dm00091995

AN4345
Application note
STEVAL-ISA119V1: 1.5 W double output buck product evaluation
board based on the VIPER16LD
Mirko Sciortino
Introduction
This document describes a two output buck with the VIPer16LD, a new offline high voltage
converter by ST, specifically developed for non-isolated SMPS. In fact the output regulation
is easily obtained by a voltage divider connected to the feedback FB pin. Moreover, the
VIPer16LD can be externally biased or self-biased. The former reaches very low standbyconsumption (< 60 mW at 230 VAC), the latter saves costs and complication of the IC
supplying network. The other device’s features are:
•
800 V avalanche rugged power section,
•
PWM operation at 60 kHz with frequency jittering for lower EMI
•
Limiting current with adjustable set point
•
On-board soft-start
•
Safe auto-restart after a fault condition
The available protection includes: thermal shutdown with hysteresis, delayed overload
protection and open loop failure protection. Protection is in auto-restart mode.
Figure 1. Product evaluation board picture
December 2014
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Contents
AN4345
Contents
1
Adapter features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2
Circuit description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
3
Bill of material, layout and schematic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
4
Board testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
5
4.1
Typical waveforms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
4.2
Precision of the regulation and output voltage ripple . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11
4.3
Standby performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
4.4
Efficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
4.5
Light load performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Functional check . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
5.1
Startup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
5.2
Overload protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
5.3
Feedback loop failure protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
6
Thermal measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
7
EMI measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Appendix A Test equipment and measurement of efficiency and light load
performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
A.1
Measuring input power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
8
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
9
Revision history . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
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AN4345
List of figures
List of figures
Figure 1.
Figure 2.
Figure 3.
Figure 4.
Figure 5.
Figure 6.
Figure 7.
Figure 8.
Figure 9.
Figure 10.
Figure 11.
Figure 12.
Figure 13.
Figure 14.
Figure 15.
Figure 16.
Figure 17.
Figure 18.
Figure 19.
Figure 20.
Figure 21.
Figure 22.
Figure 23.
Figure 24.
Figure 25.
Figure 26.
Figure 27.
Figure 28.
Figure 29.
Figure 30.
Figure 31.
Figure 32.
Figure 33.
Figure 34.
Figure 35.
Figure 36.
Figure 37.
Figure 38.
Figure 39.
Product evaluation board picture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Layout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Routing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Schematic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
VDD waveform, self-biasing (J1 not selected) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
VDD waveform, external biasing (J1 selected) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Source current and voltage at max. load 115 VAC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Source current and voltage at max. load 230 VAC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Source current and voltage at max. load 90 VAC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Source current and voltage at max. load 265 VAC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Line regulation (external biasing, Iout2 = 0 mA). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Line regulation (external biasing, Iout2 = 50 mA). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Load regulation (external biasing, Iout2 = 0 mA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Load regulation (external biasing, Iout2 = 50 mA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Output voltage ripple at max. load 90 VAC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Output voltage ripple at max. load 265 VAC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
No load consumption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Active mode efficiency and comparison with CoC5 and DOE standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Startup at VIN = 115 VAC full load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Startup at VIN = 115 VAC full load (zoom) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Startup at VIN = 230 VAC full load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Startup at VIN = 230 VAC full load (zoom) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Output short-circuit applied: OLP tripping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Output short-circuit maintained: OLP steady-state . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Output short-circuit maintained: OLP steady-state (zoom) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Output short-circuit removal and converter restart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Feedback loop failure protection: tripping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Feedback loop failure protection: steady-state . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Feedback loop failure protection: steady-state (zoom) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Feedback loop failure protection: converter restart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Thermal measurement at VIN = 90 VAC, full load (IOUT1 = 100 mA, IOUT2 = 50 mA) . . . . . 20
Thermal measurement at VIN = 115 VAC, full load (IOUT1 = 100 mA, IOUT2 = 50 mA) . . . . 20
Thermal measurement at VIN = 230 VAC, full load (IOUT1 = 100 mA, IOUT2 = 50 mA) . . . . 21
Thermal measurement at VIN = 265 VAC, full load (IOUT1 = 100 mA, IOUT2 = 50 mA) . . . . 21
Average measurement at VIN = 115 VAC, full load (IOUT1 = 100 mA, IOUT2 = 50 mA) . . . . 22
Average measurement at VIN = 230 VAC, full load (IOUT1 = 100 mA, IOUT2 = 50 mA) . . . . 22
Connections of the UUT to the wattmeter for power measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Switch in position 1-setting for standby measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Switch in position 2-setting for efficiency measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
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Adapter features
1
AN4345
Adapter features
Electrical specifications of the product evaluation board are listed in Table 1.
