input of the control-loop error amplifier. The converter
is in regulation when the voltage at the FB pin equals the voltage on the SREF pin.
7
OCSET
Input for the overcurrent detection circuit. The overcurrent setpoint programming resistor ROCSET connects from this
pin to the sense node.
8
VO
Output voltage sense input for the R4 modulator. The VO pin also serves as the reference input for the overcurrent
detection circuit.
9
PGOOD
Power-good open-drain indicator output. This pin changes to high impedance when the converter is able to supply
regulated voltage.
10
PHASE
Return current path for the UGATE high-side MOSFET driver, VIN sense input for the R4 modulator, and inductor current
polarity detector input.
11
UGATE
High-side MOSFET gate driver output. Connect to the gate terminal of the high-side MOSFET of the converter.
12
BOOT
Positive input supply for the UGATE high-side MOSFET gate driver. The BOOT pin is internally connected to the cathode
of the Schottky boot-strap diode. Connect an MLCC between the BOOT pin and the PHASE pin.
13
VCC
14
PVCC
Input for the LGATE and UGATE MOSFET driver circuits. The PVCC pin is internally connected to the anode of the Schottky
boot-strap diode. Connect +5V to the PVCC pin and decouple with a MLCC to the PGND pin.
15
LGATE
Low-side MOSFET gate driver output. Connect to the gate terminal of the low-side MOSFET of the converter.
16
PGND
Return current path for the LGATE MOSFET driver. Connect to the source of the low-side MOSFET.
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DESCRIPTION
Input for the IC bias voltage. Connect +5V to the VCC pin and decouple with at least a MLCC to the GND pin.
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FN7933.1
March 2, 2012
ISL95874, ISL95875, ISL95876
ISL95875 Functional Pin Descriptions
PIN NUMBER
SYMBOL
1
LGATE
Low-side MOSFET gate driver output. Connect to the gate terminal of the low-side MOSFET of the converter.
2
PGND
Return current path for the LGATE MOSFET driver. Connect to the source of the low-side MOSFET.
3
GND
IC ground for bias supply and signal reference.
4
RTN
Negative remote sense input of VOUT. If resistor divider consisting of RFB and ROFS is used at FB pin, the same resistor
divider should be used at RTN pin, i.e. keep RFB1 = RFB, and ROFS1 = ROFS.
5
VID1
Logic input for setpoint voltage selector. Use in conjunction with the VID0 pin to select among four setpoint reference
voltages.
6
VID0
Logic input for setpoint voltage selector. Use in conjunction with the VID1 pin to select among four setpoint reference
voltages.
7
SREF
Soft-start and voltage slew-rate programming capacitor input and setpoint reference voltage programming resistor input.
Connects internally to the inverting input of the VSET voltage setpoint amplifier.
8
SET0
Voltage set-point programming resistor input.
9
SET1
Voltage set-point programming resistor input.
10
FB
11
OCSET
12
VO
13
FSEL
14
PGOOD
15
EN
16
PHASE
Return current path for the UGATE high-side MOSFET driver, VIN sense input for the R4 modulator, and inductor current
polarity detector input.
17
UGATE
High-side MOSFET gate driver output. Connect to the gate terminal of the high-side MOSFET of the converter.
18
BOOT
Positive input supply for the UGATE high-side MOSFET gate driver. The BOOT pin is internally connected to the cathode
of the Schottky boot-strap diode. Connect an MLCC between the BOOT pin and the PHASE pin.
19
VCC
20
PVCC
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DESCRIPTION
Voltage feedback sense input. Connects internally to the inverting input of the control-loop error transconductance
amplifier. The converter is in regulation when the voltage at the FB pin equals the voltage on the SREF pin.
Input for the overcurrent detection circuit. The overcurrent setpoint programming resistor ROCSET connects from this
pin to the sense node.
Output voltage sense input for the R4 modulator. The VO pin also serves as the reference input for the overcurrent
detection circuit.
Input for programming the regulator switching frequency. Pull this pin to VCC for 1MHz switching. Pull this pin to GND
with a 100k resistor for 600kHz switching. Leave this pin floating for 500kHz switching. Pull this pin directly to GND
for 300kHz switching.
Power-good open-drain indicator output. This pin changes to high impedance when the converter is able to supply
regulated voltage.
Enable input for the IC. Pulling EN above the rising threshold voltage initializes the soft-start sequence.
Input for the IC bias voltage. Connect +5V to the VCC pin and decouple with at least a MLCC to the GND pin.
Input for the LGATE and UGATE MOSFET driver circuits. The PVCC pin is internally connected to the anode of the Schottky
boot-strap diode. Connect +5V to the PVCC pin and decouple with a MLCC to the PGND pin.
8
FN7933.1
March 2, 2012
ISL95874, ISL95875, ISL95876
ISL95876 Functional Pin Descriptions
PIN NUMBER
SYMBOL
1
RTN
Negative remote sense input of VOUT. If resistor divider consisting of RFB and ROFS is used at FB pin, the same
resistor divider should be used at RTN pin, i.e. keep RFB1 = RFB, and ROFS1 = ROFS.
2
VID1
Logic input for setpoint voltage selector. Use in conjunction with the VID0 pin to select among four setpoint reference
voltages.
3
VID0
Logic input for setpoint voltage selector. Use in conjunction with the VID1 pin to select among four setpoint reference
voltages.
4
SREF
Soft-start and voltage slew-rate programming capacitor input and setpoint reference voltage programming resistor
input. Connects internally to the inverting input of the VSET voltage setpoint amplifier.
5, 6, 7
SET0, SET1,
SET2
8
FB
Voltage feedback sense input. Connects internally to the inverting input of the control-loop error transconductance
amplifier. The converter is in regulation when the voltage at the FB pin equals the voltage on the SREF pin.
9
OCSET
Input for the overcurrent detection circuit. The overcurrent setpoint programming resistor ROCSET connects from this
pin to the sense node.
10
VO
Output voltage sense input for the R4 modulator. The VO pin also serves as the reference input for the overcurrent
detection circuit.
11
FSEL
Input for programming the regulator switching frequency. Pull this pin to VCC for 1MHz switching. Pull this pin to GND
with a 100k resistor for 600kHz switching. Leave this pin floating for 500kHz switching. Pull this pin directly to GND
for 300kHz switching.
12
PGOOD
Power-good open-drain indicator output. This pin changes to high impedance when the converter is able to supply
regulated voltage.
13
EN
14
PHASE
Return current path for the UGATE high-side MOSFET driver, VIN sense input for the R4 modulator, and inductor
current polarity detector input.
15
UGATE
High-side MOSFET gate driver output. Connect to the gate terminal of the high-side MOSFET of the converter.
16
BOOT
Positive input supply for the UGATE high-side MOSFET gate driver. The BOOT pin is internally connected to the
cathode of the Schottky boot-strap diode. Connect an MLCC between the BOOT pin and the PHASE pin.
17
VCC
18
PVCC
Input for the LGATE and UGATE MOSFET driver circuits. The PVCC pin is internally connected to the anode of the
Schottky boot-strap diode. Connect +5V to the PVCC pin and decouple with a MLCC to the PGND pin.
19
LGATE
Low-side MOSFET gate driver output. Connect to the gate terminal of the low-side MOSFET of the converter.
20
PGND
Return current path for the LGATE MOSFET driver. Connect to the source of the low-side MOSFET.
Bottom Pad
GND
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DESCRIPTION
Voltage set-point programming resistor input.
Enable input for the IC. Pulling EN above the rising threshold voltage initializes the soft-start sequence.
Input for the IC bias voltage. Connect +5V to the VCC pin and decouple with at least a MLCC to the GND pin.
IC ground for bias supply and signal reference.
9
FN7933.1
March 2, 2012
ISL95874, ISL95875, ISL95876
Ordering Information
PART NUMBER
(Note 4)
PART
MARKING
TEMP RANGE
(°C)
PACKAGE
(Pb-Free)
PKG.
DWG. #
ISL95874HRUZ-T (Notes 1, 3)
874
-10 to +100
16 Ld 2.6x1.8 UTQFN
L16.2.6x1.8A
ISL95875HRUZ-T (Notes 1, 3)
875
-10 to +100
20 Ld 3.2x1.8 UTQFN
L20.3.2x1.8
Coming Soon
ISL95876HRZ (Note 2)
876
-10 to +100
20 Ld 3x4 QFN
L20.3x4
Coming Soon
ISL95876HRZ-T (Notes 1, 2)
876
-10 to +100
20 Ld 3x4 QFN
L20.3x4
ISL95874IRUZ-T (Notes 1, 3)
74I
-40 to +100
16 Ld 2.6x1.8 UTQFN
L16.2.6x1.8A
ISL95875IRUZ-T (Notes 1, 3)
75I
-40 to +100
20 Ld 3.2x1.8 UTQFN
L20.3.2x1.8
Coming Soon
ISL95876IRZ (Note 2)
870I
-40 to +100
20 Ld 3x4 QFN
L20.3x4
Coming Soon
ISL95876IRZ-T (Notes 1, 2)
870I
-40 to +100
20 Ld 3x4 QFN
L20.3x4
NOTES:
1. Please refer to TB347 for details on reel specifications.
2. These Intersil Pb-free plastic packaged products employ special Pb-free material sets, molding compounds/die attach materials, and 100% matte
tin plate plus anneal (e3 termination finish, which is RoHS compliant and compatible with both SnPb and Pb-free soldering operations). Intersil
Pb-free products are MSL classified at Pb-free peak reflow temperatures that meet or exceed the Pb-free requirements of IPC/JEDEC J STD-020.
3. These Intersil Pb-free plastic packaged products employ special Pb-free material sets; molding compounds/die attach materials and NiPdAu plate
- e4 termination finish, which is RoHS compliant and compatible with both SnPb and Pb-free soldering operations. Intersil Pb-free products are MSL
classified at Pb-free peak reflow temperatures that meet or exceed the Pb-free requirements of IPC/JEDEC J STD-020.
4. For Moisture Sensitivity Level (MSL), please see device information page for ISL95874, ISL95875, ISL95876. For more information on MSL please
see techbrief TB363.
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FN7933.1
March 2, 2012
ISL95874, ISL95875, ISL95876
Table of Contents
Application Schematics: ISL95874 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Application Schematics: ISL95875. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Application Schematics: ISL95876. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Block Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Pin Configurations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
ISL95874 Functional Pin Descriptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
ISL95875 Functional Pin Descriptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
ISL95876 Functional Pin Descriptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Ordering Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Absolute Maximum Ratings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Thermal Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Recommended Operating Conditions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Electrical Specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Theory of Operation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Power-On Reset . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Start-Up Timing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Start-Up and Voltage-Step Operation for ISL95874 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Start-Up and Voltage-Step Operation for ISL95875, ISL95876. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Output Voltage Programming for ISL95874 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Output Voltage Programming for ISL95875 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Output Voltage Programming for ISL95876 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
High Output Voltage Programming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
External Setpoint Reference. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
R4 Modulator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Stability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Transient Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Diode Emulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Overcurrent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Overvoltage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Undervoltage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Over-Temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
PGOOD Monitor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Integrated MOSFET Gate-Drivers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Adaptive Shoot-Through Protection. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
General Application Design Guide. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Selecting the LC Output Filter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Selecting the Input Capacitor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Selecting the Bootstrap Capacitor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Driver Power Dissipation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
MOSFET Selection and Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Layout Considerations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Revision History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Package Outline Drawing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Package Outline Drawing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Package Outline Drawing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
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11
FN7933.1
March 2, 2012
ISL95874, ISL95875, ISL95876
Absolute Maximum Ratings
Thermal Information
VCC, PVCC, PGOOD, FSEL to GND . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -0.3V to +7.0V
VCC, PVCC to PGND . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -0.3V to +7.0V
GND to PGND . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -0.3V to +0.3V
EN, SET0, SET1, SET2, VO,
VID0, VID1, FB, RTN, OCSET, SREF . . . . . . . . . . . . -0.3V to GND, VCC + 0.3V
BOOT Voltage (VBOOT-GND) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -0.3V to 33V
BOOT To PHASE Voltage (VBOOT-PHASE). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -0.3V to 7V (DC)
-0.3V to 9V (<10ns)
PHASE Voltage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . GND - 0.3V to 28V
GND -8V (<20ns Pulse Width, 10µJ)
UGATE Voltage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VPHASE - 0.3V (DC) to VBOOT
VPHASE - 5V (<20ns Pulse Width, 10µJ) to VBOOT
LGATE Voltage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .GND - 0.3V (DC) to VCC + 0.3V
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . GND - 2.5V (<20ns Pulse Width, 5µJ) to VCC + 0.3V
ESD Rating
Human Body Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2kV
Machine Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200V
Charged Device Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1kV
Latch Up. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . JEDEC Class II Level A at +125°C
Thermal Resistance (Typical)
JA (°C/W) JC (°C/W)
16 Ld UTQFN (Notes 5, 8) . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
95
52
20 Ld UTQFN (Note 5) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
90
N/A
20 Ld QFN (Notes 6, 7) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
42
5
Junction Temperature Range . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -55C to +150C
Operating Temperature Range
For “H” Version Parts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .-10°C to +100°C
For “I” Version Parts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .-40°C to +100°C
Storage Temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .-65°C to +150°C
Pb-Free Reflow Profile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . see link below
http://www.intersil.com/pbfree/Pb-FreeReflow.asp
Recommended Operating Conditions
Ambient Temperature Range
For “H” Version Parts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .-10°C to +100°C
For “I” Version Parts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .-40°C to +100°C
Converter Input Voltage to GND . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3V to 25V
VCC, PVCC to GND. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5V ±5%
CAUTION: Do not operate at or near the maximum ratings listed for extended periods of time. Exposure to such conditions may adversely impact product
reliability and result in failures not covered by warranty.
NOTES:
5. JA is measured with the component mounted on a high effective thermal conductivity test board in free air. See Tech Brief TB379 for details.
6. JA is measured in free air with the component mounted on a high effective thermal conductivity test board with “direct attach” features. See Tech
Brief TB379.
7. For JC, the “case temp” location is the center of the exposed metal pad on the package underside.
8. For JC, the “case temp” location is taken at the package top center.
Electrical Specifications All typical specifications TA = +25°C, VCC = 5V. Boldface limits apply over the operating temperature
range, -40°C to +100°C, unless otherwise stated.
PARAMETER
SYMBOL
TEST CONDITIONS
MIN
MAX
(Note 12) TYP (Note 12) UNIT
VCC and PVCC
VCC Input Bias Current
IVCC
EN = 5V, VCC = 5V, FB = 0.55V, SREF < FB
-
1.2
1.9
mA
VCC Shutdown Current
IVCCoff
EN = GND, VCC = 5V
-
0
1.0
µA
PVCC Shutdown Current
IPVCCoff
EN = GND, PVCC = 5V
-
0
1.0
µA
VCC POR THRESHOLD
Rising VCC POR Threshold Voltage
VVCC_THR
4.40
4.52
4.60
V
Falling VCC POR Threshold Voltage
V
4.10
4.22
4.35
V
VID0 = VID1 = VCC, PWM Mode = CCM
(For “H” Version Parts, TA = -10°C to +100°C)
-0.5
-
+0.5
%
VID0 = VID1 = VCC, PWM Mode = CCM
-0.75
-
+0.5
%
PWM Mode = CCM
(For “H” Version Parts, TA = -10°C to +100°C)
-20
-
+20
%
PWM Mode = CCM
-22
-
+20
%
EN = 5V
-
600
-
k
VENTHR < EN, SREF = Soft-Start Mode
-
8.5
-
µA
VCC_THF
REGULATION
System Accuracy
PWM
Switching Frequency Accuracy
FSW
VO
VO Input Impedance
RVO
VO Reference Offset Current
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IVOSS
12
FN7933.1
March 2, 2012
ISL95874, ISL95875, ISL95876
Electrical Specifications All typical specifications TA = +25°C, VCC = 5V. Boldface limits apply over the operating temperature
range, -40°C to +100°C, unless otherwise stated. (Continued)
PARAMETER
SYMBOL
VO Input Leakage Current
TEST CONDITIONS
MIN
MAX
(Note 12) TYP (Note 12) UNIT
IVOoff
EN = GND, VO = 3.6V
-
0
-
µA
IFB
EN = 5V, FB = 0.50V
-20
-
+50
nA
ISS
SREF = Soft-Start Mode
8.5
17
25.5
µA
SREF = Setpoint-Stepping Mode
(For “H” Version Parts, TA = -10°C to +100°C)
±51
85
±119
µA
IVS
SREF = Setpoint-Stepping Mode
±46
±85
±127
µA
ERROR AMPLIFIER
FB Input Bias Current
SREF (Note 9)
Soft-Start Current
Voltage Step Current
POWER GOOD
PGOOD Pull-down Impedance
RPG
PGOOD = 5mA Sink
-
50
150

