AP65503

AP65503
LIGHT LOAD IMPROVED 5A, 750kHz SYNCH DC/DC BUCK CONVERTER
Description
Pin Assignments
The AP65503 is a 750kHz switching frequency external compensated
synchronous DC/DC buck converter. It has integrated low RDSON high
and low side MOSFETs.
The AP65503 enables continues load current of up to 5A with
efficiency as high as 96%.
The AP65503 implements an automatic custom light load efficiency
improvement algorithm.
The AP65503 features current mode control operation, which enables
fast transient response times and easy loop stabilization.
The
AP65503
simplifies
board
layout
and
reduces
space
requirements with its high level of integration and minimal need for
external
components,
making
it
ideal
for
distributed
power
architectures.
The AP65503 is available in a standard Green SO-8EP package and
is RoHS compliant.
Features
Applications
•
VIN 4.75V to 17V
•
Gaming Consoles
•
5A Continuous Output Current, 7A Peak
•
Flat Screen TV sets and Monitors
•
Efficiency Up to 96%
•
Set Top Boxes
•
•
Automated Light Load improvement
VOUT Adjustable to 2.5 to 12V
•
Distributed power systems
•
Home Audio
•
750kHz Switching Frequency
•
Consumer electronics
•
External Programmable Soft-Start
•
Network Systems
•
Enable Pin
•
FPGA, DSP and ASIC Supplies
•
OCP with Hiccup and Thermal Protection
•
Green Electronics
•
Totally Lead-Free & Fully RoHS Compliant (Notes 1 & 2)
•
Halogen and Antimony Free. “Green” Device (Note 3)
Notes:
1. No purposely added lead. Fully EU Directive 2002/95/EC (RoHS) & 2011/65/EU (RoHS 2) compliant.
2. See http://www.diodes.com/quality/lead_free.html for more information about Diodes Incorporated’s definitions of Halogen- and Antimony-free, "Green"
and Lead-free.
3. Halogen- and Antimony-free "Green” products are defined as those which contain <900ppm bromine, <900ppm chlorine (<1500ppm total Br + Cl) and
<1000ppm antimony compounds.
Typical Applications Circuit
Figure 1 Typical Application Circuit
AP65503
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AP65503
Pin Descriptions
Pin
Name
Pin
Number
BS
1
IN
2
SW
3
GND
4
FB
5
COMP
6
EN
7
SS
8
EP
EP
Function
High-Side Gate Drive Boost Input. BS supplies the drive for the high-side N-Channel MOSFET a
0.01µF or greater capacitor from SW to BS to power the high side switch.
Power Input. IN supplies the power to the IC, as well as the step-down converter switches. Drive IN
with a 4.75V to 17V power source. Bypass IN to GND with a suitably large capacitor to eliminate noise
on the input to the IC. See Input Capacitor.
Power Switching Output. SW is the switching node that supplies power to the output. Connect the
output LC filter from SW to the output load. Note that a capacitor is required from SW to BS to power
the high-side switch.
Ground
Feedback Input. FB senses the output voltage and regulates it. Drive FB with a resistive voltage
divider connected to it from the output voltage. The feedback threshold is 0.800V. See Setting the
Output Voltage.
Compensation Node. COMP is used to compensate the regulation control loop. Connect a series RC
network from COMP to GND. In some cases, an additional capacitor from COMP to GND is required.
See Compensation Components.
Enable Input. EN is a digital input that turns the regulator on or off. Drive EN high to turn on the
regulator; low to turn it off. Attach to IN with a 100kΩ pull up resistor for automatic startup.
Soft-Start Control Input. SS controls the soft-start period. Connect a capacitor from SS to GND to set
the soft-start period. A 0.1µF capacitor sets the soft-start period to 13ms. To disable the soft-start
feature, leave SS floating.
Exposed Pad is connected to ground
Functional Block Diagram
Figure 2 Functional Block Diagram
AP65503
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AP65503
Absolute Maximum Ratings (Note 4) (@TA = +25°C, unless otherwise specified.)
