ATmega8HVA/16HVA - Preliminary

Features
• High Performance, Low Power AVR® 8-bit Microcontroller
• Advanced RISC Architecture
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
– 131 Powerful Instructions - Most Single Clock Cycle Execution
– 32 x 8 General Purpose Working Registers
– Fully Static Operation
– Up to 4 MIPS Throughput at 4 MHz
High Endurance Non-volatile Memorie segments
– 8K/16K Bytes of In-System Self-Programmable Flash Program
Memory(ATmega8HVA/16HVA)
– 256 Bytes EEPROM
– 512 Bytes Internal SRAM
– Write/Erase cycles: 10,000 Flash/100,000 EEPROM
– Data Retention: 20 years at 85°C /100 years at 25°C(1)
– Programming Lock for Software Security
Battery Management Features
– One or Two Cells in Series
– Over-current Protection (Charge and Discharge)
– Short-circuit Protection (Discharge)
– High Voltage Outputs to Drive N-Channel Charge/Discharge FETs
Peripheral Features
– Two configurable 8- or 16-bit Timers with Separate Prescaler, Optional Input
Capture (IC), Compare Mode and CTC
– SPI - Serial Programmable Interface
– 12-bit Voltage ADC, Four External and One Internal ADC Inputs
– High Resolution Coulomb Counter ADC for Current Measurements
– Programmable Watchdog Timer
Special Microcontroller Features
– debugWIRE On-chip Debug System
– In-System Programmable via SPI ports
– Power-on Reset
– On-chip Voltage Regulator with Short-circuit Monitoring Interface
– External and Internal Interrupt Sources
– Sleep Modes:
Idle, ADC Noise Reduction, Power-save, and Power-off
Additional Secure Authentication Features available only under NDA
Packages
– 36-pad LGA
– 28-lead TSOP
Operating Voltage: 1.8 - 9V
Maximum Withstand Voltage (High-voltage pins): 28V
Temperature Range: - 20°C to 85°C
Speed Grade: 1-4 MHz
8-bit
Microcontroller
with 8K/16K
Bytes In-System
Programmable
Flash
ATmega8HVA
ATmega16HVA
Preliminary
8024A–AVR–04/08
1. Pin Configurations
1.1
LGA
Figure 1-1.
LGA - Pinout ATmega8HVA/16HVA
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
A
B
C
D
E
Figure 1-2.
2
LGA - pinout ATmega8HVA/16HVA
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
A
DNC
PV2
PV1
NV
GND
OC
OD
DNC
B
CF2P
CF2N
VFET
CF1P
GND
PC0
DNC
GND
C
VREF
VREFGND
VREG
CF1N
VCC
GND
GND
BATT
D
PI
NI
GND
GND
GND
PB2
PB3
GND
E
DNC
DNC
PA1
PA0
PB1
PB0
RESET
DNC
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ATmega8HVA/16HVA
1.2
TSOP
Figure 1-3.
1.3
1.3.1
TSOP - pinout ATmega8HVA/16HVA
PV2
1
28
OD
PV1
2
27
OC
NV
3
26
GND
GND
4
25
BATT
VFET
5
24
PC0 (RXD/TXD/INT0)
CF1P
6
23
VCC
CF1N
7
22
GND
CF2P
8
21
PB3 (MISO/INT2)
CF2N
9
20
PB2 (MOSI/INT1)
VREG
10
19
PB1 (SCK)
VREF
11
18
PB0 (SS/CKOUT)
VREFGND
12
17
PA2 (RESET/dW)
PI
13
16
PA1 (ADC1/SGND/T1)
NI
14
15
PA0 (ADC0/SGND/T0)
Pin Descriptions
VFET
Input to the internal voltage regulator.
1.3.2
VCC
Digital supply voltage. Normally connected to VREG.
1.3.3
VREG
Output from the internal voltage regulator.
1.3.4
CF1P/CF1N/CF2P/CF2N
CF1P/CF1N/CF2P/CF2N are the connection pins for connecting external fly capacitors to the
step-up regulator.
1.3.5
VREF
Internal Voltage Reference for external decoupling.
1.3.6
VREFGND
Ground for decoupling of Internal Voltage Reference. Do not connect to GND or SGND on PCB.
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1.3.7
GND
Ground
1.3.8
Port A (PA1..PA0)
Port A serves as a low-voltage 2-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up resistors (selected
for each bit). As inputs, Port A pins that are externally pulled low will source current if the pull-up
resistors are activated. The Port A pins are tri-stated when a reset condition becomes active,
even if the clock is not running.
Port A also serves the functions of various special features of the ATmega8HVA/16HVA as
listed in ”Alternate Functions of Port A” on page 70.
1.3.9
Port B (PB3..PB0)
Port B is a low-voltage 4-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up resistors (selected for
each bit). As inputs, Port B pins that are externally pulled low will source current if the pull-up
resistors are activated. The Port B pins are tri-stated when a reset condition becomes active,
even if the clock is not running.
Port B also serves the functions of various special features of the ATmega8HVA/16HVA as
listed in ”Alternate Functions of Port B” on page 71.
1.3.10
PC0
Port C serves the functions of various special features of the ATmega8HVA/16HVA as listed in
”Alternate Functions of Port C” on page 61.
1.3.11
OC
High voltage output to drive Charge FET.
1.3.12
OD
High voltage output to drive Discharge FET.
1.3.13
NI
NI is the filtered negative input from the current sense resistor.
1.3.14
PI
PI is the filtered positive input from the current sense resistor.
1.3.15
NV/PV1/PV2
NV, PV1, and PV2 are the inputs for battery cells 1 and 2.
1.3.16
BATT
Input for detecting when a charger is connected.
1.3.17
RESET/dw
Reset input. A low level on this pin for longer than the minimum pulse length will generate a
reset, even if the clock is not running. The minimum pulse length is given in Table 11 on page
38. Shorter pulses are not guaranteed to generate a reset. This pin is also used as debugWIRE
communication pin.
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2. Overview
The ATmega8HVA/16HVA is a monitoring and protection circuit for 1-cell and 2-cell Li-ion applications with focus on high security/authentication, accurate monitoring, low cost and high
utilization of the cell energy. The device contains secure authentication features as well as
autonomous battery protection during charging and discharging. The chip allows very accurate
accumulated current measurements using an 18-bit ADC with a resolution of 0.84 µV. The feature set makes the ATmega8HVA/16HVA a key component in any system focusing on high
security, battery protection, accurate monitoring, high system utilization and low cost.
Figure 2-1.
Block Diagram
PB3..0
PC0
PB0
Oscillator
Circuits /
Clock
Generation
Oscillator
Sampling
Interface
Watchdog
Oscillator
VCC
PORTB (4)
SPI
Flash
Power
Supervision
POR &
RESET
8/16-bit T/C0
Battery
Protection
8/16-bit T/C1
Voltage
ADC
SRAM
VPTAT
EEPROM
CPU
GND
Charger
Detect
VFET
VREG
PV2
PV1
NV
debugWIRE
Security
Module
BATT
OC
OD
FET
Control
Program
Logic
Watchdog
Timer
RESET/dW
PORTC (1)
Voltage
Reference
Coulumb
Counter ADC
VREF
VREFGND
PI
NI
DATA BUS
Voltage Regulator
Monitor Interface
Voltage
Regulator
PORTA (2)
PA1..0
CF1N
CF2N
CF1P
PA1..0
CF2P
A combined step-up and linear voltage regulator ensures that the chip can operate with supply
voltages as low as 1.8V for 1-cell applications. The regulator automatically switches to linear
mode when the input voltage is sufficiently high, thereby ensuring a minimum power consumption at all times. For 2-cell applications, only linear regulation is enabled. The regulator
capabilities, combined with an extremely low power consumption in the power saving modes,
greatly enhances the cell energy utilization compared to existing solutions.
The chip utilizes Atmel's patented Deep Under-voltage Recovery (DUVR) mode that supports
pre-charging of deeply discharged battery cells without using a separate Pre-charge FET.
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The ATmega8HVA/16HVA contains a 12-bit ADC that can be used to measure the voltage of
each cell individually. The ADC can also be used to monitor temperature, either on-chip temperature using the built-in temperature sensor, external temperature using thermistors connected to
dedicated ADC inputs. The ATmega8HVA/16HVA contains a high-voltage tolerant, open-drain
IO pin that supports serial communication. Programming can be done in-system using the 4
General Purpose IO ports that support SPI programming.
The AVR core combines a rich instruction set with 32 general purpose working registers. All the
32 registers are directly connected to the Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU), allowing two independent
registers to be accessed in one single instruction executed in one clock cycle. The resulting
architecture is more code efficient while achieving throughputs up to ten times faster than conventional CISC microcontrollers.
The MCU includes 8K/16K bytes of In-System Programmable Flash with Read-While-Write
capabilities, 256 bytes EEPROM, 512 bytes SRAM, 32 general purpose working registers, 6
general purpose I/O lines, debugWIRE for On-chip debugging and SPI for In-system Programming, two flexible Timer/Counters with Input Capture and compare modes, internal and external
interrupts, a 12-bit Sigma Delta ADC for voltage and temperature measurements, a high resolution Sigma Delta ADC for Coulomb Counting and instantaneous current measurements,
Additional Secure Authentication Features, an authonomous Battery Protection module, a programmable Watchdog Timer with wake-up capabilities, and software selectable power saving
modes.
The AVR core combines a rich instruction set with 32 general purpose working registers. All the
32 registers are directly connected to the Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU), allowing two indepdent
registers to be accessed in one single instruction executed in one clock cycle. The resulting
architecture is more code efficient while achieving throughputs up to ten times faster than conventional CISC microcontrollers.
The device is manufactured using Atmel’s high voltage high density non-volatile memory technology. The On-chip ISP Flash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed In-System,
through an SPI serial interface, by a conventional non-volatile memory programmer or by an Onchip Boot program running on the AVR core. By combining an 8-bit RISC CPU with In-System
Self-Programmable Flash, fuel gauging ADCs, dedicated battery protection circuitry, and a voltage regulator on a monolithic chip, the ATmega8HVA/16HVA is a powerful microcontroller that
provides a highly flexible and cost effective solution for Li-ion Smart Battery applications.
The ATmega8HVA/16HVA AVR is supported with a full suite of program and system development tools including: C Compilers, Macro Assemblers, Program Debugger/Simulators, and Onchip Debugger.
The ATmega8HVA/16HVA is a low-power CMOS 8-bit microcontroller based on the AVR architecture. It is part of the AVR Smart Battery family that provides secure authentication, highly
accurate monitoring and autonomous protection for Lithium-ion battery cells.
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2.1
Comparison Between ATmega8HVA and ATmega16HVA
The ATmega8HVA and ATmega16HVA differ only in memory size and interrupt vector size.
Table 2-1 summarizes the different configuration for the two devices.
Table 2-1.
Configuration summary
Device
Flash
Interrupt vector size
ATmega8HVA
8K
1 Word
ATmega16HVA
16K
2 Word
3. Disclaimer
All Min, Typ and Max values contained in this datasheet are preliminary estimates based on simulations and characterization of other AVR microcontrollers manufactured on the same process
technology. Final values will be available after the device is characterized.
4. Resources
A comprehensive set of development tools, application notes and datasheets are available for
download on http://www.atmel.com/avr.
Note:
1.
5. Data Retention
Reliability Qualification results show that the projected data retention failure rate is much less
than 1 PPM over 20 years at 85°C or 100 years at 25°C.
6. About Code Examples
This documentation contains simple code examples that briefly show how to use various parts of
the device. These code examples assume that the part specific header file is included before
compilation. Be aware that not all C compiler vendors include bit definitions in the header files
and interrupt handling in C is compiler dependent. Please confirm with the C compiler documentation for more details.
For I/O registers located in extended I/O map, “IN”, “OUT”, “SBIS”, “SBIC”, “CBI”, and “SBI”
instructions must be replaced with instructions that allow access to extended I/O. Typically
“LDS” and “STS” combined with “SBRS”, “SBRC”, “SBR”, and “CBR”.
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7. AVR CPU Core
7.1
Overview
This section discusses the AVR core architecture in general. The main function of the CPU core
is to ensure correct program execution. The CPU must therefore be able to access memories,
perform calculations, control peripherals, and handle interrupts.
Figure 7-1.
Block Diagram of the AVR Architecture
Data Bus 8-bit
Flash
Program
Memory
Program
Counter
Status
and Control
32 x 8
General
Purpose
Registrers
Control Lines
Direct Addressing
Instruction
Decoder
Indirect Addressing
Instruction
Register
Interrupt
Unit
Watchdog
Timer
ALU
I/O Module1
I/O Module 2
Data
SRAM
I/O Module n
EEPROM
I/O Lines
In order to maximize performance and parallelism, the AVR uses a Harvard architecture – with
separate memories and buses for program and data. Instructions in the program memory are
executed with a single level pipelining. While one instruction is being executed, the next instruction is pre-fetched from the program memory. This concept enables instructions to be executed
in every clock cycle. The program memory is In-System Reprogrammable Flash memory.
The fast-access Register File contains 32 x 8-bit general purpose working registers with a single
clock cycle access time. This allows single-cycle Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) operation. In a typ-
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ATmega8HVA/16HVA
ical ALU operation, two operands are output from the Register File, the operation is executed,
and the result is stored back in the Register File – in one clock cycle.
Six of the 32 registers can be used as three 16-bit indirect address register pointers for Data
Space addressing – enabling efficient address calculations. One of the these address pointers
can also be used as an address pointer for look up tables in Flash program memory. These
added function registers are the 16-bit X-, Y-, and Z-register, described later in this section.
The ALU supports arithmetic and logic operations between registers or between a constant and
a register. Single register operations can also be executed in the ALU. After an arithmetic operation, the Status Register is updated to reflect information about the result of the operation.
Program flow is provided by conditional and unconditional jump and call instructions, able to
directly address the whole address space. Most AVR instructions have a single 16-bit word format. Every program memory address contains a 16- or 32-bit instruction.
During interrupts and subroutine calls, the return address Program Counter (PC) is stored on the
Stack. The Stack is effectively allocated in the general data SRAM, and consequently the Stack
size is only limited by the total SRAM size and the usage of the SRAM. All user programs must
initialize the SP in the Reset routine (before subroutines or interrupts are executed). The Stack
Pointer (SP) is read/write accessible in the I/O space. The data SRAM can easily be accessed
through the five different addressing modes supported in the AVR architecture.
The memory spaces in the AVR architecture are all linear and regular memory maps.
A flexible interrupt module has its control registers in the I/O space with an additional Global
Interrupt Enable bit in the Status Register. All interrupts have a separate Interrupt Vector in the
Interrupt Vector table. The interrupts have priority in accordance with their Interrupt Vector position. The lower the Interrupt Vector address, the higher the priority.
The I/O memory space contains 64 addresses for CPU peripheral functions as Control Registers, SPI, and other I/O functions. The I/O Memory can be accessed directly, or as the Data
Space locations following those of the Register File, 0x20 - 0x5F. In addition, the
ATmega8HVA/16HVA has Extended I/O space from 0x60 - 0xFF in SRAM where only the
ST/STS/STD and LD/LDS/LDD instructions can be used.
7.2
ALU – Arithmetic Logic Unit
The high-performance AVR ALU operates in direct connection with all the 32 general purpose
working registers. Within a single clock cycle, arithmetic operations between general purpose
registers or between a register and an immediate are executed. The ALU operations are divided
into three main categories – arithmetic, logical, and bit-functions. Some implementations of the
architecture also provide a powerful multiplier supporting both signed/unsigned multiplication
and fractional format. See the “Instruction Set” section for a detailed description.
7.3
Status Register
The Status Register contains information about the result of the most recently executed arithmetic instruction. This information can be used for altering program flow in order to perform
conditional operations. Note that the Status Register is updated after all ALU operations, as
specified in the Instruction Set Reference. This will in many cases remove the need for using the
dedicated compare instructions, resulting in faster and more compact code.
The Status Register is not automatically stored when entering an interrupt routine and restored
when returning from an interrupt. This must be handled by software.
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7.3.1
SREG – AVR Status Register
Bit
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
0x3F (0x5F)
I
T
H
S
V
N
Z
C
Read/Write
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
SREG
• Bit 7 – I: Global Interrupt Enable
The Global Interrupt Enable bit must be set for the interrupts to be enabled. The individual interrupt enable control is then performed in separate control registers. If the Global Interrupt Enable
Register is cleared, none of the interrupts are enabled independent of the individual interrupt
enable settings. The I-bit is cleared by hardware after an interrupt has occurred, and is set by
the RETI instruction to enable subsequent interrupts. The I-bit can also be set and cleared by
the application with the SEI and CLI instructions, as described in the instruction set reference.
• Bit 6 – T: Bit Copy Storage
The Bit Copy instructions BLD (Bit LoaD) and BST (Bit STore) use the T-bit as source or destination for the operated bit. A bit from a register in the Register File can be copied into T by the
BST instruction, and a bit in T can be copied into a bit in a register in the Register File by the
BLD instruction.
• Bit 5 – H: Half Carry Flag
The Half Carry Flag H indicates a Half Carry in some arithmetic operations. Half Carry Is useful
in BCD arithmetic. See the “Instruction Set Description” for detailed information.
• Bit 4 – S: Sign Bit, S = N ⊕ V
The S-bit is always an exclusive or between the negative flag N and the Two’s Complement
Overflow Flag V. See the “Instruction Set Description” for detailed information.
• Bit 3 – V: Two’s Complement Overflow Flag
The Two’s Complement Overflow Flag V supports two’s complement arithmetics. See the
“Instruction Set Description” for detailed information.
• Bit 2 – N: Negative Flag
The Negative Flag N indicates a negative result in an arithmetic or logic operation. See the
“Instruction Set Description” for detailed information.
• Bit 1 – Z: Zero Flag
The Zero Flag Z indicates a zero result in an arithmetic or logic operation. See the “Instruction
Set Description” for detailed information.
• Bit 0 – C: Carry Flag
The Carry Flag C indicates a carry in an arithmetic or logic operation. See the “Instruction Set
Description” for detailed information.
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7.4
General Purpose Register File
The Register File is optimized for the AVR Enhanced RISC instruction set. In order to achieve
the required performance and flexibility, the following input/output schemes are supported by the
Register File:
• One 8-bit output operand and one 8-bit result input
• Two 8-bit output operands and one 8-bit result input
• Two 8-bit output operands and one 16-bit result input
• One 16-bit output operand and one 16-bit result input
Figure 7-2 shows the structure of the 32 general purpose working registers in the CPU.
Figure 7-2.
AVR CPU General Purpose Working Registers
7
0
Addr.
R0
0x00
R1
0x01
R2
0x02
…
R13
0x0D
General
R14
0x0E
Purpose
R15
0x0F
Working
R16
0x10
Registers
R17
0x11
…
R26
0x1A
X-register Low Byte
R27
0x1B
X-register High Byte
R28
0x1C
Y-register Low Byte
R29
0x1D
Y-register High Byte
R30
0x1E
Z-register Low Byte
R31
0x1F
Z-register High Byte
Most of the instructions operating on the Register File have direct access to all registers, and
most of them are single cycle instructions.
As shown in Figure 7-2, each register is also assigned a data memory address, mapping them
directly into the first 32 locations of the user Data Space. Although not being physically implemented as SRAM locations, this memory organization provides great flexibility in access of the
registers, as the X-, Y- and Z-pointer registers can be set to index any register in the file.
7.4.1
The X-register, Y-register, and Z-register
The registers R26..R31 have some added functions to their general purpose usage. These registers are 16-bit address pointers for indirect addressing of the data space. The three indirect
address registers X, Y, and Z are defined as described in Figure 7-3 on page 12.
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Figure 7-3.
The X-, Y-, and Z-registers
15
X-register
XH
XL
7
0
R27 (0x1B)
YH
YL
7
0
R29 (0x1D)
Z-register
0
R26 (0x1A)
15
Y-register
0
7
0
7
0
R28 (0x1C)
15
ZH
7
0
ZL
7
R31 (0x1F)
0
0
R30 (0x1E)
In the different addressing modes these address registers have functions as fixed displacement,
automatic increment, and automatic decrement (see the instruction set reference for details).
7.5
Stack Pointer
The Stack is mainly used for storing temporary data, for storing local variables and for storing
return addresses after interrupts and subroutine calls. The Stack Pointer Register always points
to the top of the Stack. Note that the Stack is implemented as growing from higher memory locations to lower memory locations. This implies that a Stack PUSH command decreases the Stack
Pointer.
The Stack Pointer points to the data SRAM Stack area where the Subroutine and Interrupt
Stacks are located. This Stack space in the data SRAM must be defined by the program before
any subroutine calls are executed or interrupts are enabled. The Stack Pointer must be set to
point above 0x100. The Stack Pointer is decremented by one when data is pushed onto the
Stack with the PUSH instruction, and it is decremented by two when the return address is
pushed onto the Stack with subroutine call or interrupt. The Stack Pointer is incremented by one
when data is popped from the Stack with the POP instruction, and it is incremented by two when
data is popped from the Stack with return from subroutine RET or return from interrupt RETI.
The AVR Stack Pointer is implemented as two 8-bit registers in the I/O space. The number of
bits actually used is implementation dependent. Note that the data space in some implementations of the AVR architecture is so small that only SPL is needed. In this case, the SPH Register
will not be present.
7.5.1
SPH and SPL – Stack Pointer High and Stack Pointer Low
Bit
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
0x3E (0x5E)
SP15
SP14
SP13
SP12
SP11
SP10
SP9
SP8
SPH
0x3D (0x5D)
SP7
SP6
SP5
SP4
SP3
SP2
SP1
SP0
SPL
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Read/Write
Initial Value
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7.6
Instruction Execution Timing
This section describes the general access timing concepts for instruction execution. The AVR
CPU is driven by the CPU clock clkCPU, directly generated from the selected clock source for the
chip. No internal clock division is used.
Figure 7-4 shows the parallel instruction fetches and instruction executions enabled by the Harvard architecture and the fast-access Register File concept. This is the basic pipelining concept
to obtain up to 1 MIPS per MHz with the corresponding unique results for functions per cost,
functions per clocks, and functions per power-unit.
Figure 7-4.
The Parallel Instruction Fetches and Instruction Executions
T1
T2
T3
T4
clkCPU
1st Instruction Fetch
1st Instruction Execute
2nd Instruction Fetch
2nd Instruction Execute
3rd Instruction Fetch
3rd Instruction Execute
4th Instruction Fetch
Figure 7-5 shows the internal timing concept for the Register File. In a single clock cycle an ALU
operation using two register operands is executed, and the result is stored back to the destination register.
Figure 7-5.
Single Cycle ALU Operation
T1
T2
T3
T4
clkCPU
Total Execution Time
Register Operands Fetch
ALU Operation Execute
Result Write Back
7.7
Reset and Interrupt Handling
The AVR provides several different interrupt sources. These interrupts and the separate Reset
Vector each have a separate program vector in the program memory space. All interrupts are
assigned individual enable bits which must be written logic one together with the Global Interrupt
Enable bit in the Status Register in order to enable the interrupt.
The lowest addresses in the program memory space are by default defined as the Reset and
Interrupt Vectors. The complete list of vectors is shown in ”Interrupts” on page 52. The list also
determines the priority levels of the different interrupts. The lower the address the higher is the
priority level. RESET has the highest priority.
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When an interrupt occurs, the Global Interrupt Enable I-bit is cleared and all interrupts are disabled. The user software can write logic one to the I-bit to enable nested interrupts. All enabled
interrupts can then interrupt the current interrupt routine. The I-bit is automatically set when a
Return from Interrupt instruction – RETI – is executed.
There are basically two types of interrupts. The first type is triggered by an event that sets the
interrupt flag. For these interrupts, the Program Counter is vectored to the actual Interrupt Vector
in order to execute the interrupt handling routine, and hardware clears the corresponding interrupt flag. Interrupt flags can also be cleared by writing a logic one to the flag bit position(s) to be
cleared. If an interrupt condition occurs while the corresponding interrupt enable bit is cleared,
the interrupt flag will be set and remembered until the interrupt is enabled, or the flag is cleared
by software. Similarly, if one or more interrupt conditions occur while the Global Interrupt Enable
bit is cleared, the corresponding interrupt flag(s) will be set and remembered until the Global
Interrupt Enable bit is set, and will then be executed by order of priority.
The second type of interrupts will trigger as long as the interrupt condition is present. These
interrupts do not necessarily have interrupt flags. If the interrupt condition disappears before the
interrupt is enabled, the interrupt will not be triggered.
When the AVR exits from an interrupt, it will always return to the main program and execute one
more instruction before any pending interrupt is served.
Note that the Status Register is not automatically stored when entering an interrupt routine, nor
restored when returning from an interrupt routine. This must be handled by software.
When using the CLI instruction to disable interrupts, the interrupts will be immediately disabled.
No interrupt will be executed after the CLI instruction, even if it occurs simultaneously with the
CLI instruction. The following example shows how this can be used to avoid interrupts during the
timed EEPROM write sequence.
Assembly Code Example
in r16, SREG
cli
; store SREG value
; disable interrupts during timed sequence
sbi EECR, EEMPE
; start EEPROM write
sbi EECR, EEPE
out SREG, r16
; restore SREG value (I-bit)
C Code Example
char cSREG;
cSREG = SREG; /* store SREG value */
/* disable interrupts during timed sequence */
_CLI();
EECR |= (1<<EEMPE); /* start EEPROM write */
EECR |= (1<<EEPE);
SREG = cSREG; /* restore SREG value (I-bit) */
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When using the SEI instruction to enable interrupts, the instruction following SEI will be executed before any pending interrupts, as shown in this example.
Assembly Code Example
sei
; set Global Interrupt Enable
sleep; enter sleep, waiting for interrupt
; note: will enter sleep before any pending
; interrupt(s)
C Code Example
_SEI(); /* set Global Interrupt Enable */
_SLEEP(); /* enter sleep, waiting for interrupt */
/* note: will enter sleep before any pending interrupt(s) */
7.7.1
Interrupt Response Time
The interrupt execution response for all the enabled AVR interrupts is four clock cycles minimum. After four clock cycles the program vector address for the actual interrupt handling routine
is executed. During this four clock cycle period, the Program Counter is pushed onto the Stack.
The vector is normally a jump to the interrupt routine, and this jump takes three clock cycles. If
an interrupt occurs during execution of a multi-cycle instruction, this instruction is completed
before the interrupt is served. If an interrupt occurs when the MCU is in sleep mode, the interrupt
execution response time is increased by four clock cycles. This increase comes in addition to the
start-up time from the selected sleep mode.
A return from an interrupt handling routine takes four clock cycles. During these four clock
cycles, the Program Counter (two bytes) is popped back from the Stack, the Stack Pointer is
incremented by two, and the I-bit in SREG is set.
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8. AVR Memories
8.1
Overview
This section describes the different memories in the ATmega8HVA/16HVA. The AVR architecture has two main memory spaces, the Data Memory and the Program Memory space. In
addition, the ATmega8HVA/16HVA features an EEPROM Memory for data storage. All three
memory spaces are linear and regular.
8.2
In-System Reprogrammable Flash Program Memory
The ATmega8HVA/16HVA contains 8K/16K bytes On-chip In-System Reprogrammable Flash
memory for program storage. Since all AVR instructions are 16 or 32 bits wide, the Flash is organized as 4K/8K x 16.
The Flash memory has an endurance of at least 10,000 write/erase cycles. The
ATmega8HVA/16HVA Program Counter (PC) is 12/13 bits wide, thus addressing the 4K/8K program memory locations. ”Memory Programming” on page 149 contains a detailed description on
Flash data serial programming.
Constant tables can be allocated within the entire program memory address space (see the LPM
– Load Program Memory instruction description).
Timing diagrams for instruction fetch and execution are presented in ”Instruction Execution Timing” on page 13.
Figure 8-1.
Program Memory Map
Program Memory, organized as 4K/8K x 16 bits
0x0000
0x0FFF/0x1FFF
8.3
SRAM Data Memory
Figure 8-2 on page 17 shows how the ATmega8HVA/16HVA SRAM Memory is organized.
The ATmega8HVA/16HVA is a complex microcontroller with more peripheral units than can be
supported within the 64 locations reserved in the Opcode for the IN and OUT instructions. For
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the Extended I/O space from 0x60 - 0xFF in SRAM, only the ST/STS/STD and LD/LDS/LDD
instructions can be used.
The lower 768 data memory locations address both the Register File, the I/O memory, Extended
I/O memory, and the internal data SRAM. The first 32 locations address the Register File, the
next 64 location the standard I/O memory, then 160 locations of Extended I/O memory, and the
next 512 locations address the internal data SRAM.
The five different addressing modes for the data memory cover: Direct, Indirect with Displacement, Indirect, Indirect with Pre-decrement, and Indirect with Post-increment. In the Register
File, registers R26 to R31 feature the indirect addressing pointer registers.
The direct addressing reaches the entire data space.
The Indirect with Displacement mode reaches 63 address locations from the base address given
by the Y- or Z-register.
