dm00051576

AN4077
Application note
100 W transition-mode PFC pre-regulator with the new L6564H
By Federico Levati
Introduction
This application note describes a demonstration board based on the new transition-mode
PFC controller L6564H and presents the results of its bench evaluation. The board
implements a 100 W, wide-range mains input, PFC pre-conditioner suitable for ballast,
adapters, flat screen displays, and all SMPS having to meet the IEC61000-3-2 or the JEITAMITI standards.
The L6564H is a current-mode PFC controller operating in transition mode (TM) which
embeds the same features existing in the L6564 with the addition of a high-voltage startup
source. These functions make the IC especially suitable for applications that must be
compliant with energy saving regulations and where the PFC pre-regulator works as the
master stage.
Figure 1.
September 2012
EVL6564H-100W: L6564H 100 W TM PFC demonstration board
Doc ID 022997 Rev 1
1/33
www.st.com
Contents
AN4077
Contents
1
Main characteristics and circuit description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2
Electrical diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
3
Bill of material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
4
Test results and significant waveforms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
4.1
Harmonic content measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
4.2
Inductor current in TM and L6564H THD optimizer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
4.3
Voltage feed-forward and brownout function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
4.4
PFC_OK pin and feedback failure (open loop) protection . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
4.5
Power management and housekeeping functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
5
High-voltage startup generator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
6
Layout hints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
7
EMI filtering and conducted EMI pre-compliance measurements . . . 27
8
PFC coil specification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
8.1
General description and characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
8.2
Electrical characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
8.3
Electrical diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
8.4
Winding characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
8.5
Mechanical aspect and pin numbering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
8.6
Unit identification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
9
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
10
Revision history . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
2/33
Doc ID 022997 Rev 1
AN4077
List of figures
List of figures
Figure 1.
Figure 2.
Figure 3.
Figure 4.
Figure 5.
Figure 6.
Figure 7.
Figure 8.
Figure 9.
Figure 10.
Figure 11.
Figure 12.
Figure 13.
Figure 14.
Figure 15.
Figure 16.
Figure 17.
Figure 18.
Figure 19.
Figure 20.
Figure 21.
Figure 22.
Figure 23.
Figure 24.
Figure 25.
Figure 26.
Figure 27.
Figure 28.
Figure 29.
Figure 30.
Figure 31.
Figure 32.
Figure 33.
Figure 34.
Figure 35.
Figure 36.
Figure 37.
EVL6564H-100W: L6564H 100 W TM PFC demonstration board . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
EVL6564H-100W TM PFC demonstration board electrical schematic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
L6564H 100 W TM PFC demonstration board: compliance to EN61000-3-2 standard . . . 10
L6564H 100 W TM PFC demonstration board: compliance to JEITA-MITI standard . . . . . 10
L6564H 100 W TM PFC demonstration board: input current waveform
at 230 V-50 Hz-100 W load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
L6564H 100 W TM PFC demonstration board: input current waveform
at 100 V-50 Hz-100 W load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
L6564H 100 W TM PFC demonstration board: power factor vs output power . . . . . . . . . . 11
L6564H 100 W TM PFC demonstration board: THD vs output power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
L6564H 100 W TM PFC demonstration board: efficiency vs output power . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
L6564H 100 W TM PFC demonstration board: average efficiency acc. to ES-2 . . . . . . . . 12
L6564H 100 W TM PFC demonstration board: static Vout regulation vs output power. . . . 12
L6564H 100 W TM PFC demonstration board: Vds and inductor current
at 100 Vac-50 Hz-full load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
L6564H 100 W TM PFC demonstration board: zoom of Vds and inductor current
at 100 Vac-50 Hz-full load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
L6564H 100 W TM PFC demonstration board: Vds and inductor current
at 230 Vac-50 Hz-full load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
L6564H 100 W TM PFC demonstration board: zoom of Vds and inductor current
at 230 Vac-50 Hz-full load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
L6564H 100 W TM PFC demonstration board: Vds, ZCD and inductor current
at 100 Vac-50 Hz-full load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
L6564H 100 W TM PFC demonstration board: Vds, ZCD and inductor current
at 230 Vac-50 Hz-full load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
L6562A input mains surge 90 Vac to 140 Vac-no VFF input . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
L6564H 100 W TM PFC demonstration board: input mains surge 90 Vac to 140 Vac . . . . 16
L6562A input mains dip 140 Vac to 90 Vac-no VFF input . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
L6564H 100 W TM PFC demonstration board: input mains dip 140 Vac to 90 Vac . . . . . . 17
L6563 100 W TM PFC demonstration board: input current
at 100 Vac-50 Hz CFF=0.47 µF, RFF=390 kW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
L6564H 100 W TM PFC demonstration board: input current
at 100 Vac-50 Hz CFF=1 µF, RFF=1 M . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
EVL6564H-100W startup attempt at 80 Vac-60 Hz-full load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
EVL6564H-100W startup with slow input voltage increasing-full load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
EVL6564H-100W turn-off with slow input voltage decreasing-full load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
EVL6564H-100W startup at 90 Vac-60 Hz-full load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
EVL6564H-100W startup at 265 Vac-50 Hz-full load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
EVL6564H-100W load transient at 115 Vac-60 Hz-full load to no load. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
EVL6564H-100W open loop at 115 Vac-60 Hz-full load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Interface circuits that let DC-DC converter controller IC disable the L6564H . . . . . . . . . . . 22
High-voltage startup generator: internal schematic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Timing diagram: normal power-up and power-down sequences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
High-voltage startup behavior during latch-off protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
High-voltage startup managing the DC-DC output short-circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
EVL6564H-100W PCB layout (smt side view) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
EVL6564H-100W conducted emission peak measurement
at 100 Vac-50 Hz-full load-phase wire. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Doc ID 022997 Rev 1
3/33
List of figures
Figure 38.
Figure 39.
Figure 40.
Figure 41.
Figure 42.
Figure 43.
4/33
AN4077
EVL6564H-100W conducted emission peak measurement
at 100 Vac-50 Hz-full load-neutral wire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
EVL6564H-100W conducted emission peak measurement
at 230 Vac-50 Hz-full load-phase wire. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
EVL6564H-100W conducted emission peak measurement
at 230 Vac-50 Hz-full load-neutral wire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Electrical diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Winding characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Top view . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Doc ID 022997 Rev 1
AN4077
1
Main characteristics and circuit description
Main characteristics and circuit description
SMPS main features are listed below:
Table 1.