PGOOD Leakage Current
IPG
PGOOD = 5V
-
0.1
1.0
µA
GATE DRIVER
UGATE Pull-Up Resistance (Note 10)
RUGPU
200mA Source Current
-
1.1
1.7

UGATE Source Current (Note 10)
IUGSRC
UGATE - PHASE = 2.5V
-
1.8
-
A
UGATE Sink Resistance (Note 10)
RUGPD
250mA Sink Current
-
1.1
1.7

UGATE Sink Current (Note 10)
IUGSNK
UGATE - PHASE = 2.5V
-
1.8
-
A
LGATE Pull-Up Resistance (Note 10)
RLGPU
250mA Source Current
-
1.1
1.7

LGATE Source Current (Note 10)
ILGSRC
LGATE - GND = 2.5V
-
1.8
-
A
LGATE Sink Resistance (Note 10)
RLGPD
250mA Sink Current
-
0.55
1.0

LGATE Sink Current (Note 10)
ILGSNK
LGATE - PGND = 2.5V
-
3.6
-
A
UGATE to LGATE Deadtime
tUGFLGR
UGATE falling to LGATE rising, no load
-
21
-
ns
LGATE to UGATE Deadtime
tLGFUGR
LGATE falling to UGATE rising, no load
-
21
-
ns
-
33
-
k
PHASE
PHASE Input Impedance
RPHASE
BOOTSTRAP DIODE
Forward Voltage
VF
PVCC = 5V, IF = 2mA
-
0.58
-
V
Reverse Leakage
IR
VR = 25V
-
0
-
µA
CONTROL INPUTS
EN High Threshold Voltage
VENTHR
2.0
-
-
V
EN Low Threshold Voltage
VENTHF
-
-
1.0
V
0.85
1.7
2.55
µA
-
0
1.0
µA
EN Input Bias Current
IEN
EN Leakage Current
IENoff
EN = 5V
EN = GND
VID<0,1> High Threshold Voltage (Note 11)
VVIDTHR
0.65
-
-
V
VID<0,1> Low Threshold Voltage
(Note 11)
VVIDTHF
-
-
0.5
V
VID<0,1> Input Bias Current (Note 11)
IVID
EN = 5V
-
0.5
-
µA
VID<0,1> Leakage Current (Note 11)
IVIDoff
EN=0V
-
0
-
µA
VOCPTH
VOCSET - VO
-1.75
-
1.75
mV
PROTECTION
OCP Threshold Voltage
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13
FN7933.1
March 2, 2012
ISL95874, ISL95875, ISL95876
Electrical Specifications All typical specifications TA = +25°C, VCC = 5V. Boldface limits apply over the operating temperature
range, -40°C to +100°C, unless otherwise stated. (Continued)
PARAMETER
SYMBOL
OCP Reference Current
IOCP
TEST CONDITIONS
MIN
MAX
(Note 12) TYP (Note 12) UNIT
EN = 5.0V
(For “H” Version Parts, TA = -10°C to +100°C)
7.65
8.5
9.35
µA
EN = 5.0V
7.05
8.5
9.35
µA
OCSET Input Resistance
ROCSET
EN = 5.0V
-
600
-
k
OCSET Leakage Current
IOCSET
EN = GND
-
0
-
µA
UVP Threshold Voltage
VUVTH
VFB = %VSREF
81
84
87
%
113
116
120
%
VOVRTH
VFB = %VSREF
(For “H” Version Parts, TA = -10°C to +100°C)
VFB = %VSREF
112.5
116
120
%
VFB = %VSREF
98
102
106
%
OVP Rising Threshold Voltage
OVP Falling Threshold Voltage
VOVFTH
OTP Rising Threshold Temperature
(Note 10)
TOTRTH
-
150
-
°C
OTP Hysteresis (Note 10)
TOTHYS
-
25
-
°C
NOTES:
9. For ISL95874,there is one internal reference 0.5V. For ISL95875, ISL95876, there are four resistor-programmed reference voltages.
10. Limits established by characterization and are not production tested.
11. VID function is only for ISL95875, ISL95876.
12. Parameters with MIN and/or MAX limits are 100% tested at +25°C, unless otherwise specified. Temperature limits established by characterization
and are not production tested.
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14
FN7933.1
March 2, 2012
ISL95874, ISL95875, ISL95876
Theory of Operation
The following sections will provide a detailed description of the
ISL95874, ISL95875, ISL95876 internal operation.
Power-On Reset
The IC is disabled until the voltage at the VCC pin has increased
above the rising power-on reset (POR) threshold voltage
VVCC_THR. The controller will disable when the voltage at the VCC
pin decreases below the falling POR threshold voltage VVCC_THF.
The POR detector has a noise filter of approximately 1µs.
Start-Up Timing
When the voltage on the VCC pin has ramped above the rising
power-on reset voltage VVCC_THR, and the voltage on the EN pin
has increased above the rising enable threshold voltage VENTHR,
the SREF pin releases its discharge clamp and enables the
reference amplifier VSET. The soft-start current ISS is limited to
17µA and is sourced out of the SREF pin into the parallel RC
network of capacitor CSOFT and resistance RT. The resistance RT
is the sum of all the series connected RSET programming
resistors and is written as Equation 3:
R T = R SET1 + R SET2 + R SET  n 
Once VCC has ramped above VVCC_THR, the controller will be
enabled by pulling the EN pin voltage above the input-high
threshold VENTHR. In approximately 20µs, the voltage at the
SREF pin begins slewing to the designated VID set-point. The
converter output voltage at the FB feedback pin follows the
voltage at the SREF pin. During soft-start, the regulator always
operates in CCM until the soft-start sequence is complete.
Start-Up and Voltage-Step Operation for
ISL95874
When the voltage on the VCC pin has ramped above the rising
power-on reset voltage VVCC_THR, and the voltage on the EN pin
has increased above the rising enable threshold voltage VENTHR,
the SREF pin releases its discharge clamp, and enables the
reference amplifier VSET. The soft-start current ISS is limited to
17µA and is sourced out of the SREF pin and charges capacitor
CSOFT until VSREF equals VREF. The regulator controls the PWM
such that the voltage on the FB pin tracks the rising voltage on
the SREF pin. The elapsed time from when the EN pin is asserted
to when VSREF has charged CSOFT to VREF is called the soft-start
delay tSS, which is given by Equation 1:
V SREF  C SOFT
t SS = ------------------------------------I SS
(EQ. 1)
Where:
- ISS is the soft-start current source at the 17µA limit
- VSREF is the buffered VREF reference voltage
The end of soft-start is detected by ISS tapering off when
capacitor CSOFT charges to VREF. The internal SSOK flag is set,
the PGOOD pin goes high, and diode emulation mode (DEM) is
enabled.
Choosing the CSOFT capacitor to meet the requirements of a
particular soft-start delay tSS is calculated using Equation 2:
t SS  I SS
C SOFT = --------------------V SREF
(EQ. 2)
Where:
- tSS is the soft-start delay
- ISS is the soft-start current source at the 17µA limit
- VSREF is the buffered VREF reference voltage
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Start-Up and Voltage-Step Operation for
ISL95875, ISL95876
15
(EQ. 3)
The voltage on the SREF pin rises as ISS charges CSOFT to the
voltage reference setpoint selected by the state of the VID inputs at
the time the EN pin is asserted. The regulator controls the PWM,
such that the voltage on the FB pin tracks the rising voltage on the
SREF pin. Once CSOFT charges to the selected setpoint voltage, the
ISS current source comes out of the 17µA current limit and decays
to the static value set by VSREF/RT. The elapsed time from when the
EN pin is asserted to when VSREF has reached the voltage reference
setpoint is the soft-start delay tSS, which is given by Equation 4:
V START-UP
t SS = –  R T  C SOFT   LN(1 – -------------------------)
I SS  R T
(EQ. 4)
Where:
- ISS is the soft-start current source at the 17µA limit
- VSTART-UP is the setpoint reference voltage selected by the
state of the VID inputs at the time EN is asserted
- RT is the sum of the RSET programming resistors
The end of soft-start is detected by ISS tapering off when
capacitor CSOFT charges to the designated VSET voltage
reference setpoint. The SSOK flag is set, and the PGOOD pin goes
high.
The ISS current source changes over to the voltage-step current
source IVS, which has a current limit of ±85µA. Whenever the VID
inputs or the external setpoint reference programs a different
setpoint reference voltage, the IVS current source charges or
discharges capacitor CSOFT to that new level at ±85µA. Once
CSOFT charges to the selected setpoint voltage, the IVS current
source comes out of the 85µA current limit and decays to the
static value set by VSREF/RT. The elapsed time to charge CSOFT
to the new voltage is called the voltage-step delay tVS and is
given by Equation 5:
 V NEW – V OLD 
t VS = –  R T  C SOFT   LN(1 – ---------------------------------------)
I VS  R T
(EQ. 5)
Where:
- IVS is the ±85µA setpoint voltage-step current; positive when
VNEW > VOLD, negative when VNEW < VOLD
- VNEW is the new setpoint voltage selected by the VID inputs
- VOLD is the setpoint voltage that VNEW is changing from
- RT is the sum of the RSET programming resistors
FN7933.1
March 2, 2012
ISL95874, ISL95875, ISL95876
Choosing the CSOFT capacitor to meet the requirements of a
particular soft-start delay tSS is calculated with Equation 6,
– t SS
C SOFT = --------------------------------------------------------------V START-UP 

 R T  LN(1 – -------------------------)
I SS  R T 

(EQ. 6)
Where:
- tSS is the soft-start delay
- ISS is the soft-start current source at the 17µA limit
- VSTART-UP is the setpoint reference voltage selected by the
state of the VID inputs at the time EN is asserted
- RT is the sum of the RSET programming resistors
Choosing the CSOFT capacitor to meet the requirements of a
particular voltage-step delay tVS is calculated with Equation 7,
– t VS
C SOFT = -----------------------------------------------------------------------V NEW – V OLD 