Table 1. Electrical specifications
Parameter
Symbol
Value
VIN
[90 VAC; 265 VAC]
Output voltage 1
VOUT1
12 V
Max. output current 1
IOUT1
0.1 A
Output voltage 2
VOUT2
5 V (through LDO)
Max. output current 2
IOUT2
0.05 A
Precision of output regulation
∆VOUT_LF
±5%
High frequency output voltage ripple
∆VOUT_HF
50 mV
Max. ambient operating temperature
TAMB
60 ºC
Input voltage range
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AN4345
2
Circuit description
Circuit description
The converter schematic is given in Figure 4. The input section includes a resistor R1 for
inrush current limiting, diodes D1 and D2 and a Pi filter (C1, L1, C2) for rectification and
EMC suppression.
The FB pin is the inverting input of the internal transconductance error amplifier and its
reference voltage is VFB_REF = 3.3 V. The output voltage VOUT1 is regulated by the voltage
divider, which is composed of R4 and R5, according to the following formula:
Equation 1
R5 

VOUT 1 = 1 +
 ⋅ VFB _ REF
 R4 
where R5 is split into R5A and R5B to allow a better tuning of the output voltage.
VOUT2 comes from VOUT1 through a linear voltage regulator, the compensation is performed
by the R-C-C network connected between COMP and GND pins.
At power-up, the DRAIN pin supplies the internal HV start-up current generator, which
charges the C3 capacitor up to VDDON (13 V). At this point, the power MOSFET starts
switching, the generator is turned off and the IC is powered by the energy stored in C3.
If the jumper J1 is not selected, the VIPer16LD is self-biased: the C3 capacitor voltage, due
to the system consumption, falls down and when it reaches VDDCS_ON (10.5 V typ.), the
internal HV current generator is turned on, recharging C3 up to VDDON, after that the HV
generator is switched off again. The VIPer16LD is internally supplied without any external
network, which minimizes the number of external components. Moreover this function
allows the designer to generate output voltages below the voltage lockout (5 V for example)
with a simple inductor.
If the jumper J1 is selected, the HV start-up generator is activated at power on only: when
VOUT1 has reached its steady-state value, IC is biased from the output through the diode
D6, allowing the system to reach very low standby-consumption values. This is referred to
“external biasing” and can be obtained only if VOUT1 is high enough to keep the C3 voltage
always above the VDDCS_ON threshold.
The shape of the VDD voltage is depicted in Figure 5 and 6 for self-biasing and external
biasing respectively.
The R6 resistor, if connected, reduces the default current limitation of the device IDLIM by a
certain percentage depending on the resistor value, as reported in the curve ILIM vs. RLIM of
the datasheet. This optimizes the design of the magnetic and power elements.