Main characteristics and circuit description
Parameter
Value
Line voltage range
90 to 265Vac
Minimum line frequency (fL)
47Hz
Regulated output voltage
400 V
Rated output power
100 W
Maximum 2fL output voltage ripple
Hold-up time
20V pk-pk
10 ms (VDROP after hold-up time: 300V)
Minimum switching frequency
40kHz
Minimum estimated efficiency
92% (@Vin=90 Vac, Pout=100 W)
Maximum ambient temperature
PCB type and size
50°C
Single-side, 35 µm, CEM-1, 90x83 mm
This demonstration board implements a power factor correction (PFC) pre-regulator, 100 W
continuous power on a regulated 400 V rail from a wide-range mains voltage and provides
for the reduction of the mains harmonics, allowing the European EN61000-3-2 or the
Japanese JEITA-MITI standard to be met. The regulated output voltage is typically the input
for the cascaded isolated DC-DC converter that provides the output rails required by the
load.
The board is designed to allow full load operation in still air.
The power stage of the PFC is a conventional boost converter, connected to the output of
the rectifier bridge D1. It is completed by the coil L2, the diode D3 and the capacitor C6. The
boost switch is represented by the Power MOSFET Q1. The NTC R1 limits the inrush
current at switch-on. It has been connected on the DC rail, in series to the output electrolytic
capacitor, in order to improve efficiency during low line operation because the RMS current
flowing into the output stage is lower than the current flowing into the input stage at the
same input voltage, therefore efficiency is increased. The board is equipped with an input
EMI filter necessary to filter the commutation noise coming from the boost stage.
At startup, the L6564H is powered by the VCC capacitor C11 that is charged via the high
voltage startup source, the L2 secondary winding and the charge pump circuit (C7, R4, D4
and D5) then generate the VCC voltage powering the L6564H during normal operations. The
L2 secondary winding is also connected to the L6564H pin #11 (ZCD) through the resistor
R5. Its purpose is to supply the information that L2 has demagnetized, needed by the
internal logic for triggering a new switching cycle.
The divider R9, R12, R17 and R19 provides, to the L6564H multiplier, the information of the
instantaneous mains voltage that is used to modulate the peak current of the boost.
The resistors R2, R8, R10 with R13 and R14 are dedicated to sensing the output voltage
and feed the L6564H the feedback information necessary to maintain the output voltage
Doc ID 022997 Rev 1
5/33
Main characteristics and circuit description
AN4077
regulated. The components C9, R18 and C8 are the error amplifier compensation network
necessary to keep the required loop stability.
The peak current is sensed by resistors R25 and R26 in series to the MOSFET and the
signal is fed into pin #4 (CS) of the L6564H via the filter by R24 and C15.
The capacitor C13 and the parallel resistor R27 complete an internal peak-holding circuit
that derives the information on the RMS mains voltage. The voltage signal at this pin, a DC
level equal to the peak voltage on pin #3 (MULT), is fed to a second input to the multiplier for
the 1/V2 function necessary to compensate the control loop gain dependence on the mains
voltage. Additionally, pin #5 (VFF) is internally connected to a comparator providing the
brownout (AC mains undervoltage) protection. A voltage below 0.8 V shuts down (not
latched) the IC and brings its consumption to a considerably lower level. The L6564H
restarts as the voltage at the pin rises above 0.88 V.
The divider R3, R6, R11 and R15 provides, to the L6564H pin #6 (PFC_OK), the information
regarding the output voltage level. It is required by the L6564H output voltage monitoring
and disable functions used for PFC protection purposes.
If the voltage on the pin exceeds 2.5 V, the IC stops switching and restarts as the voltage on
the pin falls below 2.4 V. However, if at the same time the voltage of the INV pin falls below
1.66 V, a feedback failure is assumed. In this case the device is latched off. Normal
operation can be resumed only by cycling VCC, bringing its value lower than 6 V before
moving up to turn-on threshold.
Additionally, if the voltage on pin #6 (PFC_OK) is tied below 0.23 V, the L6564H is shut
down. To restart the L6564H operation the voltage on pin #6 (PFC_OK) must increase
above 0.27 V. This function can be used as a remote on/off control input.
To allow the interfacing of the board with a D2D converter the connector J3 allows the
L6564H to be powered with an external VCC and also the IC operation to be controlled via
pin #6 (PFC_OK).
6/33
Doc ID 022997 Rev 1
C12
2N2
90-264Vac
3
2
1
Doc ID 022997 Rev 1
C13
1uF
R17
2M2
R12
2M2
R9
2M2
R19
51K
R27
1M
C9
68N
C1
470N
C15
220p
C8
680N
R18
82K
NC
PFC_OK
VFF
CS
MULT
COMP
INV
HVS
NC
NC
ZCD
GND
GD
VCC
R14
27K
D1
GBU4J
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
~
C10
100N
R30
1K
_
C11
47uF-50V
C5
470N - 400V
8
6
R5
68K
C7
4N7
R31
10R
3
R21
27R
D6
N.M.
D5
BZX79-C18
R4
100R
5
R8
1M0
R2
1M0
R15
51K
R11
2M2
R6
3M3
R3
3M3
J2
MKDS 1,5/ 2-5,08
1
2
EVL6564H-100W TM PFC demonstration board electrical schematic
ON/OFF
R26
0R68
HS1
HEAT-SINK
Q1
STF8NM50N
R10
1M0
C6
47uF - 450V
Figure 2.
GND
VCC
R25
0R47
R22
100K
D3
STTH2L06
R1
NTC 2R5-S237
Electrical diagram
1
2
3
J3
CON3
R24
220R
R20
N.M.
D4
LL4148
1N4005
L2
SRW2620PQ-XXXV002
SUBMIT X08041-01-B (TDK VERSION)
D2
2
C16
2N2
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
U1
L6564H
R13
62K
C4
470N
L1
HF2826-203Y 1R5-T01
~
J1
MKDS 1,5/ 3-5,08
+
F1
FUSE 4A
AN4077
Electrical diagram
AM11471v1
7/33
Bill of material
AN4077
3
Bill of material
Table 2.
EVL6564H-100W TM PFC demonstration board bill of material
Des.
