An Innovative Approach to Achieving Single Stage PFC and Step-Down Conversion for Distributive Systems

AND8147/D
An Innovative Approach to
Achieving Single Stage PFC
and Step-Down Conversion
for Distributive Systems
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APPLICATION NOTE
INTRODUCTION
Controller Analysis
The NCP1651 can operate in either the Continuous or
Discontinuous mode of operation. The following analysis
will help to highlight the advantages of Continuous versus
Discontinuous mode of operation.
The table below defines a set of conditions from which the
comparison will be made between the two modes of
operation.
In most modern PFC circuits, to lower the input current
harmonics and improve the input power factor, designers
have historically used a boost topology. The boost topology
can operate in the Continuous Conduction Mode (CCM),
Discontinuous Conduction Mode (DCM), or Critical
Conduction Mode.
Most PFC applications using the boost topology are
designed to operate over the universal input AC voltage
range (85−265 Vac), at 50 or 60 Hz, and provide a regulated
DC bus (typically 400 Vdc). In most applications, the load
can not operate from the high voltage DC bus, so a DC−DC
converter is used to provide isolation between the AC source
and load, and provide a low voltage output. The advantages
to this system configuration are low Total Harmonic
Distortion (THD), a power factor close to unity, excellent
voltage regulation, and fast transient response on the
isolated DC output. The major disadvantage of the boost
topology is that two power stages are required which lowers
the systems efficiency, increases component count, cost, and
increases the size of the power supply.
ON Semiconductor’s NCP1651 (www.onsemi.com)
offers a unique alternative for Power Factor Correction
designs, where the NCP1651 has been designed to control
a PFC circuit operating in a flyback topology. There are
several major advantages to using the flyback topology.
First, the user can create a low voltage isolated secondary
output, with a single power stage, and still achieve a low
input current distortion, and a power factor close to unity. A
second advantage, compared to the boost topology with a
DC−DC converter, is a lower component count which
reduces the size and the cost of the power supply.
Traditionally, the flyback approach has been ignored for
PFC applications because of the perceived limitations such
as high peak currents and high switch voltage ratings. This
paper will demonstrate the novel control approach
incorporated in the NCP1651 design, coupled with advances
in discrete semiconductor technology that have made the
flyback approach very feasible for a range of applications.
© Semiconductor Components Industries, LLC, 2011
November, 2011 − Rev. 1
Table 1.
Po = 90 W
Vin = 85−265 Vrms (analyzed at 85 Vrms input)
Efficiency = 80%
Pin = 108 W
Vo = 48 Vdc
Freq = 100 kHz
Transformer turns ratio n = 4
Continuous Mode (CCM)
To force the inductor current to be continuous over the
majority of the input voltage range (85−265 Vac) the
primary inductance, Lp needs to be at least 1.0 mH. Figure 1
shows the typical current through the primary winding of the
flyback transformer. During the switch on period, this
current flows in the primary and during the switch off−time,
it flows in the secondary.
Ipk
Iavg
TIME
Figure 1.
Therefore, the peak current can be calculated as follows:
Ipk + Iavg )
1
(1.414 · Vin sin q · ton · 2)
Lp
(eq. 1)
Publication Order Number:
AND8147/D
AND8147/D
where:
300
1.414 · Pin
Iavg +
Vin sin q
1.414 · Vin sin q
Ns
)·(
)) ) 1) (eq. 3)
Vo
Np
200
(mA)
Ton + Tń(((
(eq. 2)
For the selected operating condition:
Ton + 6.15 ms
(eq. 4)
100
1.414 · 113 1.414 · 85 · 6.15 · 2
Ipk +
)
+ 3.35 A (eq. 5)
1
85 sin q
The analysis of the converter shows that the peak current
operating in the CCM is 3.35 A.
0
0.1
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
FREQUENCY (MHz)
Discontinuous Mode (DCM)
Figure 3. Continuous Conduction Mode FFT
In the discontinuous mode of operation, the inductor
current falls to zero prior to the end of the switching period
as shown in Figure 2.
Referring to Figure 3, at the 100 kHz switching
frequency, the FFT is 260 mA, and the 2nd harmonic
(200 kHz) is 55 mA.
Ipk
3.0
Iavg
2.0
TIME
(A)
Figure 2.
To ensure DCM, Lp needs to be reduced to approximately
100 mH.