 R T  LN(1 – ----------------------------------)
I VS  R T


(EQ. 7)
Where:
-
tVS is the voltage-step delay
VNEW is the new setpoint voltage
VOLD is the setpoint voltage that VNEW is changing from
IVS is the ±85µA setpoint voltage-step current; positive when
VNEW > VOLD, negative when VNEW < VOLD
- RT is the sum of the RSET programming resistors
Output Voltage Programming for ISL95874
The ISL95874 has a fixed 0.5V reference voltage (VSREF). As
shown in Figure 9, the output voltage is the reference voltage if
RFB is shorted and ROFS is open. A resistor divider consisting of
ROFS and RFB allows the user to scale the output voltage
between 0.5V and 5V. The relation between the output voltage
and the reference voltage is given in Equation 8:
R FB + R OFS
V OUT = V SREF  -----------------------------R OFS
RFB
FB
The ISL95875 allows the user to select four different reference
voltages, thus four different output voltages, by voltage
identification pins VID1 and VID0. The maximum reference voltage
cannot be designed higher than 1.5V. The implementation scheme
is shown in Figure 10. The setpoint reference voltages are
programmed with resistors that use the naming convention
RSET(x) where (x) is the first, second, or third programming resistor
connected in series starting at the SREF pin and ending at the GND
pin. As shown in Table 1, different combinations of VID1 and VID0
closes different switches and leaves other switches open. For
example, for the case of VID1 = 1 and VID0 = 0, switch SW1 closes
and all the other three switches SW0, SW2 and SW3 are open. For
one combination of VID1 and VID0, the internal switch connects
the inverting input of the VSET amplifier to a specific node among
the string of RSET programming resistors. All the resistors between
that node and the SREF pin serve as the feedback impedance RF
of the VSET amplifier. Likewise, all the resistors between that node
and the GND pin serve as the input impedance RIN of the VSET
amplifier. Equation 9 gives the general form of the gain equation
for the VSET amplifier:
RF 

V SETX = V REF   1 + ---------
R

IN
(EQ. 9)
Where:
- VREF is the 0.5V internal reference of the IC
- VSETx is the resulting setpoint reference voltage that
appears at the SREF pin
TABLE 1. ISL95875 VID TRUTH TABLE
VID STATE
RESULT
VID1
VID0
CLOSE
VSREF
VOUT
1
1
SW0
VSET1
VOUT1
1
0
SW1
VSET2
VOUT2
0
1
SW2
VSET3
VOUT3
0
0
SW1, SW3
VSET4
VOUT4
VCOMP

EA
ROFS
VOUT
(EQ. 8)
Output Voltage Programming for ISL95875

VREF

VSET

CSOFT
SREF
FIGURE 9. ISL95874 VOLTAGE PROGRAMMING CIRCUIT
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16
FN7933.1
March 2, 2012
ISL95874, ISL95875, ISL95876
RFB
FB
For the four given user selected reference voltages VSETx,
Equation 14 needs to be satisfied in order to have non-zero
solution for RSETx.
VCOMP

EA
ROFS
VOUT
V SET1  V SET2 + V


The programmed resistors RSET1, RSET2 and RSET3 are designed
in the following way. First, assign an initial value to RSET3 of
approximately 100k then calculate RSET1 and RSET2 using
Equations 15 and 16 respectively.
SW0
RSET1
RSET2
CSOFT
SW1
SET0
SW2
RSET3
SET1
FIGURE 10. ISL95875 VOLTAGE PROGRAMMING CIRCUIT
Equations 10, 11, 12 and 13 give the specific VSET equations for
the ISL95875 setpoint reference voltages.
The ISL95875 VSET1 setpoint is written as Equation 10:
V SET1 = V REF
(EQ. 10)
(EQ. 11)
The ISL95875 VSET3 setpoint is written as Equation 12:
R SET1 + R SET2

V SET3 = V REF   1 + ---------------------------------------
R SET3


(EQ. 15)
R SET3   V SET2 – V REF 
R SET2 = ------------------------------------------------------------V SET4 – V SET2
(EQ. 16)




R SET1


V SET4 = V REF   1 + --------------------------------------------------------------------

 R SET3  R SET4  

R SET2 +  --------------------------------------- 

 R SET3 + R SET4 
(EQ. 12)
The ISL95875 VSET4 setpoint is written as Equation 13:
(EQ. 13)
The VSET1 is fixed at 0.5V because it corresponds to the closure
of internal switch SW0 that configures the VSET amplifier as a
unity-gain voltage follower for the 0.5V voltage reference VREF.
Theoretically, VSET3 can be higher or lower or equal to VSET4
depending on the selection of RSET1, RSET2 and RSET3. However,
it is recommended to design the four reference voltages in the
following order:
(EQ. 17)
The sum of all the programming resistors must be 300kor
greater as shown in Equation 18, otherwise adjust the value of
RSET3 and repeat the calculations.
R SET1 + R SET2 + R SET3  300k
The ISL95875 VSET2 setpoint is written as Equation 11:
R SET1


V SET2 = V REF   1 + ---------------------------------------
R
+
R

SET2
SET3
R SET3   V SET4 – V REF    V SET2 – V REF 
R SET1 = --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------V REF   V SET4 – V SET2 
If additional flexibility is required in selecting VSET4, then a fourth
resistor, RSET4, can be added between the SET1 pin and the
RSET2 and RSET3 resistors; see Figure 11 on page 18. The
addition of this resistor allows adjustment of reference only when
SW3 is closed. The ISL95875 VSET4 reference setpoint is
defined in Equation 17:
SW3
R SET1

V SET4 = V REF   1 + ----------------
R SET2

 V SET4 – V SET2  V SET3 – V SET2  V SET4 = 0
(EQ. 14)
VSET

SREF
SET3
VREF
0.5V
(EQ. 18)
If the output voltage is in the range of 0.5V to 1.5V, the external
resistor-divider is not necessary. The output voltage is equal to
one of the reference voltages depending on the status of VID1
and VID0. The external resistor divider consisting of RFB and
ROFS allows the user to program the output voltage in the range
of 1.5V to 5V. The relation between the output voltage and the
reference voltage is given in Equation 19:
R FB + R OFS
V OUT = V SREF  ------------------------------ = V SREF  k
R OFS
(EQ. 19)
In this case, the four output voltages are equal to each of the
corresponding reference voltages multiplying the factor k.
V OUTx = V SETx  k
(EQ. 20)
- VSET1 < VSET2 < VSET3 < VSET4 Thus,
- VOUT1 < VOUT2 < VOUT3 < VOUT4
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17
FN7933.1
March 2, 2012
ISL95874, ISL95875, ISL95876
TABLE 2. ISL95876 VID TRUTH TABLE
RFB
FB


VREF
0.5V
SW0
RSET1
SET0
SW1
SET1
SW2
RSET3
SREF
RSET2
VSET

CSOFT
VID STATE
VCOMP

EA
ROFS
VOUT
RESULT
VID1
VID0
CLOSE
VSREF
VOUT
1
1
SW0
VSET1
VOUT1
1
0
SW1
VSET2
VOUT2
0
1
SW2
VSET3
VOUT3
0
0
SW3
VSET4
VOUT4
Equations 22, 23, 24 and 25 give the specific VSET equations for
the ISL95876 setpoint reference voltages.
The ISL95876 VSET1 setpoint is written as Equation 22:
V SET1 = V REF
(EQ. 22)
The ISL95876 VSET2 setpoint is written as Equation 23:
R SET1


V SET2 = V REF   1 + --------------------------------------------------------------
R SET2 + R SET3 + R SET4

RSET4
The ISL95876 VSET3 setpoint is written as Equation 24:
SW3
R SET1 + R SET2

V SET3 = V REF   1 + ---------------------------------------
R

SET3 + R SET4
Output Voltage Programming for ISL95876
The ISL95876 allows the user to select four different reference
voltages, thus four different output voltages, by voltage
identification pins VID1 and VID0. The maximum reference
voltage cannot be designed higher than 1.5V. The
implementation scheme is shown in Figure 12. The setpoint
reference voltages are programmed with resistors that use the
naming convention RSET(x) where (x) is the first, second, third, or
fourth programming resistor connected in series starting at the
SREF pin and ending at the GND pin. As shown in Table 2,
different combinations of VID1 and VID0 close different switches
and leave other switches open. For example, for the case of VID1
= 1 and VID0 = 0, switch SW1 closes and all the other three
switches SW0, SW2 and SW3 are open. For one combination of
VID1 and VID0, the internal switch connects the inverting input of
the VSET amplifier to a specific node among the string of RSET
programming resistors. All the resistors between that node and
the SREF pin serve as the feedback impedance RF of the VSET
amplifier. Likewise, all the resistors between that node and the
GND pin serve as the input impedance RIN of the VSET amplifier.
Equation 21 gives the general form of the gain equation for the
VSET amplifier:
(EQ. 21)
Where:
- VREF is the 0.5V internal reference of the IC
- VSETx is the resulting setpoint reference voltage that
appears at the SREF pin
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18
(EQ. 24)
The ISL95876 VSET4 setpoint is written as Equation 25:
FIGURE 11. ISL95875 OPTIONAL RSET4 RESISTOR
RF 