Part type/part
value
Case/package
C1
470N
DWG
X2 p.15mm B32922C3474K
EPCOS
C4
470N
DWG
X2 p.15mm B32922C3474K
EPCOS
C5
470N-400V
DWG
400 V-Film cap-B32653A4474
EPCOS
C6
47 µF-450 V
Dia.
18X31.5mm
C7
4N7
1206
100 V CERCAP-general purpose
AVX
C8
680N
1206
25 V CERCAP-general purpose
AVX
C9
68N
0805
50 V CERCAP-general purpose
AVX
C10
100N
1206
50 V CERCAP-general purpose
AVX
C11
47 µF-50V
Dia. 5X10mm
C12
2N2
1206
50 V CERCAP-general purpose
AVX
C13
1 µF
0805
25 V CERCAP-general purpose
AVX
C15
220p
0805
50 V CERCAP-general purpose
AVX
C16
2N2
1206
50 V CERCAP-general purpose
AVX
D1
GBU4J
STYLE GBUDWG
D2
1N4005
D3
Description
450 V-Aluminium Elcap-ED series-105°C
50 V-Aluminium Elcap-YXF series-105°C
Supplier
Nippon-chemicon
Rubycon
Single-phase bridge rectifier
Vishay
DO-41
Rectifier-general purpose
Vishay
STTH2L06
DO-41
Ultrafast high-voltage rectifier
D4
LL4148
Minimelf
D5
BZX79-C18
DO-35
D6
N.M.
Minimelf
F1
Fuse 4 A
DWG
Fuse T4A-time delay
HS1
Heatsink
DWG
Heatsink for D1& Q1
JPX1
MKDS 1,5/ 35,08
DWG
PCB Term. block, screw conn., pitch 5mm-3 W
Phoenix contact
JPX2
MKDS 1,5/ 25,08
DWG
PCB Term. block, screw conn., pitch 5mm-2 W
Phoenix contact
JPX3
CON3
DWG
PCB term. block, pitch 2.5mm-3 W
L1
HF2826203Y1R5-T01
DWG
Input EMI filter-20mH-1.5 A
TDK
L2
SRW2620PQXXXV002
DWG
PFC inductor
TDK
Q1
STF8NM50N
TO-220FP
R1
NTC 2R5-S237
DWG
8/33
ST
High-speed signal diode
Vishay
ZENER diode
Vishay
N-channel Power MOSFET
NTC resistor P/N B57237S0259M000
Doc ID 022997 Rev 1
Wichmann
Molex
ST
EPCOS
AN4077
Table 2.
Bill of material
EVL6564H-100W TM PFC demonstration board bill of material (continued)
Des.
Part type/part
value
Case/package
R2
1M0
1206
SMD standard film res.-1/4 W-1%-100 ppm/°C
Vishay
R3
3M3
1206
SMD standard film res.-1/4 W-1%-100 ppm/°C
Vishay
R4
100R
1206
SMD standard film res.-1/4 W-1%-100 ppm/°C
Vishay
R5
68 K
1206
SMD standard film res.-1/4 W-1%-100 ppm/°C
Vishay
R6
3M3
1206
SMD standard film res.-1/4 W-1%-100 ppm/°C
Vishay
R8
1M0
1206
SMD standard film res.-1/4 W-1%-100 ppm/°C
Vishay
R9
2M2
1206
SMD standard film res.-1/4 W-1%-100 ppm/°C
Vishay
R10
1M0
1206
SMD standard film res.-1/4 W-1%-100 ppm/°C
Vishay
R11
2M2
1206
SMD standard film res.-1/4 W-1%-100 ppm/°C
Vishay
R12
2M2
1206
SMD standard film res.-1/4 W-1%-100 ppm/°C
Vishay
R13
62 K
0805
SMD standard film res.-1/4 W-1%-100 ppm/°C
Vishay
R14
27 K
0805
SMD standard film res.-1/8 W-1%-100 ppm/°C
Vishay
R15
51 K
1206
SMD standard film res.-1/4 W-1%-100 ppm/°C
Vishay
R17
2M2
1206
SMD standard film res.-1/4 W-1%-100 ppm/°C
Vishay
R18
82 K
0805
SMD standard film res.-1/8 W-5%-250 ppm/°C
Vishay
R19
51 K
1206
SMD standard film res.-1/4 W-5%-250 ppm/°C
Vishay
R20
N.M.
0805
R21
27R
1206
SMD standard film res.-1/4 W-1%-100 ppm/°C
Vishay
R22
100 K
0805
SMD standard film res.-1/8 W-5%-250 ppm/°C
Vishay
R24
220R
PTH
SFR25 AXIAL stand. film res.-0.4 W-5%-250
ppm/°C
Vishay
R25
0R47
PTH
SFR25 AXIAL stand. film res.-0.4 W-5%-250
ppm/°C
Vishay
R26
0R68
PTH
SFR25 AXIAL stand. film res.-0.4 W-5%-250
ppm/°C
Vishay
R27
1M
0805
SMD standard film res.-1/4 W-1%-100 ppm/°C
Vishay
R30
1K
1206
SMD standard film res.-1/4 W-5%-250 ppm/°C
Vishay
R31
10R
1206
SMD standard film res.-1/4 W-5%- 250 ppm/°C
Vishay
U1
L6564H
SO - 16
Description
IC controller
Doc ID 022997 Rev 1
Supplier
ST
9/33
Test results and significant waveforms
AN4077
4
Test results and significant waveforms
4.1
Harmonic content measurement
One of the main purposes of a PFC pre-conditioner is the correction of input current
distortion, decreasing the harmonic contents below the limits of the relevant regulations.
Therefore, this demonstration board has been tested according to the European standard
EN61000-3-2 Class-D and Japanese standard JEITA-MITI Class-D, at full load at both the
nominal input voltage mains. The circuit is able to reduce the harmonics well below the limits
of both regulations from full load down to light load (measurements are reported in Figure 3
and Figure 4). Please note that all measurements and waveforms have been done using a
Pi-filter for filtering the noise coming from the circuit, using a 20 mH common mode choke
and two 470NF-X2 filter capacitors.
Figure 3.
L6564H 100 W TM PFC
demonstration board: compliance
to EN61000-3-2 standard
Figure 4.