Ipk +
1.0
Vin sin q · 1.414 · ton
Lp
0
0.1
(eq. 6)
1.414 · 85 sin 90 · 5.18
Ipk +
+ 6.23 A
100
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
FREQUENCY (MHz)
Figure 4. Discontinuous Conduction Mode FFT
The results show that the peak current for a flyback
converter operating in the Continuous Conduction Mode is
about one half the peak current of a flyback converter
operating in the Discontinuous Conduction Mode.
The lower peak current as a result of operating in the CCM
lowers the conduction losses in the flyback MOSFET.
Refer to Figure 4, at 100 kHz the FFT is 2.8 A, and the
second harmonic (200 kHz) is 700 mA.
Results
From the result of our analysis it is apparent that a flyback
PFC converter operating in CCM has half the peak current,
and one tenth the fundamental (100 kHz) harmonic current
compared to a flyback PFC converter operating in DCM.
The results are lower conduction losses in the MOSFET and
secondary rectifying diode, and a smaller input EMI filter.
On the negative side to CCM operation, the flyback
transformer will be larger because of the required higher
primary inductance, and the leakage inductance will be
higher affecting efficiency because of the leakage
inductance energy that must be absorbed during the
controller off time.
Current Harmonics Analysis
A second result of running in DCM can be higher input
current distortion, Electromagnetic Interference (EMI), and
a lower Power Factor, in comparison to CCM. While the
higher peak current can be filtered to produce the same
performance result, it will require a larger input filter.
A simple Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) was run in
(ORCAD) Spice to provide a comparison between the
harmonic current levels for CCM and DCM. The harmonic
current levels will affect the size of the input EMI filter
which in some applications are required to meet the levels
of IEC1000−3−2. In the SPICE FFT model, no front end
filtering was added so the result of the analysis could be
compared directly.
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AND8147/D
A second transformer was wound with the entire 74
primary turns (two layers), then the 19 turn secondary, the
measured leakage inductance increased to 37 mH. The
reason for the increased leakage inductance was poor
coupling between the primary and secondary.
Once the leakage inductance is reduced, verify that the
voltage spike at turn off (Vspike) will not exceed your
MOSFET VDS.
The MOSFET in our application has a VDS rating of
800 V, to provide a safety margin of at least 100 V VDS
under worst case conditions:
Vspike:
Vspike = VDS − Vmargin − Vin max S 1.414 − (Vo + Vf)
800 − 100 − 265 S 1.414 − (48 + 0.7) 4 = 130 V
In our application the snubber circuit was designed to
limit the VDS of the MOSFET to 130 Vpk. Refer to Figure 5
for the VDS waveform. The energy stored in the transformer
leakage inductance is:
E = _ le Ipk_
Some of the advantages to operating in DCM include
lower switching losses because the current falls to zero prior
to the next switching cycle, a smaller transformer, and in
general the smaller transformer should result in a lower
leakage inductance and less energy to be absorbed in the
snubber.
Transformer Turn Ratio
The flyback transformer turns ratio affects several
operating parameters, the secondary side peak current and
the MOSFET drain to source voltage (VDS) during the
controller off time, refer to Figure 8 for the application
schematic.
The peak secondary current is:
Ipk prim S n
Where n is the transformer turns ratio, in our application
n = 4.
Using the analysis for CCM versus DCM, the peak
secondary current is:
CCM = 3.34 S 4 = 13.4 Apk
DCM = 6.23 S 4 = 24.9 Apk
It’s clear from the analysis that the higher the turns ratio,
there is a higher corresponding secondary side peak current
resulting in higher conduction losses in the output rectifier.
A second effect of the turns ratio is the MOSFET VDS.
The MOSFET VDS during the off time is:
Vpk = Vin max S 1.414 + (Vo + Vf) n + Vspike
where:
Vin max = 265 Vrms
Vo = the output voltage
Vf = the forward voltage drop across the output diode
Vspike = The voltage spike due to the transformer leakage
inductance
The turns ratio in this equation determines the output
voltage reflected back to the primary, (Vo + Vf)n.
A second effect of the turns ratio is the transformer
leakage inductance, which effects Vspike. The leakage
inductance is related to the coupling between the primary
and the secondary of the transformer. As the turns ratio
increase, there are more turns on the transformer, and unless
the designer is careful in their core geometry selection and
winding technique, the result will be a higher leakage
inductance.