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28
Bill of material, layout and schematic
3
AN4345
Bill of material, layout and schematic
Table 2. Bill of material
Reference
Part
Description
Manufacturer
Cin
100 nF, X2
Series B32922
Epcos
C1, C2
3.3 µF, 450 V
Electrolytic capacitor
Series M Panasonic
C3
1 µF, 35 V
Electrolytic capacitor
Series NHG Panasonic
C4
100 nF, 50 V
Ceramic capacitor
C5
Not mounted
Ceramic capacitor
C6
Not mounted
Ceramic capacitor
C7
1.5 nF, 50 V
Ceramic capacitor
C8
100 nF, 50 V
Ceramic capacitor
C9
330 µF, 16 V
Electrolytic capacitor ultra-low ESR
Rubycon
C10
100 nF, 50 V
Ceramic capacitor
Epcos
R1
10 Ω
1/2 W resistor
R2
Not mounted
1/4 W resistor
R3
1 kΩ
1/4 W resistor
R4
12 kΩ
1/4 W resistor
R5A
33 kΩ
1/4 W resistor
R5B
0
1/4 W resistor
R6
Not mounted
D1, D2
GL1M
1000 V/ 1 A diode
Semikron
D3, D4
STTH1L06
Ultra-fast 600 V diode
ST
D5
Not mounted
Zener diode
D6
LL4148
Diode
Vishay
L1
1 mH
Axial inductor
Epcos
L2
1.5 mH
Power inductor
Coilcraft
IC1
VIPer16LD
Controlled switch
ST
IC2
L78L05
Voltage regulator
ST
6/28
DocID025078 Rev 1
AN4345
Bill of material, layout and schematic
Figure 2. Layout
Figure 3. Routing
AM13807V1
DocID025078 Rev 1
AM13808V1
7/28
28
8/28
DocID025078 Rev 1
Cin
AC IN
R1
D1 D2
C1
L1
R2
C2
N.C.
GND
GND
DRAIN
DRAIN
N.A.
DRAIN
VDD
LIM
N.C.
DRAIN
FB
N.C.
N.C.
COMP
N.C.
VIPer16LD
R6
R3
C7
D4
C3
C6
C4
C5
R4
R5A
J1
C8
R5B
D6
L2
C9
D3
D5
IC2
C10
Vout2
Vout1
Bill of material, layout and schematic
AN4345
Figure 4. Schematic
AM13809V1
AN4345
Bill of material, layout and schematic
Figure 5. VDD waveform, self-biasing
(J1 not selected)
Figure 6. VDD waveform, external biasing
(J1 selected)
AM13810V1
DocID025078 Rev 1
AM13811V1
9/28
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Board testing
4
Board testing
4.1
Typical waveforms
AN4345
Source voltage and current waveforms in full load conditions are reported for two nominal
input voltages in Figure 7 and 8, and for minimum and maximum input voltage in Figure 9
and 10 respectively.
Figure 7. Source current and voltage at max.
load 115 VAC
Figure 8. Source current and voltage at max.
load 230 VAC
AM13812V1
Figure 9. Source current and voltage at max.
load 90 VAC
AM13813V1
Figure 10. Source current and voltage at max.
load 265 VAC
AM13814V1
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AM13815V1
AN4345
4.2
Board testing
Precision of the regulation and output voltage ripple
The output voltage VOUT1 of the board has been measured according to different lines and
load conditions, both when 5 V output (obtained through linear regulator) is open loaded and
full loaded. Results are reported on Table 3. The output voltage is not affected by the line
condition and by the IC biasing (external or self-biasing).
Table 3. Output voltage line-load regulation - VOUT1 (IOUT2 = 0 mA)
VIN (VAC)
VOUT1 (IOUT2 = 0 mA)
No load
25% load
50% load
75% load
100% load
External
biasing
Selfbiasing
External
biasing
Selfbiasing
External
biasing
Selfbiasing
External
biasing
Selfbiasing
External
biasing
Selfbiasing
90
12.74
12.61
12.14
12.04
12.09
12.02
12.07
11.99
12.05
11.98
115
12.73
12.61
12.14
12.04
12.08
12.01
12.06
11.99
12.04
11.97
150
12.76
12.65
12.14
12.04
12.08
12.01
12.06
11.98
12.04
11.97
180
12.79
12.68
12.15
12.05
12.08
12.00
12.06
11.98
12.04
11.97
230
12.86
12.76
12.16
12.06
12.08
12.00
12.05
11.98
12.04
11.97
265
12.87
12.78
12.17
12.08
12.08
12.00
12.05
11.98
12.04
11.97