When using register indirect addressing modes with automatic pre-decrement and post-increment, the address registers X, Y, and Z are decremented or incremented.
The 32 general purpose working registers, 64 I/O Registers, 160 Extended I/O Registers, and
the 512 bytes of internal data SRAM in the ATmega8HVA/16HVA are all accessible through all
these addressing modes. The Register File is described in ”General Purpose Register File” on
page 11.
Figure 8-2.
Data Memory Map
Data Memory
32 Registers
64 I/O Registers
160 Ext I/O Reg.
0x0000 - 0x001F
0x0020 - 0x005F
0x0060 - 0x00FF
0x0100
Internal SRAM
(512 x 8)
0x02FF
8.3.1
Data Memory Access Times
This section describes the general access timing concepts for internal memory access. The
internal data SRAM access is performed in two clkCPU cycles as described in Figure 8-3.
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Figure 8-3.
On-chip Data SRAM Access Cycles
T1
T2
T3
clkCPU
Address
Compute Address
Address valid
Write
Data
WR
Read
Data
RD
Memory Access Instruction
8.4
Next Instruction
EEPROM Data Memory
The ATmega8HVA/16HVA contains 256 bytes of data EEPROM memory. It is organized as a
separate data space, in which single bytes can be read and written. The EEPROM has an
endurance of at least 100,000 write/erase cycles. The access between the EEPROM and the
CPU is described in the following, specifying the EEPROM Address Registers, the EEPROM
Data Register, and the EEPROM Control Register.
For a detailed description of EEPROM programming, see page 151 and page 156 respectively.
8.4.1
EEPROM Read/Write Access
The EEPROM Access Registers are accessible in the I/O space.
The write access time for the EEPROM is given in Table 8-1 on page 20. A self-timing function,
however, lets the user software detect when the next byte can be written. If the user code contains instructions that write the EEPROM, some precautions must be taken.
In order to prevent unintentional EEPROM writes, a specific write procedure must be followed.
Refer to the description of the EEPROM Control Register for details on this.
When the EEPROM is read, the CPU is halted for four clock cycles before the next instruction is
executed. When the EEPROM is written, the CPU is halted for two clock cycles before the next
instruction is executed.
8.5
I/O Memory
The I/O space definition of the ATmega8HVA/16HVA is shown in ”Register Summary” on page
175.
All ATmega8HVA/16HVA I/Os and peripherals are placed in the I/O space. All I/O locations may
be accessed by the LD/LDS/LDD and ST/STS/STD instructions, transferring data between the
32 general purpose working registers and the I/O space. I/O Registers within the address range
0x00 - 0x1F are directly bit-accessible using the SBI and CBI instructions. In these registers, the
value of single bits can be checked by using the SBIS and SBIC instructions. Refer to the
instruction set section for more details. When using the I/O specific commands IN and OUT, the
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I/O addresses 0x00 - 0x3F must be used. When addressing I/O Registers as data space using
LD and ST instructions, 0x20 must be added to these addresses. The ATmega8HVA/16HVA is a
complex microcontroller with more peripheral units than can be supported within the 64 location
reserved in Opcode for the IN and OUT instructions. For the Extended I/O space from 0x60 0xFF in SRAM, only the ST/STS/STD and LD/LDS/LDD instructions can be used.
For compatibility with future devices, reserved bits should be written to zero if accessed.
Reserved I/O memory addresses should never be written.
Some of the status flags are cleared by writing a logical one to them. Note that the CBI and SBI
instructions will only operate on the specified bit, and can therefore be used on registers containing such status flags. The CBI and SBI instructions work with registers 0x00 to 0x1F only.
The I/O and peripherals control registers are explained in later sections.
8.5.1
General Purpose I/O Registers
The ATmega8HVA/16HVA contains three General Purpose I/O Registers. These registers can
be used for storing any information, and they are particularly useful for storing global variables
and Status Flags. General Purpose I/O Registers within the address range 0x00 - 0x1F are
directly bit-accessible using the SBI, CBI, SBIS, and SBIC instructions.
8.6
8.6.1
Register Description
EEAR – The EEPROM Address Register
Bit
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
0x21 (0x41)
EEAR7
EEAR6
EEAR5
EEAR4
EEAR3
EEAR2
EEAR1
EEAR0
Read/Write
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
EEAR
• Bits 7:0 – EEAR7:0: EEPROM Address
The EEPROM Address Registers – EEAR specify the EEPROM address in the 256 bytes
EEPROM space. The EEPROM data bytes are addressed linearly between 0 and 255. The initial value of EEAR is undefined. A proper value must be written before the EEPROM may be
accessed.
8.6.2
EEDR – The EEPROM Data Register
Bit
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
0x20 (0x40)
MSB
LSB
Read/Write
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
EEDR
• Bits 7:0 – EEDR7:0: EEPROM Data
For the EEPROM write operation, the EEDR Register contains the data to be written to the
EEPROM in the address given by the EEAR Register. For the EEPROM read operation, the
EEDR contains the data read out from the EEPROM at the address given by EEAR.
8.6.3
EECR – The EEPROM Control Register
Bit
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
0x1F (0x3F)
–
–
EEPM1
EEPM0
EERIE
EEMPE
EEPE
EERE
Read/Write
R
R
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
0
0
X
X
0
0
X
0
EECR
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• Bits 7:6 – Res: Reserved Bits
These bits are reserved bits in the ATmega8HVA/16HVA and will always read as zero.
• Bits 5, 4 – EEPM1 and EEPM0: EEPROM Programming Mode Bits
The EEPROM Programming mode bit setting defines which programming action that will be triggered when writing EEPE. It is possible to program data in one atomic operation (erase the old
value and program the new value) or to split the Erase and Write operations in two different
operations. The Programming times for the different modes are shown in Table 8-1. While EEPE
is set, any write to EEPMn will be ignored. During reset, the EEPMn bits will be reset to 0b00
unless the EEPROM is busy programming.
Table 8-1.
EEPROM Mode Bits
EEPM1
EEPM0
Typ Programming Time,
fOSC = 4.0 MHz
0
0
3.4 ms
Erase and Write in one operation
(Atomic Operation)
0
1
1.8 ms
Erase Only
1
0
1.8 ms
Write Only
1
1
–
Operation
Reserved for future use
• Bit 3 – EERIE: EEPROM Ready Interrupt Enable
Writing EERIE to one enables the EEPROM Ready Interrupt if the I bit in SREG is set. Writing
EERIE to zero disables the interrupt. The EEPROM Ready interrupt generates a constant interrupt when EEPE is cleared.
• Bit 2 – EEMPE: EEPROM Master Write Enable
The EEMPE bit determines whether setting EEPE to one causes the EEPROM to be written.
When EEMPE is set, setting EEPE within four clock cycles will write data to the EEPROM at the
selected address If EEMPE is zero, setting EEPE will have no effect. When EEMPE has been
written to one by software, hardware clears the bit to zero after four clock cycles. See the
description of the EEPE bit for an EEPROM write procedure.
• Bit 1 – EEPE: EEPROM Write Enable
The EEPROM Write Enable Signal EEPE is the write strobe to the EEPROM. When address
and data are correctly set up, the EEPE bit must be written to one to write the value into the
EEPROM. The EEMPE bit must be written to one before a logical one is written to EEPE, otherwise no EEPROM write takes place. The following procedure should be followed when writing
the EEPROM (the order of steps 2 and 3 is not essential):
1. Wait until EEPE becomes zero.
2. Write new EEPROM address to EEAR (optional).
3. Write new EEPROM data to EEDR (optional).
4. Write a logical one to the EEMPE bit while writing a zero to EEPE in EECR.
5. Within four clock cycles after setting EEMPE, write a logical one to EEPE.
Caution:
An interrupt between step 4 and step 5 will make the write cycle fail, since the EEPROM Master
Write Enable will time-out. If an interrupt routine accessing the EEPROM is interrupting another
EEPROM access, the EEAR or EEDR Register will be modified, causing the interrupted
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EEPROM access to fail. It is recommended to have the Global Interrupt Flag cleared during all
the steps to avoid these problems.
When the write access time has elapsed, the EEPE bit is cleared by hardware. The user software can poll this bit and wait for a zero before writing the next byte. When EEPE has been set,
the CPU is halted for two cycles before the next instruction is executed.
Caution:
A BOD reset during EEPROM write will invalidate the result of the ongoing operation.
• Bit 0 – EERE: EEPROM Read Enable
The EEPROM Read Enable Signal EERE is the read strobe to the EEPROM. When the correct
address is set up in the EEAR Register, the EERE bit must be written to a logic one to trigger the
EEPROM read. The EEPROM read access takes one instruction, and the requested data is
available immediately. When the EEPROM is read, the CPU is halted for four cycles before the
next instruction is executed.
The user should poll the EEPE bit before starting the read operation. If a write operation is in
progress, it is neither possible to read the EEPROM, nor to change the EEAR Register.
The calibrated Oscillator is used to time the EEPROM accesses and the programming time will
therefore depend on the calibrated oscillator frequency. Table 8-2 lists the typical programming
time for EEPROM access from the CPU.
Table 8-2.
EEPROM Programming Time
Symbol
EEPROM write
(from CPU)
Number of Calibrated RC
Oscillator Cycles
Typ Programming Time,
fOSC = 4.0 MHz
13 600
3.4 ms
The following code examples show one assembly and one C function for writing to the
EEPROM. The examples assume that interrupts are controlled (e.g. by disabling interrupts globally) so that no interrupts will occur during execution of these functions. The examples also
assume that no Flash Boot Loader is present in the software. If such code is present, the
EEPROM write function must also wait for any ongoing SPM command to finish.
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Assembly Code Example
EEPROM_write:
; Wait for completion of previous write
sbic EECR,EEPE
rjmp EEPROM_write
; Set up address (r17) in address register
out EEAR, r17
; Write data (r16) to data register
out EEDR,r16
; Write logical one to EEMPE
sbi EECR,EEMPE
; Start eeprom write by setting EEPE
sbi EECR,EEPE
ret
C Code Example
void EEPROM_write(unsigned int uiAddress, unsigned char ucData)
{
/* Wait for completion of previous write */
while(EECR & (1<<EEPE))
;
/* Set up address and data registers */
EEAR = uiAddress;
EEDR = ucData;
/* Write logical one to EEMPE */
EECR |= (1<<EEMPE);
/* Start eeprom write by setting EEPE */
EECR |= (1<<EEPE);
}
The next code examples show assembly and C functions for reading the EEPROM. The examples assume that interrupts are controlled so that no interrupts will occur during execution of
these functions.
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Assembly Code Example
EEPROM_read:
; Wait for completion of previous write
sbic EECR,EEPE
rjmp EEPROM_read
; Set up address (r17) in address register
out EEAR, r17
; Start eeprom read by writing EERE
sbi EECR,EERE
; Read data from data register
in
r16,EEDR
ret
C Code Example
unsigned char EEPROM_read(unsigned int uiAddress)
{
/* Wait for completion of previous write */
while(EECR & (1<<EEPE))
;
/* Set up address register */
EEAR = uiAddress;
/* Start eeprom read by writing EERE */
EECR |= (1<<EERE);
/* Return data from data register */
return EEDR;
}
8.6.4
GPIOR2 – General Purpose I/O Register 2
Bit
8.6.5
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
MSB
Read/Write
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
LSB
5
4
3
2
1
GPIOR2
GPIOR1 – General Purpose I/O Register 1
Bit
8.6.6
7
0x2B (0x4B)
7
6
0
0x2A (0x4A)
MSB
LSB
Read/Write
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
5
4
3
2
1
GPIOR1
GPIOR0 – General Purpose I/O Register 0
Bit
7
6
0
0x1E (0x3E)
MSB
LSB
Read/Write
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
GPIOR0
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9. System Clock and Clock Options
9.1
Clock Systems and their Distribution
Figure 9-1 presents the principal clock systems in the AVR and their distribution. All of the clocks
need not be active at a given time. In order to reduce power consumption, the clocks to modules
not being used can be halted by using different sleep modes, as described in ”Power Management and Sleep Modes” on page 34. The clock systems are detailed below.
Figure 9-1.
Clock Distribution
Coulomb Counter
ADC
CPU
CORE
RAM
Other I/O
Modules
clkVADC
VADC
Prescaler
clkCPU
Oscillator Sampling
Interface
Voltage
ADC
clkFLASH
clkCCADC
1/4
FLASH and
EEPROM
clkI/O
AVR
Clock Control
Watchdog Timer
Battery Protection
Reset Logic
System Clock
Prescaler
Slow RC
Oscillator
9.1.1
Ultra Low Power
RC Oscillator
Fast RC
Oscillator
CPU Clock – clkCPU
The CPU clock is routed to parts of the system concerned with operation of the AVR core.
Examples of such modules are the General Purpose Register File, the Status Register and the
data memory holding the Stack Pointer. Halting the CPU clock inhibits the core from performing
general operations and calculations.
9.1.2
I/O Clock – clkI/O
The I/O clock is used by the majority of the I/O modules. The I/O clock is also used by the External Interrupt module, but note that some external interrupts are detected by asynchronous logic,
allowing such interrupts to be detected even if the I/O clock is halted.
9.1.3
Flash Clock – clkFLASH
The Flash clock controls operation of the Flash interface. The Flash clock is usually active simultaneously with the CPU clock.
9.1.4
Voltage ADC Clock – clkVADC
The Voltage ADC is provided with a dedicated clock domain. The VADC clock is automatically
prescaled relative to the System Clock Prescalers setting by the VADC Prescaler, giving a fixed
VADC clock at 1 MHz.
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9.1.5
Coulomb Counter ADC Clock - clkCCADC
The Coulomb Counter ADC is provided with a dedicated clock domain. This allows operating the
Coulomb Counter ADC in low power modes like Power-save for continuous current
measurements.
9.1.6
Watchdog Timer and Battery Protection Clock
The Watchdog Timer and Battery Protection are provided with a dedicated clock domain. This
allows operation in all modes except Power-off. It also allows very low power operation by utilizing an Ultra Low Power RC Oscillator dedicated to this purpose.
9.2
Clock Sources
The following section describe the clock sources available in the device. The clocks are input to
the AVR clock generator, and routed to the appropriate modules.
9.3
Calibrated Fast RC Oscillator
The calibrated Fast RC Oscillator by default provides a 8.0 MHz clock to the system clock prescaler. The frequency is nominal value at 70°C. This clock will operate with no external
components. With an accurate time reference and by using runtime calibration, this oscillator
can be calibrated to an accuracy of +/- 1. % over the entire temperature range. During reset,
hardware loads the calibration byte into the FOSCCAL Register and thereby automatically calibrates the Fast RC Oscillator. At 70°C, this calibration gives a frequency of 8 MHz ± 4%. The
oscillator can be calibrated to any frequency in the range 7.3- 8.1 MHz by changing the FOSCCAL register. For more information on the pre-programmed calibration value, see the section
”Reading the Signature Row from Software” on page 144. Note that the frequency of the system
clock is given by the ”System Clock Prescaler” on page 27.
Start-up time of the chip is referred to as a number of Prescaled Fast RC Oscillator cycles (CK)
and a number of ULP oscillator cycles. The start-up time is selected by SUT fuses as defined in
Table 9-1 on page 25.
Table 9-1.
Start-up times according to SUT fuse selection.
SUT3..0
Start-up Time from
Power-save
Additional Delay from Reset, Typical Values(2)
000
6 CK
14 CK + 4 ms
001
6 CK
14 CK + 8 ms
010
6 CK
14 CK + 16 ms
011
6 CK
14 CK + 32 ms
100
6 CK
14 CK + 64 ms
101
6 CK
14 CK + 128 ms
110
6 CK
14 CK + 256 ms
6 CK
14 CK + 512 ms
111
Notes:
(1)
1. The device is shipped with this option selected.
2. The actual value of the added, selectable 4- 512 ms delay depends on the actual frequency of
the “Ultra Low Power RC Oscillator”. See Table 9-2 on page 27 and ”Electrical Characteristics”
on page 165
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9.4
Slow RC Oscillator
The Slow RC Oscillator provides a 131 kHz clock (typical value, refer to section "Electrical Characteristics" on page 164 for details). This clock can be used as a timing reference for run-time
calibration of the Fast RC Oscillator and for accurately determining the actual ULP Oscillator frequency, refer to ”OSI – Oscillator Sampling Interface” on page 28 for details. The Slow RC
oscillator also provides the clock for the Coulomb Counter ADC.
The actual Slow RC Oscillator frequency depends on process variations and temperature, see
”Electrical Characteristics” on page 165.To provide a very good accuracy when used as a timing
reference, the Slow RC Oscillator has prediction bytes stored in the signature address space,
refer to section ”Reading the Signature Row from Software” on page 144 for details. The actual
clock period of the Slow RC Oscillator in μs as a function of temperature is given by:
(T – T HOT )
Slow RC period - Slow RC temp prediction word ⋅ --------------------------64 Slow RC period = --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1024
where T is the die temperature in Kelvin and THOT is the calibration temperature stored in the signature row. The parameter "Slow RC period" holds information about the actual Slow RC
oscillator period measured at Atmel production. This parameter can be read from the signature
address space. Using the formula above, the actual Slow RC frequency can be found with an
error of <1% over the temperature area from -10 °C to +70 °C.The die temperature can be found
using the Voltage ADC, refer to section ”Voltage ADC – 5-channel General Purpose 12-bit
Sigma-Delta ADC” on page 112 for details. For examples on Slow RC frequency Prediction,
please refer to application note AVR351.
9.5
Ultra Low Power RC Oscillator
The Ultra Low Power RC Oscillator (ULP Oscillator) provides a 128 kHz clock (typical value).
This oscillator provides the clock for the Watchdog Timer and Battery Protection modules. The
actual ULP Oscillator frequency depends on process variations and temperature, see ”Electrical
Characteristics” on page 165. The Oscillator is automatically enabled in all operational modes. It
is also enabled during reset. There are two alternative methods for determining the actual clock
period of the ULP Oscillator:
1. To determine the accurate clock period as a function of die temperature, if needed by the
application, the Oscillator Sampling Interface should be used. Refer to section ”OSI –
Oscillator Sampling Interface” on page 28 for details. For examples on ULP RC frequency calculations, please refer to application note AVR351.
2. To determine a fixed value for the actual clock period independent of the die temperature,
for example to determine the best setting of the Battery Protection timing, use the byte
ULP_RC_FRQ stored in the signature address space, refer to section ”Reading the Signature Row from Software” on page 144 for details.
9.6
CPU, I/O, Flash, and Voltage ADC Clock
The clock source for the CPU, I/O, Flash, and Voltage ADC is the calibrated Fast RC Oscillator.
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9.7
Watchdog Timer, Battery Protection and Coulomb Counter ADC Clock
The clock source for the Watchdog Timer, Battery Protection and Coulomb Counter ADC (CCADC) is the Ultra Low Power RC Oscillator. The Oscillator is automatically enabled in all operational modes. It is also enabled during reset.
9.8
Clock Startup Sequence
When the CPU wakes up from Power-save, the CPU clock source is used to time the start-up,
ensuring a stable clock before instruction execution starts. When the CPU starts from reset,
there is an additional delay allowing the voltage regulator to reach a stable level before commencing normal operation. The Ultra Low Power RC Oscillator is used for timing this real-time
part of the start-up time. Start-up times are determined by the SUT Fuses as shown in Table 9-1
on page 25. The number of Ultra Low Power RC Oscillator cycles used for each time-out is
shown in Table 9-2.
Table 9-2.
Note:
9.9
Number of Ultra Low Power RC Oscillator Cycles
Typ Time-out(1)
Number of Cycles
4 ms
512
8 ms
1K
16 ms
2K
32 ms
4K
64 ms
8K
128 ms
16K
256 ms
32K
512 ms
64K
1. The actual value depends on the actual clock period of the Ultra Low Power RC Oscillator,
refer to ”Ultra Low Power RC Oscillator” on page 26 for details.
Clock Output
The CPU clock divided by 2 can be output to the PB0 pin. The CPU can enable the clock output
function by setting the CKOE bit in the MCU Control Register. The clock will not run in any sleep
modes.
9.10
System Clock Prescaler
The ATmega8HVA/16HVA has a System Clock Prescaler, used to prescale the Calibrated Fast
RC Oscillator. The system clock can be divided by setting the ”CLKPR – Clock Prescale Register” on page 31, and this enables the user to decrease or increase the system clock frequency
as the requirement for power consumption and processing power changes. This system clock
will affect the clock frequency of the CPU and all synchronous peripherals. clkI/O, clkCPU and clkFLASH are divided by a factor as shown in Table 9-3 on page 32.
When switching between prescaler settings, the System Clock Prescaler ensures that no
glitches occurs in the clock system. It also ensures that no intermediate frequency is higher than
neither the clock frequency corresponding to the previous setting, nor the clock frequency corresponding to the new setting.
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8024A–AVR–04/08
The ripple counter that implements the prescaler runs at the frequency of the undivided clock,
may be faster than the CPU's clock frequency. It is not possible to determine the state of the
prescaler, and the exact time it takes to switch from one clock division to the other cannot be
exactly predicted. From the time the CLKPS values are written, it takes between T1 + T2 and T1
+ 2*T2 before the new clock frequency is active. In this interval, two active clock edges are produced. Here, T1 is the previous clock period, and T2 is the period corresponding to the new
prescaler setting.
To avoid unintentional changes of clock frequency, a special write procedure must be followed
to change the CLKPS bits:
1. Write the Clock Prescaler Change Enable (CLKPCE) bit to one and all other bits in
CLKPR to zero.
2. Within four cycles, write the desired value to CLKPS while writing a zero to CLKPCE.
Interrupts must be disabled when changing prescaler setting to make sure the write procedure is
not interrupted.
9.11
VADC Clock Prescaler
The VADC clock will be automatically prescaled relative to the System Clock Prescaler settings,
see ”System Clock Prescaler” on page 27. Depending on the Clock Prescale Select bits,
CLKPS1..0, the VADC clock, clkVADC, will be prescaled by 4, 2 or 1 as shown in Table 9-4 on
page 32.
9.12
9.12.1
OSI – Oscillator Sampling Interface
Features
•
•
•
•
9.12.2
Runtime selectable oscillator input (Slow RC or ULP RC Oscillator)
7 bit prescaling of the selected oscillator
Software read access to the phase of the prescaled clock
Input capture trigger source for Timer/Counter0
Overview
The Oscillator Sampling Interface (OSI) enables sampling of the Slow RC and Ultra Low Power
RC (ULP) oscillators in ATmega8HVA/16HVA. OSI can be used to calibrate the Fast RC Oscillator runtime with high accuracy. OSI can also provide an accurate reference for compensating
the ULP Oscillator frequency drift.
The prescaled oscillator phase can be continuously read by the CPU through the OSICSR register. In addition, the input capture function of Timer/Counter0 can be set up to trigger on the rising
edge of the prescaled clock. This enables accurate measurements of the oscillator frequencies
relative to the Fast RC Oscillator.
A simplified block diagram of the Oscillator Sampling Interface is shown in Figure 9-2 on page
29.
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ATmega8HVA/16HVA
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ATmega8HVA/16HVA
Figure 9-2.
Oscillator Sampling Interface Block Diagram
Databus
OSICSR
Ultra Low
Power RC
Oscillator
Slow RC
Oscillator
OSCILLATOR SELECT
OSISEL0
Edge
Detector
7 bit prescaler
osi_posedge
(1)
Fast RC
Oscillator
Note:
1. One prescaled Slow RC/ULP oscillator period corresponds to 128 times the actual Slow
RC/ULP oscillator period.
The osi_posedge signal pulses on each rising edge of the prescaled Slow RC/ ULP oscillator
clock. This signal is not directly accessible by the CPU, but can be used to trigger the input capture function of Timer/Counter0. Using OSI in combination with the input capture function of
Timer/Counter0 facilitates accurate measurement of the oscillator frequencies with a minimum
of CPU calculation. Refer to ”Timer/Counter(T/C0,T/C1)” on page 77 for details on how to
enable the Input Capture function.
9.12.3
Usage
The Slow RC oscillator represents a highly predictable and accurate clock source over the entire
temperature range and provides an excellent reference for calibrating the Fast RC oscillator
runtime. Typically, runtime calibration is needed to provide an accurate Fast RC frequency for
asynchronous serial communication in the complete temperature range. An accurate time reference is also needed to calculate accumulated charge during a CC-ADC measurement.
The Slow RC frequency at THOT (calibration temperature) and the Slow RC temperature coefficient are stored in the signature row. The value of THOT is also stored in the signature row. These
characteristics can be used to calculate the actual Slow RC clock period at a given temperature
with high precision. Refer to ”Slow RC Oscillator” on page 26 for details.
By measuring the number of CPU cycles of one or more prescaled Slow RC clock periods, the
actual Fast RC oscillator clock period can be determined. The Fast RC clock period can then be
adjusted by writing to the FOSCCAL register. The new Fast RC clock period after calibration
should be verified by repeating the measurement and repeating the calibration if necessary. The
Fast RC clock period as a function of the Slow RC clock period is given by:
128 ⋅ n
T FastRC = T SlowRC ⋅ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------number of CPU cycles in n prescaled Slow RC periods
where n is the number of prescaled Slow RC periods that is used in the measurement. Using
more prescaled Slow RC periods decreases the measurement error, but increases the time consumed for calibration. Note that the Slow RC Oscillator needs very short time to stabilize after
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8024A–AVR–04/08
being enabled by the OSI module. Hence, the calibration algorithm may use the time between
the first and second osi_posedge as time reference for calculations.
Another usage of OSI is determining the ULP frequency accurately. The ULP frequency at THOT
and the ULP temperature coefficient are stored in the signature row, allowing the ULP frequency
to be calculated directly. However, the ULP frequency is less predictable over temperature than
the Slow RC oscillator frequency, therefore a more accurate result can be obtained by calculating the ratio between the Slow RC and ULP oscillators. This is done by sampling both the ULP
and Slow RC oscillators and comparing the results. When the ratio is known, the actual ULP frequency can be determined with high accuracy. The ULP RC clock period as a function of the
Slow RC clock period is given by:
number of CPU cycles in n prescaled ULP RC periods
T ULPRC = T SlowRC ⋅ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------number of CPU cycles in n prescaled Slow RC periods
where n is the number of prescaled ULP RC and Slow RC periods that is used in the measurement. Using more prescaled ULP RC and Slow RC periods decreases the measurement error,
but increases the time consumed for calibration. Note that the FOSCCAL register must be kept
at a constant value during this operation to ensure accurate results.
These clock period calculations should be performed again when there is a significant change in
die temperature since the previous calculation. The die temperature can be found using the Voltage ADC, refer to section ”Voltage ADC – 5-channel General Purpose 12-bit Sigma-Delta ADC”
on page 112 for details.
9.13
9.13.1
Register Description
FOSCCAL – Fast RC Oscillator Calibration Register
Bit
(0x66)
Read/Write
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
FCAL7
FCAL6
FCAL5
FCAL4
FCAL3
FCAL2
FCAL1
FCAL0
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
FOSCCAL
Device Specific Calibration Value
• Bits 7:0 – FCAL7:0: Fast RC Oscillator Calibration Value
The Fast RC Oscillator Calibration Register is used to trim the Fast RC Oscillator to remove process variations from the oscillator frequency. The factory-calibrated value is automatically
written to this register during chip reset, giving an oscillator frequency of 8.0 MHz at 70°C. The
application software can write this register to change the oscillator frequency. The oscillator can
be run-time calibrated to any frequency in the range 7.3-8.1 MHz. Calibration outside that range
is not guaranteed.
Note that this oscillator is used to time EEPROM and Flash write accesses, and these write
times will be affected accordingly. If the EEPROM or Flash are written, do not calibrate to more
than 8.1 MHz. Otherwise, the EEPROM or Flash write may fail.
The FCAL[7:5] bits determine the range of operation for the oscillator. Setting these bits to
0b000 gives the lowest frequency range, setting this bit to 0b111 gives the highest frequency
range. The frequency ranges are overlapping. A setting of for instance FOSCCAL = 0x1F gives
a higher frequency than FOSCCAL = 0x20.
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ATmega8HVA/16HVA
The FCAL[4:0] bits are used to tune the frequency within the selected range. A setting of 0x00
gives the lowest frequency in that range, and a setting of 0x1F gives the highest frequency in the
range. Incrementing FCAL[4:0] by 1 will give a frequency increment of less than 1.5 % in the frequency range 7.3-8.1 MHz. With an accurate time reference, an oscillator accuracy of ±1% can
be achieved after calibration. The frequency will drift with temperature, so run-time calibration
will be required to maintain the accuracy. Refer to ”OSI – Oscillator Sampling Interface” on page
28 for details.
The default FOSCCAL value found in the signature row, is selected such that it is in the the
lower half of a segment (see Figure 30-1 on page 174 for typical characteristics of the FAST RC
oscillator). It is therefore sufficient to use the default segment and the one below to calibrate the
frequency over the whole temperature range. To avoid a large frequency change when shifting
between the two segments, a FOSC SEGMENT value is stored in the signature row. This is the
first FOSCCAL value giving a lower frequency than the lowest value in the default segment, and
should be used when calibrating the Fast RC oscillator.