To minimize leakage inductance, a core with a wide
winding window should be used; this will reduce the number
of primary and secondary layers. In addition, interleaving
the primary and secondary winding will increase the
coupling. An example will help to illustrate the point. In our
application the transformer required 74 primary turns (two
layers) and 19 secondary turns (a single layer). The
manufacturer of the transformer wound 45 primary turns,
then the 19 turn secondary, and then the remaining 29
primary turns. The result was a measured leakage
inductance of 9.0 mH.
Figure 5.
The above analysis and examples illustrate the effects of
the transformer turns ratio on the secondary side peak
currents in the PFC and the MOSFET VDS at turn off.
Careful attention should be taken when trading off turns
ratio, primary inductance and duty cycle.
Output Voltage Ripple
A second consideration when using a flyback topology for
PFC is that the output voltage ripple contains (on the
secondary of the transformer) two components, the
traditional high frequency ripple associated with a flyback
converter, and the rectified line frequency ripple (100 or
120 Hz).
The high frequency ripple can be calculated by:
DV + ǸDVcap2 ) Vesr2
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(eq. 7)
AND8147/D
Ioavg · dt
Co
Ip ) Iped
Ioavg +
2
DVesr + Ipk · esr
DVesr + 13.38 · 0.015 + 0.20 V
1.50
(eq. 8)
1.00
RIPPLE (V)
DVcap +
(eq. 9)
where:
n = transformer turns ratio
Ipk = peak current (secondary) (13.38 Apk)
Iped = pedestal of the secondary current (10.5 Apk)
0.50
0.00
−0.50
−1.00
−1.50
0
Co = output capacitance (3000 m total)
esr = output capacitor equivalent series resistance (0.015_)
45
90
DEGREES (°)
135
180
Figure 6. Output Ripple Envelope
dt = Toff (3.92 m)
13.38 ) 10.5
2
DV +
· 3.92
3000
Hold−Up Time
(eq. 10)
If the secondary output voltage is used for a distributed
bus, the designer may elect to size the output capacitor for
hold−up times, versus ripple. If so the output capacitors can
be calculated by:
_V + 0.0156 V
Solving eq. 7 the high frequency ripple component on the
output is:
DV + Ǹ0.01562 ) 0.202 + 0.20 V
(eq. 11)
Co +
The low frequency portion of the ripple:
DV +
(eq. 12)
90
Ipk +
+ 2.95 A
48 · 0.637
Co +
Po
0.637 · Vo sin q
482 * 362
+ 3000 mF
(eq. 16)
The NCP1651 internally provides all of the necessary
features that are typically seen in a PFC controller, plus some
features not normally found. For example the NCP1651 has
a high voltage start−up circuit, which allows the designer to
connect pin 16 of the NCP1651 directly to the high voltage
DC bus, eliminating bulky and expensive start−up circuitry.
After power is applied to the circuit, a high voltage FET
is biased as a current source to provide current for start−up
power. The high voltage start−up circuit is enabled and
current is drawn from the rectified AC line to charge the VCC
cap. When the voltage on the VCC cap reaches the turn on
point for the UVLO circuit (10.8 V nominally), the start−up
circuit is disabled, and the PWM circuit is enabled. With the
NCP1651 enabled the bias current increases from its
To calculate the total output voltage ripple:
Vripple total = eq. 7 + eq. 13.
DVripple total + ǸDVcap2 ) DVesr2
Po
0.637 · Vo sin q
2 · 90 · 16.67
NCP1651 Features
(eq. 13)
Co · 18 · fline
+
(eq. 15)
In the above calculations for output voltage ripple and
hold−up time, it is a coincidence that the same value of
output capacitance was selected in both cases.
If the output voltage ripple is divided into 10° increments
over one cycle (180°) the sinusoidal ripple voltage with
respect to phase angle is:
DV +
Vnom2 ) V min 2
where:
Pout = the maximum output power
th = the required hold−up time (we selected one cycle of the
line 60 Hz, 16.67 ms)
Vnom = the nominal 48 Vdc output
Vmin = 36 Vdc
Ipk · dt
Co
P
Iavg + o
Vo
Iavg
Ipk +
0.637
2 · Po · th
(eq. 14)
Co · 18 · fline
In Figure 6, the output voltage ripple as a function of
phase angle is plotted. The results show that as long as a
capacitor(s) with low esr are used, that the output voltage
ripple will be dominated by the low frequency ripple
(100 Hz or 120 Hz).