Symbol
Parameter
VIN
Supply Voltage
VSW
Switch Node Voltage
VBS
Unit
-0.3 to 20
V
-1.0 to VIN +0.3
V
Bootstrap Voltage
VSW -0.3 to VSW +6.0
V
VFB
Feedback Voltage
-0.3V to +6.0
V
VEN
Enable/UVLO Voltage
-0.3V to +6.0
V
Comp Voltage
-0.3V to +6.0
V
Storage Temperature
-65 to +150
°C
TJ
Junction Temperature
+160
°C
TL
Lead Temperature
+260
°C
1.5
150
kV
V
VCOMP
TST
ESD Susceptibility (Note 5)
HBM
Human Body Model
MM
Machine Model
Notes:
Rating
4. Stresses greater than the 'Absolute Maximum Ratings' specified above may cause permanent damage to the device. These are stress ratings only;
functional operation of the device at these or any other conditions exceeding those indicated in this specification is not implied. Device reliability may
be affected by exposure to absolute maximum rating conditions for extended periods of time.
5. Semiconductor devices are ESD sensitive and may be damaged by exposure to ESD events. Suitable ESD precautions should be taken when
handling and transporting these devices.
Thermal Resistance
Note:
Symbol
Parameter
θJA
Junction to Ambient
SO-8EP (Note 6)
Rating
43
°C/W
Unit
θJC
Junction to Case
SO-8EP (Note 6)
6.3
°C/W
6. Test condition: SO-8EP: Device mounted on FR-4 substrate (2s2p) 2"x2" PCB, with 2oz copper trace thickness and minimum recommended pad on top
layer and thermal vias to bottom layer ground plane.
Recommended Operating Conditions (Note 7) (@TA = +25°C, unless otherwise specified.)
Symbol
Note:
Min
Max
Unit
VIN
Supply Voltage
Parameter
4.75
17.0
V
TA
Operating Ambient Temperature Range
-40
+85
°C
7. The device function is not guaranteed outside of the recommended operating conditions.
AP65503
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AP65503
Electrical Characteristics (@TA = +25°C, VIN = 12V, unless otherwise specified.)
Symbol
Parameter
Test Conditions
Min
Typ
Max
Unit
Shutdown Supply Current
VEN = 0V
—
0.3
3.0
µA
Supply Current (Quiescent)
VEN = 2.0V, VFB = 1.0V
—
0.3
1.5
mA
RDS(ON)1
High-Side Switch On-Resistance (Note 8)
—
—
80
—
mΩ
RDS(ON)2
Low-Side Switch On-Resistance (Note 8)
—
—
32
—
mΩ
A
ISHDN
IQ
ILIMIT
HS Current Limit
Minimum duty cycle
—
7
—
ILIMIT
LS Current Limit
From Drain to Source
—
0.9
—
A
High-Side Switch Leakage Current
VEN = 0V, VSW = 0V, VSW =12V
—
0
10
μA
Error Amplifier Voltage Gain
(Note 8)
—
—
800
—
V/V
GEA
Error Amplifier Transconductance
∆IC = ±10µA
—
1000
—
µA/V
GCS
COMP to Current Sense
Transconductance
—
—
2.8
—
A/V
FSW
Oscillator Frequency
VFB = 0.75V
660
750
840
kHz
fSW
AVEA
FFB
Fold-back Frequency
VFB = 0V
—
0.30
—
DMAX
Maximum Duty Cycle
VFB = 800mV
—
90
—
%
TON
Minimum On Time
—
—
160
—
ns
VFB
Feedback Voltage
TA = -40°C to +85°C
—
800
—
mV
VEN_RISING
Feedback Overvoltage Threshold
—
—
1.0
—
V
EN Rising Threshold
—
0.7
0.8
1.2
V
EN Lockout Threshold Voltage
—
2.2
2.5
2.7
V
EN Lockout Hysteresis
—
—
220
—
mV
INUVVTH
VIN Under Voltage Threshold Rising
—
3.80
4.05
4.40
V
INUVHYS
VIN Under Voltage Threshold Hysteresis
—
—
250
—
mV
Soft-Start Current
VSS = 0V
—
6
—
μA
Soft-Start Period
CSS = 0.1µF
—
13
—
ms
Thermal Shutdown (Note 8)
—
—
160
—
°C
TSD
Note:
8. Guaranteed by design
AP65503
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AP65503
Typical Performance Characteristics (@TA = +25°C, VIN = 12V, VOUT = 3.3V, unless otherwise specified.)