L6564H 100 W TM PFC
demonstration board: compliance
to JEITA-MITI standard
For user reference, waveforms of the input current and voltage at the nominal input voltage
mains and different load conditions are reported in Figure 5 and Figure 6.
10/33
Doc ID 022997 Rev 1
AN4077
Test results and significant waveforms
Figure 5.
L6564H 100 W TM PFC
Figure 6.
demonstration board: input current
waveform at 230 V-50 Hz-100 W load
L6564H 100 W TM PFC
demonstration board: input current
waveform at 100 V-50 Hz-100 W load
The power factor (PF) and the total harmonic distortion (THD) have been measured too and
the results are reported in Figure 7 and Figure 8. As can be seen, the PF remains close to
unity throughout the input voltage mains and the total harmonic distortion is very low.
Figure 7.
L6564H 100 W TM PFC
Figure 8.
demonstration board: power factor
vs output power
6.00%
0.99
0.96
0.87
THD [%]
Power Factor
0.93
0.9
L6564H 100 W TM PFC
demonstration board: THD vs
output power
PF @100Vac-50Hz
PF @115Vac-60Hz
0.84
PF @230Vac-50Hz
5.50%
THD @100Vac-50Hz
5.00%
THD @115Vac-60Hz
4.50%
THD @230Vac-50Hz
4.00%
3.50%
3.00%
2.50%
0.81
2.00%
0.78
1.50%
0.75
Pout =100W
Pout =75W
Pout =50W
Pout =25W
1.00%
Pout =100W
Pout =75W
Pout =50W
Pout =25W
Output Power
Output Power
AM11532v1
AM11533v1
The measured efficiency is shown in Figure 9, measured according to the ES-2
requirements: it is very good at all load and line conditions. At full load it is always higher
than 94%, making this design suitable for high efficiency power supply. The average
efficiency calculated according to the ES-2 requirements at different nominal mains voltage
are reported in the diagram of Figure 10.
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Test results and significant waveforms
L6564H 100 W TM PFC
Figure 10. L6564H 100 W TM PFC
demonstration board: efficiency vs
demonstration board: average
output power
efficiency acc. to ES-2
97.0%
98.00%
97.50%
97.00%
96.50%
96.00%
95.50%
95.00%
94.50%
94.00%
93.50%
93.00%
92.50%
92.00%
Av. Eff. @100Vac-50Hz
AVG Efficiency [%]
Efficiency [%]
Figure 9.
AN4077
Eff. @100Vac-50Hz
Av. Eff. @115Vac-60Hz
96.0%
Av. Eff. @230Vac-50Hz
95.0%
94.0%
Eff. @115Vac-60Hz
Eff. @230Vac-50Hz
93.0%
Pout =100W
Pout =75W
Pout =50W
Pout =25W
Vin_ac [Vrms]
Output Power
AC input voltage
AM11534v1
AM11535v1
The measured output voltage at different line and static load conditions is reported in the
diagram of Figure 11 on the right. As can be seen, the voltage is very stable over all the
input voltage and output load range.
Figure 11. L6564H 100 W TM PFC demonstration board: static Vout regulation vs
output power
406.0
Output Voltage [Vdc]
405.5
405.0
404.5
Vout @100Vac-50Hz
404.0
Vout @115Vac-60Hz
Vout @230Vac-50Hz
403.5
403.0
Pout =100W
Pout =75W
Pout =50W
Pout =25W
Output Power
AM11536v1
4.2
Inductor current in TM and L6564H THD optimizer
In the following figures the waveforms relevant to the inductor current at different voltage
mains are reported: as seen in Figure 12 and 11, the peak inductor current waveform over a
line half-period follows the MULT (pin #3) at both input mains voltages and therefore the line
current is in phase with the input AC voltage, giving low distortion of the current waveform
and high power factor. On both the drain voltage traces, close to the zero-crossing points of
the sine wave, it is possible to note the action of the THD optimizer embedded in the
L6564H. It is a circuit that minimizes the conduction dead-angle occurring to the AC input
current near the zero-crossings of the line voltage (crossover distortion). In this way, the
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Test results and significant waveforms
THD (total harmonic distortion) of the current is considerably reduced. A major cause of this
distortion is the inability of the system to transfer energy effectively when the instantaneous
line voltage is very low. This effect is magnified by the high frequency filter capacitor placed
after the bridge rectifier, which retains some residual voltage that causes the diodes of the
bridge rectifier to be reverse-biased and the input current flow to temporarily stop. To
overcome this issue the device forces the PFC pre-regulator to process more energy near
the line voltage zero-crossings as compared to that commanded by the control loop. This
results in both minimizing the time interval where energy transfer is lacking and fully
discharging the high-frequency filter capacitor after the bridge. Essentially, the circuit
artificially increases the ON-time of the power switch with a positive offset added to the
output of the multiplier in the proximity of the line voltage zero-crossings. This offset is
reduced as the instantaneous line voltage increases, so that it becomes negligible as the
line voltage moves toward the top of the sinusoid. Furthermore, the offset is modulated by
the voltage on the VFF pin so as to have little offset at low line, where energy transfer at
zero-crossings is typically quite good, and a larger offset at high line where the energy
transfer gets worse. To get the maximum benefit of the THD optimizer circuit, the highfrequency filter capacitors after the bridge rectifier should be minimized, compatible with
EMI filtering needs. A large capacitance, in fact, introduces a conduction dead-angle of the
AC input current, therefore reducing the effectiveness of the optimizer circuit.