9.13.2
MCUCR – MCU Control Register
Bit
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
0x35 (0x55)
-–
–
CKOE
PUD
–
–
–
–
Read/Write
R
R
R/W
R/W
R
R
R
R
Initial Value
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
MCUCR
• Bit 5 – CKOE: Clock Output
When this bit is written to one, the CPU clock divided by 2 is output on the PB0 pin.
9.13.3
CLKPR – Clock Prescale Register
Bit
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
CLKPCE
–
–
–
–
–
CLKPS1
CLKPS0
Read/Write
R/W
R
R
R
R
R
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
(0x61)
CLKPR
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8024A–AVR–04/08
• Bit 7 – CLKPCE: Clock Prescaler Change Enable
The CLKPCE bit must be written to logic one to enable change of the CLKPS bits. The CLKPCE
bit is only updated when the other bits in CLKPR are simultaneously written to zero. CLKPCE is
cleared by hardware four cycles after it is written or when CLKPS bits are written. Rewriting the
CLKPCE bit within this time-out period does neither extend the time-out period, or clear the CLKPCE bit.
• Bit 1:0 – CLKPS1:0: Clock Prescaler Select Bit 1..0
These bits define the division factor between the selected clock source and the internal system
clock. These bits can be written run-time to vary the clock frequency to suit the application
requirements. As the divider divides the master clock input to the MCU, the speed of all synchronous peripherals is reduced when a division factor is used. The division factors are given in
Table 9-3 on page 32. Note that writing to the System Clock Prescaler Select bits will abort any
ongoing VADC conversion.
Table 9-3.
Note:
9.13.4
CLKPS1
CLKPS0
Clock Division Factor
0
0
Reserved(1)
0
1
2
1
0
4
1
1
8
1. Reserved values should not be written to CLKPS1..0.
Table 9-4.
Note:
System Clock Prescaler Select
VADC Clock Prescaling(1)
CLKPS1
CLKPS0
VADC Division Factor
0
0
Reserved
0
1
4
1
0
2
1
1
1
1. When changing Prescaler value, the VADC Prescaler will automatically change frequency of
the VADC clock and abort any ongoing conversion.
OSICSR – Oscillator Sampling Interface Control and Status Register
Bit
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
0x17 (0x37)
–
–
–
OSISEL0
–
–
OSIST
OSIEN
Read/Write
R
R
R
R/W
R
R
R
R/W
Initial Value
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
OSICSR
• Bits 7:5,3:2 – RES: Reserved bits
These bits are reserved bits in the ATmega8HVA/16HVA and will always read as zero.
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ATmega8HVA/16HVA
• Bit 4 - OSISEL0: Oscillator Sampling Interface Select 0
Table 9-5.
OSISEL Bit Description
OSISEL0
Oscillator source
0
ULP Oscillator
1
Slow RC Oscillator
• Bit 1 – OSIST: Oscillator Sampling Interface Status
This bit continuously displays the phase of the prescaled clock. This bit can be polled by the
CPU to determine the rising and falling edges of the prescaled clock.
• Bit 0 – OSIEN: Oscillator Sampling Interface Enable
Setting this bit enables the Oscillator Sampling Interface. When this bit is cleared, the Oscillator
Sampling Interface is disabled.
Notes:
1. The prescaler is reset each time the OSICSR register is written, and hence each time a new
oscillator source is selected.
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8024A–AVR–04/08
10. Power Management and Sleep Modes
Sleep modes enable the application to shut down unused modules in the MCU, thereby saving
power. The AVR provides various sleep modes allowing the user to tailor the power consumption to the application’s requirements.
10.1
Sleep Modes
Figure 9-1 on page 24 presents the different clock systems in the ATmega8HVA/16HVA, and
their distribution. The figure is helpful in selecting an appropriate sleep mode. The different sleep
modes and their wake up sources is summarized in Table 10-1, and Figure 10-1 on page 35
shows a sleep mode state diagram.
Table 10-1.
Wake-up Sources for Sleep Modes
Idle
X
X
X
X
X
X
X(2)
X
ADC Noise Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
X
X(2)
X
Power-save
X
X
X
X
Power-off
Notes:
X
Charger Detect(1)
Other I/O
V-ADC
CC-ADC
VREGMON
EEPROM Ready
WDT
External Interrupts
Mode
Battery Protection
Interrupts
Wake-up on
Regular Current
Wake-up sources
X
(2)
X
1. Discharge FET must be switched off for Charger Detect to be active.
2. Instantaneous and Accumulate Conversion Complete wake-up only.
To enter any of the sleep modes, the SE bit in SMCR, see ”SMCR – Sleep Mode Control Register” on page 39, must be written to logic one and a SLEEP instruction must be executed. The
SM2..0 bits in the SMCR Register select which sleep mode will be activated by the SLEEP
instruction. See Table 10-3 on page 39 for a summary.
If an enabled interrupt occurs while the MCU is in a sleep mode, the MCU wakes up. The MCU
is then halted for four cycles in addition to the start-up time, executes the interrupt routine, and
resumes execution from the instruction following SLEEP. The contents of the register file and
SRAM are unaltered when the device wakes up from any sleep mode except Power-off. If a
reset occurs during sleep mode, the MCU wakes up and executes from the Reset Vector.
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ATmega8HVA/16HVA
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ATmega8HVA/16HVA
Figure 10-1. Sleep Mode State Diagram
Reset From all States
Except Power-on Reset
RESET
Reset Time-out
Active
Interrupt
Sleep
Sleep
Interrupt
Interrupt
ADC NRM
Sleep
Sleep
or
Black-out
Detection
Idle
Black-out
Detection
Power-save
Black-out
Detection
Black-out
Detection
Power-off
Charger Connected
Table 10-2.
Active modules in different Sleep Modes
Mode
Module
Active
Idle
ADC Noise
Reduction
Power-save
RCOSC_FAST
X
X
X
RCOSC_ULP
X
X
X
X
X(3)
X(3)
X(3)
X(3)
RCOSC_SLOW
CPU
X
Flash
X
Timer/Counter n
X
X
SPI
X
X
V-ADC
X
X
CC-ADC
X
External Interrupts
X
CBP
X
(4)
X
X
X(4)
X(4)
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Power-off
(2)
35
8024A–AVR–04/08
Table 10-2.
Active modules in different Sleep Modes (Continued)
Mode
Active
Idle
ADC Noise
Reduction
Power-save
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
CHARGER_DETECT
X
X
X
X
VREGMON
X
X
X
OSI
X
X
Module
WDT
VREG
(1)
Power-off
X
Notes:
1. Discharge FET must be switched off for Charger Detect to be enabled.
2. RCOSC_FAST runs in Power-save mode if DUVR mode is enabled. It also runs for approximately 125 ms after C-FET/DFET has been enabled.
3. RCOSC_SLOW only runs if CC-ADC is enabled or when the oscillator is selected as input to the Oscillator sampling Interface and sampling is enabled.
4. Instantaneous and Accumulate Conversion Complete wake-up only.
10.2
Idle Mode
When the SM2..0 bits are written to 000, the SLEEP instruction makes the MCU enter Idle
mode, stopping the CPU but allowing all peripheral functions to continue operating. This sleep
mode basically halts clkCPU and clk FLASH , while allowing the other clocks to run. Idle mode
enables the MCU to wake up from external triggered interrupts as well as internal ones like the
Timer Overflow interrupt.
10.3
ADC Noise Reduction
When the SM2:0 bits are written to 001, the SLEEP instruction makes the MCU enter ADC
Noise Reduction mode, stopping the CPU but allowing the Voltage ADC (V-ADC), Watchdog
Timer (WDT), Coulomb Counter (CC), Current Battery Protection (CBP), and the Ultra Low
Power RC Oscillator (RCOSC_ULP) to continue operating. This sleep mode basically halts
clkI/O, clkCPU, and clkFLASH, while allowing the other clocks to run.
This improves the noise environment for the Voltage ADC, enabling higher resolution
measurements.
10.4
Power-save Mode
When the SM2..0 bits are written to 011, the SLEEP instruction makes the MCU enter Powersave mode. In this mode, the internal Fast RC Oscillator (RCOSC_FAST) is stopped, while
Watchdog Timer (WDT), Coulomb Counter (CC), Current Battery Protection (CBP), the Ultra
Low Power RC Oscillator (RCOSC_ULP), and the Slow RC oscillator (RCOSC_SLOW) continue
operating.
This mode will be the default mode when application software does not require operation of
CPU, Flash or any of the peripheral units running at the Fast internal Oscillator (RCOSC_FAST).
If the current through the sense resistor is so small that the Coulomb Counter cannot measure it
accurately, Regular Current detection should be enabled to reduce power consumption. The
WDT keeps accurately track of the time so that battery self discharge can be calculated.
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ATmega8HVA/16HVA
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ATmega8HVA/16HVA
Note that if a level triggered interrupt is used for wake-up from Power-save mode, the changed
level must be held for some time to wake up the MCU. Refer to ”External Interrupts” on page 56
for details.
When waking up from Power-save mode, there is a delay from the wake-up condition occurs
until the wake-up becomes effective. This allows the clock to restart and become stable after
having been stopped. The wake-up period is defined in ”Clock Sources” on page 25.
10.5
Power-off Mode
When the SM2..0 bits are written to 100 and the SE bit is set, the SLEEP instruction makes the
CPU shut down the Voltage Regulator, leaving only the Charger Detect Circuitry operational. To
ensure that the MCU enters Power-off mode only when intended, the SLEEP instruction must be
executed within 4 clock cycles after the SM2..0 bits are written. The MCU will reset when returning from Power-off mode.
Note:
10.6
Before entering Power-off sleep mode, interrupts should be disabled by software. Otherwise interrupts may prevent the SLEEP instruction from being executed within the time limit.
Power Reduction Register
The Power Reduction Register (PRR), see ”PRR0 – Power Reduction Register 0” on page 39,
provides a method to stop the clock to individual peripherals to reduce power consumption. The
current state of the peripheral is frozen and the I/O registers can not be read or written.
Resources used by the peripheral when stopping the clock will remain occupied, hence the
peripheral should in most cases be disabled before stopping the clock. Waking up a module,
which is done by clearing the bit in PRR, puts the module in the same state as before shutdown.
Module shutdown can be used in Idle mode and Active mode to significantly reduce the overall
power consumption. In all other sleep modes, the clock is already stopped.
10.7
Minimizing Power Consumption
There are several issues to consider when trying to minimize the power consumption in an AVR
controlled system. In general, sleep modes should be used as much as possible, and the sleep
mode should be selected so that as few as possible of the device’s functions are operating. All
functions not needed should be disabled. In particular, the following modules may need special
consideration when trying to achieve the lowest possible power consumption.
10.7.1
Watchdog Timer
If the Watchdog Timer is not needed in the application, the module should be turned off. If the
Watchdog Timer is enabled, it will be enabled in all sleep modes except Power-off. The Watchdog Timer current consumption is significant only in Power-save mode. Refer to ”Watchdog
Timer” on page 46 for details on how to configure the Watchdog Timer.
10.7.2
Port Pins
When entering a sleep mode, all port pins should be configured to use minimum power. The
most important is then to ensure that no pins drive resistive loads. In sleep modes where both
the I/O clock (clkI/O) and the ADC clock (clkADC) are stopped, the input buffers of the device will
be disabled. This ensures that no power is consumed by the input logic when not needed. In
some cases, the input logic is needed for detecting wake-up conditions, and it will then be
enabled. Refer to the section ”Digital Input Enable and Sleep Modes” on page 67 for details on
which pins are enabled. If the input buffer is enabled and the input signal is left floating or have
an analog signal level close to VREG/2, the input buffer will use excessive power.
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8024A–AVR–04/08
For analog input pins, the digital input buffer should be disabled at all times. An analog signal
level close to VREG/2 on an input pin can cause significant current even in active mode. Digital
input buffers can be disabled by writing to the Digital Input Disable Register. Refer to ”DIDR0 –
Digital Input Disable Register 0” on page 116 for details.
10.7.3
On-chip Debug System
A programmed DWEN Fuse enables some parts of the clock system to be running in all sleep
modes. This will increase the power consumption while in sleep. Thus, the DWEN Fuse should
be disabled when debugWire is not used.
10.7.4
Battery Protection
If one of the Battery Protection features is not needed by the application, this feature should be
disabled, see “BPCR – Battery Protection Control Register” on page 127. The current consumption in the Battery Protection circuitry is only significant in Power-save mode. Disabling both
FETs will automatically disable the Battery Protection module in order to save power. The bandgap reference should always be enabled whenever Battery Protection is enabled.
10.7.5
Voltage ADC
If enabled, the V-ADC will consume power independent of sleep mode. To save power, the VADC should be disabled when not used, and before entering Power-save sleep mode. See
”Voltage ADC – 5-channel General Purpose 12-bit Sigma-Delta ADC” on page 112 for details on
V-ADC operation.
10.7.6
Coloumb Counter
If enabled, the CC-ADC will consume power independent of sleep mode and keep the Slow RC
oscillator running. To save power, the CC-ADC should be disabled when not used, or set in Regular Current detection mode. See ”Coulomb Counter - Dedicated Fuel Gauging Sigma-delta
ADC” on page 104 for details on CC-ADC operation.
10.7.7
Bandgap Voltage Reference
If enabled, the Bandgap reference will consume power independent of sleep mode. To save
power, the Bandgap reference should be disabled when not used as reference for the Voltage
ADC, the Coloumb Counter or Battery Protection. See ”Voltage Reference and Temperature
Sensor” on page 117 for details.
10.7.8
FET Driver
To minimize the power consumption in Power-save mode, the DUVR mode of the FET Driver
should be disabled to make sure that the Fast RC Oscillator is stopped.
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ATmega8HVA/16HVA
10.8
10.8.1
Register Description
SMCR – Sleep Mode Control Register
The Sleep Mode Control Register contains control bits for power management.
Bit
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
0x33 (0x53)
–
–
–
–
SM2
SM1
SM0
SE
Read/Write
R
R
R
R
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
SMCR
• Bits 7:4 – Res: Reserved Bits
These bits are reserved bits in the ATmega8HVA/16HVA, and will always read as zero.
• Bits 3:1 – SM2:0: Sleep Mode Select Bits 2, 1 and 0
These bits select between the four available sleep modes as shown in Table 10-3.
Table 10-3.
Sleep Mode Select
SM2
SM1
SM0
Sleep Mode
0
0
0
Idle
0
0
1
ADC Noise Reduction
0
1
0
Reserved
0
1
1
Power-save
1
0
0
Power-off
1
0
1
Reserved
1
1
0
Reserved
1
1
1
Reserved
• Bit 0 – SE: Sleep Enable
The SE bit must be written to logic one to make the MCU enter the sleep mode when the SLEEP
instruction is executed. To avoid the MCU entering the sleep mode unless it is the programmer’s
purpose, it is recommended to write the Sleep Enable (SE) bit to one just before the execution of
the SLEEP instruction and to clear it immediately after waking up.
10.8.2
PRR0 – Power Reduction Register 0
Bit
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
(0x64)
–
–
PRVRM
–
PRSPI
PRTIM1
PRTIM0
PRVADC
Read/Write
R
R
R/W
R
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
PRR0
• Bit 7:6, 4 - Res: Reserved bits
These bits are reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, these bits must be
written to zero when PRR0 is written.
• Bit 5 - PRVRM: Power Reduction Voltage Regulator Monitor
Writing a logic one to this bit shuts down the Voltage Regulator Monitor interface by stopping the
clock of the module.
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8024A–AVR–04/08
• Bit 3 - PRSPI: Power Reduction Serial Peripheral Interface
Writing logic one to this bit shuts down the Serial Peripheral Interface by stopping the clock to
the module. When waking up the SPI again, the SPI should be reinitialized to ensure proper
operation.
• Bit 2 - PRTIM1: Power Reduction Timer/Counter1
Writing a logic one to this bit shuts down the Timer/Counter1 module. When the Timer/Counter1
is enabled, operation will continue like before the shutdown.
• Bit 1 - PRTIM0: Power Reduction Timer/Counter0
Writing a logic one to this bit shuts down the Timer/Counter0 module. When the Timer/Counter0
is enabled, operation will continue like before the shutdown.
• Bit 0 - PRVADC: Power Reduction V-ADC
Writing a logic one to this bit shuts down the V-ADC. Before writing the PRVADC bit, make sure
that the VADEN bit is cleared to minimize the power consumption.
Note:
40
V-ADC control registers can be updated even if the PRVADC bit is set.
ATmega8HVA/16HVA
8024A–AVR–04/08
ATmega8HVA/16HVA
11. System Control and Reset
11.1
Resetting the AVR
During reset, all I/O Registers are set to their initial values, and the program starts execution
from the Reset Vector. The instruction placed at the Reset Vector must be a JMP – Absolute
Jump – instruction to the reset handling routine. If the program never enables an interrupt
source, the Interrupt Vectors are not used, and regular program code can be placed at these
locations. The circuit diagram in ”Reset Logic” on page 42 shows the reset logic. Table 12-2 on
page 54 defines the electrical parameters of the reset circuitry.
The I/O ports of the AVR are immediately reset to their initial state when a reset source goes
active. This does not require any clock source to be running.
After all reset sources have gone inactive, a delay counter is invoked, stretching the internal
reset. This allows the voltage regulator to reach a stable level before normal operation starts.
The time-out period of the delay counter is defined by the user through the SUT Fuses. The different selections for the delay period are presented in ”Clock Sources” on page 25.
11.2
Reset Sources
The ATmega8HVA/16HVA has five sources of reset:
• The Power-on Reset module generates a Power-on Reset when the Voltage Regulator starts
up.
• External Reset. The MCU is reset when a low level is present on the RESET pin for longer than
the minimum pulse length.
• Watchdog Reset. The MCU is reset when the Watchdog Timer period expires and the
Watchdog is enabled.
• Brown-out Reset. The MCU is reset when VREG is below the Brown-out Reset Threshold, VBOT.
See “Brown-out Detection” on page 44.
• debugWIRE Reset. In On-chip Debug mode, the debugWIRE resets the MCU when giving the
Reset command.
41
8024A–AVR–04/08
Figure 11-1. Reset Logic
DATA BUS
PORF
OCDRF
VREG
EXTRF
WDRF
BODRF
MCU Status
Register (MCUSR)
Brown-out
Detection
Power-on
Reset
Circuit/
Charger
Detect
VFET
BATT
POR
VREG
Pull-up Resistor
RESET
/dW
SPIKE
FILTER
Reset Circuit
debugWIRE
Watchdog
Timer
COUNTER RESET
Ultra Low Power
RC Oscillator
Clock
Generator
Delay Counters
TIMEOUT
CK
SUT[2:0]
11.2.1
Power-on Reset and Charger Connect
The Voltage Regulator will not start up until the Charger Detect module has enabled the Voltage
Regulator. Before this happens the chip will be in Power-off mode and only the Charger Detect
module is enabled. In order for the Charger Detect module to enable the Voltage Regulator, the
voltage at the BATT pin must exceed the Power-On Threshold, VPOT. When the voltage at the
BATT pin exceeds VPOT, the Voltage Regulator starts up and the chip enters RESET mode, refer
to Figure 11-2 on page 43. When the Delay Counter times out, the chip will enter Active mode.
See Figure 10-1 on page 35.
42
ATmega8HVA/16HVA
8024A–AVR–04/08
ATmega8HVA/16HVA
Figure 11-2. Normal Start-up Sequence in Power-off.
V POT
4
VFET DUVR
VBATT
3
5
1
2
VREG
Operating Mode
Power-off
RESET
Active
POR Reset
Internal Reset
4/8/16/32/64/128/256/512 ms
1. The charger voltage pulls the BATT pin above the Power-on Threshold Voltage (VPOT).
2. When VBATT rises above VPOT, ATmega8HVA/16HVA turns on the Voltage Regulator and
VREG starts to rise. The POR reset will go high while VREG is rising and initiate the
internal reset state of the chip. The external FETs are initially switched off.
3. The internal reset is held high after POR reset goes low for a time given by tTOUT, see
”System Control and Reset” on page 41. While the chip is in reset, VREF calibration registers will be reset to their default values. The VREG and BOD levels are both referenced
to the VREF voltage. In reset all these voltage levels will therefore have default values.
Both FETs are switched completely off in this state.
4. As soon as the internal reset goes low, the chip will start operating in DUVR mode (for
details on DUVR mode, see ”DUVR – Deep Under-Voltage Recovery Mode operation”
on page 137 and application note AVR354). In DUVR mode the FET driver controls the
gate voltage of the Charge FET to get a voltage at the VFET pin given by the VFET level
specified in Table 29-5 on page 170. This causes the BATT voltage to decrease. Note
that DUVR mode will only regulate the VFET voltage as long as the cell voltage is lower
than the VFET_DUVR level. For high cell voltages, DUVR mode will not have any impact.
DUVR mode may be disabled by SW as soon as the chip enters ACTIVE mode.
43
8024A–AVR–04/08
5. When the internal reset goes low, software starts up and loads the VREF calibration registers to get VREF = 1.100V. As the VREF voltage changes, VREG voltage and VFET
DUVR voltage will rise proportionally to VREF.
Now the chip can operate normally, but writing to EEPROM in DUVR mode for single cell applications should be avoided.
11.2.2
External Reset
An External Reset is generated by a low level on the RESET pin. Reset pulses longer than the
minimum pulse width (see Table 29-6 on page 170) will generate a reset, even if the clock is not
running. Shorter pulses are not guaranteed to generate a reset. When the applied signal
reaches the Reset Threshold Voltage – VRST – on its positive edge, the delay counter starts the
MCU after the Time-out period – tTOUT – has expired.
Figure 11-3. External Reset During Operation
11.2.3
Watchdog Reset
When the Watchdog times out, it will generate a short reset pulse of one CK cycle duration. On
the falling edge of this pulse, the delay timer starts counting the Time-out period tTOUT. Refer to
page 46 for details on operation of the Watchdog Timer.
Figure 11-4. Watchdog Reset During Operation
FET
CK
11.2.4
Brown-out Detection
ATmega8HVA/16HVA has an On-chip Brown-out Detection (BOD) circuit for monitoring the
VREG level during operation by comparing it to a fixed trigger level VBOT. The trigger level has a
hysteresis to ensure spike free Brown-out Detection. The hysteresis on the detection level
should be interpreted as VBOT+ = VBOT + VHYST/2 and VBOT- = VBOT - VHYST/2.
44
ATmega8HVA/16HVA
8024A–AVR–04/08
ATmega8HVA/16HVA
The BOD is automatically enabled in all modes of operation, except in Power-off mode.
When the BOD is enabled, and VREG decreases to a value below the trigger level (VBOT- in Figure 11-5), the Brown-out Reset is immediately activated. When VREG increases above the trigger
level (VBOT+ in Figure 11-5), the delay counter starts the MCU after the Time-out period tTOUT has
expired.
Figure 11-5. Brown-out Reset During Operation
VCC
VBOT-
VBOT+
RESET
TIME-OUT
tTOUT
INTERNAL
RESET
11.2.5
Black-out Detection
As an extra security feature, the chip will automatically enter Power-off if VREG drops below
VBLOT. VBLOT will always be well below the BOD level, VBOT.
45
8024A–AVR–04/08
11.3
11.3.1
Watchdog Timer
Features
• Clocked from separate On-chip Oscillator
• 3 Operating modes
– Interrupt
– System Reset
– Interrupt and System Reset
• Selectable Time-out period from 16 ms to 8s
• Possible Hardware fuse Watchdog always on (WDTON) for fail-safe mode
11.3.2
Overview
ATmega8HVA/16HVA has an Enhanced Watchdog Timer (WDT). The WDT counts cycles of the
Ultra Low Power RC Oscillator. The WDT gives an interrupt or a system reset when the counter
reaches a given time-out value. In normal operation mode, it is required that the system uses the
WDR - Watchdog Timer Reset - instruction to restart the counter before the time-out value is
reached. If the system doesn't restart the counter, an interrupt or system reset will be issued.
Ultra Low Power RC
OSCILLATOR
WATCHDOG
RESET
WDE
16 ms
32 ms
64 ms
0.13s
0.26s
0.51s
1.0s
2.0s
4.1s
8.2s
Figure 11-6. Watchdog Timer
WDP0
WDP1
WDP2
WDP3
MCU RESET
WDIF
WDIE
INTERRUPT
In Interrupt mode, the WDT gives an interrupt when the timer expires. This interrupt can be used
to wake the device from sleep-modes, and also as a general system timer. One example is to
limit the maximum time allowed for certain operations, giving an interrupt when the operation
has run longer than expected. In System Reset mode, the WDT gives a reset when the timer
expires. This is typically used to prevent system hang-up in case of runaway code. The third
mode, Interrupt and System Reset mode, combines the other two modes by first giving an interrupt and then switch to System Reset mode. This mode will for instance allow a safe shutdown
by saving critical parameters before a system reset.
The Watchdog always on (WDTON) fuse, if programmed, will force the Watchdog Timer to System Reset mode. With the fuse programmed the System Reset mode bit (WDE) and Interrupt
mode bit (WDIE) are locked to 1 and 0 respectively. To further ensure program security, alterations to the Watchdog set-up must follow timed sequences. The sequence for clearing WDE
and changing time-out configuration is as follows:
46
ATmega8HVA/16HVA
8024A–AVR–04/08
ATmega8HVA/16HVA
1. In the same operation, write a logic one to the Watchdog change enable bit (WDCE) and
WDE. A logic one must be written to WDE regardless of the previous value of the WDE
bit.
2. Within the next four clock cycles, write the WDE and Watchdog prescaler bits (WDP) as
desired, but with the WDCE bit cleared. This must be done in one operation.
The following code example shows one assembly and one C function for turning off the Watchdog Timer. The example assumes that interrupts are controlled (e.g. by disabling interrupts
globally) so that no interrupts will occur during the execution of these functions.
Assembly Code Example(1)
WDT_off:
; Turn off global interrupt
cli
; Reset Watchdog Timer
wdr
; Clear WDRF in MCUSR
in
r16, MCUSR
andi
r16, (0xff & (0<<WDRF))
out
MCUSR, r16
; Write logical one to WDCE and WDE
; Keep old prescaler setting to prevent unintentional time-out
in
r16, WDTCSR
ori
r16, (1<<WDCE) | (1<<WDE)
out
WDTCSR, r16
; Turn off WDT
ldi
r16, (0<<WDE)
out
WDTCSR, r16
; Turn on global interrupt
sei
ret
C Code Example(1)
void WDT_off(void)
{
__disable_interrupt();
__watchdog_reset();
/* Clear WDRF in MCUSR */
MCUSR &= ~(1<<WDRF);
/* Write logical one to WDCE and WDE */
/* Keep old prescaler setting to prevent unintentional time-out
*/
WDTCSR |= (1<<WDCE) | (1<<WDE);
/* Turn off WDT */
WDTCSR = 0x00;
__enable_interrupt();
}
Note:
1. See “About Code Examples” on page 7.
47
8024A–AVR–04/08
Note: If the Watchdog is accidentally enabled, for example by a runaway pointer or brown-out
condition, the device will be reset and the Watchdog Timer will stay enabled. If the code is not
set up to handle the Watchdog, this might lead to an eternal loop of time-out resets. To avoid this
situation, the application software should always clear the Watchdog System Reset Flag
(WDRF) and the WDE control bit in the initialisation routine, even if the Watchdog is not in use.
The following code example shows one assembly and one C function for changing the time-out
value of the Watchdog Timer.
Assembly Code Example(1)
WDT_Prescaler_Change:
; Turn off global interrupt
cli
; Reset Watchdog Timer
wdr
; Start timed sequence
in
r16, WDTCSR
ori
r16, (1<<WDCE) | (1<<WDE)
out
WDTCSR, r16
; --
Got four cycles to set the new values from here -
; Set new prescaler(time-out) value = 64K cycles (~0.5 s)
ldi
r16, (1<<WDE) | (1<<WDP2) | (1<<WDP0)
out
WDTCSR, r16
; --
Finished setting new values, used 2 cycles -
; Turn on global interrupt
sei
ret
C Code Example(1)
void WDT_Prescaler_Change(void)
{
__disable_interrupt();
__watchdog_reset();
/* Start timed
equence */
WDTCSR |= (1<<WDCE) | (1<<WDE);
/* Set new prescaler(time-out) value = 64K cycles (~0.5 s) */
WDTCSR
= (1<<WDE) | (1<<WDP2) | (1<<WDP0);
__enable_interrupt();
}
Note:
1. See “About Code Examples” on page 7.
Note: The Watchdog Timer should be reset before any change of the WDP bits, since a change
in the WDP bits can result in a time-out when switching to a shorter time-out period.
48
ATmega8HVA/16HVA
8024A–AVR–04/08
ATmega8HVA/16HVA
11.4
11.4.1
Register Description
MCUSR – MCU Status Register
The MCU Status Register provides information on which reset source caused an MCU reset.