Table 4. Output voltage line-load regulation - VOUT1 (IOUT2 = 50 mA)
VIN (VAC)
VOUT1 (IOUT2 = 50 mA)
No load
25% load
50% load
75% load
100% load
External
biasing
Selfbiasing
External
biasing
Selfbiasing
External
biasing
Selfbiasing
External
biasing
Selfbiasing
External
biasing
Selfbiasing
90
12.01
12.11
12.06
11.98
11.97
12.06
11.97
12.03
11.96
12.01
115
12.00
12.09
12.05
11.98
11.97
12.04
11.96
12.02
11.94
12.00
150
12.00
12.08
12.04
11.97
11.97
12.03
11.95
12.02
11.93
12.00
180
12.00
12.08
12.04
11.97
11.96
12.03
11.95
12.01
11.93
12.00
230
12.00
12.08
12.04
11.98
11.96
12.03
11.95
12.01
11.93
12.00
265
12.00
12.08
12.04
11.98
11.96
12.03
11.95
12.01
11.93
12.00
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Board testing
AN4345
Figure 11. Line regulation
(external biasing, Iout2 = 0 mA)
Figure 12. Line regulation
(external biasing, Iout2 = 50 mA)
13
12.4
12.8
12.2
12.6
12
Vout[V]
Vout[V]
12.4
12.2
12
0
25%
50%
75%
100%
11.8
11.6
11.4
11.8
0
25%
11.6
50%
75%
11.4
100%
11.2
11.2
80
105
130
155 180
Vin[V]
205
230
80
255
AM13816V1
Figure 13. Load regulation
(external biasing, Iout2 = 0 mA)
105
130
155 180
Vin[V]
230
255
AM13817V1
Figure 14. Load regulation
(external biasing, Iout2 = 50 mA)
13
13
90
12.8
90
12.8
115
12.6
115
12.6
230
12.4
Vout[V]
Vout[V]
205
265
12.2
230
12.4
265
12.2
12
12
11.8
11.8
11.6
11.6
0
0.05
Iout[A]
0.1
0
AM13818V1
0.05
Iout[A]
0.1
AM13819V1
The ripple at the switching frequency, superimposed to the output voltage VOUT1, has also
been measured and it is shown in figures below at maximum load and nominal input
voltages.
Figure 15. Output voltage ripple at max.
load 90 VAC
12/28
Figure 16. Output voltage ripple at max.
load 265 VAC
DocID025078 Rev 1
AN4345
4.3
Board testing
Standby performance
As explained in Section 2, two different settings of the IC biasing are possible in the present
product evaluation board.
If low standby power loss is a priority, J1 should be selected; it connects diode D6 and
disables the HV current generator during steady-state operation. If standby loss is not the
main focus, the IC can be self-biased (by deselecting J1), saving the cost of the D6 diode.
The standby performance is shown in the figure below for both cases, with linear regulator
disconnected and a 15 V Zener diode across the 12 V output to avoid overvoltage in no load
conditions.
The highest line represents the consumption of the converter in those cases where diode
D6 is not assembled (IC self-biased), the lower line is the consumption of the converter with
diode D6 (IC externally biased).
Figure 17. No load consumption
250
225
external biasing
200
self biasing
Pin [mW]
175
150
125
100
75
50
25
0
80
105
130
155
180
205
230
255
Vin[V]
AM13822V1
4.4
Efficiency
The active mode efficiency is defined as the average of efficiency measured at 25%, 50%,
75% and 100% of maximum load, at nominal input voltages (VIN = 115 VAC and VIN = 230
VAC).
External power supplies (those contained in a separate housing from the end-use devices
they are powering) need to comply with the Code of Conduct, version 5 active mode
efficiency criterion, which, for a power throughput of 1.5 W, states the active mode efficiency
is higher than 67.4% (CoC5 Tier 1, entered into force in january 2014); this limit should
increase to 70% starting from january 2016 (CoC5 Tier 2).
DOE (department of energy) recommendation is another standard, whose active mode
efficiency requirement for the same power throughput is 69.9%.