V SETX = V REF   1 + ---------
R IN

(EQ. 23)
R SET1 + R SET2 + R

SET3
V SET4 = V REF   1 + --------------------------------------------------------------
R SET4


(EQ. 25)
The VSET1 is fixed at 0.5V because it corresponds to the closure
of internal switch SW0 that configures the VSET amplifier as a
unity-gain voltage follower for the 0.5V voltage reference VREF.
The setpoint reference voltages use the naming convention
VSET(x) where (x) is the first, second, third, or fourth setpoint
reference voltage where:
- VSET1 < VSET2 < VSET3 < VSET4 Thus,
- VOUT1 < VOUT2 < VOUT3 < VOUT4
For the given four user selected reference voltages VSETx, the
programmed resistors RSET1, RSET2, RSET3 and RSET4 are
designed in the following way. First, assign an initial value to RSET4
of approximately 100k then calculate RSET1, RSET2 and RSET3
using Equations 26, 27, and 28 respectively.
R SET4  V SET4   V SET2 – V REF 
R SET1 = --------------------------------------------------------------------------------V REF  V SET2
(EQ. 26)
R SET4  V SET4   V SET3 – V SET2 
R SET2 = -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------V SET2  V SET3
(EQ. 27)
R SET4   V SET4 – V SET3 
R SET3 = ---------------------------------------------------------------V SET3
(EQ. 28)
The sum of all the programming resistors must be 300kor
greater as shown in Equation 29, otherwise adjust the value of
RSET4 and repeat the calculations.
R SET1 + R SET2 + R SET3 + R SET4  300k
(EQ. 29)
FN7933.1
March 2, 2012
ISL95874, ISL95875, ISL95876
RFB
FB
EA


VSET

- VID0 pin opens its 500nA pull-down current sink
- An internal switch changes position from the internal
reference source of 500mV to the VID0 pin and accepts an
external reference.
- VID1 pin is disabled
The converters will now be in regulation when the voltage on the
FB pin equals the voltage on the VID0 pin. As with
resistor-programmed setpoints, the reference voltage range on
the VID0 pin is 500mV to 1.5V. Use Equation 8 should it become
necessary to implement an output voltage-divider network to
make the external setpoint reference voltage compatible with
the 500mV to 1.5V constraint.
VREF
0.5V
SW0
RSET1
SREF
SW1
SET0
RSET2
CSOFT
removing all setpoint programming resistors, connecting the
SET0 pin to the VCC pin, and feeding the external setpoint
reference voltage to the VID0 pin. When SET0 and VCC are tied
together, the following internal reconfigurations take place:
VCOMP