Bit
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
0x34 (0x54)
–
–
–
OCDRF
WDRF
BODRF
EXTRF
PORF
Read/Write
R
R
R
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
0
0
0
MCUSR
See Bit Description
• Bits 7:5 – Res: Reserved Bits
These bits are reserved bits in the ATmega8HVA/16HVA, and will always read as zero.
• Bit 4 – OCDRF: OCD Reset Flag
This bit is set if a debugWIRE Reset occurs. The bit is reset by a Power-on Reset, or by writing a
logic zero to the flag.
• Bit 3 – WDRF: Watchdog Reset Flag
This bit is set if a Watchdog Reset occurs. The bit is reset by a Power-on Reset, or by writing a
logic zero to the flag.
• Bit 2 – BODRF: Brown-out Reset Flag
This bit is set if a Brown-out Reset occurs. This bit is reset by a Power-on Reset, or by writing a
logic zero to the flag.
• Bit 1 – EXTRF: External Reset Flag
This bit is set if an External Reset occurs. The bit is reset by a Power-on Reset, or by writing a
logic zero to the flag.
• Bit 0 – PORF: Power-on Reset Flag
This bit is set if a Power-on Reset occurs. The bit is reset only by writing a logic zero to the flag.
To make use of the Reset flags to identify a reset condition, the user should read and then reset
the MCUSR as early as possible in the program. If the register is cleared before another reset
occurs, the source of the reset can be found by examining the reset flags.
11.4.2
WDTCSR – Watchdog Timer Control Register
Bit
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
WDIF
WDIE
WDP3
WDCE
WDE
WDP2
WDP1
WDP0
Read/Write
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
0
0
0
0
X
0
0
0
WDTCSR
• Bit 7 - WDIF: Watchdog Interrupt Flag
This bit is set when a time-out occurs in the Watchdog Timer and the Watchdog Timer is configured for interrupt. WDIF is cleared by hardware when executing the corresponding interrupt
handling vector. Alternatively, WDIF is cleared by writing a logic one to the flag. When the I-bit in
SREG and WDIE are set, the Watchdog Time-out Interrupt is executed.
49
8024A–AVR–04/08
• Bit 6 - WDIE: Watchdog Interrupt Enable
When this bit is written to one and the I-bit in the Status Register is set, the Watchdog Interrupt is
enabled. If WDE is cleared in combination with this setting, the Watchdog Timer is in Interrupt
Mode, and the corresponding interrupt is executed if time-out in the Watchdog Timer occurs.
If WDE is set, the Watchdog Timer is in Interrupt and System Reset Mode. The first time-out in
the Watchdog Timer will set WDIF. Executing the corresponding interrupt vector will clear WDIE
and WDIF automatically by hardware (the Watchdog goes to System Reset Mode). This is useful for keeping the Watchdog Timer security while using the interrupt. To stay in Interrupt and
System Reset Mode, WDIE must be set after each interrupt. This should however not be done
within the interrupt service routine itself, as this might compromise the safety-function of the
Watchdog System Reset mode. If the interrupt is not executed before the next time-out, a System Reset will be applied.
Table 11-1.
Watchdog Timer Configuration
WDTON(1)
WDE
WDIE
1
0
1
Note:
Mode
Action on Time-out
0
Stopped
None
0
1
Interrupt Mode
Interrupt
1
1
0
System Reset Mode
Reset
1
1
1
Interrupt and System Reset
Mode
Interrupt, then go to System Reset
Mode
0
x
x
System Reset Mode
Reset
1. WDTON Fuse set to “0” means programmed, “1” means unprogrammed.
• Bit 5, 2:0 - WDP3:0 : Watchdog Timer Prescaler 3, 2, 1 and 0
The WDP3:0 bits determine the Watchdog Timer prescaling when the Watchdog Timer is
enabled. The different prescaling values and their corresponding Timeout Periods are shown in
Table 11-2.
• Bit 4 - WDCE: Watchdog Change Enable
This bit is used in timed sequences for changing WDE and prescaler bits. To clear the WDE bit,
and/or change the prescaler bits, WDCE must be set.
Once written to one, hardware will clear WDCE after four clock cycles.
• Bit 3 - WDE: Watchdog System Reset Enable
WDE is overridden by WDRF in MCUSR. This means that WDE is always set when WDRF is
set. To clear WDE, WDRF must be cleared first. This feature ensures multiple resets during conditions causing failure, and a safe start-up after the failure.
• Bits 5, 2:0 – WDP3:0: Watchdog Timer Prescaler 3, 2, 1, and 0
The WDP3:0 bits determine the Watchdog Timer prescaling when the Watchdog Timer is
enabled. The different prescaling values and their corresponding Timeout Periods are shown in
Table 11-2 on page 51.
50
ATmega8HVA/16HVA
8024A–AVR–04/08
ATmega8HVA/16HVA
.
Table 11-2.
Watchdog Timer Prescale Select
WDP3
WDP2
WDP1
WDP0
Number of WDT
Oscillator Cycles
Typical
Time-out(1)
0
0
0
0
2K cycles
16 ms
0
0
0
1
4K cycles
32 ms
0
0
1
0
8K cycles
64 ms
0
0
1
1
16K cycles
0.13s
0
1
0
0
32K cycles
0.26s
0
1
0
1
64K cycles
0.51s
0
1
1
0
128K cycles
1.0s
0
1
1
1
256K cycles
2.0s
1
0
0
0
512K cycles
4.1s
1
0
0
1
1024K cycles
8.2s
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
Reserved
Note:
1. The actual timeout value depends on the actual clock period of the Ultra Low Power RC Oscillator, refer to ”Ultra Low Power RC Oscillator” on page 26 for details.
51
8024A–AVR–04/08
12. Interrupts
12.1
Overview
This section describes the specifics of the interrupt handling as performed in
ATmega8HVA/16HVA. For a general explanation of the AVR interrupt handling, refer to ”Reset
and Interrupt Handling” on page 13.
12.2
Interrupt Vectors in ATmega8HVA
.
Table 12-1.
Vector
No.
Reset and Interrupt Vectors
Program
Address
Source
Interrupt Definition
1
0x0000
RESET
External Pin, Power-on Reset, Brown-out Reset,
Watchdog Reset, and debugWIRE Reset
2
0x0001
BPINT
Battery Protection Interrupt
3
0x0002
VREGMON
Voltage Regulator Monitor Interrupt
4
0x0003
INT0
External Interrupt Request 0
5
0x0004
INT1
External Interrupt Request 1
6
0x0005
INT2
External Interrupt Request 2
7
0x0006
WDT
Watchdog Time-out Interrupt
8
0x0007
TIMER1 IC
Timer 1 input Capture
9
0x0008
TIMER1 COMPA
Timer 1 Compare Match A
10
0x0009
TIMER1 COMPB
Timer 1 Compare Match B
11
0x000A
TIMER1 OVF
Timer 1 Overflow
12
0x000B
TIMER0 IC
Timer 0 input Capture
13
0x000C
TIMER0 COMPA
Timer 0 Compare Match A
14
0x000D
TIMER0 COMPB
Timer 0 Compare Match B
15
0x000E
TIMER0 OVF
Timer 0 Overflow
16
0x000F
SPI, STC
SPI, Serial Transfer Complete
17
0x0010
VADC
Voltage ADC Conversion Complete
18
0x0011
CCADC CONV
CC-ADC Instantaneous Current Conversion
Complete
19
0x0012
CCADC REG CUR
CC-ADC Regular Current
20
0x0013
CCADC ACC
CC-ADC Accumulate Current Conversion Complete
21
0x0014
EE READY
EEPROM Ready
If the program never enables an interrupt source, the Interrupt Vectors are not used, and regular
program code can be placed at these locations.
The most typical and general program setup for the Reset and Interrupt Vector Addresses in
ATmega8HVA is:
52
ATmega8HVA/16HVA
8024A–AVR–04/08
ATmega8HVA/16HVA
Addres
s
0x0000
0x0001
0x0002
0x0003
0x0004
0x0005
0x0006
0x0007
0x0008
0x0009
0x000A
0x000B
0x000C
0x000D
0x000E
0X000F
0x0010
0x0011
Label
s
Code
Comments
rjmp
rjmp
rjmp
rjmp
rjmp
rjmp
rjmp
rjmp
rjmp
rjmp
rjmp
rjmp
rjmp
rjmp
rjmp
rjmp
rjmp
rjmp
RESET
BPINT
VREGMON_INT
EXT_INT0
EXT_INT1
EXT_INT2
WDT
TIM1_IC
TIM1_COMPA
TIM1_COMPB
TIM1_OVF
TIM0_IC
TIM0_COMPA
TIM0_COMPB
TIM0_OVF
SPI, STC
VADC
CCADC_CONV
0x0012
0x0013
rjmp
rjmp
CCADC_REC_CUR
CCADC_ACC
0x0014
;
rjmp
EE_RDY
ldi
r16,
high(RAMEND)
SPH,r16
r16,
low(RAMEND)
SPL,r16
RESET
:
0x0015
0x0016
out
ldi
0x0017
0x0018
0x0018
out
sei
<instr
>
...
0x001A
;
...
; Reset Handler
; Battery Protection Interrupt Handler
; Voltage Regulator Monitor Interrupt Handler
; External Interrupt Request 0 Handler
; External Interrupt Request 1 Handler
; External Interrupt Request 2 Handler
; Watchdog Time-out Interrupt
; Timer1 Input Capture Handler
; Timer0 CompareA Handler
; Timer0 CompareB Handler
; Timer1 Overflow Handler
; Timer1 Input Capture Handler
; Timer0 CompareA Handler
; Timer0 CompareB Handler
; Timer0 Overflow Handler
; SPI, Serial Transfer Complete
; Voltage ADC Conversion Complete Handler
; CC-ADC Instantaneous Current Conversion Complete
Handler
; CC-ADC Regular Current Handler
; CC-ADC Accumulate Current Conversion Complete
Handler
; EEPROM Ready Handler
; Main program start
; Set Stack Pointer to top of RAM
; Enable interrupts
xxx
...
53
8024A–AVR–04/08
12.3
Interrupt Vectors in ATmega16HVA
.
Table 12-2.
Vector
No.
Reset and Interrupt Vectors
Program
Address
Source
Interrupt Definition
1
0x0000
RESET
External Pin, Power-on Reset, Brown-out Reset,
Watchdog Reset, and debugWIRE Reset
2
0x0002
BPINT
Battery Protection Interrupt
3
0x0004
VREGMON
Voltage Regulator Monitor Interrupt
4
0x0006
INT0
External Interrupt Request 0
5
0x0008
INT1
External Interrupt Request 1
6
0x000A
INT2
External Interrupt Request 2
7
0x000C
WDT
Watchdog Time-out Interrupt
8
0x000E
TIMER1 IC
Timer 1 input Capture
9
0x0010
TIMER1 COMPA
Timer 1 Compare Match A
10
0x0012
TIMER1 COMPB
Timer 1 Compare Match B
11
0x0014
TIMER1 OVF
Timer 1 Overflow
12
0x0016
TIMER0 IC
Timer 0 input Capture
13
0x0018
TIMER0 COMPA
Timer 0 Compare Match A
14
0x001A
TIMER0 COMPB
Timer 0 Compare Match B
15
0x001C
TIMER0 OVF
Timer 0 Overflow
16
0x001E
SPI, STC
SPI, Serial Transfer Complete
17
0x0020
VADC
Voltage ADC Conversion Complete
18
0x0022
CCADC CONV
CC-ADC Instantaneous Current Conversion
Complete
19
0x0024
CCADC REG CUR
CC-ADC Regular Current
20
0x0026
CCADC ACC
CC-ADC Accumulate Current Conversion Complete
21
0x0028
EE READY
EEPROM Ready
If the program never enables an interrupt source, the Interrupt Vectors are not used, and regular
program code can be placed at these locations.
54
ATmega8HVA/16HVA
8024A–AVR–04/08
ATmega8HVA/16HVA
The most typical and general program setup for the Reset and Interrupt Vector Addresses in
ATmega16HVA is:
Addres
s
0x0000
0x0002
0x0004
0x0006
0x0008
0x000A
0x000C
0x000E
0x0010
0x0012
0x0014
0x0016
0x0018
0x001A
0x001C
0X001E
0x0020
0x0022
Label
s
Code
Comments
jmp
jmp
jmp
jmp
jmp
jmp
jmp
jmp
jmp
jmp
jmp
jmp
jmp
jmp
jmp
jmp
jmp
jmp
RESET
BPINT
VREGMON_INT
EXT_INT0
EXT_INT1
EXT_INT2
WDT
TIM1_IC
TIM1_COMPA
TIM1_COMPB
TIM1_OVF
TIM0_IC
TIM0_COMPA
TIM0_COMPB
TIM0_OVF
SPI, STC
VADC
CCADC_CONV
0x0024
0x0026
jmp
jmp
CCADC_REC_CUR
CCADC_ACC
0x0028
;
jmp
EE_RDY
ldi
r16,
high(RAMEND)
SPH,r16
r16,
low(RAMEND)
SPL,r16
RESET
:
0x002A
0x002B
out
ldi
0x002C
0x002D
0x002E
out
sei
<instr
>
...
0x002F
;
...
; Reset Handler
; Battery Protection Interrupt Handler
; Voltage Regulator Monitor Interrupt Handler
; External Interrupt Request 0 Handler
; External Interrupt Request 1 Handler
; External Interrupt Request 2 Handler
; Watchdog Time-out Interrupt
; Timer1 Input Capture Handler
; Timer1 Compare A Handler
; Timer1 Compare B Handler
; Timer1 Overflow Handler
; Timer0 Input Capture Handler
; Timer0 CompareA Handler
; Timer0 CompareB Handler
; Timer0 Overflow Handler
; SPI, Serial Transfer Complete
; Voltage ADC Conversion Complete Handler
; CC-ADC Instantaneous Current Conversion Complete
Handler
; CC-ADC Regular Current Handler
; CC-ADC Accumulate Current Conversion Complete
Handler
; EEPROM Ready Handler
; Main program start
; Set Stack Pointer to top of RAM
; Enable interrupts
xxx
...
55
8024A–AVR–04/08
13. External Interrupts
13.1
Overview
The External Interrupts are triggered by the INT2:0 pins. Observe that, if enabled, the interrupts
will trigger even if the INT2:0 pins are configured as outputs. This feature provides a way of generating a software interrupt. The External Interrupts can be triggered by a falling or rising edge or
a low level. This is set up as indicated in the specification for the External Interrupt Control Register – EICRA. When the external interrupt is enabled and is configured as level triggered, the
interrupt will trigger as long as the pin is held low. Interrupts are detected asynchronously. This
implies that these interrupts can be used for waking the part also from sleep modes other than
Idle mode. The I/O clock is halted in all sleep modes except Idle mode.
Note that if a level triggered interrupt is used for wake-up from Power-save mode, the changed
level must be held for some time to wake up the MCU. This makes the MCU less sensitive to
noise. The changed level is sampled twice by the ULP Oscillator clock. The period of the ULP
Oscillator is 7.8 µs (nominal) at 25°C. The MCU will wake up if the input has the required level
during this sampling or if it is held until the end of the start-up time. The start-up time is defined
by the SUT fuses as described in ”Clock Systems and their Distribution” on page 24. If the level
is sampled twice by the ULP Oscillator clock but disappears before the end of the start-up time,
the MCU will still wake up, but no interrupt will be generated. The required level must be held
long enough for the MCU to complete the wake up to trigger the level interrupt.
13.2
13.2.1
Register Description
EICRA – External Interrupt Control Register A
Bit
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
(0x69)
-
-
ISC21
ISC20
ISC11
ISC10
ISC01
ISC00
Read/Write
R
R
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
EICRA
• Bits 7,6 – RES: Reserved Bits
These bits are reserved in the ATmega8HVA/16HVA, and will always read as zero.
• Bits 5:0 – ISC21, ISC20 - ISC01, ISC00: External Interrupt 2 - 0 Sense Control Bits
The External Interrupts 2 - 0 are activated by the external pins INT2:0 if the SREG I-flag and the
corresponding interrupt mask in the EIMSK is set. The level and edges on the external pins that
activate the interrupts are defined in Table 13-1. Edges on INT2..INT0 are registered asynchronously. Pulses on INT2:0 pins wider than the minimum pulse width given in Table 29-2 will
generate an interrupt. Shorter pulses are not guaranteed to generate an interrupt. If low level
interrupt is selected, the low level must be held until the completion of the currently executing
instruction to generate an interrupt. If enabled, a level triggered interrupt will generate an interrupt request as long as the pin is held low. When changing the ISCn bit, an interrupt can occur.
Therefore, it is recommended to first disable INTn by clearing its Interrupt Enable bit in the
EIMSK Register. Then, the ISCn bit can be changed. Finally, the INTn interrupt flag should be
cleared by writing a logical one to its Interrupt Flag bit (INTFn) in the EIFR Register before the
interrupt is re-enabled.
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ATmega8HVA/16HVA
Table 13-1.
ISCn1
ISCn0
0
0
The low level of INTn generates an interrupt request.
0
1
Any logical change on INTn generates an interrupt request.
1
0
The falling edge of INTn generates an interrupt request.
1
1
The rising edge of INTn generates an interrupt request.
Note:
13.2.2
Interrupt Sense Control
Description
1. n = 2, 1, or 0.
When changing the ISCn1/ISCn0 bits, the interrupt must be disabled by clearing its Interrupt
Enable bit in the EIMSK Register. Otherwise an interrupt can occur when the bits are changed.
EIMSK – External Interrupt Mask Register
Bit
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
0x1D (0x3D)
–
–
–
–
–
INT2
INT1
INT0
Read/Write
R
R
R
R
R
R/W
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
EIMSK
• Bits 7:3 – RES: Reserved Bits
These bits are reserved bits ins the ATmega8HVA/16HVA, and will always read as zero.
• Bits 2:0 – INT2 - INT0: External Interrupt Request 2:0 Enable
When an INT2 – INT0 bit is written to one and the I-bit in the Status Register (SREG) is set
(one), the corresponding external pin interrupt is enabled. The Interrupt Sense Control bits in the
External Interrupt Control Register – EICRA – defines whether the external interrupt is activated
on rising or falling edge or level sensed. Activity on any of these pins will trigger an interrupt
request even if the pin is enabled as an output. This provides a way of generating a software
interrupt.
13.2.3
EIFR – External Interrupt Flag Register
Bit
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
0x1C (0x3C)
–
–
–
–
–
INTF2
INTF1
INTF0
Read/Write
R
R
R
R
R
R/W
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
EIFR
• Bits 7:3 – RES: Reserved Bits
These bits are reserved bits ins the ATmega8HVA/16HVA, and will always read as zero.
• Bits 2:0 – INTF2 - INTF0: External Interrupt Flags 2:0
When an edge or logic change on the INT2:0 pin triggers an interrupt request, INTF2:0 becomes
set (one). If the I-bit in SREG and the corresponding interrupt enable bit, INT2:0 in EIMSK, are
set (one), the MCU will jump to the interrupt vector. The flag is cleared when the interrupt routine
is executed. Alternatively, the flag can be cleared by writing a logical one to it. These flags are
always cleared when INT2:0 are configured as level interrupt. Note that when entering sleep
mode with the INT2:0 interrupts disabled, the input buffers on these pins will be disabled. This
may cause a logic change in internal signals which will set the INTF2:0 flags. See ”Digital Input
Enable and Sleep Modes” on page 67 for more information.
57
8024A–AVR–04/08
14. High Voltage I/O Ports
14.1
Overview
All high voltage AVR ports have true Read-Modify-Write functionality when used as general digital I/O ports. This means that the state of one port pin can be changed without unintentionally
changing the state of any other pin with the SBI and CBI instructions. All high voltage I/O pins
have protection Zener diodes to Ground as indicated in Figure 14-1. See ”Electrical Characteristics” on page 165 for a complete list of parameters.
Figure 14-1. High Voltage I/O Pin Equivalent Schematic
Logic
Pxn
Cpin
See Figure
"General High Voltage
Digital I/O" for Details
All registers and bit references in this section are written in general form. A lower case “x” represents the numbering letter for the port, and a lower case “n” represents the bit number. However,
when using the register or bit defines in a program, the precise form must be used. For example,
PORTC3 for bit number three in Port C, here documented generally as PORTxn. The physical
I/O Registers and bit locations are listed in ”Register Description” on page 62.
One I/O Memory address location is allocated for each high voltage port, the Data Register –
PORTx. The Data Register is read/write.
Using the I/O port as General Digital Output is described in ”High Voltage Ports as General Digital I/O” on page 59.
58
ATmega8HVA/16HVA
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ATmega8HVA/16HVA
14.2
High Voltage Ports as General Digital I/O
14.3
Overview
The high voltage ports are high voltage tolerant open collector output ports. In addition they can
be used as general digital inputs. Figure 14-2 shows a functional description of one output port
pin, here generically called Pxn.
Figure 14-2. General High Voltage Digital I/O(1)
Pxn
Q
D
PORTxn
_
Q
CLR
WRx
RESET
DATABUS
RRx
SLEEP
RPx
SYNCHRONIZER
D
L
SET
CLR
Q
D
_
Q
PINxn
_
CLR Q
Q
clkI/O
SLEEP:
clkI/O:
Note:
14.3.1
SLEEP CONTROL
I/O CLOCK
RRx:
WRx:
RPx:
READ PORTx REGISTER
WRITE PORTx REGISTER
READ PINx REGISTER
1. WRx, RRx and RPx are common to all pins within the same port. clkI/O and SLEEP are common to all ports.
Configuring the Pin
Each port pin consist of two register bits: PORTxn and PINxn. As shown in ”Register Description” on page 62, the PORTxn bits are accesed at the PORTx I/O address, and the PINxn bits at
the PINx I/O address.
If PORTxn is written logic one, the port pin is driven low (zero). If PORTxn is written logic zero,
the port pin is tri-stated. The port pins are tri-stated when a reset condition becomes active, even
if no clocks are running.
14.3.2
Reading the Pin
The port pin can be read through the PINxn Register bit. As shown in Figure 14-2, the PINxn
Register bit and the preceding latch constitute a synchronizer. This is needed to avoid metastability if the physical pin changes value near the edge of the internal clock, but it also introduces a
delay.
59
8024A–AVR–04/08
14.4
Alternate Port Functions
The High Voltage I/O has alternate port functions in addition to being general digital I/O. Figure
14-3 shows how the port pin control signals from the simplified Figure 14-2 on page 59 can be
overridden by alternate functions.
Figure 14-3. High Voltage Digital I/O(1)
Pxn
PVOExn
PVOVxn
1
0
Q
D
PORTxn
_
Q
CLR
WRx
RRx
DIEOVxn
1
0
SLEEP
RPx
SYNCHRONIZER
D
L
SET
CLR
DATABUS
RESET
DIEOExn
Q
D
_
Q
PINxn
_
CLR Q
Q
clkI/O
DIxn
PVOExn:
PVOVxn:
DIEOExn:
DIEOVxn:
Note:
Pxn PORT VALUE OVERRIDE ENABLE
Pxn PORT VALUE OVERRIDE VALUE
Pxn DIGITAL INPUT-ENABLE OVERRIDE ENABLE
Pxn DIGITAL INPUT-ENABLE OVERRIDE VALUE
RRx:
WRx:
RPx:
clkI/O:
DIxn:
SLEEP:
READ PORTx REGISTER
WRITE PORTx REGISTER
READ PINx REGISTER
I/O CLOCK
DIGITAL INPUT PIN n ON PORTx
SLEEP CONTROL
1. WRx, RRx and RPx are common to all pins within the same port. clkI/O and SLEEP are common to all ports. All other signals are unique for each pin.
Table 14-1 on page 61 summarizes the function of the overriding signals. The pin and port
indexes from Figure 14-3 are not shown in the succeeding tables. The overriding signals are
generated internally in the modules having the alternate function.
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ATmega8HVA/16HVA
Table 14-1.
Generic Description of Overriding Signals for Alternate Functions
Signal Name
Full Name
Description
PVOE
Port Value
Override Enable
If this signal is set and the Output Driver is enabled, the port
value is controlled by the PVOV signal. If PVOE is cleared, and
the Output Driver is enabled, the port Value is controlled by the
PORTxn Register bit.
PVOV
Port Value
Override Value
If PVOE is set, the port value is set to PVOV, regardless of the
setting of the PORTxn Register bit.
DIEOE
Digital Input
Enable Override
Enable
If this bit is set, the Digital Input Enable is controlled by the
DIEOV signal. If this signal is cleared, the Digital Input Enable
is determined by MCU state (Normal mode, sleep mode).
DIEOV
Digital Input
Enable Override
Value
If DIEOE is set, the Digital Input is enabled/disabled when
DIEOV is set/cleared, regardless of the MCU state (Normal
mode, sleep mode).
Digital Input
This is the Digital Input to alternate functions. In the figure, the
signal is connected to the output of the schmitt trigger but
before the synchronizer. Unless the Digital Input is used as a
clock source, the module with the alternate function will use its
own synchronizer.
DI
14.4.1
Alternate Functions of Port C
The Port C pins with alternate functions are shown in Table 14-2.
Table 14-2.
Port Pin
PC0
Port C Pins Alternate Functions
Alternate Function
INT0/ ICP0 (External Interrupt 0 or Timer/Counter0 Input Capture Trigger)
The alternate pin configuration is as follows:
• INT0 - Port C, Bit 0
INT0: External Interrupt Source 0. The PC0 pin can serve as external interrupt source. INT0 can
be used as an interrupt pin regardless of whether another special function is enabled or not.
Table 14-3 relates the alternate functions of Port C to the overriding signals shown in Figure 143 on page 60.
Table 14-3.
Overriding Signals for Alternate Functions in PC0
Signal Name
PC0/INT0
PVOE
0
DIEOE
INT Enable
DIEOV
1
DI
INT0 INPUT
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8024A–AVR–04/08
14.5
14.5.1
14.5.2
62
Register Description
PORTC – Port C Data Register
Bit
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
0x08 (0x28)
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
PORTC0
Read/Write
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R/W
Initial Value
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
PORTC
PINC – Port C Input Pins Address
Bit
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
0x06 (0x26)
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
PINC0
Read/Write
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
Initial Value
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
PINC
ATmega8HVA/16HVA
8024A–AVR–04/08
ATmega8HVA/16HVA
15. Low Voltage I/O-Ports
15.1
Overview
All low voltage AVR ports have true Read-Modify-Write functionality when used as general digital I/O ports. This means that the direction of one port pin can be changed without unintentionally
changing the direction of any other pin with the SBI and CBI instructions. The same applies
when changing drive value (if configured as output) or enabling/disabling of pull-up resistors (if
configured as input). All low voltage port pins have individually selectable pull-up resistors with a
supply-voltage invariant resistance. All I/O pins have protection diodes to both VREG and Ground
as indicated in Figure 15-1. Refer to ”Electrical Characteristics” on page 165 for a complete list
of parameters.
Figure 15-1. Low Voltage I/O Pin Equivalent Schematic
Rpu
Logic
Pxn
Cpin
See Figure
"General Digital I/O" for
Details
All registers and bit references in this section are written in general form. A lower case “x” represents the numbering letter for the port, and a lower case “n” represents the bit number. However,
when using the register or bit defines in a program, the precise form must be used. For example,
PORTB3 for bit no. 3 in Port B, here documented generally as PORTxn. The physical I/O Registers and bit locations are listed in ”Register Description” on page 73.
Three I/O memory address locations are allocated for each low voltage port, one each for the
Data Register – PORTx, Data Direction Register – DDRx, and the Port Input Pins – PINx. The
Port Input Pins I/O location is read only, while the Data Register and the Data Direction Register
are read/write. However, writing a logic one to a bit in the PINx Register, will result in a toggle in
the corresponding bit in the Data Register. In addition, the Pull-up Disable – PUD bit in MCUCR
disables the pull-up function for all low voltage pins in all ports when set.
Using the I/O port as General Digital I/O is described in ”Low Voltage Ports as General Digital
I/O” on page 64. Many low voltage port pins are multiplexed with alternate functions for the
peripheral features on the device. How each alternate function interferes with the port pin is
described in ”Alternate Port Functions” on page 68. Refer to the individual module sections for a
full description of the alternate functions.
63
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Note that enabling the alternate function of some of the port pins does not affect the use of the
other pins in the port as general digital I/O.
15.2
Low Voltage Ports as General Digital I/O
The low voltage ports are bi-directional I/O ports with optional internal pull-ups. Figure 15-2
shows a functional description of one I/O-port pin, here generically called Pxn.