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AND8147/D
standby level to the operational level. A divide−by−eight
counter is preset to the count of 7, so that on start−up the chip
will not be operational on the first cycle. The second VCC
cycle the counter is advanced to 8, and the chip will be
allowed to start at this time. Refer to Figure 7.
7
7
VCC
8
1
2
3
7
8
7
7
7
8
10.8 V
9.8 V
STARTUP
ENABLE
OFF
ON
OUTPUT ENABLE
ENABLE
DIS
OUTPUT
CURRENT
FB/SD
MAX
0
0.5 V
0
SHUTDOWN
START−UP
CURRENT LIMIT
SHUTDOWN
START−UP
SEQUENCE
Figure 7.
The purpose of the divide−by−eight counter is to reduce
the power dissipation of the chip under overload conditions
and allow it to recycle indefinitely without overheating the
chip.
It is critical that the output voltage reaches a level that
allows the auxiliary voltage to remain above the UVLO
turn−off level before the VCC cap has discharged to 9.8 V
level. If the bias voltage generated by the inductor winding
fails to exceed the shutdown voltage before the capacitor
reduces to the UVLO under voltage turn−off level, the unit
will shut down and go into a divide−by−eight cycle, and will
never start. If this occurs, the VCC capacitor value should be
increased.
In addition to providing the initial charge on the VCC
capacitor, the start circuit also serves as a timer for the
start−up, overcurrent, and shutdown modes of operation.
Due to the nature of this circuit, this chip must be biased
using the start−up circuit and an auxiliary winding on the
power transformer. Attempting to operate this chip off of a
fixed voltage supply will not allow the chip to start.
In the shutdown mode, the VCC cycle is held in the 7 count
state until the shutdown signal is removed. This allows for
a repeatable, fast restart. See Figure 6 for the timing
diagram.
The unit will remain operational as long as the VCC
voltage remains above the UVLO under voltage trip point.
If the VCC voltage is reduced to the under voltage trip point,
operation of the unit will be disabled, the start−up circuit will
again be enabled, and will charge the VCC capacitor up to the
turn on voltage level. At this point the start−up circuit will
turn off and the unit will remain in the shutdown mode. This
will continue for the next seven cycles. On the eighth cycle,
the NPC1651 will again become operational. If the VCC
voltage remains above the undervoltage trip point the unit
will continue to operate, if not the unit will begin another
divide−by−eight cycle.
CONCLUSION
It will ultimately be up to the designer to perform a
trade−off study to determine which topology, Boost versus
flyback, Continuous versus Discontinuous Mode of
operation will meet all the system performance
requirements. But the recent introduction of the NCP1651
allows the system designer an additional option yielding a
less expensive, smaller solution.
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R8
680
2
1
L2
L1
1
2
J1
Input
6
R11
11 AC cmp
16 Start−up
NCP1651
VCC
10 ACref
9 ACin
5
1st
Lavg 7
Ct 3
Ramp 4
GND 2
C6
C12
0.1 mF
1
Out
littr 8
C3
12
13
Vref
0.68 mF
U1
C27
8 FB/SD
D7
1N4006
C16
2.2 mF
180 k
R2
C26
1.2 mF
D4
1N4006
D3
1N4006
D2
1N4006
C13
2.2 mF
R1 10
D6
MUR160
R34
20 k
R5
0.12
Q1
C25
0.001 mF
T3
R24
2.2 k
R33
40.4 k
D5
MUR1620CT
C21
220 mF
D8
BAS19LT1
4
1
1
+
−
R22
1k
6
5
7
U4
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470 pF
R7 11.2 k
470 pF
R4 35 k
C11
0.001 mF
C10
0.001 mF
C8
0.022 mF
C9
0.022 mF
Figure 8. CCM Application Schematic
2
1
R28
3.3 k
C17
2 mF
MC3303
U3B
C23
1500 mF
D13
AZ23CK18
C22
1500 mF
2
3
3
4
R21
2k
C19
0.01 mF
R27
7.5 k
C20
0.1 mF
TL431
U2
R20
2k
J2
R9
3.6 k
R3
180 k
F1
D1
1N4006
AND8147/D
1 2
Output
AND8147/D
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