AP65503
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AP65503
Typical Performance Characteristics (cont.) (@TA = +25°C, VIN = 12V, VOUT = 3.3V, unless otherwise specified.)
AP65503
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AP65503
Typical Performance Characteristics (cont.)
(@TA = +25°C, VIN = 12V, VOUT = 3.3V, L = 4.7µH, C1 = 44µF, C2 = 72µF, unless otherwise specified.)
Steady State Test 5A
Startup Through Vin No Load
Startup Through Vin 5A Load
Time-2µs/div
Time-5ms/div
Time-5ms/div
Load Transient Test 2.5 to 5A
Shutdown Through Vin no load
Shutdown Through Vin 5A Load
Time-2ms/div
Time-200ms/div
Time-100ms/div
Short Circuit Test
Short Circuit Recovery
Load Transient Test 2.5 to 5A
Time-50µs/div
Time-2ms/div
Time-50µs/div
Load Transient Test 5A to 2.5A
Time-50µs/div
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AP65503
Application Information
Theory of Operation
The AP65503 is a 5A current mode control, synchronous buck regulator with built in power MOSFETs. Current mode control assures excellent
line and load regulation and a wide loop bandwidth for fast response to load transients. The Figure 1 depicts the functional block diagram of
AP65503.
The operation of one switching cycle can be explained as follows. At the beginning of each cycle, HS (high-side) MOSFET is off. The error
amplifier (EA) output voltage is higher than the current sense amplifier output, and the current comparator’s output is low. The rising edge of the
750kHz oscillator clock signal sets the RS Flip-Flop. Its output turns on HS MOSFET. The current sense amplifier is reset for every switching
cycle.
When the HS MOSFET is on, inductor current starts to increase. The current sense amplifier senses and amplifies the inductor current. Since
the current mode control is subject to sub-harmonic oscillations that peak at half the switching frequency, ramp slope compensation is utilized.
This will help to stabilize the power supply. This ramp compensation is summed to the current sense amplifier output and compared to the error
amplifier output by the PWM comparator. When the sum of the current sense amplifier output and the slope compensation signal exceeds the
EA output voltage, the RS Flip-Flop is reset and HS MOSFET is turned off.
For one whole cycle, if the sum of the current sense amplifier output and the slope compensation signal does not exceed the EA output, then the
falling edge of the oscillator clock resets the Flip-Flop. The output of the error amplifier increases when feedback voltage (VFB) is lower than the
reference voltage of 0.8V. This also increases the inductor current as it is proportional to the comp voltage.
If in one cycle the current in the power MOSFET does not reach the COMP set current value, the power MOSFET will be forced to turn off. When
the HS MOSFET turns off, the synchronous LS MOSFET turns on until the next clock cycle begins. There is a “dead time” between the HS turn
off and LS turn on that prevents the switches from “shooting through” from the input supply to ground.
The voltage loop is compensated through an internal transconductance amplifier and can be adjusted through the external compensation
components.
Enable
Above the ‘EN Rising Threshold’, the internal regulator is turned on and the quiescent current can be measured above this threshold. The enable
(EN) input allows the user to control turning on or off the regulator. To enable the AP65503, EN must be pulled above the ‘EN Lockout Threshold
Voltage’ and to disable the AP65503, EN must be pulled below ‘EN Lockout Threshold Voltage - EN Lockout Hysteresis’
(2.2V-0.22V =1.98V).
Automated No-Load and Light-Load Operation
The AP65503 operates in Light load high efficiency mode during light load operation. The advantage of this light load high efficiency mode is low
power loss at no-load and light-load conditions. The AP65503 automatically detects the output current and enters the light load high efficiency
mode. The output current reaches a critical level at which the transitions between the light-load and heavy current mode occurs. Once the output
current exceeds the critical level, the AP65503 transitions from light load high efficiency mode to continuous PWM mode.