Figure 15-2. General Low Voltage Digital I/O(1)
PUD
Q
D
DDxn
Q CLR
WDx
RESET
1
Q
Pxn
D
0
PORTxn
Q CLR
WPx
DATA BUS
RDx
RESET
WRx
SLEEP
RRx
SYNCHRONIZER
D
Q
L
Q
D
RPx
Q
PINxn
Q
clk I/O
PUD:
SLEEP:
clkI/O:
Note:
15.2.1
PULLUP DISABLE
SLEEP CONTROL
I/O CLOCK
WDx:
RDx:
WRx:
RRx:
RPx:
WPx:
WRITE DDRx
READ DDRx
WRITE PORTx
READ PORTx REGISTER
READ PORTx PIN
WRITE PINx REGISTER
1. WRx, WPx, WDx, RRx, RPx, and RDx are common to all pins within the same port. clkI/O,
SLEEP, and PUD are common to all ports.
Configuring the Pin
Each port pin consists of three register bits: DDxn, PORTxn, and PINxn. As shown in ”Register
Description” on page 73, the DDxn bits are accessed at the DDRx I/O address, the PORTxn bits
at the PORTx I/O address, and the PINxn bits at the PINx I/O address.
The DDxn bit in the DDRx Register selects the direction of this pin. If DDxn is written logic one,
Pxn is configured as an output pin. If DDxn is written logic zero, Pxn is configured as an input
pin.
If PORTxn is written logic one when the pin is configured as an input pin, the pull-up resistor is
activated. To switch the pull-up resistor off, PORTxn has to be written logic zero or the pin has to
be configured as an output pin. The port pins are tri-stated when reset condition becomes active,
even if no clocks are running.
64
ATmega8HVA/16HVA
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ATmega8HVA/16HVA
If PORTxn is written logic one when the pin is configured as an output pin, the port pin is driven
high (one). If PORTxn is written logic zero when the pin is configured as an output pin, the port
pin is driven low (zero).
15.2.2
Toggling the Pin
Writing a logic one to PINxn toggles the value of PORTxn, independent on the value of DDRxn.
Note that the SBI instruction can be used to toggle one single bit in a port.
15.2.3
Switching Between Input and Output
When switching between tri-state ({DDxn, PORTxn} = 0b00) and output high ({DDxn, PORTxn}
= 0b11), an intermediate state with either pull-up enabled {DDxn, PORTxn} = 0b01) or output
low ({DDxn, PORTxn} = 0b10) must occur. Normally, the pull-up enabled state is fully acceptable, as a high-impedant environment will not notice the difference between a strong high driver
and a pull-up. If this is not the case, the PUD bit in the MCUCR Register can be set to disable all
pull-ups in all ports.
Switching between input with pull-up and output low generates the same problem. The user
must use either the tri-state ({DDxn, PORTxn} = 0b00) or the output high state ({DDxn, PORTxn}
= 0b11) as an intermediate step.
Table 15-1 summarizes the control signals for the pin value.
Table 15-1.
15.2.4
Port Pin Configurations
DDxn
PORTxn
PUD
(in MCUCR)
I/O
Pull-up
0
0
X
Input
No
Tri-state (Hi-Z)
0
1
0
Input
Yes
Pxn will source current if ext. pulled low.
0
1
1
Input
No
Tri-state (Hi-Z)
1
0
X
Output
No
Output Low (Sink)
1
1
X
Output
No
Output High (Source)
Comment
Reading the Pin Value
Independent of the setting of Data Direction bit DDxn, the port pin can be read through the
PINxn Register bit. As shown in Figure 15-2, the PINxn Register bit and the preceding latch constitute a synchronizer. This is needed to avoid metastability if the physical pin changes value
near the edge of the internal clock, but it also introduces a delay. Figure 15-3 shows a timing diagram of the synchronization when reading an externally applied pin value. The maximum and
minimum propagation delays are denoted tpd,max and tpd,min respectively.
65
8024A–AVR–04/08
Figure 15-3. Synchronization when Reading an Externally Applied Pin value
SYSTEM CLK
INSTRUCTIONS
XXX
XXX
in r17, PINx
SYNC LATCH
PINxn
r17
0x00
0xFF
t pd, max
t pd, min
Consider the clock period starting shortly after the first falling edge of the system clock. The latch
is closed when the clock is low, and goes transparent when the clock is high, as indicated by the
shaded region of the “SYNC LATCH” signal. The signal value is latched when the system clock
goes low. It is clocked into the PINxn Register at the succeeding positive clock edge. As indicated by the two arrows tpd,max and tpd,min, a single signal transition on the pin will be delayed
between ½ and 1½ system clock period depending upon the time of assertion.
When reading back a software assigned pin value, a nop instruction must be inserted as indicated in Figure 15-4. The out instruction sets the “SYNC LATCH” signal at the positive edge of
the clock. In this case, the delay tpd through the synchronizer is 1 system clock period.
Figure 15-4. Synchronization when Reading a Software Assigned Pin Value
SYSTEM CLK
r16
INSTRUCTIONS
0xFF
out PORTx, r16
nop
in r17, PINx
SYNC LATCH
PINxn
r17
0x00
0xFF
t pd
The following code example shows how to set port B pins 0 and 1 high, 2 and 3 low, and define
the port pins from 4 to 7 as input with pull-ups assigned to port pins 6 and 7. The resulting pin
values are read back again, but as previously discussed, a nop instruction is included to be able
to read back the value recently assigned to some of the pins.
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ATmega8HVA/16HVA
Assembly Code Example(1)
...
; Define pull-ups and set outputs high
; Define directions for port pins
ldi
r16,(1<<PB7)|(1<<PB6)|(1<<PB1)|(1<<PB0)
ldi
r17,(1<<DDB3)|(1<<DDB2)|(1<<DDB1)|(1<<DDB0)
out
PORTB,r16
out
DDRB,r17
; Insert nop for synchronization
nop
; Read port pins
in
r16,PINB
...
C Code Example
unsigned char i;
...
/* Define pull-ups and set outputs high */
/* Define directions for port pins */
PORTB = (1<<PB7)|(1<<PB6)|(1<<PB1)|(1<<PB0);
DDRB = (1<<DDB3)|(1<<DDB2)|(1<<DDB1)|(1<<DDB0);
/* Insert nop for synchronization*/
_NOP();
/* Read port pins */
i = PINB;
...
Note:
15.2.5
1. For the assembly program, two temporary registers are used to minimize the time from pullups are set on pins 0, 1, 6, and 7, until the direction bits are correctly set, defining bit 2 and 3
as low and redefining bits 0 and 1 as strong high drivers.
Digital Input Enable and Sleep Modes
As shown in Figure 15-2 on page 64, the digital input signal can be clamped to ground at the
input of the schmitt-trigger. The signal denoted SLEEP in the figure, is set by the MCU Sleep
Controller in Power-save mode to avoid high power consumption if some input signals are left
floating, or have an analog signal level close to VREG/2.
SLEEP is overridden for port pins enabled as external interrupt pins. If the external interrupt
request is not enabled, SLEEP is active also for these pins. SLEEP is also overridden by various
other alternate functions as described in ”Alternate Port Functions” on page 68.
If a logic high level (“one”) is present on an asynchronous external interrupt pin configured as
“Interrupt on Rising Edge, Falling Edge, or Any Logic Change on Pin” while the external interrupt
is not enabled, the corresponding External Interrupt Flag will be set when resuming from the
above mentioned Sleep mode, as the clamping in these sleep mode produces the requested
logic change.
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15.2.6
Unconnected Pins
If some pins are unused, it is recommended to ensure that these pins have a defined level. Even
though most of the digital inputs are disabled in the deep sleep modes as described above, floating inputs should be avoided to reduce current consumption in all other modes where the digital
inputs are enabled (Reset, Active mode and Idle mode).
The simplest method to ensure a defined level of an unused pin, is to enable the internal pull-up.
In this case, the pull-up will be disabled during reset. If low power consumption during reset is
important, it is recommended to use an external pull-up or pull-down. Connecting unused pins
directly to VCC or GND is not recommended, since this may cause excessive currents if the pin is
accidentally configured as an output.
15.3
Alternate Port Functions
Many low voltage port pins have alternate functions in addition to being general digital I/Os. Figure 15-5 shows how the port pin control signals from the simplified Figure 15-2 on page 64 can
be overridden by alternate functions. The overriding signals may not be present in all port pins,
but the figure serves as a generic description applicable to all port pins in the AVR microcontroller family.
Figure 15-5. Alternate Port Functions(1)
PUOExn
PUOVxn
1
PUD
0
DDOExn
DDOVxn
1
D
Q
DDxn
0
Q CLR
WDx
PVOExn
RESET
RDx
1
1
Pxn
Q
0
D
0
PORTxn
PTOExn
Q CLR
DIEOExn
DATA BUS
PVOVxn
WPx
RESET
DIEOVxn
WRx
1
0
RRx
SLEEP
SYNCHRONIZER
D
SET
Q
RPx
Q
D
PINxn
L
CLR
Q
CLR
Q
clk I/O
DIxn
AIOxn
PUOExn:
PUOVxn:
DDOExn:
DDOVxn:
PVOExn:
PVOVxn:
DIEOExn:
DIEOVxn:
SLEEP:
PTOExn:
68
Pxn PULL-UP OVERRIDE ENABLE
Pxn PULL-UP OVERRIDE VALUE
Pxn DATA DIRECTION OVERRIDE ENABLE
Pxn DATA DIRECTION OVERRIDE VALUE
Pxn PORT VALUE OVERRIDE ENABLE
Pxn PORT VALUE OVERRIDE VALUE
Pxn DIGITAL INPUT-ENABLE OVERRIDE ENABLE
Pxn DIGITAL INPUT-ENABLE OVERRIDE VALUE
SLEEP CONTROL
Pxn, PORT TOGGLE OVERRIDE ENABLE
PUD:
WDx:
RDx:
RRx:
WRx:
RPx:
WPx:
clkI/O:
DIxn:
AIOxn:
PULLUP DISABLE
WRITE DDRx
READ DDRx
READ PORTx REGISTER
WRITE PORTx
READ PORTx PIN
WRITE PINx
I/O CLOCK
DIGITAL INPUT PIN n ON PORTx
ANALOG INPUT/OUTPUT PIN n ON PORTx
ATmega8HVA/16HVA
8024A–AVR–04/08
ATmega8HVA/16HVA
Note:
1. WRx, WPx, WDx, RRx, RPx, and RDx are common to all pins within the same port. clkI/O,
SLEEP, and PUD are common to all ports. All other signals are unique for each pin.
Table 15-2 summarizes the function of the overriding signals. The pin and port indexes from Figure 15-5 on page 68 are not shown in the succeeding tables. The overriding signals are
generated internally in the modules having the alternate function.
Table 15-2.
Generic Description of Overriding Signals for Alternate Functions
Signal Name
Full Name
Description
PUOE
Pull-up Override
Enable
If this signal is set, the pull-up enable is controlled by the PUOV
signal. If this signal is cleared, the pull-up is enabled when
{DDxn, PORTxn, PUD} = 0b010.
PUOV
Pull-up Override
Value
If PUOE is set, the pull-up is enabled/disabled when PUOV is
set/cleared, regardless of the setting of the DDxn, PORTxn,
and PUD Register bits.
DDOE
Data Direction
Override Enable
If this signal is set, the Output Driver Enable is controlled by the
DDOV signal. If this signal is cleared, the Output driver is
enabled by the DDxn Register bit.
DDOV
Data Direction
Override Value
If DDOE is set, the Output Driver is enabled/disabled when
DDOV is set/cleared, regardless of the setting of the DDxn
Register bit.
PVOE
Port Value
Override Enable
If this signal is set and the Output Driver is enabled, the port
value is controlled by the PVOV signal. If PVOE is cleared, and
the Output Driver is enabled, the port Value is controlled by the
PORTxn Register bit.
PVOV
Port Value
Override Value
If PVOE is set, the port value is set to PVOV, regardless of the
setting of the PORTxn Register bit.
PTOE
Port Toggle
Override Enable
If PTOE is set, the PORTxn Register bit is inverted.
DIEOE
Digital Input
Enable Override
Enable
If this bit is set, the Digital Input Enable is controlled by the
DIEOV signal. If this signal is cleared, the Digital Input Enable
is determined by MCU state (Normal mode, sleep mode).
DIEOV
Digital Input
Enable Override
Value
If DIEOE is set, the Digital Input is enabled/disabled when
DIEOV is set/cleared, regardless of the MCU state (Normal
mode, sleep mode).
DI
Digital Input
This is the Digital Input to alternate functions. In the figure, the
signal is connected to the output of the schmitt trigger but
before the synchronizer. Unless the Digital Input is used as a
clock source, the module with the alternate function will use its
own synchronizer.
AIO
Analog
Input/Output
This is the Analog Input/output to/from alternate functions. The
signal is connected directly to the pad, and can be used bidirectionally.
The following subsections shortly describe the alternate functions for each port, and relate the
overriding signals to the alternate function. Refer to the alternate function description for further
details.
69
8024A–AVR–04/08
15.3.1
Alternate Functions of Port A
The Port A pins with alternate functions are shown in Table 15-3.
Table 15-3.
Port A Pins Alternate Functions
Port Pin
Alternate Function
PA1
ADC1/ SGND/ T1 (ADC Input Channel 1, Signal Ground or
Timer/Counter1 Clock Input)
PA0
ADC0/ SGND/ T0 (ADC Input Channel 0, Signal Ground or
Timer/Counter0 Clock Input))
The alternate pin configuration is as follows:
• ADC0/ SNGD/ T0 – Port A, Bit 0
Voltage Analog to Digital Converter (Channel 0), Signal Ground for Voltage Analog to Digital
Converter or Timer/Counter0 Counter Source.
• ADC1/ SNGD/ T1 – Port A, Bit 1
Voltage Analog to Digital Converter (Channel 1) , Signal Ground for Voltage Analog to Digital
Converter or Timer/Counter1 Counter Source.
Table 15-4 relates the alternate functions of Port A to the overriding signals shown in Figure 155 on page 68.
Table 15-4.
70
Overriding Signals for Alternate Functions in PA1..PA0
Signal Name
PA0/ADC0/SGND/T0
PA1/ADC1/SGND/T1
PUOE
0
0
PUOV
0
0
DDOE
0
0
DDOV
0
0
PVOE
0
0
PVOV
0
0
PTOE
–
–
DIEOE
PA0DID
PA1DID
DIEOV
0
0
DI
–
–
AIO
ADC0 INPUT/ SGND/ T0
ADC1 INPUT/ SGND/ T1
ATmega8HVA/16HVA
8024A–AVR–04/08
ATmega8HVA/16HVA
15.3.2
Alternate Functions of Port B
The Port B pins with alternate functions are shown in Table 15-5.
Table 15-5.
Port Pin
Port B Pins Alternate Functions
Alternate Functions
PB3
MISO/ INT2 (SPI Bus Master Input/Slave Output or External Interrupt 2 Input)
PB2
MOSI/ INT1 (SPI Bus Master Output/Slave Input or External Interrupt 1 Input)
PB1
SCK (SPI Bus Master clock Input)
PB0
SS/ CKOUT (SPI Bus Master Slave select or Clock Output)
The alternate pin configuration is as follows:
• MISO/INT2 - Port B, Bit 3
MISO, Master Data input: Slave Data output pin for SPI channel. When the SPI is enabled as a
Master, this pin is configured as an input regardless of the setting of DDB3. When the SPI is
enabled as a Slave, the data direction of this pin is controlled by DDB3. When the pin is forced
by the SPI to be an input, the pull-up can still be controlled by the PORTB3 bit. When not operating in SPI mode, this pin can serve as an external interrupt source.
• MOSI/INT1- Port B, Bit 2
MOSI, SPI Master Data output: Slave Data input for SPI channel. When the SPI is enabled as a
Slave, this pin is configured as an input regardless of the setting of DDB2. When the SPI is
enabled as a Master, the data direction of this pin is controlled by DDB2. When the pin is forced
by the SPI to be an input, the pull-up can still be controlled by the PORTB2 bit. When not operating in SPI mode, this pin can serve as an external interrupt source.
• SCK- Port B, Bit 1
SCK, Master Clock output: Slave Clock input pin for SPI channel. When the SPI is enabled as a
Slave, this pin is configured as an input regardless of the setting of DDB1. When the SPI is
enabled as a Master, the data direction of this pin is controlled by DDB1. When the pin is forced
by the SPI to be an input, the pull-up can still be controlled by the PORTB1 bit.
• SS/CKOUT- Port B, Bit 0
SS, Slave Select input: When the SPI is enabled as a Slave, this pin is configured as an input
regardless of the setting of DDB0. As a Slave, the SPI is activated when this pin is driven low.
When the SPI is enabled as a Master, the data direction of this pin is controlled by DDB0. When
the pin is forced by the SPI to be an input, the pull-up can still be controlled by the PORTB0 bit.
When not operating in SPI mode, this pin can serve as Clock Output, CPU Clock divided by 2.
See ”Clock Output” on page 27.
71
8024A–AVR–04/08
Table 15-6.
Overriding Signals for Alternate Functions in PB3..PB0
Signal Name
PB3/MISO
PB2/MOSI
PB1/SCK
PB0/SS/CKOUT
PUOE
SPE • MSTR
SPE • MSTR
SPE • MSTR
SPE • MSTR • CKOE
PUOV
PORTB3 • PUD
PORTB2 • PUD
PORTB1 • PUD
PORTB0 • PUD
DDOE
SPE • MSTR
SPE • MSTR
SPE • MSTR
SPE • MSTR | CKOE
DDOV
0
0
0
CKOE
PVOE
SPE • MSTR
SPE • MSTR
SPE • MSTR
CKOE
PVOV
SPI SLAVE OUTPUT
SPI MSTR OUTPUT
SCK OUTPUT
CKOUT
PTOE
–
–
–
–
DIEOE
INT2 ENABLE
INT1 ENABLE
–
CKOE
DIEOV
INT2 ENABLE
INT1 ENABLE
–
0
DI
SPI MSTR INPUT
INT2 INPUT
SPI SLAVE INPUT
INT1 INPUT
SCK INPUT
SPI SS
AIO
–
–
–
–
72
ATmega8HVA/16HVA
8024A–AVR–04/08
ATmega8HVA/16HVA
15.4
15.4.1
Register Description
MCUCR – MCU Control Register
Bit
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
0x35 (0x55)
–
–
CKOE
PUD
–
–
–
–
Read/Write
R
R
R/W
R/W
R
R
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
MCUCR
• Bit 4 – PUD: Pull-up Disable
When this bit is written to one, the pull-ups in the I/O ports are disabled even if the DDxn and
PORTxn Registers are configured to enable the pull-ups ({DDxn, PORTxn} = 0b01). See ”Configuring the Pin” on page 64 for more details about this feature.
15.4.2
15.4.3
15.4.4
15.4.5
15.4.6
15.4.7
PORTA – Port A Data Register
Bit
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
0x02 (0x22)
-
-
-
-
-
-
PORTA1
PORTA0
Read/Write
R
R
R
R
R
R
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
PORTA
DDRA – Port A Data Direction Register
Bit
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
0x01 (0x21)
-
-
-
-
-
-
DDA1
DDA0
Read/Write
R
R
R
R
R
R/
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
DDRA
PINA – Port A Input Pins Address
Bit
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
0x00 (0x20)
-
-
-
-
-
-
PINA1
PINA0
Read/Write
R
R
R
R
R
R
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
PINA
PORTB – Port B Data Register
Bit
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
0x05 (0x25)
-
-
-
-
PORTB3
PORTB2
PORTB1
PORTB0
Read/Write
R
R
R
R
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
PORTB
DDRB – Port B Data Direction Register
Bit
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
0x04 (0x24)
-
-
-
-
DDB3
DDB2
DDB1
DDB0
Read/Write
R
R
R
R
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
DDRB
PINB – Port B Input Pins Address
Bit
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
0x03 (0x23)
-
-
-
-
PINB3
PINB2
PINB1
PINB0
Read/Write
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
Initial Value
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
PINB
73
8024A–AVR–04/08
16. Timer/Counter0 and Timer/Counter1 Prescalers
16.1
Overview
Timer/Counter1 and Timer/Counter0 share the same prescaler module, but the Timer/Counters
can have different prescaler settings. The description below applies to both Timer/Counter1 and
Timer/Counter0.
16.1.1
Internal Clock Source
The Timer/Counter can be clocked directly by the system clock (by setting the CSn2:0 = 1). This
provides the fastest operation, with a maximum Timer/Counter clock frequency equal to system
clock frequency (fCLK_I/O). Alternatively, one of four taps from the prescaler can be used as a
clock source. The prescaled clock has a frequency of either fCLK_I/O/8, fCLK_I/O/64, fCLK_I/O/256, or
fCLK_I/O/1024.
16.1.2
Prescaler Reset
The prescaler is free running, i.e., operates independently of the Clock Select logic of the
Timer/Counter, and it is shared by Timer/Counter1 and Timer/Counter0. Since the prescaler is
not affected by the Timer/Counter’s clock select, the state of the prescaler will have implications
for situations where a prescaled clock is used. One example of prescaling artifacts occurs when
the timer is enabled and clocked by the prescaler (6 > CSn2:0 > 1). The number of system clock
cycles from when the timer is enabled to the first count occurs can be from 1 to N+1 system
clock cycles, where N equals the prescaler divisor (8, 64, 256, or 1024).
It is possible to use the prescaler reset for synchronizing the Timer/Counter to program execution. However, care must be taken if the other Timer/Counter that shares the same prescaler
also uses prescaling. A prescaler reset will affect the prescaler period for all Timer/Counters it is
connected to.
Figure 16-1. Prescaler for Timer/Counter
clk I/O
Clear
PSRSYNC
Tn
Synchronization
CSn0
CSn1
CSn2
n
clkTn
74
ATmega8HVA/16HVA
8024A–AVR–04/08
ATmega8HVA/16HVA
16.2
External Clock Source
An external clock source applied to the Tn pin can be used as Timer/Counter clock (clkTn). The
Tn pin is sampled once every system clock cycle by the pin synchronization logic. The synchronized (sampled) signal is then passed through the edge detector. Figure 16-2 shows a functional
equivalent block diagram of the Tn synchronization and edge detector logic. The registers are
clocked at the positive edge of the internal system clock (clkI/O). The latch is transparent in the
high period of the internal system clock.
The edge detector generates one clkTn pulse for each positive (CSn2:0 = 7) or negative (CSn2:0
= 6) edge it detects. See Table 16-1 on page 76 for details.
Figure 16-2. Tn Pin Sampling
Tn
D
Q
D
Q
D
Tn_sync
(To Clock
Select Logic)
Q
LE
clk I/O
Synchronization
Edge Detector
The synchronization and edge detector logic introduces a delay of 2.5 to 3.5 system clock cycles
from an edge has been applied to the Tn pin to the counter is updated.
Enabling and disabling of the clock input must be done when Tn has been stable for at least one
system clock cycle, otherwise it is a risk that a false Timer/Counter clock pulse is generated.
Each half period of the external clock applied must be longer than one system clock cycle to
ensure correct sampling. The external clock must be guaranteed to have less than half the system clock frequency (fExtClk < fclk_I/O/2) given a 50/50% duty cycle. Since the edge detector uses
sampling, the maximum frequency of an external clock it can detect is half the sampling frequency (Nyquist sampling theorem). However, due to variation of the system clock frequency
and duty cycle caused by Oscillator source (crystal, resonator, and capacitors) tolerances, it is
recommended that maximum frequency of an external clock source is less than fclk_I/O/2.5.
An external clock source can not be prescaled.
75
8024A–AVR–04/08
16.3
16.3.1
Register Description
TCCRnB – Timer/Counter n Control Register B
Bit
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
-
-
-
-
-
CSn2
CSn1
CSn0
Read/Write
R
R
R
R
R
R/W
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
TCCRnB
• Bits 2, 1, 0 – CSn2, CSn1, CSn0: Clock Select n, Bit 2, 1, and 0
The Clock Select n bits 2, 1, and 0 define the prescaling source of Timer n.
Table 16-1.
Clock Select Bit Description
CSn2
CSn1
CSn0
Description
0
0
0
No clock source (Timer/Counter stopped)
0
0
1
clkI/O(No prescaling)
0
1
0
clkI/O/8 (From prescaler)
0
1
1
clkI/O/64 (From prescaler)
1
0
0
clkI/O/256 (From prescaler)
1
0
1
clkI/O/1024 (From prescaler)
1
1
0
External clock source on Tn pin. Clock on falling edge.
1
1
1
External clock source on Tn pin. Clock on rising edge.
If external pin modes are used for the Timer/Counter n, transitions on the Tn pin will clock the
counter even if the pin is configured as an output. This feature allows software control of the
counting.
16.3.2
General Timer/Counter Control Register – GTCCR
Bit
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
TSM
–
–
–
–
–
–
PSRSYNC
Read/Write
R/W
R
R
R
R
R
R
R/W
Initial Value
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
GTCCR
• Bit 7 – TSM: Timer/Counter Synchronization Mode
Writing the TSM bit to one activates the Timer/Counter Synchronization mode. In this mode, the
value that is written to the PSRSYNC bit is kept, hence keeping the corresponding prescaler
reset signals asserted. This ensures that the corresponding Timer/Counters are halted and can
be configured to the same value without the risk of one of them advancing during configuration.
When the TSM bit is written to zero the PSRSYNC bit is cleared by hardware, and the
Timer/Counters start counting simultaneously.
• Bit 0 – PSRSYNC: Prescaler Reset
When this bit is one, Timer/Counter1 and Timer/Counter0 prescaler will be reset. This bit is normally cleared immediately by hardware, except if the TSM bit is set. Note that Timer/Counter1
and Timer/Counter0 share the same prescaler and a reset of this prescaler will affect both
timers.
76
ATmega8HVA/16HVA
8024A–AVR–04/08
ATmega8HVA/16HVA
17. Timer/Counter(T/C0,T/C1)
17.1
Features
•
•
•
•
•
17.2
Clear Timer on Compare Match (Auto Reload)
Input Capture unit
Four Independent Interrupt Sources (TOVn, OCFnA, OCFnB, ICFn)
8-bit Mode with Two Independent Output Compare Units
16-bit Mode with One Independent Output Compare Unit
Overview
Timer/Counter n is a general purpose 8-/16-bit Timer/Counter module, with one/two Output
Compare units and Input Capture functionality.
ATmega8HVA/16HVA has two Timer/Counters, Timer/Counter0 and Timer/Counter1. The functionality for both Timer/Counters is described below. Timer/Counter0 and Timer/Counter1 have
different Timer/Counter registers, as shown in ”Register Summary” on page 175.
The Timer/Counter general operation is described in 8-/16-bit mode. A simplified block diagram
of the 8-/16-bit Timer/Counter is shown in Figure 17-1. CPU accessible I/O Registers, including
I/O bits and I/O pins, are shown in bold. The device-specific I/O Register and bit locations are
listed in the ”Register Description” on page 90.
Figure 17-1. 8-/16-bit Timer/Counter Block Diagram
TOVn (Int. Req.)
Count
Clear
Clock Select
Control Logic
Direction
clkTn
Edge
Detector
Tn
( From Prescaler )
TOP
Timer/Counter
TCNTnH
TCNTnL
=
Fixed TOP value
=
OCnA (Int. Req.)
=
DATA BUS
OCnB (Int. Req.)
ICFn (Int. Req.)
OCRnB
TCCRnA
OCRnA
TCCRnB
Edge
Detector
Noise
Canceler
ICPn1
ICPn0
77
8024A–AVR–04/08
17.2.1
Registers
The Timer/Counter Low Byte Register (TCNTnL) and Output Compare Registers (OCRnA and
OCRnB) are 8-bit registers. Interrupt request (abbreviated to Int.Req. in Figure 17-1 on page 77)
signals are all visible in the Timer Interrupt Flag Register (TIFRn). All interrupts are individually
masked with the Timer Interrupt Mask Register (TIMSKn). TIFRn and TIMSKn are not shown in
the figure.
In 16-bit mode the Timer/Counter consists one more 8-bit register, the Timer/Counter High Byte
Register (TCNTnH). Furthermore, there is only one Output Compare Unit in 16-bit mode as the
two Output Compare Registers, OCRnA and OCRnB, are combined to one 16-bit Output Compare Register. OCRnA contains the low byte of the word and OCRnB contains the higher byte of
the word. When accessing 16-bit registers, special procedures described in section ”Accessing
Registers in 16-bit Mode” on page 86 must be followed.
The Timer/Counter can be clocked internally, via the prescaler, or by an external clock source on
the Tn pin. The Clock Select logic block controls which clock source and edge the Timer/Counter
uses to increment its value. The Timer/Counter is inactive when no clock source is selected. The
output from the Clock Select logic is referred to as the timer clock (clkTn).
17.2.2
Definitions
Many register and bit references in this section are written in general form. A lower case “n”
replaces the module number, e.g. Timer/Counter number. A lower case “x” replaces the unit,
e.g. OCRnx and ICPnx describes OCRnB/A and ICP1/0x . However, when using the register or
bit defines in a program, the precise form must be used, i.e., TCNT0L for accessing
Timer/Counter0 counter value and so on.
The definitions in Table 17-1 are also used extensively throughout the document.
Table 17-1.