ROFS
VOUT
SW2
SET1
RSET3
R4 Modulator
SW3
RSET4
SET2
FIGURE 12. ISL95876 VOLTAGE PROGRAMMING CIRCUIT
If the output voltage is in the range of 0.5V to 1.5V, the external
resistor-divider is not necessary. The output voltage is equal to
one of the reference voltages depending on the status of VID1
and VID0. The external resistor divider consisting of RFB and
ROFS allows the user to program the output voltage in the range
of 1.5V to 5V. The relation between the output voltage and the
reference is given in Equation 30:
The R4 modulator is an evolutionary step in R3 technology. Like
R3, the R4 modulator allows variable frequency in response to
load transients and maintains the benefits of current-mode
hysteretic controllers. However, in addition, the R4 modulator
reduces regulator output impedance and uses accurate
referencing to eliminate the need for a high-gain voltage
amplifier in the compensation loop. The result is a topology that
can be tuned to voltage-mode hysteretic transient speed while
maintaining a linear control model and removes the need for any
compensation. This greatly simplifies the regulator design for
customers and reduces external component cost.
Stability
(EQ. 31)
The removal of compensation derives from the R4 modulator’s
lack of need for high DC gain. In traditional architectures, high DC
gain is achieved with an integrator in the voltage loop. The
integrator introduces a pole in the open-loop transfer function at
low frequencies. Thus, when combined with the double-pole from
the output L/C filter, creates a three pole system that must be
compensated to maintain stability.
The ISL95874 has a fixed 0.5V reference voltage (VSREF). For high
output voltage applications, the resistor divider consisting of RFB
and ROFS requires a large ratio (RFB:ROFS = 9:1 for 5V output). The
FB pin with large ratio resistor divider is noise sensitive and the PCB
layout should be carefully routed. It is recommended to use small
value resistor divider such as RFB = 1k
Classic control theory requires a single-pole transition through
unity gain to ensure a stable system. Current-mode architectures
(includes peak, peak-valley, current-mode hysteretic, R3 and R4)
generate a zero at or near the L/C resonant point, effectively
canceling one of the system’s poles. The system still contains
two poles, one of which must be canceled with a zero before
unity gain crossover to achieve stability. Compensation
components are added to introduce the necessary zero.
R FB + R OFS
V OUT = V SREF  ------------------------------ = V SREF  k
R OFS
(EQ. 30)
In this case, the four output voltages are equal to each of the
corresponding reference voltages multiplying the factor k.
V OUTx = V SETx  k
High Output Voltage Programming
In general, the ISL95875 and ISL95876 have much better jitter
performance than the ISL95874 when the output voltage is in
the range of 3.3V to 5V, particularly in DCM. This is because
VSREF voltage can be set to 1.5V and a smaller ratio resistor
divider can be used. This makes the signal-to-noise ratio at FB pin
much better. So for 3.3V to 5V output, the ISL95875 and
ISL95876 are recommended with VSREF set to 1.5V.
External Setpoint Reference
The ISL95875 and ISL95876 can use an external setpoint
reference voltage as an alternative to VID-selected,
resistor-programmed setpoints. This is accomplished by
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19
COMPENSATION TO COUNTER
INTEGRATOR POLE
INTEGRATOR
FOR HIGH DC GAIN
VOUT
VCOMP
VDAC
FIGURE 13. INTEGRATOR ERROR-AMPLIFIER CONFIGURATION
FN7933.1
March 2, 2012
ISL95874, ISL95875, ISL95876
R4 LOOP GAIN (dB)
R3 LOOP GAIN (dB)
INTEGRATOR POLE
p1
L/C DOUBLE-POLE
L/C DOUBLE-POLE
p1
p2
COMPENSATOR TO
ADD z2 IS NEEDED
CURRENT-MODE
ZERO
z1
ec
c
c
/ de
/d
dB
dB
0
-2
-40
e
-60dB/d
f (Hz)
FIGURE 14. UNCOMPENSATED INTEGRATOR OPEN-LOOP
RESPONSE
Figure 13 illustrates the classic integrator configuration for a
voltage loop error-amplifier. While the integrator provides the
high DC gain required for accurate regulation in traditional
technologies, it also introduces a low-frequency pole into the
control loop. Figure 14 shows the open-loop response that results
from the addition of an integrating capacitor in the voltage loop.
The compensation components found in Figure 13 are necessary
to achieve stability.
Because R4 does not require a high-gain voltage loop, the
integrator can be removed, reducing the number of inherent
poles in the loop to two. The current-mode zero continues to
cancel one of the poles, ensuring a single-pole crossover for a
wide range of output filter choices. The result is a stable system
with no need for compensation components or complex
equations to properly tune the stability.
NO COMPENSATOR IS
NEEDED
ec
/d
B
0d dec
-2
/
B
c
0d
/ de
-2
dB
-40
CURRENT-MODE
ZERO
z1
SYSTEM HAS 2 POLES
AND 1 ZERO
p2
-20dB CROSSOVER
REQUIRED FOR STABILITY
p3
f (Hz)
FIGURE 16. UNCOMPENSATED R4 OPEN-LOOP RESPONSE
Transient Response
In addition to requiring a compensation zero, the integrator in
traditional architectures also slows system response to transient
conditions. The change in COMP voltage is slow in response to a
rapid change in output voltage. If the integrating capacitor is
removed, COMP moves as quickly as VOUT, and the modulator
immediately increases or decreases switching frequency to
recover the output voltage.
IOUT
R4
t
R3
VCOMP
t
VOUT
R2
VOUT
VCOMP
R1
t
FIGURE 17. R3 vs R4 IDEALIZED TRANSIENT RESPONSE
VDAC
FIGURE 15. NON-INTEGRATED R4 ERROR-AMPLIFIER
CONFIGURATION
Figure 15 shows the R4 error-amplifier that does not require an
integrator for high DC gain to achieve accurate regulation. The
result to the open loop response can be seen in Figure 16.
The dotted red and blue lines in Figure 17 represent the time
delayed behavior of VOUT and VCOMP in response to a load
transient when an integrator is used. The solid red and blue lines
illustrate the increased response of R4 in the absence of the
integrator capacitor.
Diode Emulation
The polarity of the output inductor current is defined as positive
when conducting away from the phase node, and defined as
negative when conducting towards the phase node. The DC
component of the inductor current is positive, but the AC
component known as the ripple current, can be either positive or
negative. Should the sum of the AC and DC components of the
inductor current remain positive for the entire switching period,
the converter is in continuous-conduction-mode (CCM). However,
if the inductor current becomes negative or zero, the converter is
in discontinuous-conduction-mode (DCM).
Submit Document Feedback
20
FN7933.1
March 2, 2012
ISL95874, ISL95875, ISL95876
Unlike the standard DC/DC buck regulator, the synchronous
rectifier can sink current from the output filter inductor during
DCM, reducing the light-load efficiency with unnecessary
conduction loss as the low-side MOSFET sinks the inductor
current. The ISL95874, ISL95875, ISL95876 controllers avoid
the DCM conduction loss by making the low-side MOSFET
emulate the current-blocking behavior of a diode. This
smart-diode operation called diode-emulation-mode (DEM) is
triggered when the negative inductor current produces a positive
voltage drop across the rDS(ON) of the low-side MOSFET for eight
consecutive PWM cycles while the LGATE pin is high. The
converter will exit DEM on the next PWM pulse after detecting a
negative voltage across the rDS(ON) of the low-side MOSFET.
It is characteristic of the R4 architecture for the PWM switching
frequency to decrease while in DCM, increasing efficiency by
reducing unnecessary gate-driver switching losses. The extent of
the frequency reduction is proportional to the reduction of load
current. Upon entering DEM, the PWM frequency is forced to fall
approximately 30% by forcing a similar increase of the window
voltage V W. This measure is taken to prevent oscillating between
modes at the boundary between CCM and DCM. The 30%
increase of VW is removed upon exit of DEM, forcing the PWM
switching frequency to jump back to the nominal CCM value.
Overcurrent
The overcurrent protection (OCP) setpoint is programmed with
resistor ROCSET, which is connected across the OCSET and
PHASE pins. Resistor RO is connected between the VO pin and
the actual output voltage of the converter. During normal
operation, the VO pin is a high impedance path, therefore there is
no voltage drop across RO. The value of resistor RO should always
match the value of resistor ROCSET.
L
DCR
PHASE
IL
+
ROCSET
8.5µA
OCSET
+ VROCSET
VDCR
CSEN
_
VO
CO
_
V OCSET – V VO = V DCR – V ROCSET = I L  DCR – I OCSET  R OCSET
(EQ. 34)
The IC monitors the voltage of the OCSET pin and the VO pin.
When the voltage of the OCSET pin is higher than the voltage of
the VO pin for more than 10µs, an OCP fault latches the
converter off.
The value of ROCSET is calculated with Equation 35, written as:
I OC  DCR
R OCSET = ------------------------I OCSET
(EQ. 35)
Where:
- ROCSET () is the resistor used to program the overcurrent
setpoint
- IOC is the output DC load current that will activate the OCP
fault detection circuit
- DCR is the inductor DC resistance
For example, if IOC is 20A and DCR is 4.5m, the choice of
ROCSET is equal to 20A x 4.5m/8.5µA = 10.5k
Resistor ROCSET and capacitor CSEN form an R-C network to
sense the inductor current. To sense the inductor current
correctly not only in DC operation, but also during dynamic
operation, the R-C network time constant ROCSET CSEN needs to
match the inductor time constant L/DCR. The value of CSEN is
then written as Equation 36:
L
C SEN = ------------------------------------R OCSET  DCR
(EQ. 36)
For example, if L is 1.5µH, DCR is 4.5m, and ROCSET is 9kthe
choice of CSEN = 1.5µH/(9kx 4.5m) = 0.037µF
When an OCP fault is declared, the converter will be latched off
and the PGOOD pin will be asserted low. The fault will remain
latched until the EN pin has been pulled below the falling EN
threshold voltage VENTHF or if VCC has decayed below the falling
POR threshold voltage VVCC_THF.
Overvoltage
RO
VO
FIGURE 18. OVERCURRENT PROGRAMMING CIRCUIT
Figure 18 shows the overcurrent set circuit. The inductor consists
of inductance L and the DC resistance DCR. The inductor DC
current IL creates a voltage drop across DCR, which is given by
Equation 32:
(EQ. 32)
V DCR = I L  DCR
The DC voltage difference between the OCSET pin and the VO pin,
which is given by Equation 34:
The OVP fault detection circuit triggers after the FB pin voltage is
above the rising overvoltage threshold VOVRTH for more than 2µs.
For example, if the converter is programmed to regulate 1.0V at
the FB pin, that voltage would have to rise above the typical
VOVRTH threshold of 116% for more than 2µs in order to trip the
OVP fault latch. In numerical terms, that would be
116% x 1.0V = 1.16V. When an OVP fault is declared, the
converter will be latched off and the PGOOD pin will be asserted
low. The fault will remain latched until the EN pin has been pulled
below the falling EN threshold voltage VENTHF or if VCC has
decayed below the falling POR threshold voltage VVCC_THF.
The IOCSET current source sinks 8.5µA into the OCSET pin,
creating a DC voltage drop across the resistor ROCSET, which is
given by Equation 33:
V ROCSET = 8.5A  R OCSET
Submit Document Feedback
(EQ. 33)
21
FN7933.1
March 2, 2012
ISL95874, ISL95875, ISL95876
Although the converter has latched-off in response to an OVP
fault, the LGATE gate-driver output will retain the ability to toggle
the low-side MOSFET on and off, in response to the output
voltage transversing the VOVRTH and VOVFTH thresholds. The
LGATE gate-driver will turn-on the low-side MOSFET to discharge
the output voltage, protecting the load. The LGATE gate-driver will
turn-off the low-side MOSFET once the FB pin voltage is lower
than the falling overvoltage threshold VOVRTH for more than 2µs.
The falling overvoltage threshold VOVFTH is typically 102%. That
means if the FB pin voltage falls below 102% x 1.0V = 1.02V for
more than 2µs, the LGATE gate-driver will turn off the low-side
MOSFET. If the output voltage rises again, the LGATE driver will
again turn on the low-side MOSFET when the FB pin voltage is
above the rising overvoltage threshold VOVRTH for more than 2µs.
By doing so, the IC protects the load when there is a consistent
overvoltage condition.
Undervoltage
The UVP fault detection circuit triggers after the FB pin voltage is
below the undervoltage threshold VUVTH for more than 2µs. For
example, if the converter is programmed to regulate 1.0V at the FB
pin, that voltage would have to fall below the typical VUVTH
threshold of 84% for more than 2µs in order to trip the UVP fault
latch. In numerical terms, that would be 84% x 1.0V = 0.84V.
When a UVP fault is declared, the converter will be latched off and
the PGOOD pin will be asserted low. The fault will remain latched
until the EN pin has been pulled below the falling EN threshold
voltage VENTHF or if VCC has decayed below the falling POR
threshold voltage VVCC_THF.
Over-Temperature
When the temperature of the IC increases above the rising threshold
temperature TOTRTH, it will enter the OTP state that suspends the
PWM, forcing the LGATE and UGATE gate-driver outputs low. The
status of the PGOOD pin does not change nor does the converter
latch-off. The PWM remains suspended until the IC temperature
falls below the hysteresis temperature TOTHYS at which time normal
PWM operation resumes. The OTP state can be reset if the EN pin is
pulled below the falling EN threshold voltage VENTHF or if VCC has
decayed below the falling POR threshold voltage VVCC_THF. All other
protection circuits remain functional while the IC is in the OTP state.
It is likely that the IC will detect an UVP fault because in the absence
of PWM, the output voltage decays below the undervoltage
threshold VUVTH.
PGOOD Monitor
The PGOOD pin indicates when the converter is capable of
supplying regulated voltage. The PGOOD pin is an undefined
impedance if the VCC pin has not reached the rising POR threshold
VVCC_THR, or if the VCC pin is below the falling POR threshold
VVCC_THF. If there is a fault condition of output overcurrent,
overvoltage or undervoltage, PGOOD is asserted low. The PGOOD
pull-down impedance is 50
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22
Integrated MOSFET Gate-Drivers
The LGATE pin and UGATE pins are MOSFET driver outputs. The
LGATE pin drives the low-side MOSFET of the converter while the
UGATE pin drives the high-side MOSFET of the converter.
The LGATE driver is optimized for low duty-cycle applications
where the low-side MOSFET experiences long conduction times.
In this environment, the low-side MOSFETs require exceptionally
low rDS(ON) and tend to have large parasitic charges that conduct
transient currents within the devices in response to high dv/dt
switching present at the phase node. The drain-gate charge in
particular can conduct sufficient current through the driver
pull-down resistance that the VGS(th) of the device can be
exceeded and turned on. For this reason, the LGATE driver has
been designed with low pull-down resistance and high sink
current capability to ensure clamping the MOSFETs gate voltage
below VGS(th).
Adaptive Shoot-Through Protection
Adaptive shoot-through protection prevents a gate-driver output
from turning on until the opposite gate-driver output has fallen
below approximately 1V. The dead-time shown in Figure 19 is
extended by the additional period that the falling gate voltage
remains above the 1V threshold. The high-side gate-driver output
voltage is measured across the UGATE and PHASE pins while the
low-side gate-driver output voltage is measured across the LGATE
and PGND pins. The power for the LGATE gate-driver is sourced
directly from the PVCC pin. The power for the UGATE gate-driver is
supplied by a boot-strap capacitor connected across the BOOT
and PHASE pins. The capacitor is charged each time the phase
node voltage falls a diode drop below PVCC, such as when the
low-side MOSFET is turned on.
UGATE
1V
1V
1V
1V
LGATE
FIGURE 19. GATE DRIVE ADAPTIVE SHOOT-THROUGH PROTECTION
FN7933.1
March 2, 2012
ISL95874, ISL95875, ISL95876
General Application Design
Guide
Selecting the Input Capacitor
Selecting the LC Output Filter
The duty cycle of an ideal buck converter is a function of the
input and the output voltage. This relationship is expressed in
Equation 37:
VO
D = -------V IN
(EQ. 37)
The output inductor peak-to-peak ripple current is expressed in
Equation 38:
VO   1 – D 
I P-P = ----------------------------F SW  L
(EQ. 38)
A typical step-down DC/DC converter will have an IP-P of 20% to
40% of the maximum DC output load current. The value of IP-P is
selected based upon several criteria such as MOSFET switching
loss, inductor core loss, and the resistive loss of the inductor
winding. The DC copper loss of the inductor can be estimated
using Equation 39:
2
(EQ. 39)
P COPPER = I LOAD  DCR
Where, ILOAD is the converter output DC current.
The copper loss can be significant so attention has to be given to
the DCR of the inductor. Another factor to consider when
choosing the inductor is its saturation characteristics at elevated
temperature. A saturated inductor could cause destruction of
circuit components, as well as nuisance OCP faults.
A DC/DC buck regulator must have output capacitance CO into,
which ripple current IP-P can flow. Current IP-P develops a
corresponding ripple voltage VP-P across CO, which is the sum of the
voltage drop across the capacitor ESR and of the voltage change
stemming from charge moved in and out of the capacitor. These two
voltages are expressed in Equations 40 and 41:
(EQ. 40)
V ESR = I P-P  E SR
2
2 D
2
2
 I MAX   D – D   +  x  I MAX  ------- 