Figure 12. L6564H 100 W TM PFC
demonstration board: Vds and
inductor current at 100 Vac-50 Hzfull load
CH1: Q1 Drain voltage
CH2: MULT voltage - Pin # 3
CH4: L 2 inductor current
AM11506v1
Figure 13. L6564H 100 W TM PFC
demonstration board: zoom of Vds
and inductor current at 100 Vac50 Hz-full load
CH1: Q1 Drain voltage
CH2: MULT voltage - Pin # 3
CH4: L 2 inductor current
AM11507v1
In Figure 13 and Figure 14 the detail of the waveforms at switching frequency allows the
operating frequency and the current peak at top of the input sine wave during operation at
100 Vac and 230 Vac to be measured. Multiplier waveform has been captured as referenc.
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Test results and significant waveforms
AN4077
Figure 14. L6564H 100 W TM PFC
demonstration board: Vds and
inductor current at 230 Vac-50 Hzfull load
CH1: Q1 Drain voltage
CH2: MULT voltage - Pin # 3
CH4: L 2 inductor current
AM11508v1
Figure 15. L6564H 100 W TM PFC
demonstration board: zoom of Vds
and inductor current at 230 Vac50 Hz-full load
CH1: Q1 Drain voltage
CH2: MULT voltage - Pin # 3
CH4: L 2 inductor current
AM11509v1
In Figure 16 and Figure 17 the detail of the waveforms at switching frequency allows the
operation of the transition mode control to be seen: once the inductor has transferred all the
energy stored, a falling edge on the ZCD pin (pin #11) is detected and it triggers a new ONtime by setting the gate drive high. As soon as the current signal on the CS pin (pin #4) has
reached the level programmed by the internal multiplier circuitry according to the input
mains instantaneous voltage and the error amplifier output level, the gate drive is set low
and MOSFET conduction is stopped. A following OFF-time transfers the energy stored in
the inductor into the output capacitor and to the load. At the end of the current conduction a
new demagnetization is detected by the ZCD that provides for a new ON-time of the
MOSFET.
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Test results and significant waveforms
Figure 16. L6564H 100 W TM PFC
demonstration board: Vds, ZCD
and inductor current at 100 Vac50 Hz-full load
CH1: GD - Pin # 13
CH2: ZCD - Pin # 11
CH3: CS - Pin # 4
CH4: L 2 inductor current
Figure 17. L6564H 100 W TM PFC
demonstration board: Vds, ZCD
and inductor current at 230 Vac50 Hz-full load
CH1: GD - Pin # 13
CH2: ZCD - Pin # 11
CH3: CS - Pin # 4
CH4: L 2 inductor current
AM11510v1
4.3
AM11511v1
Voltage feed-forward and brownout function
The power stage gain of PFC pre-regulators varies with the square of the RMS input
voltage. As does the crossover frequency FC of the overall open-loop gain because the gain
has a single pole characteristic. This leads to large trade-offs in the design. For example,
setting the gain of the error amplifier to get fc = 20 Hz @ 264 Vac means having fc 4 Hz @
88 Vac, resulting in a sluggish control dynamics. Additionally, the slow control loop causes
large transient current flow during rapid line or load changes that are limited by the
dynamics of the multiplier output. This limit is considered when selecting the sense resistor
to let the full load power pass under minimum line voltage conditions, with some margin. But
a fixed current limit allows excessive power input at high line, whereas a fixed power limit
requires the current limit to vary inversely with the line voltage.
Voltage feed-forward can compensate for the gain variation with the line voltage and allow
all of the above-mentioned issues to be overcome. It consists of deriving a voltage
proportional to the input RMS voltage, feeding this voltage into a squarer/divider circuit
(1/V2 corrector) and providing the resulting signal to the multiplier that generates the current
reference for the inner current control loop.
In this way a change of the line voltage causes an inversely proportional change of the half
sine amplitude at the output of the multiplier (if the line voltage doubles the amplitude of the
multiplier, output is halved and vice versa) so that the current reference is adapted to the
new operating conditions with (ideally) no need to invoke the slow dynamics of the error
amplifier. Additionally, the loop gain is constant throughout the input voltage range, which
significantly improves dynamic behavior at low line and simplifies loop design.
In fact, with other PFC pre-regulators embedding the voltage feed-forward, deriving a
voltage proportional to the RMS line voltage implies a form of integration, which has its own
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Test results and significant waveforms
AN4077
time constant. If it is too small, the voltage generated is affected by a considerable amount
of ripple at twice the mains frequency that causes distortion of the current reference
(resulting in high THD and poor PF); if it is too large, there is a considerable delay in setting
the right amount of feed-forward, resulting in excessive overshoot and undershoot of the
pre-regulator output voltage in response to large line voltage changes. Clearly a trade-off
was required. The L6564H realizes an innovative voltage feed-forward which, with a
technique that makes use of just two external parts, overcomes this time constant trade-off
issue whichever voltage change occurs on the mains, both surges and drops. A capacitor
CFF and a resistor RFF, both connected from pin VFF (pin #5) to ground, complete an
internal peak-holding circuit that provides a DC voltage equal to the peak of the rectified
sine wave applied on the MULT pin (pin #3). In this way, in the case of sudden line voltage
rise, CFF is rapidly charged through the low impedance of the internal diode; in the case of
line voltage drop, an internal “mains drop” detector enables a low impedance switch which
suddenly discharges CFF avoiding a long settling time before reaching the new voltage
level. Consequently, an acceptably low steady-state ripple and low current distortion can be
achieved without any considerable undershoot or overshoot on the preregulator output like
in systems with no feed-forward compensation.
Figure 18. L6562A input mains surge 90 Vac to Figure 19. L6564H 100 W TM PFC
140 Vac-no VFF input
demonstration board: input mains
surge 90 Vac to 140 Vac
In Figure 19 we see the behavior of the EVL6564H-100W demonstration board in the case
of an input voltage surge from 90 to 140 Vac: in the figure it is evident that the VFF function
provides for the stability of the output voltage which is not affected by the input voltage
surge. In fact, thanks to the VFF function, the compensation of the input voltage variation is
very fast and the output voltage remains stable at its nominal value. The opposite is
confirmed in Figure 18: the behavior of a PFC using the L6562A and delivering the same
output power is shown: in the case of a mains surge, the controller cannot compensate it
and the output voltage stability is guaranteed by the feedback loop only. Unfortunately, as
previously mentioned, its bandwidth is narrow and therefore the output voltage has a
significant deviation from the nominal value. The circuit has the same behavior in the case of
mains surge at any input voltage, and it is not affected even if the input mains surge
happens at any point of the input sine wave.
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Test results and significant waveforms
In Figure 21 the circuit behavior in the case of mains dip is reported: as previously
described, the internal circuitry has detected the decreasing of the mains voltage and it has
activated the CFF internal fast discharge. As seen, in this case the output voltage changes
but in few mains cycles it returns to the nominal value. The situation is different if the
performance of a controller without the VFF function is still checked. In Figure 20 the
behavior of a PFC using the L6562A delivering similar output power is reported: in the case
of a mains dip from 140 Vac to 90 Vac the output voltage variation is not very different but the
output voltage requires a longer time to restore the original value. When performing tests
with a wider voltage variation (e.g. 265 Vac to 90 Vac) the output voltage variation of a PFC
without the voltage feed-forward fast discharging is much more emphasized.