The above requirements refer to single output converters and they do not apply to the
presented evaluation board, which has two outputs. However, due to the following setting,
this board can be evaluated as a single output converter:
•
OUT1 loaded with a nominal load: IOUT1 = 130 mA (corresponding to the nominal
power throughput of the board when loaded on both outputs)
•
The L7805 connected but no loaded (IOUT2 = 0)
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Board testing
AN4345
In this manner, the board is compliant with the above mentioned standards, see Figure 18,
where the average efficiency measurements at 115 VAC (76.3%) and at 230 VAC (72.3%)
are plotted with dotted lines. In the same figure the efficiency at 25%, 50%, 75% and 100%
of load for both input voltages is also shown.
Figure 18. Active mode efficiency and comparison with CoC5 and DOE standards
80
78
76
eff [%]
74
115
72
230
CoC 5Tier 2
DOE
70
CoC 5Tier 1
68
av @ 115Vac
av @ 230Vac
66
64
62
60
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
Iout [% I OUT ]
1
AM13823V1
CoC5 standard has also some requirements on the active mode efficiency when the output
load is 10% of the nominal output power. The comparison between the requirement for an
external power supply with a power throughput of 1.5 W and the performance of the
evaluation board is shown in Table 5, where the STEVAL-ISA119V1 is Tier 1 and Tier 2
compliant.
Table 5. CoC5 requirement and performance at 10% output load
CoC5 minimum efficiency requirement in active mode at 10% of full
load (POUT = 1.5 W)
4.5
Tier 1
Tier 2
57.4%
60%
Board
performance
62.7%
Light load performance
In the version 5 of the Code of Conduct, the power consumption of the power supply is
considered even if it is not loaded. Concerning standards, Table 6 gives some indications:
Table 6. Energy consumption criteria for no load
Nameplate output power (Pno)
Maximum power in no load for AC-DC EPS
Tier 1
Tier 2
0.3 W < Pno ≤ 49 W
0.15 W
0.075 W
50 W < Pno < 250 W
0.25 W
0.15 W
In no load condition and with different input voltages, the input power of the converter has
been measured and results are reported in Table 7.
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AN4345
Board testing
The board is compliant with both Tier 1 and Tier 2 requirements. In the same table the
consumption of the board in some other light load cases (POUT = 25 mW, POUT = 50 mW
and POUT = 250 mW) is also shown.
The load profile is: load applied on OUT1 only; the L7805 connected but IOUT2 = 0 (see
Section 4.4)
Table 7. Light load consumption
VIN [VAC]
PIN [mW]
@ POUT = 0
@ POUT = 25 mW
@ POUT = 50 mW
@ POUT = 250 mW
115
56
85
115
365
230
67
98
128
390
According to the equipment supplied, there are several criteria to measure the performance
of a converter. For instance, the ErP lot 6 criterion for light load performance, states that the
input power in the standby condition should be less than 500 mW. A typical market
requirement would be to achieve the same with a 250 mW load. The evaluation board can
meet this requirement, as shown in Table 7.
Another criterion for light load evaluation is the measurement of the output power (or the
efficiency) when the input power is equal to one watt. This and some other measurements
under light load conditions are shown in Table 7 and Table 8:
Table 8. Light load efficiency
VIN [VAC]
Efficiency [%]
@ PIN = 250 mW
@ PIN = 500 mW
@ PIN = 1 W
115
64.2
72.6
76.3
230
58.3
68.2
70.5
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Functional check
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5
Functional check
5.1
Startup
The start-up phase at maximum load is shown in Figure 19, 20, 21 and 22 at both nominal
input voltages (115 VAC and 230 VAC).
Figure 19. Startup at VIN = 115 VAC full load
Figure 20. Startup at VIN = 115 VAC full load
(zoom)
IL
AM13824V1
Figure 21. Startup at VIN = 230 VAC full load
AM13825V1
Figure 22. Startup at VIN = 230 VAC full load
(zoom)
IL
AM13826V1
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5.2
Functional check
Overload protection
In case of overload or short-circuit (see Figure 23), the current across the inductor L2
reaches the IDLIM value. In every cycle where this condition is met, a counter is
incremented; if it is maintained continuously for tOVLtime (50 msec typical, internally set) the
overload protection is tripped, the power section is turned off and the converter is disabled
for a tRESTART time (1 sec typical). When this time has elapsed, the IC resumes switching
and, if the short is still present, the protection occurs indefinitely in the same way (see
Figure 24). This ensures restart attempts of the converter with low repetition rate, so that it
can work safely with extremely low power throughput and avoid the IC overheating in case
of repeated overload events.