External Soft Start
Soft start is traditionally implemented to prevent the excess inrush current. This in turn prevents the converter output voltage from overshooting
when it reaches regulation. The AP65503 has an internal current source with a soft start capacitor to ramp the reference voltage from 0V to
0.800V. The soft start current is 6µA. The soft start sequence is reset when there is a Thermal Shutdown, Under Voltage Lockout (UVLO) or
when the part is disabled using the EN pin.
External Soft Start can be calculated from the formula below:
ISS = C *
DV
DT
Where;
ISS = Soft Start Current
C = External Capacitor
DV=change in feedback voltage from 0V to maximum voltage
DT = Soft Start Time
AP65503
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AP65503
Application Information (cont.)
Current Limit Protection
In order to reduce the total power dissipation and to protect the application, AP65503 has cycle-by-cycle current limiting implementation. The
voltage drop across the internal high-side MOSFET is sensed and compared with the internally set current limit threshold. This voltage drop is
sensed at about 30ns after the HS turns on. When the peak inductor current exceeds the set current limit threshold, current limit protection is
activated. During this time the feedback voltage (VFB) drops down. When the voltage at the FB pin reaches 0.3V, the internal oscillator shifts
the frequency from the normal operating frequency of 750kHz to a fold-back frequency of 102kHz. The current limit is reduced to 70% of nominal
current limit when the part is operating at 102kHz. This low fold-back frequency prevents runaway current.
Under Voltage Lockout (UVLO)
Under Voltage Lockout is implemented to prevent the IC from insufficient input voltages. The AP65503 has a UVLO comparator that monitors
the input voltage and the internal bandgap reference. If the input voltage falls below 4.0V, the AP65503 will latch an under voltage fault. In this
event the output will be pulled low and power has to be re-cycled to reset the UVLO fault.
Over Voltage Protection
When the AP65503 FB pin exceeds 20% of the nominal regulation voltage of 0.800V, the over voltage comparator is tripped and the COMP pin
and the SS pin are discharged to GND, forcing the high-side switch off.
Thermal Shutdown
The AP65503 has on-chip thermal protection that prevents damage to the IC when the die temperature exceeds safe margins. It implements a
thermal sensing to monitor the operating junction temperature of the IC. Once the die temperature rises to approximately +160°C, the thermal
protection feature gets activated. The internal thermal sense circuitry turns the IC off thus preventing the power switch from damage.
A hysteresis in the thermal sense circuit allows the device to cool down to approximately +120°C before the IC is enabled again through soft
start. This thermal hysteresis feature prevents undesirable oscillations of the thermal protection circuit.
Setting the Output Voltage
The output voltage can be adjusted from 0.800V to 16V using an external resistor divider. Table 1 shows a list of resistor selection for common
output voltages. Resistor R1 is selected based on a design tradeoff between efficiency and output voltage accuracy. For high values of R1 there
is less current consumption in the feedback network. However the trade off is output voltage accuracy due to the bias current in the error
amplifier. R1 can be determined by the following equation:
⎞
⎛V
R1 = R 2 ⋅ ⎜⎜ OUT − 1⎟⎟
⎠
⎝ 0.8
VOUT (V)
R1 (kΩ)
R2 (kΩ)
2.5
3.3
5
12
21.5
31.6
52.3
140
10
10
10
10
Table 1 Resistor Selection for Common Output Voltages
Figure 3 Feedback Divider Network
AP65503
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AP65503
Application Information (cont.)
Compensation Components
The AP65503 has an external COMP pin through which system stability and transient response can be controlled. COMP pin is the output of the
internal trans-conductance error amplifier. A series capacitor-resistor combination sets a pole-zero combination to control the characteristics of
the control system. The DC gain of the voltage feedback loop is given by:
A VDC = RLOAD × GCS × A VEA ×
VFB
VOUT
Where VFB is the feedback voltage (0.800V), RLOAD is the load resistor value, GCS is the current sense trans-conductance and AVEA is the error
amplifier voltage gain. The control loop transfer function incorporates two poles one is due to the compensation capacitor (C3) and the output
resistor of error amplifier, and the other is due to the output capacitor and the load resistor. These poles are located at:
fP1 =
GEA
2π × C3 × A VEA
fP2 =
1
2π × C2 × RLOAD
Where GEA is the error amplifier trans-conductance.