Figure 20. L6562A input mains dip 140 Vac to
90 Vac-no VFF input
Figure 21. L6564H 100 W TM PFC
demonstration board: input mains
dip 140 Vac to 90 Vac
The fast discharge system allows to size the external RFF • CFF time constant on the VFF
pin in order to minimize the ripple on the CFF capacitor. The effect of this improvement can
be appreciated comparing the input current shape in a 100 W PFC board with a controller
without fast discharge feature (Figure 22) in respect to the input current shape in the same
board with the L6564H (Figure 23).
In Figure 23 the input current of the L6564H has a better shape and the 3rd harmonic
current distortion is not noticeable: this demonstrates the benefits of the new voltage feedforward circuit integrated in the L6564H.
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Test results and significant waveforms
AN4077
Figure 22. L6563 100 W TM PFC
Figure 23. L6564H 100 W TM PFC
demonstration board: input current
demonstration board: input current
at 100 Vac-50 Hz CFF=0.47 µF,
at 100 Vac-50 Hz CFF=1 µF, RFF=1 M
RFF=390 kΩ
Another function integrated in the L6564H is the brownout protection, which is basically a
not-latched shutdown function that must be activated when a mains undervoltage condition
is detected. This abnormal condition may cause overheating of the primary power section
due to an excess of RMS current. Brownout can also cause the PFC pre-regulator to work in
open loop and this may be dangerous to the PFC stage itself and the downstream converter,
should the input voltage return abruptly to its rated value. Another problem is the spurious
restarts that may occur during converter power-down and that cause the output voltage of
the converter not to decay to zero monotonically. For these reasons it is usually preferable to
shut down the unit in case of brownout. Brownout thresholds are internally fixed at 0.88 V
(typ.) for enabling operation and 0.8 V (typ.) for disabling the L6564H. Sensing of the input
mains condition is done by an internal comparator connected to pin VFF (PIN #5) which
delivers a voltage signal proportional to the input mains.
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Test results and significant waveforms
Figure 24. EVL6564H-100W startup attempt at 80 Vac-60 Hz-full load
AM11518v1
Because the brownout thresholds in the L6564H are internally fixed, the startup and
shutdown threshold can be adjusted slightly modifying the resistor values used for the MULT
pin. In Figure 24 a startup tentative below the startup threshold is captured. As seen, at
startup the brownout function does not allow the PFC startup even if the VCC has reached
the L6564H turn-on threshold.
In Figure 25 and 26 the circuit waveforms during brownout protection operation are
captured. In both cases the mains voltages were increased or decreased slowly: as can be
seen, at turn-on or at turn-off there are no bouncing or starting attempts by the PFC
converter.
Figure 25. EVL6564H-100W startup with slow
input voltage increasing-full load
Figure 26. EVL6564H-100W turn-off with slow
input voltage decreasing-full load
In Figure 27 and 28 the waveforms during the startup of the circuit at mains plug-in are
reported. Note that the VCC voltage rises up to the turn-on threshold, and the L6564H starts
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Test results and significant waveforms
AN4077
the operation. For a short time the energy is supplied by the VCC capacitor, and then the
auxiliary winding with the charge pump circuit takes over. At the same time, the output
voltage rises from peak value of the rectified mains to the nominal value of the PFC output
voltage. The good margin phase of the compensation network allows a clean startup,
without any large overshoot.
Figure 27. EVL6564H-100W startup at 90 Vac60 Hz-full load
4.4
Figure 28. EVL6564H-100W startup at 265 Vac50 Hz-full load
PFC_OK pin and feedback failure (open loop) protection
During normal operation, the voltage control loop provides for the output voltage (Vout) of
the PFC pre-regulator close to its nominal value, set by the resistors ratio of the feedback
output divider. In the L6564H a pin of the device (PFC_OK, pin #6) has been dedicated to
monitoring the output voltage with a separate resistor divider made up of R3, R6, R11 (high)
and R15 (low), see Figure 2. This divider is selected so that the voltage at the pin reaches
2.5 V if the output voltage exceeds a preset value (Vovp), usually larger than the maximum
Vout that can be expected, also including worst-case load/line transients.
For the EVL6564H-100W we have:
–
Vo = 400 V
–
Vovp = 434 V
Select:
–
R3+R6+R11= 8.8 MΩ
then:
–
R15 = 8.8 MΩ ·2.5/(434-2.5) = 51 kΩ
Once this function is triggered, the gate drive activity is immediately stopped until the
voltage on the PFC_OK pin drops below 2.4 V. An example is reported in Figure 29.
Note that both feedback dividers connected to the L6564H pin #1 (INV) and pin #6
(PFC_OK) can be selected without any constraints. The unique criterion is that both dividers
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Test results and significant waveforms
must sink a current from the output bus which needs to be significantly higher than the
current biasing the error amplifier and PFC_OK comparator.
The OVP function described above is able to handle “normal” overvoltage conditions, i.e.
those resulting from an abrupt load/line change or occurring at startup. If the overvoltage is
generated by a feedback disconnection, for instance, when one of the upper resistors of the
output divider fails open, an additional circuitry detects the voltage drop of the INV pin. If the
voltage on the INV pin is lower than 1.66 V and at the same time the OVP is active, a
feedback failure is assumed. Therefore, the gate drive activity is immediately stopped, the
device is shut down, its quiescent consumption is reduced below 180 µA and the condition
is latched as long as the supply voltage of the IC is above the UVLO threshold. To restart the
system it is necessary to recycle the input power, so that the VCC voltage of the L6564H
goes below 6 V and that of the PWM controllers goes below its UVLO threshold.
Note that this function offers a complete protection against not only feedback loop failures or
erroneous settings, but also against a failure of the protection itself. Either resistor of the
PFC_OK divider failing short or open, or a PFC_OK pin floating, results in shutting down the
IC and stopping the pre-regulator. Moreover, the PFC_OK pin doubles its function as a notlatched IC disable: a voltage below 0.23 V shuts down the IC, reducing its consumption
below 2 mA. To restart the IC simply let the voltage at the pin go above 0.27 V.