12 
I IN_RMS = -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------I MAX
(EQ. 42)
Where:
- IMAX is the maximum continuous ILOAD of the converter
- x is a multiplier (0 to 1) corresponding to the inductor
peak-to-peak ripple amplitude expressed as a percentage of
IMAX (0% to 100%)
- D is the duty cycle that is adjusted to take into account the
efficiency of the converter
Duty cycle is written as Equation 43:
VO
D = ----------------------V IN  EFF
(EQ. 43)
In addition to the bulk capacitors, some low ESL ceramic
capacitors are recommended to decouple between the drain of
the high-side MOSFET and the source of the low-side MOSFET.
0.6
0.5
NORMALIZED INPUT
RMS RIPPLE CURRENT
This design guide is intended to provide a high-level explanation of
the steps necessary to design a single-phase buck converter. It is
assumed that the reader is familiar with many of the basic skills
and techniques referenced in the following. In addition to this
guide, Intersil provides complete reference designs that include
schematics, bills of materials, and example board layouts.
The important parameters for the bulk input capacitors are the
voltage rating and the RMS current rating. For reliable operation,
select bulk capacitors with voltage and current ratings above the
maximum input voltage and capable of supplying the RMS current
required by the switching circuit. Their voltage rating should be at
least 1.25x greater than the maximum input voltage, while a
voltage rating of 1.5x is a preferred rating. Figure 20 is a graph of
the input RMS ripple current, normalized relative to output load
current, as a function of duty cycle that is adjusted for converter
efficiency. The ripple current calculation is written as Equation 42:
x=0
0.4
x = 0.5
0.3
0.2
x=1
0.1
0
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
DUTY CYCLE
I P-P
V C = -----------------------------8  CO  F
(EQ. 41)
SW
If the output of the converter has to support a load with high
pulsating current, several capacitors will need to be paralleled to
reduce the total ESR until the required VP-P is achieved. The
inductance of the capacitor can significantly impact the output
voltage ripple and cause a brief voltage spike if the load transient
has an extremely high slew rate. Low inductance capacitors should
be considered. A capacitor dissipates heat as a function of RMS
current and frequency. Be sure that IP-P is shared by a sufficient
quantity of paralleled capacitors so that they operate below the
maximum rated RMS current at FSW. Take into account that the
rated value of a capacitor can fade as much as 50% as the DC
voltage across it increases.
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23
FIGURE 20. NORMALIZED INPUT RMS CURRENT FOR EFF = 1
Selecting the Bootstrap Capacitor
The integrated driver features an internal bootstrap Schottky
diode. Simply adding an external capacitor across the BOOT and
PHASE pins completes the bootstrap circuit. The bootstrap
capacitor voltage rating is selected to be at least 10V. Although the
theoretical maximum voltage of the capacitor is PVCC-VDIODE
(voltage drop across the boot diode), large excursions below
ground by the phase node requires at least a 10V rating for the
bootstrap capacitor. The bootstrap capacitor can be chosen from
Equation 44:
Q GATE
C BOOT  --------------------V BOOT
(EQ. 44)
FN7933.1
March 2, 2012
ISL95874, ISL95875, ISL95876
MOSFET Selection and Considerations
Where:
- QGATE is the amount of gate charge required to fully charge
the gate of the upper MOSFET
- VBOOT is the maximum decay across the BOOT capacitor
As an example, suppose the high-side MOSFET has a total gate
charge Qg, of 25nC at VGS = 5V, and a VBOOT of 200mV. The
calculated bootstrap capacitance is 0.125µF; for a comfortable
margin, select a capacitor that is double the calculated
capacitance. In this example, 0.22µF will suffice. Use a low
temperature-coefficient ceramic capacitor.
Driver Power Dissipation
Switching power dissipation in the driver is mainly a function of
the switching frequency and total gate charge of the selected
MOSFETs. Calculating the power dissipation in the driver for a
desired application is critical to ensuring safe operation.
Exceeding the maximum allowable power dissipation level will
push the IC beyond the maximum recommended operating
junction temperature of +125°C. When designing the
application, it is recommended that the following calculation be
performed to ensure safe operation at the desired frequency for
the selected MOSFETs. The power dissipated by the drivers is
approximated as Equation 45:
(EQ. 45)
P = F sw  1.5V U Q + V L Q  + P L + P U
U
L
The choice of MOSFETs depends on the current each MOSFET will
be required to conduct, the switching frequency, the capability of
the MOSFETs to dissipate heat, and the availability and nature of
heat sinking and air flow.
Typically, a MOSFET cannot tolerate even brief excursions beyond
their maximum drain to source voltage rating. The MOSFETs used
in the power stage of the converter should have a maximum VDS
rating that exceeds the sum of the upper voltage tolerance of the
input power source and the voltage spike that occurs when the
MOSFETs switch.
There are several power MOSFETs readily available that are
optimized for DC/DC converter applications. The preferred
high-side MOSFET emphasizes low gate charge so that the device
spends the least amount of time dissipating power in the linear
region. The preferred low-side MOSFET emphasizes low r DS(ON)
when fully saturated to minimize conduction loss.
For the low-side MOSFET, (LS), the power loss can be assumed to
be conductive only and is written as Equation 46:
2
(EQ. 46)
P CON_LS  I LOAD  r DS  ON _LS   1 – D 
For the high-side MOSFET, (HS), its conduction loss is written as
Equation 47:
2
Fsw is the switching frequency of the PWM signal
VU is the upper gate driver bias supply voltage
VL is the lower gate driver bias supply voltage
QU is the charge to be delivered by the upper driver into the
gate of the MOSFET and discrete capacitors
- QL is the charge to be delivered by the lower driver into the
gate of the MOSFET and discrete capacitors
- PL is the quiescent power consumption of the lower driver
- PU is the quiescent power consumption of the upper driver
-
1000
QU =100nC
QL =200nC
900
QU =50nC
QL =100nC
QU =50nC
QL=50nC
800
POWER (mW)
700
For the high-side MOSFET, its switching loss is written as
Equation 48:
V IN  I VALLEY  t ON  F
V IN  I PEAK  t OFF  F
SW
SW
P SW_HS = --------------------------------------------------------------- + -----------------------------------------------------------2
2
(EQ. 48)
Where:
- IVALLEY is the difference of the DC component of the
inductor current minus 1/2 of the inductor ripple current
- IPEAK is the sum of the DC component of the inductor
current plus 1/2 of the inductor ripple current
- tON is the time required to drive the device into saturation
- tOFF is the time required to drive the device into cut-off
Layout Considerations
600
QU =20nC
QL=50nC
500
400
300
200
100
0
(EQ. 47)
P CON_HS = I LOAD  r DS  ON _HS  D
Where:
0
200
400
600
800
1k
1.2k 1.4k 1.6k 1.8k 2k
FREQUENCY (Hz)
FIGURE 21. POWER DISSIPATION vs FREQUENCY
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24
As a general rule, power layers should be close together, either
on the top or bottom of the board, with the weak analog or logic
signal layers on the opposite side of the board. The ground-plane
layer should be adjacent to the signal layer to provide shielding.
The ground plane layer should have an island located under the
IC, the components connected to analog or logic signals. The
island should be connected to the rest of the ground plane layer
at one quiet point.
There are two sets of components in a DC/DC converter; the
power components and the small signal components. The power
components are the most critical because they switch large
amount of energy. The small signal components connect to
sensitive nodes or supply critical bypassing current and signal
coupling.
FN7933.1
March 2, 2012
ISL95874, ISL95875, ISL95876
The power components should be placed first and these include
MOSFETs, input and output capacitors, and the inductor. Keeping
the distance between the power train and the control IC short
helps keep the gate drive traces short. These drive signals
include the LGATE, UGATE, PGND, PHASE and BOOT.
VIAS TO
GROUND
PLANE
GND
VOUT
INDUCTOR
HIGH-SIDE
MOSFETS
PHASE
NODE
VIN
OUTPUT
CAPACITORS
SCHOTTKY
DIODE
LOW-SIDE
MOSFETS
INPUT
CAPACITORS
FIGURE 22. TYPICAL POWER COMPONENT PLACEMENT
When placing MOSFETs, try to keep the source of the upper
MOSFETs and the drain of the lower MOSFETs as close as
thermally possible. See Figure 22. Input high frequency
capacitors should be placed close to the drain of the upper
MOSFETs and the source of the lower MOSFETs. Place the output
inductor and output capacitors between the MOSFETs and the
load. High frequency output decoupling capacitors (ceramic)
should be placed as close as possible to the decoupling target,
making use of the shortest connection paths to any internal
planes. Place the components in such a way that the area under
the IC has less noise traces with high dV/dt and di/dt, such as
gate signals and phase node signals.
VCC AND PVCC PINS
Place the decoupling capacitors as close as practical to the IC. In
particular, the PVCC decoupling capacitor should have a very
short and wide connection to the PGND pin. The VCC decoupling
capacitor should be referenced to GND pin.
Submit Document Feedback
25
EN, PGOOD, VID0, VID1, AND FSEL PINS
These are logic signals that are referenced to the GND pin. Treat
as a typical logic signal.
OCSET AND VO PINS
The current-sensing network consisting of ROCSET, RO, and CSEN
needs to be connected to the inductor pads for accurate
measurement of the DCR voltage drop. These components
however, should be located physically close to the OCSET and VO
pins with traces leading back to the inductor. It is critical that the
traces are shielded by the ground plane layer all the way to the
inductor pads. The procedure is the same for resistive current
sense.
FB, SREF, SET0, SET1, SET2, AND RTN PINS
The input impedance of these pins is high, making it critical to
place the components connected to these pins as close as
possible to the IC.
LGATE, PGND, UGATE, BOOT, AND PHASE PINS
The signals going through these traces are high dv/dt and high
di/dt, with high peak charging and discharging current. The
PGND pin can only flow current from the gate-source charge of
the low-side MOSFETs when LGATE goes low. Ideally, route the
trace from the LGATE pin in parallel with the trace from the PGND
pin, route the trace from the UGATE pin in parallel with the trace
from the PHASE pin. In order to have more accurate zero-crossing
detection of inductor current, it is recommended to connect the
PHASE pin to the drain of the low-side MOSFETs with Kelvin
connection. These pairs of traces should be short, wide, and
away from other traces with high input impedance; weak signal
traces should not be in proximity with these traces on any layer.
FN7933.1
March 2, 2012
ISL95874, ISL95875, ISL95876
Revision History
The revision history provided is for informational purposes only and is believed to be accurate, but not warranted. Please go to web to make
sure you have the latest Rev.
DATE
REVISION
CHANGE
February 13, 2012
FN7933.1
“Ordering Information” on page 10:
Removed "Coming Soon" from ISL95875IRUZ-T and ISL95875HRUZ-T.
Corrected part marking for ISL95874IRUZ-T from 741 to 74I.
Corrected part marking for ISL95875IRUZ-T from GAX to 75I.
October 21, 2011
FN7933.0
Initial Release.
Products
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26
FN7933.1
March 2, 2012
ISL95874, ISL95875, ISL95876
Ultra Thin Quad Flat No-Lead Plastic Package (UTQFN)
D
L16.2.6x1.8A
B
16 LEAD ULTRA THIN QUAD FLAT NO-LEAD PLASTIC PACKAGE
MILLIMETERS
6
INDEX AREA
2X
A
N
SYMBOL
E
0.10 C
1 2
2X
0.10 C
0.10 C
C
A
A1
SIDE VIEW
e
PIN #1 ID
K
1 2
NX L
L1
(DATUM B)
(DATUM A)
BOTTOM VIEW
NOTES
0.45
0.50
0.55
-
-
-
0.05
-
0.127 REF
-
b
0.15
0.20
0.25
5
D
2.55
2.60
2.65
-
E
1.75
1.80
1.85
-
0.40 BSC
-
K
0.15
-
-
-
L
0.35
0.40
0.45
-
L1
0.45
0.50
0.55
-
N
16
2
Nd
4
3
Ne
4
3