17.3
Definitions
BOTTOM
The counter reaches the BOTTOM when it becomes 0.
MAX
The counter reaches its MAXimum when it becomes 0xFF (decimal 255) in 8-bit mode or
0xFFFF (decimal 65535) in 16-bit mode.
TOP
The counter reaches the TOP when it becomes equal to the highest value in the count
sequence. The TOP value can be assigned to be the fixed value 0xFF/0xFFFF (MAX) or
the value stored in the OCRnA Register.
Timer/Counter Clock Sources
The Timer/Counter can be clocked internally, via the prescaler, or by an external clock source.
The Clock Select logic is controlled by the Clock Select (CSn2:0) bits located in the
Timer/Counter Control Register n B (TCCRnB), and controls which clock source and edge the
Timer/Counter uses to increment its value. The Timer/Counter is inactive when no clock source
is selected. The output from the Clock Select logic is referred to as the timer clock (clkTn). For
details on clock sources and prescaler, see ”Timer/Counter0 and Timer/Counter1 Prescalers” on
page 74
78
ATmega8HVA/16HVA
8024A–AVR–04/08
ATmega8HVA/16HVA
17.4
Counter Unit
The main part of the 8-bit Timer/Counter is the programmable bi-directional counter unit. Figure
17-2 on page 79 shows a block diagram of the counter and its surroundings.
Figure 17-2. Counter Unit Block Diagram
TOVn
(Int.Req.)
DATA BUS
Clock Select
TCNTn
count
Control Logic
clkTn
Edge
Detector
Tn
( From Prescaler )
top
Signal description (internal signals):
count
Increment or decrement TCNTn by 1.
clkTn
Timer/Counter clock, referred to as clkTn in the following.
top
Signalize that TCNTn has reached maximum value.
The counter is incremented at each timer clock (clkTn) until it passes its TOP value and then
restarts from BOTTOM. The counting sequence is determined by the setting of the WGMn0 bits
located in the Timer/Counter Control Register (TCCRnA). For more details about counting
sequences, see ”Timer/Counter Timing Diagrams” on page 85. clkTn can be generated from an
external or internal clock source, selected by the Clock Select bits (CSn2:0). When no clock
source is selected (CSn2:0 = 0) the timer is stopped. However, the TCNTn value can be
accessed by the CPU, regardless of whether clkTn is present or not. A CPU write overrides (has
priority over) all counter clear or count operations. The Timer/Counter Overflow Flag (TOVn) is
set when the counter reaches the maximum value and it can be used for generating a CPU
interrupt.
79
8024A–AVR–04/08
17.5
Modes of Operation
The mode of operation is defined by the Timer/Counter Width (TCWn), Input Capture Enable
(ICENn) and the Waveform Generation Mode (WGMn0)bits in ”TCCRnA – Timer/Counter n
Control Register A” on page 90. Table 17-2 on page 80 shows the different Modes of Operation.
Table 17-2.
Modes of Operation
Timer/Counter Mode
of Operation
TOP
Update of
OCRx at
TOV Flag
Set on
0
Normal 8-bit Mode
0xFF
Immediate
MAX (0xFF)
0
1
8-bit CTC
OCRnA
Immediate
MAX (0xFF)
0
1
0
16-bit Mode
0xFFFF
Immediate
MAX (0xFFFF)
3
0
1
1
16-bit CTC
OCRnB,
OCRnA
Immediate
MAX (0xFFFF)
4
1
0
0
8-bit Input Capture
mode
0xFF
–
MAX (0xFF)
5
1
1
0
16-bit Input Capture
mode
0xFFFF
–
MAX (0xFFFF)
Mode
ICENn
TCWn
WGMn0
0
0
0
1
0
2
17.5.1
Normal 8-bit Mode
In the normal mode, the counter (TCNTnL) is incrementing until it overruns when it passes its
maximum 8-bit value (MAX = 0xFF) and then restarts from the bottom (0x00), see Table 17-2 on
page 80 for bit settings. The Overflow Flag (TOVn) will be set in the same timer clock cycle as
the TCNTnL becomes zero. The TOVn Flag in this case behaves like a ninth bit, except that it is
only set, not cleared. However, combined with the timer overflow interrupt that automatically
clears the TOVn Flag, the timer resolution can be increased by software. There are no special
cases to consider in the Normal 8-bit mode, a new counter value can be written anytime. The
Output Compare Unit can be used to generate interrupts at some given time.
17.5.2
Clear Timer on Compare Match (CTC) 8-bit Mode
In Clear Timer on Compare or CTC mode, the OCRnA Register is used to manipulate the
counter resolution, see Table 17-2 on page 80 for bit settings. In CTC mode the counter is
cleared to zero when the counter value (TCNTn) matches the OCRnA. The OCRnA defines the
top value for the counter, hence also its resolution. This mode allows greater control of the Compare Match output frequency. It also simplifies the operation of counting external events.
The timing diagram for the CTC mode is shown in Figure 17-3 on page 81. The counter value
(TCNTn) increases until a Compare Match occurs between TCNTn and OCRnA, and then
counter (TCNTn) is cleared.
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Figure 17-3. CTC Mode, Timing Diagram
OCnx Interrupt Flag Set
TCNTn
Period
1
2
3
4
An interrupt can be generated each time the counter value reaches the TOP value by using the
OCFnA Flag. If the interrupt is enabled, the interrupt handler routine can be used for updating
the TOP value. However, changing TOP to a value close to BOTTOM when the counter is running with none or a low prescaler value must be done with care. If the new value written to
OCRnA is lower than the current value of TCNTn, the counter will miss the Compare Match. The
counter will then have to count to its maximum value (0xFF) and wrap around starting at 0x00
before the Compare Match can occur. As for the Normal mode of operation, the TOVn Flag is
set in the same timer clock cycle that the counter counts from MAX to 0x00.
17.5.3
16-bit Mode
In 16-bit mode, the counter (TCNTnH/L) is a incrementing until it overruns when it passes its
maximum 16-bit value (MAX = 0xFFFF) and then restarts from the bottom (0x0000), see Table
17-2 on page 80 for bit settings. The Overflow Flag (TOVn) will be set in the same timer clock
cycle as the TCNTnH/L becomes zero. The TOVn Flag in this case behaves like a 17th bit,
except that it is only set, not cleared. However, combined with the timer overflow interrupt that
automatically clears the TOVn Flag, the timer resolution can be increased by software. There
are no special cases to consider in the Normal mode, a new counter value can be written anytime. The Output Compare Unit can be used to generate interrupts at some given time.
17.5.4
Clear Timer on Compare Match (CTC) 16-bit Mode
In Clear Timer on Compare 16-bit mode, OCRnB/A Registers are used to manipulate the
counter resolution, see Table 17-2 on page 80 for bit settings. In CTC mode the counter is
cleared to zero when the counter value (TCNTn) matches OCRnB/A, where OCRnB represents
the eight most significant bits and OCRnA represents the eight least significant bits. OCRnB/A
defines the top value of the counter, hence also its resolution. This mode allows greater control
of the Compare Match output frequency. It also simplifies the operation of counting external
events.
An interrupt can be generated each time the counter reaches the TOP value by using the
OCFnA flag. If the interrupt is enabled, the interrupt handler routine can be used for updating the
TOP value. However, changing the TOP to a value close the BOTTOM when the counter is running with none or a low prescaler value must be done with care since the CTC mode does not
have the double buffering feature. If the new value written to OCRnB/A is lower than the current
value of TCNTn, the counter will miss the Compare Match. The counter will then have to count to
its maximum value (0xFFFF) and wrap around starting at 0x0000 before Compare Match can
occur. As for the 16-bit Mode, the TOVn Flag is set in the same timer clock cycle that the counter
counts from MAX to 0x0000.
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17.5.5
8-bit Input Capture Mode
The Timer/Counter can be used in a 8-bit Input Capture mode, see Table 17-2 on page 80 for bit
settings. For full description, see ”Input Capture Unit” on page 82.
17.5.6
16-bit Input Capture Mode
The Timer/Counter can also be used in a 16-bit Input Capture mode, see Table 17-2 on page 80
for bit settings. For full description, see ”Input Capture Unit” on page 82.
17.6
Input Capture Unit
The Timer/Counter incorporates an Input Capture unit that can capture external events and give
them a time-stamp indicating time of occurrence. The external signal indicates an event, or multiple events. For Timer/Counter0, the events can be applied via the PC0 pin (ICP01), or
alternatively via the osi_posedge pin on the Oscillator Sampling Interface (ICP00). For
Timer/Counter1, the events can be applied by the Battery Protection Interrupt (ICP10) or alternatively by the Voltage Regulator Interrupt (ICP11). The time-stamps can then be used to
calculate frequency, duty-cycle, and other features of the signal applied. Alternatively the timestamps can be used for creating a log of the events.
The Input Capture unit is illustrated by the block diagram shown in Figure 17-4 on page 82. The
elements of the block diagram that are not directly a part of the Input Capture unit are gray
shaded.
Figure 17-4. Input Capture Unit Block Diagram
DATA BUS
(8-bit)
TEMP (8-bit)
OCRnB (8-bit)
WRITE
OCRnA (8-bit)
TCNTnH (8-bit)
ICRn (16-bit Register)
TCNTn (16-bit Counter)
ICSn
ICPn1
TCNTnL (8-bit)
ICNCn
ICESn
Noise
Canceler
Edge
Detector
ICFn (Int.Req.)
ICPn0
The Output Compare Register OCRnA is a dual-purpose register that is also used as an 8-bit
Input Capture Register ICRn. In 16-bit Input Capture mode the Output Compare Register
OCRnB serves as the high byte of the Input Capture Register ICRn. In 8-bit Input Capture mode
the Output Compare Register OCRnB is free to be used as a normal Output Compare Register,
but in 16-bit Input Capture mode the Output Compare Unit cannot be used as there are no free
Output Compare Register(s). Even though the Input Capture register is called ICRn in this section, it is referring to the Output Compare Register(s). For more information on how to access
the 16-bit registers refer to ”Accessing Registers in 16-bit Mode” on page 86.
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When a change of the logic level (an event) occurs on the Input Capture pin (ICPx), and this
change confirms to the setting of the edge detector, a capture will be triggered. When a capture
is triggered, the value of the counter (TCNTn) is written to the Input Capture Register (ICRn).
The Input Capture Flag (ICFn) is set at the same system clock as the TCNTn value is copied into
Input Capture Register. If enabled (TICIEn=1), the Input Capture Flag generates an Input Capture interrupt. The ICFn flag is automatically cleared when the interrupt is executed. Alternatively
the ICFn flag can be cleared by software by writing a logical one to its I/O bit location.
17.6.1
Input Capture Trigger Source
The default trigger source for the Input Capture unit is the I/O port PC0 in Timer/Counter0 and
the Battery Protection Interrupt in Timer/Counter1. Alternatively can the osi_posedge pin on the
Oscillator Sampling Interface in Timer/Counter0 and Voltage Regulator Interrupt in
Timer/Counter1 be used as trigger sources. The osi_posedge pin in Timer/Counter0 Control
Register A (TCCR0A) and the Voltage Regulator Interrupt bit in the Timer/Counter1 Control
Register A (TCCR1A) is selected as trigger sources by setting the Input Capture Select bits
respectively to 00 and 11. Be aware that changing trigger source can trigger a capture. The
Input Capture Flag must therefore be cleared after the change.
Both Input Capture inputs are sampled using the same technique. The edge detector is also
identical. However, when the noise canceler is enabled, additional logic is inserted before the
edge detector, which increases the delay by four system clock cycles. An Input Capture on
Timer/Counter0 can also be triggered by software by controlling the port of the PC0 pin.
17.6.2
Noise Canceler
The noise canceler improves noise immunity by using a simple digital filtering scheme. The
noise canceler input is monitored over four samples, and all four must be equal for changing the
output that in turn is used by the edge detector.
The noise canceler is enabled by setting the Input Capture Noise Canceler (ICNCn) bit in
Timer/Counter Control Register n B (TCCRnB). When enabled the noise canceler introduces
additional four system clock cycles of delay from a change applied to the input, to the update of
the ICRn Register. The noise canceler uses the system clock and is therefore not affected by the
prescaler.
17.6.3
Using the Input Capture Unit
The main challenge when using the Input Capture unit is to assign enough processor capacity
for handling the incoming events. The time between two events is critical. If the processor has
not read the captured value in the ICRn Register before the next event occurs, the ICRn will be
overwritten with a new value. In this case the result of the capture will be incorrect.
When using the Input Capture interrupt, the ICRn Register should be read as early in the interrupt handler routine as possible. The maximum interrupt response time is dependent on the
maximum number of clock cycles it takes to handle any of the other interrupt requests.
Measurement of an external signal duty cycle requires that the trigger edge is changed after
each capture. Changing the edge sensing must be done as early as possible after the ICRn
Register has been read. After a change of the edge, the Input Capture Flag (ICFn) must be
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cleared by software (writing a logical one to the I/O bit location). For measuring frequency only,
the trigger edge change is not required.
Table 17-3.
ICS0
Source
0
ICP00: osi_posedge pin from OSI module(1)
1
ICP01: Port PC0
Note:
1. See ”OSI – Oscillator Sampling Interface” on page 28 for details.
Table 17-4.
ICS1
17.7
Timer/Counter0 Input Capture Source (ICS)
Timer/Counter1 Input Capture Source (ICS)
Source
0
ICP10: Battery Protection Interrupt
1
ICP11: Voltage Regulator Interrupt
Output Compare Unit
The comparator continuously compares the Timer/Counter (TCNTn) with the Output Compare
Registers (OCRnA and OCRnB), and whenever the Timer/Counter equals to the Output Compare Registers, the comparator signals a match. A match will set the Output Compare Flag at
the next timer clock cycle. In 8-bit mode the match can set either the Output Compare Flag
OCFnA or OCFnB, but in 16-bit mode the match can set only the Output Compare Flag OCFnA
as there is only one Output Compare Unit. If the corresponding interrupt is enabled, the Output
Compare Flag generates an Output Compare interrupt. The Output Compare Flag is automatically cleared when the interrupt is executed. Alternatively, the flag can be cleared by software by
writing a logical one to its I/O bit location. Figure 17-5 on page 84 shows a block diagram of the
Output Compare unit.
Figure 17-5. Output Compare Unit, Block Diagram
DATA BUS
OCRnx
TCNTn
= (8/16-bit Comparator )
OCFnx (Int.Req.)
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17.7.1
Compare Match Blocking by TCNT0 Write
All CPU write operations to the TCNTnH/L Register will block any Compare Match that occur in
the next timer clock cycle, even when the timer is stopped. This feature allows OCRnB/A to be
initialized to the same value as TCNTn without triggering an interrupt when the Timer/Counter
clock is enabled.
17.7.2
Using the Output Compare Unit
Since writing TCNTnH/L will block all Compare Matches for one timer clock cycle, there are risks
involved when changing TCNTnH/L when using the Output Compare Unit, independently of
whether the Timer/Counter is running or not. If the value written to TCNTnH/L equals the
OCRnB/A value, the Compare Match will be missed.
17.8
Timer/Counter Timing Diagrams
The Timer/Counter is a synchronous design and the timer clock (clkTn) is therefore shown as a
clock enable signal in the following figures. The figures include information on when Interrupt
Flags are set. Figure 17-6 on page 85 contains timing data for basic Timer/Counter operation.
The figure shows the count sequence close to the MAX value.
Figure 17-6. Timer/Counter Timing Diagram, no Prescaling
clkI/O
clkTn
(clkI/O /1)
TCNTn
MAX - 1
MAX
BOTTOM
BOTTOM + 1
TOVn
Figure 17-7 on page 85 shows the same timing data, but with the prescaler enabled.
Figure 17-7. Timer/Counter Timing Diagram, with Prescaler (fclk_I/O/8)
clkI/O
clkTn
(clkI/O /8)
TCNTn
MAX - 1
MAX
BOTTOM
BOTTOM + 1
TOVn
Figure 17-8 on page 86 shows the setting of OCFnA and OCFnB in Normal mode.
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Figure 17-8. Timer/Counter Timing Diagram, Setting of OCFnx, with Prescaler (fclk_I/O/8)
clkI/O
clkTn
(clkI/O /8)
TCNTn
OCRnx - 1
OCRnx
OCRnx
OCRnx + 1
OCRnx + 2
OCRnx Value
OCFnx
shows the setting of OCFnA and the clearing of TCNTn in CTC mode.
Figure 17-9. Timer/Counter Timing Diagram, CTC mode, with Prescaler (fclk_I/O/8)
clkPCK
clkTn
(clkPCK /8)
TCNTn
(CTC)
TOP - 1
OCRnx
TOP
BOTTOM
BOTTOM + 1
TOP
OCFnx
17.9
Accessing Registers in 16-bit Mode
In 16-bit mode (the TCWn bit is set to one) the TCNTnH/L and OCRnB/A are 16-bit registers that
can be accessed by the AVR CPU via the 8-bit data bus. The 16-bit register must be byte
accessed using two read or write operations. The 16-bit Timer/Counter has a single 8-bit register
for temporary storing of the high byte of the 16-bit access. The same temporary register is
shared between all 16-bit registers. Accessing the low byte triggers the 16-bit read or write operation. When the low byte of a 16-bit register is written by the CPU, the high byte stored in the
temporary register, and the low byte written, are both copied into the 16-bit register in the same
clock cycle. When the low byte of a 16-bit register is read by the CPU, the high byte of the 16-bit
register is copied into the temporary register in the same clock cycle as the low byte is read.
There is one exception in the temporary register usage. In the Output Compare mode the 16-bit
Output Compare Register OCRnB/A is read without the temporary register, because the Output
Compare Register contains a fixed value that is only changed by CPU access. However, in 16bit Input Capture mode the ICRn register formed by the OCRnA and OCRnB registers must be
accessed with the temporary register.
To do a 16-bit write, the high byte must be written before the low byte. For a 16-bit read, the low
byte must be read before the high byte.
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The following code examples show how to access the 16-bit timer registers assuming that no
interrupts updates the temporary register. The same principle can be used directly for accessing
the OCRnB/A registers.
Assembly Code Example
...
; Set TCNTn to 0x01FF
ldi r17,0x01
ldi r16,0xFF
out TCNTnH,r17
out TCNTnL,r16
; Read TCNTn into r17:r16
in r16,TCNTnL
in r17,TCNTnH
...
C Code Example
unsigned int i;
...
/* Set TCNTn to 0x01FF */
TCNTn = 0x1FF;
/* Read TCNTn into i */
i = TCNTn;
...
Note:
1. See “About Code Examples” on page 7.
The assembly code example returns the TCNTnH/L value in the r17:r16 register pair.
It is important to notice that accessing 16-bit registers are atomic operations. If an interrupt
occurs between the two instructions accessing the 16-bit register, and the interrupt code
updates the temporary register by accessing the same or any other of the 16-bit timer registers,
then the result of the access outside the interrupt will be corrupted. Therefore, when both the
main code and the interrupt code update the temporary register, the main code must disable the
interrupts during the 16-bit access.
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The following code examples show how to do an atomic read of the TCNTn register contents.
Reading any of the OCRn register can be done by using the same principle.
Assembly Code Example
TIMn_ReadTCNTn:
; Save global interrupt flag
in r18,SREG
; Disable interrupts
cli
; Read TCNTn into r17:r16
in r16,TCNTnL
in r17,TCNTnH
; Restore global interrupt flag
out SREG,r18
ret
C Code Example
unsigned int TIMn_ReadTCNTn( void )
{
unsigned char sreg;
unsigned int i;
/* Save global interrupt flag */
sreg = SREG;
/* Disable interrupts */
_CLI();
/* Read TCNTn into i */
i = TCNTn;
/* Restore global interrupt flag */
SREG = sreg;
return i;
}
Note:
1. See “About Code Examples” on page 7.
The assembly code example returns the TCNTnH/L value in the r17:r16 register pair.
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The following code examples show how to do an atomic write of the TCNTnH/L register contents. Writing any of the OCRnB/A registers can be done by using the same principle.
Assembly Code Example
TIMn_WriteTCNTn:
; Save global interrupt flag
in r18,SREG
; Disable interrupts
cli
; Set TCNTn to r17:r16
out TCNTnH,r17
out TCNTnL,r16
; Restore global interrupt flag
out SREG,r18
ret
C Code Example
void TIMn_WriteTCNTn( unsigned int i )
{
unsigned char sreg;
unsigned int i;
/* Save global interrupt flag */
sreg = SREG;
/* Disable interrupts */
_CLI();
/* Set TCNTn to i */
TCNTn = i;
/* Restore global interrupt flag */
SREG = sreg;
}
Note:
See “About Code Examples” on page 7.
The assembly code example requires that the r17:r16 register pair contains the value to be written to TCNTnH/L.
17.9.1
Reusing the temporary high byte register
If writing to more than one 16-bit register where the high byte is the same for all registers written,
then the high byte only needs to be written once. However, note that the same rule of atomic
operation described previously also applies in this case.
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17.10 Register Description
17.10.1
TCCRnA – Timer/Counter n Control Register A
Bit
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
TCWn
ICENn
ICNCn
ICESn
ICSn
–
–
WGMn0
Read/Write
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R
R
R/W
Initial Value
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
TCCRnA
• Bit 7– TCWn: Timer/Counter Width
When this bit is written to one 16-bit mode is selected. The Timer/Counter width is set to 16-bits
and the Output Compare Registers OCRnA and OCRnB are combined to form one 16-bit Output
Compare Register. Because the 16-bit registers TCNTnH/L and OCRnB/A are accessed by the
AVR CPU via the 8-bit data bus, special procedures must be followed. These procedures are
described in section ”Accessing Registers in 16-bit Mode” on page 86.
• Bit 6– ICENn: Input Capture Mode Enable
The Input Capture Mode is enabled when this bit is written to one.
• Bit 5 – ICNCn: Input Capture Noise Canceler
Setting this bit activates the Input Capture Noise Canceler. When the noise canceler is activated, the input from the Input Capture Source is filtered. The filter function requires four
successive equal valued samples of the Input Capture Source for changing its output. The Input
Capture is therefore delayed by four System Clock cycles when the noise canceler is enabled.
• Bit 4 – ICESn: Input Capture Edge Select
This bit selects which edge on the Input Capture Source that is used to trigger a capture event.
When the ICESn bit is written to zero, a falling (negative) edge is used as trigger, and when the
ICESn bit is written to one, a rising (positive) edge will trigger the capture. When a capture is triggered according to the ICESn setting, the counter value is copied into the Input Capture
Register. The event will also set the Input Capture Flag (ICFn), and this can be used to cause an
Input Capture Interrupt, if this interrupt is enabled.
• Bit 3 - ICSn: Input Capture Select
When written to a logic one, this bit selects the alternate Input Capture Source as trigger for the
Timer/Counter input capture function. To trigger the Timer/Counter Input Capture interrupt, the
ICIEn bit in the Timer Interrupt Mask Register (TIMSK) must be set. See Table 17-3 on page 84
and Table 17-4 on page 84.
• Bits 2:0 – Res: Reserved Bits
These bits are reserved bits in the ATmega8HVA/16HVA and will always read as zero.
• Bit 0 – WGMn0: Waveform Generation Mode
This bit controls the counting sequence of the counter, the source for maximum (TOP) counter
value, see Figure 17-6 on page 85. Modes of operation supported by the Timer/Counter unit are:
Normal mode (counter) and Clear Timer on Compare Match (CTC) mode (see ”Timer/Counter
Timing Diagrams” on page 85).
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17.10.2
TCNTnL – Timer/Counter n Register Low Byte
Bit
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
TCNTnL[7:0]
TCNTnL
Read/Write
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
The Timer/Counter Register TCNTnL gives direct access, both for read and write operations, to
the Timer/Counter unit 8-bit counter. Writing to the TCNTnL Register blocks (disables) the Compare Match on the following timer clock. Modifying the counter (TCNTnL) while the counter is
running, introduces a risk of missing a Compare Match between TCNTnL and the OCRnx Registers. In 16-bit mode the TCNTnL register contains the lower part of the 16-bit Timer/Counter n
Register.
17.10.3
TCNTnH – Timer/Counter n Register High Byte
Bit
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
TCNTnH[7:0]
TCNTnH
Read/Write
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
When 16-bit mode is selected (the TCWn bit is set to one) the Timer/Counter Register TCNTnH
combined to the Timer/Counter Register TCNTnL gives direct access, both for read and write
operations, to the Timer/Counter unit 16-bit counter. To ensure that both the high and low bytes
are read and written simultaneously when the CPU accesses these registers, the access is performed using an 8-bit temporary high byte register (TEMP). This temporary register is shared by
all the other 16-bit registers. See ”Accessing Registers in 16-bit Mode” on page 86. In 8-bit
mode, this register is accessable for both reading and writing, but will not be updated by the
counter.
17.10.4
OCRnA – Timer/Counter n Output Compare Register A
Bit
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
OCRnA[7:0]
OCRnA
Read/Write
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
The Output Compare Register A contains an 8-bit value that is continuously compared with the
counter value (TCNTnL). A match can be used to generate an Output Compare interrupt.
In 16-bit mode the OCRnA register contains the low byte of the 16-bit Output Compare Register.
To ensure that both the high and the low bytes are written simultaneously when the CPU writes
to these registers, the access is performed using an 8-bit temporary high byte register (TEMP).
This temporary register is shared by all the other 16-bit registers. See ”Accessing Registers in
16-bit Mode” on page 86.
Note that the OCRnA is not writable in Input Capture mode.
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17.10.5
OCRnB – Timer/Counter n Output Compare Register B
Bit
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
OCRnB[7:0]
OCRnB
Read/Write
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
The Output Compare Register B contains an 8-bit value that is continuously compared with the
counter value (TCNTnL in 8-bit mode and TCNTnH in 16-bit mode). A match can be used to
generate an Output Compare interrupt.
In 16-bit mode the OCRnB register contains the high byte of the 16-bit Output Compare Register. To ensure that both the high and the low bytes are written simultaneously when the CPU
writes to these registers, the access is performed using an 8-bit temporary high byte register
(TEMP). This temporary register is shared by all the other 16-bit registers. See ”Accessing Registers in 16-bit Mode” on page 86.
Note that the OCRnB is not writable in Input Capture mode.
17.10.6
TIMSKn – Timer/Counter n Interrupt Mask Register
Bit
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
-
-
-
-
ICIEn
OCIEnB
OCIEnA
TOIEn
Read/Write
R
R
R
R
R/W
R/W
R/W
R
Initial Value
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
TIMSKn
• Bit 3 – ICIEn: Timer/Counter n Input Capture Interrupt Enable
When this bit is written to one, and the I-flag in the Status Register is set (interrupts globally
enabled), the Timer/Counter n Input Capture interrupt is enabled. The corresponding Interrupt
Vector (See Section “12.” on page 52.) is executed when the ICFn flag, located in TIFRn, is set.
• Bit 2 – OCIEnB: Timer/Counter n Output Compare Match B Interrupt Enable
When the OCIEnB bit is written to one, and the I-bit in the Status Register is set, the
Timer/Counter Compare Match B interrupt is enabled. The corresponding interrupt is executed if
a Compare Match in Timer/Counter occurs, i.e., when the OCFnB bit is set in the ”TIFRn –
Timer/Counter n Interrupt Flag Register” on page 93.
• Bit 1 – OCIEnA: Timer/Counter n Output Compare Match A Interrupt Enable
When the OCIEnA bit is written to one, and the I-bit in the Status Register is set, the
Timer/Counter n Compare Match A interrupt is enabled. The corresponding interrupt is executed
if a Compare Match in Timer/Counter n occurs, i.e., when the OCFnA bit is set in the ”TIFRn –
Timer/Counter n Interrupt Flag Register” on page 93.
• Bit 0 – TOIEn: Timer/Counter n Overflow Interrupt Enable
When the TOIEn bit is written to one, and the I-bit in the Status Register is set, the
Timer/Counter n Overflow interrupt is enabled. The corresponding interrupt is executed if an
overflow in Timer/Counter n occurs, i.e., when the TOVn bit is set in the ”TIFRn – Timer/Counter
n Interrupt Flag Register” on page 93.
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17.10.7
TIFRn – Timer/Counter n Interrupt Flag Register
Bit
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
-
-
-
-
ICFn
OCFnB
OCFnA
TOVn
Read/Write
R
R
R
R
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
TIFRn
• Bits 3 – ICFn: Timer/Counter n Input Capture Flag
This flag is set when a capture event occurs, according to the setting of ICENn, ICESn and ICSn
bits in the TCCRnA Register.
ICFn is automatically cleared when the Input Capture Interrupt Vector is executed. Alternatively,
ICFn can be cleared by writing a logic one to its bit location.
• Bit 2 – OCFnB: Output Compare Flag n B
The OCFnB bit is set when a Compare Match occurs between the Timer/Counter and the data in
OCRnB – Output Compare Register n B. OCFnB is cleared by hardware when executing the
corresponding interrupt handling vector. Alternatively, OCFnB is cleared by writing a logic one to
the flag. When the I-bit in SREG, OCIEnB (Timer/Counter Compare B Match Interrupt Enable),
and OCFnB are set, the Timer/Counter Compare Match Interrupt is executed.