After the short removal, the IC resumes working normally. If the short is removed during tSS
or tOVL, i.e. before the protection tripping, the counter is decremented on a cycle-by-cycle
basis down to zero and the protection is not tripped.
If the short-circuit is removed during tRESTART, the IC must wait for the tRESTART period to
elapse before switching is resumed (see Figure 26).
Figure 23. Output short-circuit applied:
OLP tripping
Figure 24. Output short-circuit maintained:
OLP steady-state
Output is shorted here
Normal
operation
IL
tRESTART
tOVL
tRESTART
IL
AM13828V1
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Figure 25. Output short-circuit maintained:
OLP steady-state (zoom)
Figure 26. Output short-circuit removal and
converter restart
Output short is
removed here
tOVL
tRESTART
IL
IL
AM13831V1
5.3
Normal
operation
AM13832V1
Feedback loop failure protection
This protection is available any time IC is externally biased. As the loop is broken (R4
shorted or R5 open), VOUT1 increases and the VIPER16LD runs to its maximum current
limitation. If J1 is selected, VDD pin voltage increases as well, because it is linked to VOUT1
through diode D6.
If VDD voltage reaches VDDclamp threshold (23.5 V min.) in less than 50 msec, IC is shut
down by open loop failure protection (see Figure 27 and 28), otherwise by OLP, as
described in the previous section. The breaking of the loop has been simulated by shorting
the low-side resistor of the output voltage divider, R4. The same behavior can be induced
opening the high-side resistor, R5 = R5A + R5B.
The protection acts in auto restart mode with tRESTART = 1 sec (see Figure 28). As the fault
is removed, normal operation is restored after last tRESTART interval has been completed
(see Figure 30).
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Functional check
Figure 27. Feedback loop failure protection:
tripping
Figure 28. Feedback loop failure protection:
steady-state
Fault is
applied here
tRESTART
tRESTART
IL
IL
AM13833V1
Figure 29. Feedback loop failure protection:
steady-state (zoom)
AM13834V1
Figure 30. Feedback loop failure protection:
converter restart
Fault is
removed here
tRESTART
< tOVL
AM13835V1
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Thermal measurements
6
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Thermal measurements
A thermal analysis of the product evaluation board in full load conditions at TAMB = 25 °C
has been performed using an IR camera. Results are shown in the following figures, where
the check points A, B, C and D indicate respectively: IC2, VIPer16LD, D4 and room
temperature.
Figure 31. Thermal measurement at VIN = 90 VAC, full load
(IOUT1 = 100 mA, IOUT2 = 50 mA)
AM13837V1
Figure 32. Thermal measurement at VIN = 115 VAC, full load
(IOUT1 = 100 mA, IOUT2 = 50 mA)
AM13838V1
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Thermal measurements
Figure 33. Thermal measurement at VIN = 230 VAC, full load
(IOUT1 = 100 mA, IOUT2 = 50 mA)
AM13839V1
Figure 34. Thermal measurement at VIN = 265 VAC, full load
(IOUT1 = 100 mA, IOUT2 = 50 mA)
AM13840V1
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EMI measurements
7
AN4345
EMI measurements
A pre-compliance test to EN55022 (Class B) european normative has been performed using
an EMC analyzer and an LISN. The average EMC measurements at 115 VAC/full load and
230 VAC/full load have been performed and the results are shown in Figure 35 and 36.
Figure 35. Average measurement at VIN = 115 VAC, full load
(IOUT1 = 100 mA, IOUT2 = 50 mA)
AM13841V1
Figure 36. Average measurement at VIN = 230 VAC, full load
(IOUT1 = 100 mA, IOUT2 = 50 mA)
AM13842V1
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Test equipment and measurement of efficiency and light load performance
Appendix A
Test equipment and measurement of
efficiency and light load performance
The converter input power has been measured using a wattmeter. The wattmeter measures
simultaneously the converter input current (using its internal ammeter) and voltage (using its
internal voltmeter). The wattmeter is a digital instrument so it samples the current and
voltage and converts them to digital forms. Digital samples are then multiplied giving the
instantaneous measured power. The sampling frequency is in the range of 20 kHz (or higher
depending on the instrument used). The display provides the average measured power,
averaging the instantaneous measured power in a short period of time (1 sec typ.).