NX b 5
16X
0.10 M C A B
0.05 M C
MAX
A
e
SEATING PLANE
NOMINAL
A1
A3
TOP VIEW
0.05 C
MIN
0
-
12
4
Rev. 5 2/09
NOTES:
1. Dimensioning and tolerancing conform to ASME Y14.5-1994.
2. N is the number of terminals.
3. Nd and Ne refer to the number of terminals on D and E side,
respectively.
4. All dimensions are in millimeters. Angles are in degrees.
5. Dimension b applies to the metallized terminal and is measured
between 0.15mm and 0.30mm from the terminal tip.
CL
(A1)
NX (b)
L
5
e
SECTION "C-C"
6. The configuration of the pin #1 identifier is optional, but must be
located within the zone indicated. The pin #1 identifier may be
either a mold or mark feature.
7. Maximum package warpage is 0.05mm.
TERMINAL TIP
C C
8. Maximum allowable burrs is 0.076mm in all directions.
9. JEDEC Reference MO-255.
10. For additional information, to assist with the PCB Land Pattern
Design effort, see Intersil Technical Brief TB389.
3.00
1.80
1.40
1.40
2.20
0.90
0.40
0.20
0.50
0.20
0.40
10 LAND PATTERN
Submit Document Feedback
27
FN7933.1
March 2, 2012
ISL95874, ISL95875, ISL95876
Package Outline Drawing
L20.3.2x1.8
20 LEAD ULTRA THIN QUAD FLAT NO-LEAD PLASTIC PACKAGE (UTQFN)
Rev 0, 5/08
1.80
A
6
PIN #1 ID
16X 0.40
B
20
6
PIN 1 ID#
1
19
2
3.20
0.50±0.10
(4X)
0.10
9
12
11
10
VIEW “A-A”
TOP VIEW
0.10 M C A B
0.05 M C
4 20X 0.20
19X 0.40 ± 0.10
BOTTOM VIEW
( 1.0 )
(1 x 0.70)
SEE DETAIL "X"
C
0.10 C
MAX 0.55
BASE PLANE
( 2. 30 )
SEATING PLANE
0.05 C
SIDE VIEW
( 16 X 0 . 40 )
C
0 . 2 REF
5
( 20X 0 . 20 )
0 . 00 MIN.
0 . 05 MAX.
( 19X 0 . 60 )
DETAIL "X"
TYPICAL RECOMMENDED LAND PATTERN
NOTES:
1. Dimensions are in millimeters.
Dimensions in ( ) for Reference Only.
2. Dimensioning and tolerancing conform to AMSE Y14.5m-1994.
3. Unless otherwise specified, tolerance : Decimal ± 0.05
4. Dimension b applies to the metallized terminal and is measured
between 0.15mm and 0.30mm from the terminal tip.
5. Tiebar shown (if present) is a non-functional feature.
6. The configuration of the pin #1 identifier is optional, but must be
located within the zone indicated. The pin #1 identifier may be
either a mold or mark feature.
Submit Document Feedback
28
FN7933.1
March 2, 2012
ISL95874, ISL95875, ISL95876
Package Outline Drawing
L20.3x4
20 LEAD QUAD FLAT NO-LEAD PLASTIC PACKAGE
Rev 1, 3/10
3.00
0.10 M C A B
0.05 M C
A
B
4
20X 0.25
16X 0.50
+0.05
-0.07
17
A
16
6
PIN 1
INDEX AREA
6
PIN 1 INDEX AREA
(C 0.40)
20
1
4.00
2.65
11
+0.10
-0.15
6
0.15 (4X)
A
10
7
VIEW "A-A"
1.65
TOP VIEW
+0.10
-0.15
20x 0.40±0.10
BOTTOM VIEW
SEE DETAIL "X"
0.10 C
0.9± 0.10
C
SEATING PLANE
0.08 C
SIDE VIEW
(16 x 0.50)
(2.65)
(3.80)
(20 x 0.25)
C
(20 x 0.60)
0.2 REF
5
0.00 MIN.
0.05 MAX.
(1.65)
(2.80)
DETAIL "X"
TYPICAL RECOMMENDED LAND PATTERN
NOTES:
1. Dimensions are in millimeters.
Dimensions in ( ) for Reference Only.
2. Dimensioning and tolerancing conform to AMSE Y14.5m-1994.
3. Unless otherwise specified, tolerance : Decimal ± 0.05
4. Dimension applies to the metallized terminal and is measured
between 0.15mm and 0.30mm from the terminal tip.
5. Tiebar shown (if present) is a non-functional feature.
6. The configuration of the pin #1 identifier is optional, but must be
located within the zone indicated. The pin #1 indentifier may be
either a mold or mark feature.
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29
FN7933.1
March 2, 2012