The OCFnB is not set in 16-bit Output Compare mode when the Output Compare Register
OCRnB is used as the high byte of the 16-bit Output Compare Register or in 16-bit Input Capture mode when the Output Compare Register OCRnB is used as the high byte of the Input
Capture Register.
• Bit 1– OCFnA: Output Compare Flag n A
The OCFnA bit is set when a Compare Match occurs between the Timer/Counter n and the data
in OCRnA – Output Compare Register n. OCFnA is cleared by hardware when executing the
corresponding interrupt handling vector. Alternatively, OCFnA is cleared by writing a logic one to
the flag. When the I-bit in SREG, OCIEnA (Timer/Counter n Compare Match Interrupt Enable),
and OCFnA are set, the Timer/Counter n Compare Match Interrupt is executed.
The OCFnA is also set in 16-bit mode when a Compare Match occurs between the
Timer/Counter n and 16-bit data in OCRnB/A. The OCFnA is not set in Input Capture mode
when the Output Compare Register OCRnA is used as an Input Capture Register.
• Bit 0 – TOVn: Timer/Counter n Overflow Flag
The bit TOVn is set when an overflow occurs in Timer/Counter n. TOVn is cleared by hardware
when executing the corresponding interrupt handling vector. Alternatively, TOVn is cleared by
writing a logic one to the flag. When the SREG I-bit, TOIEn (Timer/Counter n Overflow Interrupt
Enable), and TOVn are set, the Timer/Counter n Overflow interrupt is executed.
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18. SPI – Serial Peripheral Interface
18.1
Features
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
18.2
Full-duplex, Three-wire Synchronous Data Transfer
Master or Slave Operation
LSB First or MSB First Data Transfer
Seven Programmable Bit Rates
End of Transmission Interrupt Flag
Write Collision Protection Flag
Wake-up from Idle Mode
Double Speed (CK/2) Master SPI Mode
Overview
The Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI) allows high-speed synchronous data transfer between the
ATmega8HVA/16HVA and peripheral devices or between several AVR devices.
The PRSPI bit in ”PRR0 – Power Reduction Register 0” on page 39 must be written to zero to
enable SPI module.
Figure 18-1. SPI Block Diagram(1)
SPI2X
SPI2X
DIVIDER
/2/4/8/16/32/64/128
Note:
94
1. Refer to ”Alternate Port Functions” on page 68 for SPI pin placement.
ATmega8HVA/16HVA
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ATmega8HVA/16HVA
The interconnection between Master and Slave CPUs with SPI is shown in Figure 18-2. The system consists of two shift Registers, and a Master clock generator. The SPI Master initiates the
communication cycle when pulling low the Slave Select SS pin of the desired Slave. Master and
Slave prepare the data to be sent in their respective shift Registers, and the Master generates
the required clock pulses on the SCK line to interchange data. Data is always shifted from Master to Slave on the Master Out – Slave In, MOSI, line, and from Slave to Master on the Master In
– Slave Out, MISO, line. After each data packet, the Master will synchronize the Slave by pulling
high the Slave Select, SS, line.
When configured as a Master, the SPI interface has no automatic control of the SS line. This
must be handled by user software before communication can start. When this is done, writing a
byte to the SPI Data Register starts the SPI clock generator, and the hardware shifts the eight
bits into the Slave. After shifting one byte, the SPI clock generator stops, setting the end of
Transmission Flag (SPIF). If the SPI Interrupt Enable bit (SPIE) in the SPCR Register is set, an
interrupt is requested. The Master may continue to shift the next byte by writing it into SPDR, or
signal the end of packet by pulling high the Slave Select, SS line. The last incoming byte will be
kept in the Buffer Register for later use.
When configured as a Slave, the SPI interface will remain sleeping with MISO tri-stated as long
as the SS pin is driven high. In this state, software may update the contents of the SPI Data
Register, SPDR, but the data will not be shifted out by incoming clock pulses on the SCK pin
until the SS pin is driven low. As one byte has been completely shifted, the end of Transmission
Flag, SPIF is set. If the SPI Interrupt Enable bit, SPIE, in the SPCR Register is set, an interrupt
is requested. The Slave may continue to place new data to be sent into SPDR before reading
the incoming data. The last incoming byte will be kept in the Buffer Register for later use.
Figure 18-2. SPI Master-slave Interconnection
SHIFT
ENABLE
The system is single buffered in the transmit direction and double buffered in the receive direction. This means that bytes to be transmitted cannot be written to the SPI Data Register before
the entire shift cycle is completed. When receiving data, however, a received character must be
read from the SPI Data Register before the next character has been completely shifted in. Otherwise, the first byte is lost.
In SPI Slave mode, the control logic will sample the incoming signal of the SCK pin. To ensure
correct sampling of the clock signal, the frequency of the SPI clock should never exceed fosc/4.
When the SPI is enabled, the data direction of the MOSI, MISO, SCK, and SS pins is overridden
according to Table 18-1 on page 96. For more details on automatic port overrides, refer to ”Alternate Port Functions” on page 68.
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Table 18-1.
Pin
SPI Pin Overrides(1)
Direction, Master SPI
Direction, Slave SPI
MOSI
User Defined
Input
MISO
Input
User Defined
SCK
User Defined
Input
SS
User Defined
Input
Note:
1. See ”Alternate Functions of Port B” on page 71 for a detailed description of how to define the
direction of the user defined SPI pins.
The following code examples show how to initialize the SPI as a Master and how to perform a
simple transmission. DDR_SPI in the examples must be replaced by the actual Data Direction
Register controlling the SPI pins. DD_MOSI, DD_MISO and DD_SCK must be replaced by the
actual data direction bits for these pins. E.g. if MOSI is placed on pin PB5, replace DD_MOSI
with DDB5 and DDR_SPI with DDRB.
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Assembly Code Example(1)
SPI_MasterInit:
; Set MOSI and SCK output, all others input
ldi
r17,(1<<DD_MOSI)|(1<<DD_SCK)
out
DDR_SPI,r17
; Enable SPI, Master, set clock rate fck/16
ldi
r17,(1<<SPE)|(1<<MSTR)|(1<<SPR0)
out
SPCR,r17
ret
SPI_MasterTransmit:
; Start transmission of data (r16)
out
SPDR,r16
Wait_Transmit:
; Wait for transmission complete
sbis SPSR,SPIF
rjmp Wait_Transmit
ret
C Code Example(1)
void SPI_MasterInit(void)
{
/* Set MOSI and SCK output, all others input */
DDR_SPI = (1<<DD_MOSI)|(1<<DD_SCK);
/* Enable SPI, Master, set clock rate fck/16 */
SPCR = (1<<SPE)|(1<<MSTR)|(1<<SPR0);
}
void SPI_MasterTransmit(char cData)
{
/* Start transmission */
SPDR = cData;
/* Wait for transmission complete */
while(!(SPSR & (1<<SPIF)))
;
}
Note:
1. See “About Code Examples” on page 7.
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The following code examples show how to initialize the SPI as a Slave and how to perform a
simple reception.
Assembly Code Example(1)
SPI_SlaveInit:
; Set MISO output, all others input
ldi
r17,(1<<DD_MISO)
out
DDR_SPI,r17
; Enable SPI
ldi
r17,(1<<SPE)
out
SPCR,r17
ret
SPI_SlaveReceive:
; Wait for reception complete
sbis SPSR,SPIF
rjmp SPI_SlaveReceive
; Read received data and return
in
r16,SPDR
ret
C Code Example(1)
void SPI_SlaveInit(void)
{
/* Set MISO output, all others input */
DDR_SPI = (1<<DD_MISO);
/* Enable SPI */
SPCR = (1<<SPE);
}
char SPI_SlaveReceive(void)
{
/* Wait for reception complete */
while(!(SPSR & (1<<SPIF)))
;
/* Return Data Register */
return SPDR;
}
Note:
98
1. See “About Code Examples” on page 7.
ATmega8HVA/16HVA
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ATmega8HVA/16HVA
18.3
18.3.1
SS Pin Functionality
Slave Mode
When the SPI is configured as a Slave, the Slave Select (SS) pin is always input. When SS is
held low, the SPI is activated, and MISO becomes an output if configured so by the user. All
other pins are inputs. When SS is driven high, all pins are inputs, and the SPI is passive, which
means that it will not receive incoming data. Note that the SPI logic will be reset once the SS pin
is driven high.
The SS pin is useful for packet/byte synchronization to keep the slave bit counter synchronous
with the master clock generator. When the SS pin is driven high, the SPI slave will immediately
reset the send and receive logic, and drop any partially received data in the Shift Register.
18.3.2
Master Mode
When the SPI is configured as a Master (MSTR in SPCR is set), the user can determine the
direction of the SS pin.
If SS is configured as an output, the pin is a general output pin which does not affect the SPI
system. Typically, the pin will be driving the SS pin of the SPI Slave.
If SS is configured as an input, it must be held high to ensure Master SPI operation. If the SS pin
is driven low by peripheral circuitry when the SPI is configured as a Master with the SS pin
defined as an input, the SPI system interprets this as another master selecting the SPI as a
slave and starting to send data to it. To avoid bus contention, the SPI system takes the following
actions:
1. The MSTR bit in SPCR is cleared and the SPI system becomes a Slave. As a result of
the SPI becoming a Slave, the MOSI and SCK pins become inputs.
2. The SPIF Flag in SPSR is set, and if the SPI interrupt is enabled, and the I-bit in SREG is
set, the interrupt routine will be executed.
Thus, when interrupt-driven SPI transmission is used in Master mode, and there exists a possibility that SS is driven low, the interrupt should always check that the MSTR bit is still set. If the
MSTR bit has been cleared by a slave select, it must be set by the user to re-enable SPI Master
mode.
18.4
Data Modes
There are four combinations of SCK phase and polarity with respect to serial data, which are
determined by control bits CPHA and CPOL. The SPI data transfer formats are shown in Figure
18-3 and Figure 18-4 on page 100. Data bits are shifted out and latched in on opposite edges of
the SCK signal, ensuring sufficient time for data signals to stabilize. This is clearly seen by summarizing Table 18-3 on page 101 and Table 18-4 on page 101, as done in Table 18-2.
Table 18-2.
SPI Modes
SPI Mode
Conditions
Leading Edge
Trailing eDge
0
CPOL=0, CPHA=0
Sample (Rising)
Setup (Falling)
1
CPOL=0, CPHA=1
Setup (Rising)
Sample (Falling)
2
CPOL=1, CPHA=0
Sample (Falling)
Setup (Rising)
3
CPOL=1, CPHA=1
Setup (Falling)
Sample (Rising)
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Figure 18-3. SPI Transfer Format with CPHA = 0
SCK (CPOL = 0)
mode 0
SCK (CPOL = 1)
mode 2
SAMPLE I
MOSI/MISO
CHANGE 0
MOSI PIN
CHANGE 0
MISO PIN
SS
MSB first (DORD = 0) MSB
LSB first (DORD = 1) LSB
Bit 6
Bit 1
Bit 5
Bit 2
Bit 4
Bit 3
Bit 3
Bit 4
Bit 2
Bit 5
Bit 1
Bit 6
LSB
MSB
Figure 18-4. SPI Transfer Format with CPHA = 1
SCK (CPOL = 0)
mode 1
SCK (CPOL = 1)
mode 3
SAMPLE I
MOSI/MISO
CHANGE 0
MOSI PIN
CHANGE 0
MISO PIN
SS
MSB first (DORD = 0)
LSB first (DORD = 1)
100
MSB
LSB
Bit 6
Bit 1
Bit 5
Bit 2
Bit 4
Bit 3
Bit 3
Bit 4
Bit 2
Bit 5
Bit 1
Bit 6
LSB
MSB
ATmega8HVA/16HVA
8024A–AVR–04/08
ATmega8HVA/16HVA
18.5
18.5.1
Register Description
SPCR – SPI Control Register
Bit
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
0x2C (0x4C)
SPIE
SPE
DORD
MSTR
CPOL
CPHA
SPR1
SPR0
Read/Write
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
SPCR
• Bit 7 – SPIE: SPI Interrupt Enable
This bit causes the SPI interrupt to be executed if SPIF bit in the SPSR Register is set and the if
the Global Interrupt Enable bit in SREG is set.
• Bit 6 – SPE: SPI Enable
When the SPE bit is written to one, the SPI is enabled. This bit must be set to enable any SPI
operations.
• Bit 5 – DORD: Data Order
When the DORD bit is written to one, the LSB of the data word is transmitted first.
When the DORD bit is written to zero, the MSB of the data word is transmitted first.
• Bit 4 – MSTR: Master/Slave Select
This bit selects Master SPI mode when written to one, and Slave SPI mode when written logic
zero. If SS is configured as an input and is driven low while MSTR is set, MSTR will be cleared,
and SPIF in SPSR will become set. The user will then have to set MSTR to re-enable SPI Master mode.
• Bit 3 – CPOL: Clock Polarity
When this bit is written to one, SCK is high when idle. When CPOL is written to zero, SCK is low
when idle. Refer to Figure 18-3 and Figure 18-4 for an example. The CPOL functionality is summarized below:
Table 18-3.
CPOL Functionality
CPOL
Leading Edge
Trailing Edge
0
Rising
Falling
1
Falling
Rising
• Bit 2 – CPHA: Clock Phase
The settings of the Clock Phase bit (CPHA) determine if data is sampled on the leading (first) or
trailing (last) edge of SCK. Refer to Figure 18-3 and Figure 18-4 for an example. The CPOL
functionality is summarized below:
Table 18-4.
CPHA Functionality
CPHA
Leading Edge
Trailing Edge
0
Sample
Setup
1
Setup
Sample
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• Bits 1, 0 – SPR1, SPR0: SPI Clock Rate Select 1 and 0
These two bits control the SCK rate of the device configured as a Master. SPR1 and SPR0 have
no effect on the Slave. The relationship between SCK and the Oscillator Clock frequency fosc is
shown in the following table:
Table 18-5.
18.5.2
Relationship Between SCK and the Oscillator Frequency
SPI2X
SPR1
SPR0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
1
1
1
0
0
1
0
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
SCK Frequency
fosc/4
fosc/16
fosc/64
fosc/128
fosc/2
fosc/8
fosc/32
fosc/64
SPSR – SPI Status Register
Bit
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
SPIF
WCOL
–
–
–
–
–
SPI2X
Read/Write
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R/W
Initial Value
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0x2D (0x4D)
SPSR
• Bit 7 – SPIF: SPI Interrupt Flag
When a serial transfer is complete, the SPIF Flag is set. An interrupt is generated if SPIE in
SPCR is set and global interrupts are enabled. If SS is an input and is driven low when the SPI is
in Master mode, this will also set the SPIF Flag. SPIF is cleared by hardware when executing the
corresponding interrupt handling vector. Alternatively, the SPIF bit is cleared by first reading the
SPI Status Register with SPIF set, then accessing the SPI Data Register (SPDR).
• Bit 6 – WCOL: Write Collision Flag
The WCOL bit is set if the SPI Data Register (SPDR) is written during a data transfer. The
WCOL bit (and the SPIF bit) are cleared by first reading the SPI Status Register with WCOL set,
and then accessing the SPI Data Register.
• Bit 5:1 – Res: Reserved Bits
These bits are reserved bits in the ATmega8HVA/16HVA and will always read as zero.
• Bit 0 – SPI2X: Double SPI Speed Bit
When this bit is written logic one the SPI speed (SCK Frequency) will be doubled when the SPI
is in Master mode (see Table 18-5 on page 102). This means that the minimum SCK period will
be two CPU clock periods. When the SPI is configured as Slave, the SPI is only guaranteed to
work at fosc/4 or lower.
The SPI interface on the ATmega8HVA/16HVA is also used for program memory and EEPROM
downloading or uploading. See Table 27.6 on page 151 for serial programming and verification.
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18.5.3
SPDR – SPI Data Register
Bit
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
0x2E (0x4E)
MSB
LSB
Read/Write
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
SPDR
Undefined
The SPI Data Register is a read/write register used for data transfer between the Register File
and the SPI Shift Register. Writing to the register initiates data transmission. Reading the register causes the Shift Register Receive buffer to be read.
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19. Coulomb Counter - Dedicated Fuel Gauging Sigma-delta ADC
19.1
Features
• Sampled System Coulomb Counter
• Low Power Sigma-Delta ADC Optimized for Coulomb Counting
• Instantaneous Current Output with 3.9 ms Conversion Time
•
•
•
•
19.2
– 13 bit Resolution (including sign bit)
– Interrupt on Instantaneous Current Conversion Complete
Accumulate Current Output
– Programmable Conversion Time: 125/250/500/1000 ms
– 18-bit Resolution (including sign bit)
– Interrupt on Accumulation Current Conversion Complete
Regular Current Detection Mode
– Programmable Sampling Interval: 250/500/1000/2000 ms
Input Voltage Range ± 100mV
– Allowing Measurement of ± 10A @ 10 mΩ
Offset canceling by input polarity switching
Overview
ATmega8HVA/16HVA features a dedicated Sigma-Delta ADC (CC-ADC) optimized for Coulomb
Counting. By sampling the voltage across an external sense resistor RSENSE, the CC-ADC is
used to track the flow of current going into and out of the battery cells.
Figure 19-1. Coulomb Counter Block Diagram
8-BIT DATABUS
Instantaneous
Current
Register
Regular
Current Level
Accumulate
Current
Register
Control &
Status
Registers
IRQ
Current
Comparator
PI
IRQ
Polarity
Switcher
RSENSE
Sigma Delta
modulator
Decimation
Filter
IRQ
Decimation
Filter
NI
In normal conversion mode two different output values are provided, Instantaneous Current and
Accumulate Current. The Instantaneous Current Output has a short conversion time at the cost
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of lower resolution. The Accumulate Current Output provides a highly accurate current measurement for Coulomb Counting.
The CC-ADC also provides a special Regular Current detection mode. This allows ultra-low
power operation in Power-save mode when small charge or discharge currents are flowing.
For offset cancellation the polarity of the input signal could be switched run time. Using this feature correctly will remove the internal CC-ADC offset. See application note AVR352.
19.3
Normal Operation
When enabled the CC-ADC continuously measures the voltage over the external sense resistor
RSENSE. Running in normal conversion mode, two data conversion output is provided.
• Instantaneous Conversion Result
• Accumulation Conversion Result
The Instantaneous Current conversion time is fixed to 3.9 ms (typical value) allowing the output
value to closely follow the input. After each Instantaneous Current conversion an interrupt is
generated if the interrupt is enabled. Data from conversion will be updated in the Instantaneous
Current registers CADICL and CADICH at the same time as the interrupt is given. To avoid losing conversion data, both the low and high byte must be read within a 3.9 ms timing window after
the corresponding interrupt is given. When the low byte register is read, updating of the Instantaneous Current registers and interrupts will be stopped until the high byte is read. Figure 19-2
shows an Instantaneous Current conversion diagram, where DATA4 will be lost because DATA3
reading is not completed within the limited period.
Figure 19-2. Instantaneous Current Conversions
Enable
~12ms settling
3.9ms
3.9ms
7.8ms
DATA 1
DATA 2
DATA 3
Instantaneous
Interrupt
Accumulation
Data
INVALID DATA
DATA 4
Read low byte
Read high byte
The Accumulate Current output is a high-resolution, high accuracy output with programmable
conversion time selected by the CADAS bits in CADCSRA. The converted value is an accurate
measurement of the average current flow during one conversion period. The CC-ADC generates
an interrupt each time a new Accumulate Current conversion has finished if the interrupt is
enabled. Data from conversion will be updated in the Accumulation Current registers CADAC0,
CADAC1, CADAC2 and CADAC3 at the same time as the interrupt is given. To avoid losing conversion data, all bytes must be read within the selected conversion period. When the lower byte
registers are read, updating of the Accumulation Current registers and interrupts will be stopped
until the highest byte is read. Table 19-3 shows an Accumulation Current conversion diagram,
where DATA4 will be lost because DATA3 reading is not completed within the limited period.
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Figure 19-3. Accumulation Current Conversions
Enable
125, 250, 500,
or 1000 ms
1, 2, 3, or 4s settling
125, 250, 500,
or 1000 ms
250, 500,
1000, or 2000 ms
Accumulation
Interrupt
Accumulation
Data
INVALID DATA
DATA 1
DATA 2
DATA 3
DATA 4
Read byte 1
Read byte 2
Read byte 3
Read byte 4
19.4
Regular Current Detection Operation
By setting the CADSE bit in CADCSRA the CC-ADC will enter a special Regular Current Detection Sampling Mode.
In this mode the CC-ADC will do one Instantaneous Current Conversion on regular sampling
intervals while updating of the Accumulation Current Register is automatically disabled. The
sampling interval is controlled by writing to the CADSI bits in CADCSRA.
Each time a conversion is completed the result is compared with Regular Charge/Discharge
Threshold levels specified in the CADRC register. If interrupt is enabled and the voltage is
above/below the specified limit a Regular Current Detection Interrupt will be issued. Figure 19-4
illustrates the Regular Current Detection Mode
Figure 19-4. Regular Current Detection Mode (CADSE=1)
Regular Current
Detection Operation
Turn-off
~250, 500, 1000, 2000ms
Measure
Turn-off
Measure
~12ms
~250, 500, 1000, 2000ms
~12ms
Regular Current
Detection Interupt
Regular Charge
Current Threshold
Current through RSENSE
Regular Discharge
Current Threshold
The Regular Current Detection has a separate Interrupt and by setting the CADRCIE bit, this
interrupt is enabled. Note that this Regular Current Detection interrupt cannot wake-up the CPU
from sleep mode. To be able to use the Regular Current Detection function in sleep modes, the
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Instantaneous Current Interrupt should be enabled as wake-up source by setting the CADICIE
bit. The device will then wake-up from sleep after each single IC measurement. To check if Regular Current Detection has occurred the Regular Current Detection flag, CADRCIF, should be
read.
19.5
Offset Canceling by Polarity Switching
The CC-ADC offers Polarity Switching for internal offset canceling. By switching the polarity of
the sampled input signal at selected time intervals, the internal voltage offset of the CC-ADC will
cancel at the output. This feature prevents the CC-ADC from accumulating an offset error over
time.
19.6
Configuration and Usage
While the CC-ADC is converting, the CPU can enter sleep mode and wait for an interrupt. After
adding the conversion data for the Coulomb Counting, the CPU can go back to sleep again. This
reduces the CPU workload, and allows more time spent in low power modes, reducing power
consumption.
To use the CC-ADC, the bandgap voltage reference must be enabled. See ”Voltage Reference
and Temperature Sensor” on page 117.
The CC-ADC will not consume power when CADEN is cleared. It is therefore recommended to
switch off the CC-ADC whenever the Coulomb Counter or Regular Current Detection functions
are not used. The CC-ADC is automatically disabled in Power-off mode.
After the CC-ADC is enabled by setting the CADEN bit, the first three Instantaneous conversions
do not contain useful data and should be ignored. This also applies after clearing the CADSE bit,
or after changing the CADPOL or CADVSE bits.
The conversion times and sampling intervals are controlled by the Slow RC Oscillator, and will
depend on its actual frequency. To obtain accurate coulomb counting results, the actual conversion time must be calculated. Refer to ”Slow RC Oscillator” on page 26 for details.
19.7
19.7.1
Register Description
CADCSRA - CC-ADC Control and Status Register A
Bit
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
CADEN
CADPOL
CADUB
CADAS1
CADAS0
CADSI1
CADSI0
CADSE
Read/Write
R/W
R/W
R
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
(0xE4)
CADCSRA
• Bit 7 - CADEN: CC-ADC Enable
When the CADEN bit is cleared (zero), the CC-ADC is disabled, and any ongoing conversions
will be terminated. When the CADEN bit is set (one), the CC-ADC will continuously measure the
voltage drop over the external sense resistor RSENSE. In Power-off, the CC-ADC is always disabled. Note that the bandgap voltage reference must be enabled, see ”Voltage Reference and
Temperature Sensor” on page 117.
• Bit 6 - CADPOL: CC-ADC Polarity
The CADPOL bit is used to change input sampling polarity in the Sigma Delta Modulator. Writing
this bit to one, the polarity will be negative. When the bit is zero, the polarity will be positive.
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• Bit 5 - CADUB: CC-ADC Update Busy
The CC-ADC operates in a different clock domain than the CPU. Whenever a new value is written to CADCSRA or CADRC this value must be synchronized to the CCADC clock domain.
Subsequent writes to these registers will be blocked during this synchronization. Synchronization of one of the registers will block updating of all the others. The CADUB bit will be read as
one while any of these registers is being synchronized, and will be read as zero when neither
register is being synchronized.
• Bits 4:3: CADAS[1:0]: CC-ADC Accumulate Current Select
The CADAS bits select the conversion time for the Accumulate Current output as shown in Table
19-1.
Table 19-1.
Note:
CC-ADC Accumulate Current Conversion Time
CADAS[1:0]
CC-ADC Accumulate Current
Conversion Time(1)
Number of CC-ADC Clock
Cycles
00
125 ms
4096
01
250 ms
8192
10
500 ms
16384
11
1s
32768
1. The actual value depends on the actual frequency of the Slow RC oscillator, see
”Slow RC Oscillator” on page 26.
• Bits 2:1: CADSI[1:0]: CC-ADC Current Sampling Interval
The CADSI bits determine the current sampling interval for the Regular Current detection as
shown in Table 19-2.
Table 19-2.
Notes:
CC-ADC Regular Current Sampling Interval
CADSI[1:0]
CC-ADC Regular Current
Sampling Interval(1)(2)
Number of CC-ADC Clock
Cycles
00
250 ms (+ sampling time)
8192 (+ sampling time)
01
500 ms (+ sampling time)
16384 (+ sampling time)
10
1s (+ sampling time)
32768 (+ sampling time)
11
2s (+ sampling time)
65536 (+ sampling time)
1. The actual value depends on the actual frequency of the Slow RC oscillator, see ”Slow RC
Oscillator” on page 26.
2. Sampling time ~ 12 ms.
• Bit 0 - CADSE: CC-ADC Sampling Enable
When the CADSE bit is written to one, the ongoing CC-ADC conversion is aborted, and the
CCADC enters Regular Current detection mode.
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19.7.2
CADCSRB - CC-ADC Control and Status Register B
Bit
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
(0xE5)
–
CADACIE
CADRCIE
CADICIE
–
CADACIF
CADRCIF
CADICIF
Read/Write
R
R/W
R
R/W
R
R/W
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
CADCSRB
• Bits 7 - Res: Reserved
This bit is reserved bit and will always read as zero.
• Bit 6 - CADACIE: CC-ADC Accumulate Current Interrupt Enable
When the CADACIE bit is set (one), and the I-bit in the Status Register is set (one), the CC-ADC
Accumulate Current Interrupt is enabled.
• Bit 5 - CADRCIE: CC-ADC Regular Current Interrupt Enable
When the CADRCIE bit is set (one), and the I-bit in the Status Register is set (one), the CC-ADC
Regular Current Interrupt is enabled.
• Bit 4 - CADICIE: CC-ADC Instantaneous Current Interrupt Enable
When the CADICIE bit is set (one), and the I-bit in the Status Register is set (one), the CC-ADC
Instantaneous Current Interrupt is enabled.
• Bits 3 - Res: Reserved
This bit is reserved bit and will always read as zero.
• Bit 2 - CADACIF: CC-ADC Accumulate Current Interrupt Flag
The CADACIF bit is set (one) after the Accumulate Current conversion has completed. The
CCADC Accumulate Current Interrupt is executed if the CADACIE bit and the I-bit in SREG are
set (one). CADACIF is cleared by hardware when executing the corresponding Interrupt Handling Vector. Alternatively, CADACIF is cleared by writing a logic one to the flag.
• Bit 1 - CADRCIF: CC-ADC Regular Current Interrupt Flag
The CADRCIF bit is set (one) when the absolute value of the result of the last CC-ADC conversion is greater than, or equal to, the compare values set by the CC-ADC Regular Current Level
Register.
• Bit 0 - CADICIF: CC-ADC Instantaneous Current Interrupt Flag
The CADICIF bit is set (one) when a CC-ADC Instantaneous Current conversion is completed.
The CC-ADC Instantaneous Current Interrupt is executed if the CADICIE bit and the I-bit in
SREG are set (one). CADICIF is cleared by hardware when executing the corresponding Interrupt Handling vector. Alternatively, CADICIF is cleared by writing a logic one to the flag.
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19.7.3
CADICH and CADICL - CC-ADC Instantaneous Current
Bit
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
(0xE9)
CADIC[15:8]
(0xE8)
CADIC[7:0]
Read/Write
Initial Value
CADICH
CADICL
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
When a CC-ADC Instantaneous Current conversion is complete, the result is found in these two
registers. CADIC[15:0] represents the converted result in 2's complement format. CADIC[12:0]
are the 13-bit ADC result (including sign), while CADIC[15:13] are the sign extension bits.