Figure 29. EVL6564H-100W load transient at
115 Vac-60 Hz-full load to no load
Figure 30. EVL6564H-100W open loop at 115
Vac-60 Hz-full load
The event of an open loop is captured in Figure 30, note that the protection intervention
latches the operation of the L6564H.
4.5
Power management and housekeeping functions
Differently from similar PFC controllers with more pins, the housekeeping functions of the
L6564H are minimized but still there, and the device, in spite of the low pin count, still has
some main functionalities that make it suitable to be implemented in high-end applications.
For example, in order to save power during light load operation or to put the converter in a
safe condition after detecting a failure of the DC-DC converter, a communication line can be
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Test results and significant waveforms
AN4077
established between the cascade converter and the PFC via the disable function included in
the PFC_OK pin (pin #6). Needless to say, this operation assumes that the cascaded PFC
converter stage works as the master (thanks also to the integrated brownout function) and
the DC-DC stage as the slave or, in other words, that the PFC stage starts first, it powers
both controllers and enables/disables the operation of the downstream converter stage.
Several PWM controllers by STMicroelectronics have integrated some housekeeping
functions for the D2D and offer the possibility to interface directly the L6564H with the
downstream PWM controller via dedicated pins.
Should the residual consumption of the chip be an issue, it is also possible to cut down the
supply voltage. In this case, such operation assumes that the cascaded DC-DC converter
stage works as the master and the PFC stage as the slave or, in other words, that the DCDC stage starts first, it powers both controllers and enables/disables the operation of the
PFC stage. The EVL6564H-100W offers the possibility to test the disable function by
connecting it to the cascaded converter of the DC-DC converter. The PFC_OK pin, VCC and
ground are available via the series resistors R30 and R31 (Figure 2).
Figure 31. Interface circuits that let DC-DC converter controller IC disable the
L6564H
,!
6## 6##?0&#
,
,(
6##
0&#?/+ ,!
,
,(
0&#?34/0
0&#?/+ ,
0&#?34/0
,
,(
!-V
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5
High-voltage startup generator
High-voltage startup generator
Figure 32 shows the internal schematic of the high-voltage startup generator (HV
generator). It is made up of a high-voltage N-channel FET, whose gate is biased by a 15 M
resistor, with a temperature-compensated current generator connected to its source.
Figure 32. High-voltage startup generator: internal schematic
HVS
8
15MW
Vcc_OK
HV_EN
IHV
14
Vcc
CONTROL
Icharge
12
GND
AM11463v1
The HV generator is physically located on a separate chip, made with BCD™ offline
technology able to withstand 700 V, controlled by a low-voltage chip, where all of the control
functions reside.
With reference to the timing diagram of Figure 33, when power is first applied to the
converter, the voltage on the bulk capacitor (Vin) builds up and, at about 80 V, the HV
generator is enabled to operate (HV_EN is pulled high) so that it draws about 1 mA. This
current, minus the device consumption, charges the bypass capacitor connected from pin
VCC (14) to ground and makes its voltage rise almost linearly.
Figure 33. Timing diagram: normal power-up and power-down sequences
VHV
Rectified input voltage
Input source is removed here
Bulk cap voltage
VHVstart
DC- DC loses regulation here
Vcc
(pin 14)
t
Vcc ON
Vcc OFF
Vcc restart
t
GD
(pin 13)
HV connected to bulk cap
HV_EN
t
HV connected to
rectified input voltage
t
Vcc_OK
Icharge
t
0.85 mA
Power-on
Normal
operation
Power-of f
t
AM11464v1
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High-voltage startup generator
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As the VCC voltage reaches the startup threshold (12 V typ.) the low-voltage chip starts
operating and the HV generator is cut off by the VCC_OK signal asserted high. The device is
powered by the energy stored in the VCC capacitor until the self-supply circuit (we assume
that it is made with an auxiliary winding in the transformer of the cascaded DC-DC converter
and a steering diode) develops a voltage high enough to sustain the operation. The residual
consumption of this circuit is just the one on the 15 M resistor (10 mW at 400 Vdc), typically
50-70 times lower, under the same conditions, as compared to a standard startup circuit
made with external dropping resistors.
At converter power-down the DC-DC converter loses regulation as soon as the input voltage
is so low that either peak current or maximum duty cycle limitation is tripped. VCC then drops
and stops IC activity as it falls below the UVLO threshold (9.5 V typ.). The VCC_OK signal is
de-asserted as the VCC voltage goes below a threshold VCCrestart located at about 6 V. The
HV generator can now restart. However, if Vin < VHVstart, HV_EN is de-asserted too and
the HV generator is disabled. This prevents converter restart attempts and ensures
monotonic output voltage decay at power-down in systems where brownout protection (see
the relevant section) is not used.
If the device detects a fault due to feedback failure, the internal VCCrestart is brought up to
over the VCCOff (turn-off threshold). As a result, shown in Figure 34, the voltage at pin VCC,
oscillates between its turn-on and turn-off thresholds until the HV bus is recycled and drops
below the startup threshold of the HV generator.
The high-voltage startup circuitry is capable of guaranteeing a safe behavior in the case of
short-circuit present on the DC-DC output when the VCC of both controllers are generated
by the same auxiliary winding. Figure 39 shows how the PFC manages the VCC cycling and
the associated power transfer. At short-circuit the auxiliary circuit is no longer able to sustain
the VCC which starts dropping; on reaching its VCCOff threshold the IC stops switching,
reduces consumption and drops more until the VCCrestart threshold is tripped. Now, the
high-voltage startup generator restarts and when the VCC again crosses its turn-on
threshold, the IC starts switching. In this manner the power is transferred from mains to PFC
output only for a short time for each trep cycle.
Figure 34. High-voltage startup behavior during latch-off protection
Vcc
(pin 14)
VccON
Fault occurs here
VccOFF
Vccrestart
HV generator is turned on
Disable latch is reset here
GD
(pin 13)
HV generator turn-on is disabled here
t
Input source is removed here
t
HV_EN
t
Vin
VHVstart
t
AM11465v1
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High-voltage startup generator
Figure 35. High-voltage startup managing the DC-DC output short-circuit
Vcc
(pin 14)
Short-circuit occurs here
VccON
VccOFF
Vccrestart
Trep
GD
(pin 13)
Vcc_OK
t
t
Icharge
t
0.85 mA
t
AM11466v1
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Layout hints
6
AN4077
Layout hints
The layout of any converter is a very important phase in the design process needing
attention by the design engineers. Even though the layout phase may sometimes seem time
consuming, a good layout certainly saves time during the functional debugging and the
qualification phases. Additionally, a power supply circuit with a correct layout needs smaller
EMI filters or less filter stages and so allows a consistent cost saving.