One zero is present due to the compensation capacitor (C3) and the compensation resistor (R3). This zero is located at:
f Z1 =
1
2 π × C3 × R 3
The goal of compensation design is to shape the converter transfer function to get a desired loop gain. The system crossover frequency where
the feedback loop has the unity gain is crucial.
A rule of thumb is to set the crossover frequency to below one-tenth of the switching frequency. Use the following procedure to optimize the
compensation components:
1. Choose the compensation resistor (R3) to set the desired crossover frequency. Determine the R3 value by the following equation:
R3 =
2π × C2 × fc VOUT 2π × C2 × 0.1× fs VOUT
×
<
×
GEA × GCS
VFB
G ×GCS
VFB
EA
Where fC is the crossover frequency, which is typically less than one tenth of the switching frequency.
2. Choose the compensation capacitor (C3) to achieve the desired phase margin set the compensation zero, fZ1, to below one fourth of the
crossover frequency to provide sufficient phase margin. Determine the C3 value by the following equation:
C3 >
2
π × R 3 × fc
Where R3 is the compensation resistor value.
VOUT
(V)
2.5
3.3
5
12
CIN/C1
(µF)
44
44
44
44
COUT/C2
(µF)
72
72
72
72
Rc/R3
(kΩ)
Cc/C3
(nF)
L1
(µH)
10.5
10.5
10.5
10.5
6.8
6.8
6.8
6.8
4.7
4.7
4.7
6.5 - 10
Table 2 Recommended Component Selection
Inductor
Calculating the inductor value is a critical factor in designing a buck converter. For most designs, the following equation can be used to calculate
the inductor value;
L=
VOUT ⋅ (VIN − VOUT )
VIN ⋅ ∆IL ⋅ fSW
Where ∆IL is the inductor ripple current.
And fSW is the buck converter switching frequency.
AP65503
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AP65503
Application Information (cont.)
Inductor (cont.)
Choose the inductor ripple current to be 30% of the maximum load current. The maximum inductor peak current is calculated from:
IL(MAX) = ILOAD +
∆I L
2
Peak current determines the required saturation current rating, which influences the size of the inductor. Saturating the inductor decreases the
converter efficiency while increasing the temperatures of the inductor and the internal MOSFETs. Hence choosing an inductor with appropriate
saturation current rating is important.
A 1µH to 10µH inductor with a DC current rating of at least 25% percent higher than the maximum load current is recommended for most
applications.
For highest efficiency, the inductor’s DC resistance should be less than 100mΩ. Use a larger inductance for improved efficiency under light load
conditions.
Input Capacitor
The input capacitor reduces the surge current drawn from the input supply and the switching noise from the device. The input capacitor has to
sustain the ripple current produced during the on time on the upper MOSFET. It must hence have a low ESR to minimize the losses.
The RMS current rating of the input capacitor is a critical parameter that must be higher than the RMS input current. As a rule of thumb, select an
input capacitor which has RMs rating that is greater than half of the maximum load current.
Due to large dI/dt through the input capacitors, electrolytic or ceramics should be used. If a tantalum must be used, it must be surge protected.
Otherwise, capacitor failure could occur. For most applications, a 44µF ceramic capacitor is sufficient.
Output Capacitor
The output capacitor keeps the output voltage ripple small, ensures feedback loop stability and reduces the overshoot of the output voltage. The
output capacitor is a basic component for the fast response of the power supply. In fact, during load transient, for the first few microseconds it
supplies the current to the load. The converter recognizes the load transient and sets the duty cycle to maximum, but the current slope is limited
by the inductor value.
Maximum capacitance required can be calculated from the following equation:
ESR of the output capacitor dominates the output voltage ripple. The amount of ripple can be calculated from the equation below:
Vout capacitor = ∆Iinductor * ESR
An output capacitor with ample capacitance and low ESR is the best option. For most applications, a 72µF ceramic capacitor will be sufficient.
∆Iinductor 2
)
2
Co =
(∆ V + Vout )2 − Vout2
L(Iout +
Where ∆V is the maximum output voltage overshoot.