Figure 37 shows how the wattmeter is connected to the UUT (unit under test) and to the AC
source and the wattmeter internal block diagram.
Figure 37. Connections of the UUT to the wattmeter for power measurements
Switch
1
WATT METER
U.U.T
(Unit Under test)
Voltmeter
V
+
Multiplier
A
X
2
Ammeter
AC
SOURCE
INPUT
OUTPUT
AVG
DISPLAY
AM13843V1
An electronic load has been connected to the output of the power converter (UUT), allowing
the converter load current to be set and measured, while the output voltage has been
measured by a voltmeter. The output power is the product between load current and output
voltage. The ratio between the output power, calculated as previously stated, and the input
power, measured by the wattmeter, is the converter's efficiency, which has been measured
in different input/output conditions.
A.1
Measuring input power
With reference to Figure 37, the UUT input current causes a voltage drop across the
ammeter's internal shunt resistance (the ammeter is not ideal so it has an internal resistance
higher than zero) and across the cables connecting the wattmeter to the UUT.
If the switch of Figure 37 is in position 1 (see also the simplified scheme of Figure 38), this
voltage drop causes an input measured voltage higher than the input voltage at the UUT
input that, of course, affects the measured power. The voltage drop is generally negligible if
the UUT input current is low (for example when we are measuring the input power of UUT in
light load conditions).
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Test equipment and measurement of efficiency and light load performance
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Figure 38. Switch in position 1-setting for standby measurements
Wattmeter
Ammeter
AC
SOURCE
~
V
A
+
U.U.T.
AC
INPUT
-
UUT
Voltmeter
AM13844V1
In case of high UUT input current (i.e. for measurements in heavy load conditions), the
voltage drop can be relevant compared to the UUT real input voltage. If this is the case, the
switch in Figure 37 can be changed to position 2 (see simplified scheme of Figure 39) where
the UUT input voltage is measured directly at the UUT input terminal and the input current
does not affect the measured input voltage.
Figure 39. Switch in position 2-setting for efficiency measurements
Wattmeter
A
AC
SOURCE
Ammeter
~
V
+
-
U.U.T.
AC
INPUT
UUT
Voltmeter
AM13845V1
On the other hand, the position of Figure 39 may introduce a relevant error during light load
measurements, when the UUT input current is low and the leakage current inside the
voltmeter itself (which is not an ideal instrument and doesn't have infinite input resistance) is
not negligible. This is the reason why it is better to use the setting of Figure 38 for light load
measurements and Figure 39 for heavy load measurements.
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Test equipment and measurement of efficiency and light load performance
If it is not clear which measurement scheme has the lesser effect on the result, both of them
should be tested and then, the lower input power value should be registered.
As noted in IEC 62301, instantaneous measurements are appropriate when power readings
are stable. The UUT is operated at 100% of nameplate output current for at least 30 minutes
(warm-up period) immediately prior to conducting efficiency measurements.
After this warm-up period, the AC input power is monitored for a period of 5 minutes to
assess the stability of the UUT. If the power level does not drift by more than 5% from the
maximum value observed, the UUT can be considered stable and measurements can be
recorded at the end of the 5-minute’s period. If AC input power is not stable over a 5minute’s period, the average power or accumulated energy is measured overtime for both
AC input and DC output.
Some wattmeter models allow integration of the measured input power in a time range and
then measure the energy absorbed by the UUT during the integration time. The average
input power is calculated dividing by the integration time itself.
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References
8
AN4345
References
[1] Code of Conduct on energy efficiency of external power supplies, version 4
[2] VIPER16 datasheet
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9
Revision history
Revision history
Table 9. Document revision history
Date
Revision
09-Dec-2014
1
Changes
Initial release.
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