Converters using the L6564H do not need any special or specific layout rule to be followed;
just the general layout rules for any power converter must be applied carefully. Basic rules
are listed here below, they can be used for other PFC circuits having any power level,
working either in transition mode or with a fixed-off-time control.
1.
Keep power and signal RTN separated. Connect the return pins of the component
carrying high current such as input filter, sense resistors, and output capacitor as close
as possible. This point is the RTN star point. A downstream converter must be
connected to this return point.
2.
Minimize the length of the traces relevant to the boost inductor, MOSFET drain, boost
rectifier and output capacitor.
3.
Keep signal components as close as possible to each L6564H relevant pin. Keep the
tracks relevant to the pin #1 (INV) net as short as possible. Components and traces
relevant to the error amplifier must be placed far from traces and connections carrying
signals with high dV/dt like the MOSFET drain.
4.
Please connect heatsinks to power GND.
5.
Add an external shield to the boost inductor and connect it to power GND.
6.
Connect the RTN of signal components including the feedback, PFC_OK and MULT
dividers close to the L6564H pin #12 (GND).
7.
Connect a ceramic capacitor (100÷470 nF) to pin #14 (VCC) and to pin #12 (GND),
close to the L6564H. Connect this point to the RTN star point (see rule 1).
Figure 36. EVL6564H-100W PCB layout (smt side view)
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7
EMI filtering and conducted EMI pre-compliance measurements
EMI filtering and conducted EMI pre-compliance
measurements
The following figures show the peak measurement of the conducted noise at full load and
nominal mains voltages for both mains lines. The limits shown in the diagrams are EN55022
class-B which is the most popular regulation for domestic equipment using a two-wire mains
connection.
It is also useful to remember that, typically, a PFC produces a significant differential mode
noise with respect to other topologies and therefore, if an additional margin with respect to
the limits is required, it is suggested to try to increase the across-the-line (X) capacitors or
the capacitor after the rectifier bridge C5. This is more effective and cheaper than increasing
the size of the common mode filter coil which would only filter the differential mode noise by
the leakage inductance between the two windings.
To recognize if the circuit is affected by common mode or differential mode noise it is
sufficient to compare the spectrum of phase and neutral line measurements: if the two
measurements are very similar, the noise is almost totally common mode. If there is a
significant difference between the two measurement spectrums, their difference represents
the amount of differential mode noise. Of course, to obtain a reliable comparison the two
measurements must be done in the same conditions. If the peak measurement is used (like
in the following figures), some countermeasures must be used, such as synchronizing the
sweep of the spectrum analyzer with the input voltage. This is necessary with TM PFC
having a switching frequency that is modulated along the sine wave.
Because the differential mode produces the common mode noise by the magnetic field
induced by the current, decreasing the differential mode consequently limits the second one.
Figure 37. EVL6564H-100W conducted
Figure 38. EVL6564H-100W conducted
emission peak measurement at 100
emission peak measurement at 100
Vac-50 Hz-full load-phase wire
Vac-50 Hz-full load-neutral wire
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EMI filtering and conducted EMI pre-compliance measurements
AN4077
Figure 39. EVL6564H-100W conducted
Figure 40. EVL6564H-100W conducted
emission peak measurement at 230
emission peak measurement at 230
Vac-50 Hz-full load-phase wire
Vac-50 Hz-full load-neutral wire
As can be seen in the figures, in all test conditions there is a good margin of the
measurements with respect to the limits. The measurements have been done in peak
detection to speed up the sweep, which otherwise take a long time. Please note that the
harmonic measurements done in quasi-peak or average as required by the regulation are
much lower because of the jittering effect of the TM control that cannot be appreciated in
peak detection.
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PFC coil specification
8
PFC coil specification
8.1
General description and characteristics
8.2
8.3
●
Application type: consumer, home appliance
●
Transformer type: open
●
Coil former: vertical type, 6+6 pins
●
Max. temp. rise: 45 ° C
●
Max. operating ambient temp.: 60 ° C
●
Mains insulation: n.a.
●
Unit finishing: varnishing
Electrical characteristics
●
Converter topology: boost, transition mode
●
Core type: PQ26/20 - PC44
●
Min. operating frequency: 40 KHz
●
Typical operating frequency: 120 KHz
●
Primary inductance: 520 H 10% @1 KHz - 0.25 V (a)
●
Peak primary current: 4.2 Apk
●
RMS primary current: 1.4 Arms
Electrical diagram
Figure 41. Electrical diagram
11
5
AUX
PRIM.
3
9
AM11530v1
a.
Measured between pins #5 & #9.
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PFC coil specification
8.4
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Winding characteristics
Figure 42. Winding characteristics
1.
Pins:
Winding
Rms current
Number of turns
Wire type
5-9
Primary(1)
1.4 ARMS
57.5 - fit
Multi-stranded
#7 x φ 0.20 mm
11 - 3
AUX(2)
0.05 ARMS
5.5 - spaced
φ 0.28 mm
Primary winding external insulation: 2 layers of polyester tape.
2. Aux. winding is wound on top of primary winding. External insulation with 2 layers of polyester tape.
8.5
Mechanical aspect and pin numbering
●
Maximum height from PCB: 21.5 mm
●
Coil former type: vertical, 6+6 pins
●
TDK P/N: BPQ26/20-1112CP
●
Pins #1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 10, 12 are removed - pin 8 is for polarity key.
●
External copper shield: Not insulated, wound around the ferrite core and including the
coil former. It must be well adherent to the ferrite. Height is 8 mm. Connected to pin #3
by a soldered, solid wire.
Figure 43. Top view
12
7
1
6
AM11531v1
8.6
Unit identification
Manufacturer: TDK
Manufacturer P/N: SRW2620PQ-X22V102
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9
References
References
–
L6564H datasheet
–
AN2761 application note
–
AN3009 application note
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Revision history
10
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Revision history
Table 3.
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Document revision history
Date
Revision
05-Sep-2012
1
Changes
Initial release.
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