AP65503
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AP65503
Application Information (cont.)
PC Board Layout
This is a high switching frequency converter. Hence attention must be paid to the switching currents interference in the layout. Switching current
from one power device to another can generate voltage transients across the impedances of the interconnecting bond wires and circuit traces.
These interconnecting impedances should be minimized by using wide, short printed circuit traces. Note that the IN to GND decoupling
capacitors need to be immediately adjacent to the IN and GND pins of the device (U1), and 12 thermal vias from the back side thermal pad to
the GND plane are essential to achieve the best operation at full load current.
Figure 4 PC Board Layout
External Bootstrap Diode
It is recommended that an external bootstrap diode be added when the input voltage is no greater than 5V or the 5V rail is available in the
system. This helps to improve the efficiency of the regulator. This solution is also applicable for D > 65%. The bootstrap diode can be a low cost
one such as BAT54 or a Schottky that has a low VF.
Figure 5 External Bootstrap Compensation Components
Recommended Diodes:
AP65503
Document number: DS37127 Rev. 1 - 2
Part Number
Voltage/Current
Rating
Vendor
B130
SK13
30V, 1A
30V, 1A
Diodes Inc
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AP65503
Ordering Information
Part Number
Package Code
Part Marking
Identification Code
AP65503SP-13
SP
SO-8EP
NA
Note:
Tape and Reel
Quantity
Part Number Suffix
2500
-13
9. For packaging details, go to our website at http://www.diodes.com/products/packages.html
Marking Information
SO-8EP
AP65503
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AP65503
Package Outline Dimensions (All dimensions in mm.)
Please see AP02002 at http://www.diodes.com/datasheets/ap02002.pdf for latest version.
SO-8EP
Exposed Pad
8
5
E1
1
H
4
F
b
Bottom View
9° (All sides)
N
7°
A
e
D
E
45°
Q
4° ± 3°
E0
A1
C
Gauge Plane
Seating Plane
L
SO-8EP (SOP-8L-EP)
Dim Min Max Typ
A 1.40 1.50 1.45
A1 0.00 0.13
b 0.30 0.50 0.40
C 0.15 0.25 0.20
D 4.85 4.95 4.90
E 3.80 3.90 3.85
E0 3.85 3.95 3.90
E1 5.90 6.10 6.00
e
1.27
F 2.75 3.35 3.05
H 2.11 2.71 2.41
L 0.62 0.82 0.72
N
0.35
Q 0.60 0.70 0.65
All Dimensions in mm
Suggested Pad Layout
Please see AP02001 at http://www.diodes.com/datasheets/ap02001.pdf for the latest version.
SO-8EP
X2
Dimensions Value(in mm)
C
1.270
X
0.802
X1
3.502
X2
4.612
Y
1.505
Y1
2.613
Y2
6.500
Y1
Y2
X1
Y
C
AP65503
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X
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AP65503
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Diodes Incorporated products are specifically not authorized for use as critical components in life support devices or systems without the express
written approval of the Chief Executive Officer of Diodes Incorporated. As used herein:
A. Life support devices or systems are devices or systems which:
1. are intended to implant into the body, or
2. support or sustain life and whose failure to perform when properly used in accordance with instructions for use provided in the
labeling can be reasonably expected to result in significant injury to the user.
B. A critical component is any component in a life support device or system whose failure to perform can be reasonably expected to cause the
failure of the life support device or to affect its safety or effectiveness.
Customers represent that they have all necessary expertise in the safety and regulatory ramifications of their life support devices or systems, and
acknowledge and agree that they are solely responsible for all legal, regulatory and safety-related requirements concerning their products and any
use of Diodes Incorporated products in such safety-critical, life support devices or systems, notwithstanding any devices- or systems-related
information or support that may be provided by Diodes Incorporated. Further, Customers must fully indemnify Diodes Incorporated and its
representatives against any damages arising out of the use of Diodes Incorporated products in such safety-critical, life support devices or systems.
Copyright © 2014, Diodes Incorporated
www.diodes.com
AP65503
Document number: DS37127 Rev. 1 - 2
15 of 15
www.diodes.com
April 2014
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