When CADICL is read, the CC-ADC Instantaneous Current register is not updated until CADCH
is read. Reading the registers in the sequence CADICL, CADICH will ensure that consistent values are read. When a conversion is completed, both registers must be read before the next
conversion is completed, otherwise data will be lost.
19.7.4
CADAC3, CADADC2, CADAC1, CADAC0 - CC-ADC Accumulate Current
Bit
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
(0xE3)
CADAC[31:24]
CADAC3
(0xE2)
CADAC[23:16]
CADAC2
(0xE1)
CADAC[15:8]
CADAC1
(0xE0)
CADAC[7:0]
CADAC0
Read/Write
Initial Value
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
The CADAC3, CADAC2, CADAC1 and CADAC0 Registers contain the Accumulate Current
measurements in 2's complement format. CADAC[17:0] are the 18-bit ADC result (including
sign), while CADAC[31:18] are the sign extension bits.
When CADAC0 is read, the CC-ADC Accumulate Current register is not updated until CADAC3
is read. Reading the registers in the sequence CADAC0, CADAC1, CADAC2, CADAC3 will
ensure that consistent values are read. When a conversion is completed, all four registers must
be read before the next conversion is completed, otherwise data will be lost.
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19.7.5
CADRC- CC-ADC Regular Current
Bit
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
CADRC[7:0]
(0xE6)
CADRC
Read/Write
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
The CC-ADC Regular Current Register determines the threshold level for the Regular Current
detection. When the result of a CC-ADC Instantaneous Current conversion has an absolute
value greater than, or equal to, the Regular Current level, the CC-ADC Regular Current Interrupt
Flag is set.
The value in this register defines the eight least significant bits of the Regular Current level. The
most significant bits of the Regular Current level are always zero. The programmable range for
the Regular Current level is given in Table 19-3.
Table 19-3.
Programmable Range for the Regular Current Level
Minimum
Maximum
Step size
0
6848
26.9
RSENSE = 1 mΩ
0
6848
26.9
RSENSE = 5 mΩ
0
1370
5.4
RSENSE = 10 mΩ
0
685
2.7
Voltage (µV)
Current (mA)
The CC-ADC Regular Current Register does not affect the setting of the CC-ADC Conversion
Complete Interrupt Flag.
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20. Voltage ADC – 5-channel General Purpose 12-bit Sigma-Delta ADC
20.1
Features
•
•
•
•
•
•
20.2
12-bit Resolution
519µs Conversion Time @ 1 MHz clkVADC
Two Differential Input Channels for Cell Voltage Measurements
Three Single Ended Input Channels
0.2x Pre-scaling of Cell Voltages
Interrupt on V-ADC Conversion Complete
Overview
The ATmega8HVA/16HVA features a 12-bit Sigma-Delta ADC.
The Voltage ADC (V-ADC) is connected to five different sources through the Input Multiplexer.
There are two differential channels for Cell Voltage measurements. These channels are scaled
0.2x to comply with the Full Scale range of the V-ADC. In addition there are three single ended
channels referenced to SGND. One channel is for measuring the internal temperature sensor
VPTAT and two channels for measuring the voltage at ADC0 and ADC1.
When the V-ADC is not used, power consumption can be minimized by writing the PRVADC bit
in PRR0 to one. See ”PRR0 – Power Reduction Register 0” on page 39 for details on how to use
the PRVADC bit.
Figure 20-1. Voltage ADC Block Schematic
V-ADC CONVERSION COMPLETE IRQ
V-ADC MULTIPLEXER
SEL. REG (VADMUX)
ADC1
VADCCIE
VADCCIF
8-BIT DATA BUS
V-ADC CONTROL AND
STATUS REG (VADCSR)
ADC0
VTEMP
V-ADC CONTROL
INPUT
MUX
PV2
PV1
12-BIT
SIGMA-DELTA ADC
NV
Note:
The shaded signals are scaled by 0.2,
other signals are scaled by 1.0
20.3
VREF
V-ADC DATA REGISTER
(VADCL/ADCH)
SGND
Operation
To enable V-ADC conversions, the V-ADC Enable bit, VADEN, in V-ADC Control and Status
Register – VADCSR must be set. If this bit is cleared, the V-ADC will be switched off, and any
ongoing conversions will be terminated. The V-ADC is automatically disabled in Power-save and
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Power-off mode. Note that the bandgap voltage reference must be enabled and disabled separately, see ”BGCCR – Bandgap Calibration C Register” on page 118.
Figure 20-2. Voltage ADC Conversion Diagram
Start Conversion
Interrupt
Conversion Result OLD DATA
INVALID DATA
VA L I D
D ATA
INVALID DATA
To perform a V-ADC conversion, the analog input channel must first be selected by writing to the
VADMUX register. When a logical one is written to the V-ADC Start Conversion bit VADSC, a
conversion of the selected channel will start. The VADSC bit stays high as long as the conversion is in progress and will be cleared by hardware when the conversion is completed. When a
conversion is in progress, the V-ADC Data Register - VADCL and VADCH will be invalid. If the
System Clock Prescaler setting is changed during a V-ADC conversion, the conversion will be
aborted. If a different data channel is selected while a conversion is in progress, the ADC will finish the current conversion before performing the channel change. When a conversion is finished
the V-ADC Conversion Complete Interrupt Flag – VADCCIF is set. One 12-bit conversion takes
519 µs to complete from the start bit is set to the interrupt flag is set. The V-ADC Data Register VADCL and VADCH will be valid until a new conversion is started. To ensure that correct data is
read, both high and low byte data registers should be read before starting a new conversion.
20.3.1
Configuring PA1 and PA0 for V-ADC operation
When one of the single ended channels ADC0 or ADC1 is used as analog input to the VADC,
either PA0 or PA1 are used as signal ground (SGND). When ADC0/1 is selected as input channel, PA1/0 is automatically switched to SGND.
The use of PA1 and PA0 as SGND is efficient for the thermistor configuration shown in ”Operating Circuit” on page 162. Both termistors, RT1 and RT2, are connected through a common
divider resistor, R1, to PA0 and PA1 respectively.
Both PA0 and PA1 have very high input impedance when used as ADC inputs, which makes it
possible to connect two thermistors in the configuration, shown in ”Operating Circuit” on page
162. However, input impedance is limited and if high accuracy is required, only one thermistor
should be connected between PA0 and PA1. If two termistors are connected, the configuration
is as follows:
• When measuring RT1, PA1 should be used as input channel and PA0 is automatically switched
to SGND.
• When measuring RT2, PA0 should be used as input channel and PA1 is automatically switched
to SGND.
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20.4
20.4.1
Register Description
VADMUX – V-ADC Multiplexer Selection Register
Bit
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
(0x7C)
–
–
–
–
VADMUX3
VADMUX2
VADMUX1
VADMUX0
Read/Write
R
R
R
R
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
VADMUX
• Bit 7:4 – RES: Reserved Bits
These bits are reserved bits in the ATmega8HVA/16HVA and will always read as zero.
• Bit 3:0 – VADMUX3:0: V-ADC Channel Selection Bits
The VADMUX bits determine the V-ADC channel selection. See Table 20-1 on page 114.
Table 20-1.
Note:
20.4.2
VADMUX channel selection
VADMUX3:0
Channel Selected
Scale
0000
RESERVED
–
0001
CELL 1
0.2
0010
CELL 2
0.2
0011
RESERVED
–
0100
VTEMP(1)
1.0
0101
ADC0
1.0
0110
ADC1
1.0
0111...1111
RESERVED
–
1. VTEMP must be measured in Active mode to get the highest accuracy when using calibration
value stored in signature row.
VADCSR – V-ADC Control and Status Register
Bit
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
(0x7A)
–
–
–
–
VADEN
VADSC
VADCCIF
VADCCIE
Read/Write
R
R
R
R
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
VADCSR
• Bit 7:4 – RES: Reserved Bits
These bits are reserved bits in the ATmega8HVA/16HVA and will always read as zero.
• Bit 3 – VADEN: V-ADC Enable
Writing this bit to one enables V-ADC conversion. By writing it to zero, the V-ADC is turned off.
Turning the V-ADC off while a conversion is in progress will terminate this conversion. Note that
the bandgap voltage reference must be enabled separately, see “BGCCR – Bandgap Calibration C Register” on page 118.
• Bit 2 – VADSC: Voltage ADC Start Conversion
Write this bit to one to start a new conversion of the selected channel.
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VADSC will read as one as long as the conversion is not finished. When the conversion is complete, it returns to zero. Writing zero to this bit has no effect. VADSC will automatically be
cleared when the VADEN bit is written to zero.
• Bit 1 – VADCCIF: V-ADC Conversion Complete Interrupt Flag
This bit is set when a V-ADC conversion completes and the data registers are updated. The VADC Conversion Complete Interrupt is executed if the VADCCIE bit and the I-bit in SREG are
set. VADCCIF is cleared by hardware when executing the corresponding interrupt handling vector. Alternatively, VADCCIF is cleared by writing a logical one to the flag. Beware that if doing a
Read-Modify-Write on VADCSR, a pending interrupt can be lost.
• Bit 0 – VADCCIE: V-ADC Conversion Complete Interrupt Enable
When this bit is written to one and the I-bit in SREG is set, the V-ADC Conversion Complete
Interrupt is activated.
20.4.3
VADCL and VADCH – V-ADC Data Register
Bit
15
14
13
12
(0x79)
–
–
–
–
(0x78)
11
10
9
8
VADC[11:8]
VADCH
VADC[7:0]
7
Read/Write
Initial Value
6
5
4
VADCL
3
2
1
0
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
When a V-ADC conversion is complete, the result is found in these two registers. To ensure that
correct data is read, both high and low byte data registers should be read before starting a new
conversion.
• VADC11:0: V-ADC Conversion Result
These bits represent the result from the conversion.
To obtain the best absolute accuracy for the cell voltage measurements, gain and offset compensation is required. Factory calibration values are stored in the device signature row, refer to
section "Reading the Signature Row from Software" on page 144 for details. The cell voltage in
mV is given by:
(VADCH/L – VADC Cell n Offset) ⋅ VADC Cell n Gain Calibration Word
Cell n [mV] = ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------16384
The voltage on the ADCn is given by:
1 (VADCH/L – VADC ADCn Offset) ⋅ VADC ADCn Gain Calibration Word
ADCn[mV] = ------ ⋅ ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------10
16384
When performing a VTEMP conversion, the result must be adjusted by the factory calibration
value stored in the signature row, refer to section ”Reading the Signature Row from Software”
on page 144 for details. The absolute temperature in Kelvin is given by:
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⋅ VPTAT CALT(K) = VADCH/L
-------------------------------------------------------------16384
20.4.4
DIDR0 – Digital Input Disable Register 0
Bit
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
(0x7E)
–
–
–
–
–
–
PA1DID
PA0DID
Read/Write
R
R
R
R
R
R
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
DIDR0
• Bits 7:2 – Res: Reserved Bits
These bits are reserved for future use. To ensure compatibility with future devices, these bits
must be written to zero when DIDR0 is written.
• Bit 1:0 – PA1DID:PA0DID: Digital Input Disable
When this bit is written logic one, the digital input buffer on the corresponding Port A pin is disabled. The corresponding PIN Register bit will always read as zero when this bit is set. When an
analog signal is applied to the PA1:0 pin and the digital input from this pin is not needed, this bit
should be written logic one to reduce power consumption in the digital input buffer.
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21. Voltage Reference and Temperature Sensor
21.1
Features
• Accurate Voltage Reference of 1.100V
• Internal Temperature Sensor
• Possibility for Runtime Compensation of Temperature Drift in Both Voltage Reference and Onchip Oscillators
• External Decoupling for Optimum Noise Performance
• Low Power Consumption
21.2
Overview
A low power band-gap reference provides ATmega8HVA/16HVA with an accurate On-chip voltage reference VREF of 1.100V. This reference voltage is used as reference for the On-chip
Voltage Regulator, the V-ADC and the CC-ADC. The reference to the ADCs uses a buffer with
external decoupling capacitor to enable excellent noise performance with minimum power consumption. The reference voltage VREF_P/VREF_N to the CC-ADC is scaled to match the full scale
requirement at the current sense input pins. This configuration also enables concurrent operation of both V-ADC and CC-ADC.
To guarantee ultra low temperature drift after factory calibration, ATmega8HVA/16HVA features
a two-step calibration algorithm. The first step is performed at THOT°C and the second at room
temperature. By default, Atmel factory calibration is performed at THOT°C, and the result is stored
in the signature row. The value of THOT can also be found in the signature row. See ”Reading the
Signature Row from Software” on page 144 for details. The customer can easily implement the
second calibration step in their test flow. This requires an accurate input voltage and a stable
room temperature. Temperature drift after this calibration is guaranteed by design and characterization to be less than 90 ppm/°C from -10°C to 70°C. The BG Calibration C Register can also
be altered runtime to implement temperature compensation in software. Very high accuracy for
any temperature inside the temperature range can thus be achieved at the cost of extra calibration steps.
ATmega8HVA/16HVA has an On-chip temperature sensor for monitoring the die temperature. A
voltage Proportional-To-Absolute-Temperature, VPTAT, is generated in the voltage reference circuit and connected to the multiplexer at the V-ADC input. This temperature sensor can be used
for runtime compensation of temperature drift in both the voltage reference and the On-chip
Oscillator. To get the absolute temperature in degrees Kelvin, the measured VPTAT voltage must
be scaled with the VPTAT factory calibration value stored in the signature row. See Section
“26.2.5” on page 144. for details.
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Figure 21-1. Reference Circuitry
1.1V
VREF
BG Reference
VREF_P
VPTAT
0.22V
CREF
VREF_N
BG Calibration
Register
21.3
21.3.1
VREF_GND
Register Description
BGCCR – Bandgap Calibration C Register
Bit
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
(0xD0)
BGD
–
BGCC5
BGCC4
BGCC3
BGCC2
BGCC1
BGCC0
Read/Write
R/W
R
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
BGCCR
• Bit 7 - BGD: Bandgap Disable
Setting the BGD bit to one will disable the bandgap voltage reference. This bit must be cleared
(zero) before enabling CC-ADC, V-ADC or Battery Protection, and must remain unset (zero)
while either of these modules are enabled.
• Bit 6 – Res: Reserved Bit
This bit is reserved for future use.
• Bit 5:0 – BGCC5:0: BG Calibration of PTAT Current
These bits are used for trimming of the nominal value of the bandgap reference voltage. These
bits are binary coded. Minimum VREF: 000000, maximum VREF: 111111. Step size approximately 2 mV.
Updating the BGCC bits will affect both the regulator output voltage and the BOD detection
level. The BOD will react quickly to the new detection level, while the voltage regulator will adjust
the output voltage more slowly due to the external reservoir capacitor. Therefore, if the value is
increased more than a certain step size, the new BOD level may rise above the regulator output
voltage, and a false BOD reset will occur. It is recommended that the BGCC bits are updated
with a step size of 1. To allow the voltage regulator to reach the new level between each step, a
delay of 20 µs should be added between each update of the BGCC values .
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21.3.2
BGCRR – Bandgap Calibration R Register
Bit
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
BGCR7
BGCR6
BGCR5
BGCR4
BGCR3
BGCR2
BGCR1
BGCR0
Read/Write
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
(0xD1)
BGCRR
• Bit 7:0 – BGCR7:0: BG Calibration of Resistor ladder
These bits are used for temperature gradient adjustment of the bandgap reference. Figure 21-2
illustrates VREF as a function of temperature. VREF has a positive temperature coefficient at
low temperatures and negative temperature coefficient at high temperatures. Depending on the
process variations, the top of the VREF curve may be located at higher or lower temperatures.
To minimize the temperature drift in the temperature range of interest, BGCRR is used to adjust
the top of the curve towards the centre of the temperature range of interest. The BGCRR bits are
thermometer coded, resulting in 9 possible settings: 00000000, 00000001, 00000011,
00000111, … , 11111111. The value 00000000 shifts the top of the VREF curve to the highest
possible temperature, and the value 11111111 shifts the top of the VREF curve to the lowest
possible temperature.
Figure 21-2. Illustration of VREF as a function of temperature.
1.5
BGCRR is used to move the top of the VREF
curve to the center of the tempearture range of
interest.
Temperature range of interest
VREF [V]
1
0.5
0
-40
-20
0
20
40
60
80
100
Temperature [o C]
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22. Voltage Regulator
22.1
Features
•
•
•
•
22.2
3.3V fixed output voltage
Automatic selection of Step-up or Linear Regulation depending on VFET voltage.
Fixed Linear Regulation mode can be selected for 2-cell applications
Battery Pack Short mode allowing large voltage drop at VFET without pulling VREG low.
Overview
The Voltage Regulator is a Combined Step-up and Linear Voltage Regulator. This allows the
same Voltage Regulator module to be used efficiently for a large range of input voltages.
A built in Charge-pump with external capacitors is combined with a linear regulator to keep a
constant output voltage for input voltages in the range 1.8 - 9.0V.
Figure 22-1 on page 121 shows the Voltage Regulator block diagram with external components
for combined Step-up and Linear mode. Figure 22-2 on page 121 shows the regulated voltage
VREG as a function of the input voltage VFET for 1-cell operation. When the VFET is sufficiently
high, the regulator switches automatically to linear operation. When VFET drops below a certain
level the regulator automatically switch back to step-up regulation. The different reset sources
during initialisation and shut down is also shown.
Figure 22-3 on page 122 shows the Voltage Regulator block diagram with external components
for Linear mode only, intended for 2-cell applications. In Linear mode only, the input voltage
range is 3.6 - 9.0V. In this case, no external fly capacitors are needed, and CF1N should be
grounded. Figure 22-4 on page 122 illustrates this operation.
In case of battery pack shortening, the voltage at the input of the regulator will drop quickly. If it
drops below minimum operating voltage, the voltage regulator can no longer supply internal or
external circuitry. However, the output voltage will not be pulled down by this incident, and the
external CREG capacitor can supply the circuitry for a time given by the size of the capacitor and
the total current consumption during the same period. VREG must stay above the Brown-Out
Threshold to avoid BOD reset. If a battery pack short occurs when VREG is equal to 3.3V and
the BOD level is 2.9V, the chip can continue operation for a time given by:
cΔv- = CREG
⋅ 0.4V
t = ------------------------------------------I AVG
I AVG
where I AVG represents the average current drawn from CREG. For CREG = 2.2 µF and
IAVG = 100 µA, this time equals 8.8 ms. The Voltage Regulator Monitor will detect if a short-circuit
has occured, allowing SW to minimize IAVG.
When charging deeply over-discharged cells, the FET Driver will be operated in Deep UnderVoltage Recovery (DUVR) mode. See “FET Driver” on page 136. In this mode a suitable voltage
drop is developed across the Charge FET to ensure proper operating voltage at the VFET pin.
This will ensure normal operation of the chip during 0-volt charging without setting the charger in
quick-charge mode before the cell has reached a safe cell voltage.
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ATmega8HVA/16HVA
CF2P
VIN
VREF
VREF
CF2N
VFET
Voltage
Regulator
CF2
CF1P
VIN
CF1
CF1N
Figure 22-1. Voltage regulator block diagram, combined Step-up and Linear mode
VREF
STEP-UP-REG VOUT
CLK
CLK
CLK
PV_CHECK
VIN
VREF
ENABLE
STEP_UP_EN
LIN_EN
VREG
DCDC-CTRL
STARTED
STARTED
ENABLE
BATT
DUALC_MODE
ENABLE
CHARGER
DETECT
CREG
VIN
VREF
LIN-REG
NFET
DRIVER
VOUT
DUALC_MODE
ENABLE
Figure 22-2. Voltage regulator operation and reset signals as a function of rising and falling
input voltage for 1-cell operation.
Charger is connected
VIN
5V
VREG
3,3V
VDUVR
Regulator operation
disabled
charge pumping
linear operation
charge pumping
disabled
SW controlled
DUVR mode
Power-on Reset
TPOT
Chip Reset
4/8/16/32/64/128/256/512 ms
121
8024A–AVR–04/08
Figure 22-3. Voltage Regulator block diagram, Linear mode only
CF2N
VIN
VREF
VREF
CF1P
VFET
Voltage
Regulator
CF2P
VIN
NC NC
CF1N
NC
VREF
STEP-UP-REG VOUT
CLK
CLK
CLK
PV_CHECK
VIN
VREF
ENABLE
STEP_UP_EN
Disabled
LIN_EN
VREG
DCDC-CTRL
STARTED
ENABLE
BATT
CHARGER
DETECT
STARTED
DUALC_MODE
CREG
ENABLE
VIN
VREF
LIN-REG
NFET
DRIVER
VOUT
DUALC_MODE
ENABLE
NC: No Connect
Figure 22-4. Voltage regulator operation and reset signals as a function of rising and falling
input voltage for 2-cell operation.
10V
Charger is connected
VIN
5V
VDUVR
3,3V
Regulator operation
VREG
disabled
linear operation
disabled
SW controlled
DUVR mode
Power-on Reset
TPOT
Chip Reset
4/8/16/32/64/128/256/512 ms
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8024A–AVR–04/08
ATmega8HVA/16HVA
22.3
Voltage Regulator Monitor
This module monitors the operating state of the Voltage Regulator. If the voltage at VFET drops
below the Regulator Short-circuit Level (RSCL), see ”Electrical Characteristics” on page 165, the
Voltage Regulator enters the Battery Pack Short mode. In this mode, VFET is disconnected from
VREG to avoid a quick drop in the voltage regulator output. When the voltage regulator enters
this mode, the chip will be completely powered by the external reservoir capacitor (CREG). This
allows the chip to operate a certain time without entering BOD reset, even if the VFET voltage is
too low for the voltage regulator to operate.
An interrupt is issued when the regulator enters Battery Pack Short mode, if the ROCWIE bit in
ROCR Register is set. This allows actions to be taken to reduce power consumption and hence
prolonging the time that CREG can be used to power the chip. In a typical short-circuit situation,
VFET will drop as a consequence of high current consumption, and recover as soon as the Battery Protection module has disabled the FETs. Hence CREG should be dimensioned so that the
chip can sustain operation without entering BOD reset, until the FETs are disabled either by HW
or SW. To minimize power consumption when the Voltage Regulator enters the Battery Pack
Short mode, the chip should enter Power-save sleep mode as soon as possible after the ROCWIF interrupt is detected. The Watchdog Timer should be configured to wake up the CPU after a
time that is considered safe, see appnote AVR132 for use of enhanced Watchdog Timer. Software should then check the status of the ROC flag. If the ROCS flag is cleared, normal operation
may be resumed.
22.4
22.4.1
Register Description
ROCR – Regulator Operating Condition Register
Bit
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
ROCS
-
-
-
-
-
ROCWIF
ROCWIE
Read/Write
R
R
R
R
R
R
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
(0xC8)
ROCR
• Bit 7 – ROCS: ROC Status
This bit is set when the Voltage Regulator operates in the Battery Pack Short mode, and cleared
otherwise.
• Bit 6:2 – Res: Reserved Bits
These bits are reserved bits and will always read as zero.
• Bit 1 – ROCWIF: ROC Warning Interrupt Flag
The ROCWIF Flag is set within the ROCW reaction time when the Voltage Regulator enters the
Battery Pack Short mode. The flag is cleared by writing a logic one to it or by hardware, by executing the corresponding interrupt handling vector.
• Bit 0 – ROCWIE: ROC Warning Interrupt Enable
The ROCWIE bit enables interrupt caused by the Regulator Operating Condition Warning interrupt flag.
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8024A–AVR–04/08
23. Battery Protection
23.1
Features
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
23.2
Short-circuit Protection
Discharge Over-current Protection
Charge Over-current Protection
Discharge High-current Protection
Charge High-current Protection
Programmable and Lockable Detection Levels and Reaction Times
Autonomous Operation Independent of CPU
Overview
The Current Battery Protection circuitry (CBP) monitors the charge and discharge current and
disables C-FET and D-FET if a Short-circuit, Over-current or High-current condition is detected.
There are five different programmable detection levels: Short-circuit Detection Level, Discharge
Over-current Detection Level, Charge Over-current Detection Level, Discharge High-current
Detection Level, Charge High-current Detection Level. There are three different programmable
delays for activating Current Battery Protection: Short-circuit Reaction Time, Over-current Reaction Time and High-current Reaction Time. After Current Battery Protection has been activated,
the application software must re-enable the FETs. The Battery Protection hardware provides a
hold-off time of 1 second before software can re-enable the discharge FET. This provides safety
in case the application software should unintentionally re-enable the discharge FET too early.
The activation of a protection also issues an interrupt to the CPU. The battery protection interrupts can be individually enabled and disabled by the CPU.
The effect of the various battery protection types is given in Table 23-1.
Table 23-1.
Effect of Battery Protection Types
Battery Protection Type
Interrupt Requests
C-FET
D-FET
MCU
Short-circuit Protection
Entry
Disabled
Disabled
Operational
Discharge Over-current
Protection
Entry
Disabled
Disabled
Operational
Charge Over-current
Protection
Entry
Disabled
Disabled
Operational
Discharge High-current
Protection
Entry
Disabled
Disabled
Operational
Charge High-current
Protection
Entry
Disabled
Disabled
Operational
In order to reduce power consumption, Short-circuit, Discharge High-current and Discharge
Over-current Protection are automatically deactivated when the D-FET is disabled. The Charge
Over-current and Charge High-current Protection are disabled when the C-FET is disabled. Note
however that Charge Over-current Protection and Charge High-current Protection are never
automatically disabled when the chip is operated in DUVR mode.
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ATmega8HVA/16HVA
The Current Battery Protection (CBP) monitors the cell current by sampling the shunt resistor
voltage at the PI/NI input pins. A differential operational amplifier amplifies the voltage with a
suitable gain. The output from the operational amplifier is compared to an accurate, programmable On-chip voltage reference by an Analog Comparator. If the shunt resistor voltage is above
the Detection level for a time longer than the corresponding Protection Reaction Time, the chip
activates Current Protection. A sampled system clocked by the internal ULP Oscillator is used
for Short-circuit, Over-current, and High-current Protection. This ensures a reliable clock source,
offset cancellation and low power consumption.
23.3
Short-circuit Protection
The Short-circuit detection is provided to enable a fast response time to very large discharge
currents. If the voltage at the PI/NI pins is above the Short-circuit Detection Level for a period
longer than Short-circuit Reaction Time, the Short-circuit Protection is activated.
When the Short-circuit Protection is activated, the external D-FET and C-FET are disabled and a
Current Protection Timer is started. This timer ensures that the D-FET and C-FET are disabled
for at least one second. The application software must then set the DFE and CFE bits in the FET
Control and Status Register to re-enable normal operation. If the D-FET is re-enabled before the
cause of the short-circuit condition is removed, the Short-circuit Protection will be activated
again.
23.4
Discharge Over-current Protection
If the voltage at the PI/NI pins is above the Discharge Over-current Detection level for a time
longer than Over-current Protection Reaction Time, the chip activates Discharge Over-current
Protection.
When the Discharge Over-current Protection is activated, the external D-FET and C-FET are
disabled and a Current Protection Timer is started. This timer ensures that the FETs are disabled for at least one second. The application software must then set the DFE and CFE bits in
the FET Control and Status Register to re-enable normal operation. If the D-FET is re-enabled
while the loading of the battery still is too large, the Discharge Over-current Protection will be
activated again.
23.5
Charge Over-current Protection
If the voltage at the PI/NI pins is above the Charge Over-current Detection level for a time longer
than Over-current Protection Reaction Time, the chip activates Charge Over-current Protection.
When the Charge Over-current Protection is activated, the external D-FET and C-FET are disabled and a Current Protection Timer is started. This timer ensures that the FETs are disabled
for at least one second. The application software must then set the DFE and CFE bits in the FET
Control and Status Register to re-enable normal operation. If the C-FET is re-enabled and the
charger continues to supply too high currents, the Charge Over-current Protection will be activated again.
23.6
Discharge High-current Protection
If the voltage at the PI/NI pins is above the Discharge High-current Detection level for a time
longer than High-current Protection Reaction Time, the chip activates Discharge High-current
Protection.
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8024A–AVR–04/08
When the Discharge High-current Protection is activated, the external D-FET and C-FET are disabled and a Current Protection Timer is started. This timer ensures that the FETs are disabled
for at least one second. The application software must then set the DFE and CFE bits in the FET
Control and Status Register to re-enable normal operation. If the D-FET is re-enabled while the
loading of the battery still is too large, the Discharge High-current Protection will be activated
again.
23.7
Charge High-current Protection
If the voltage at the PI/NI pins is above the Charge High-current Detection level for a time longer
than High-current Protection Reaction Time, the chip activates Charge High-current Protection.
When the Charge High-current Protection is activated, the external D-FET and C-FET are disabled and a Current Protection Timer is started. This timer ensures that the FETs are disabled
for at least one second. The application software must then set the DFE and CFE bits in the FET
Control and Status Register to re-enable normal operation. If the C-FET is re-enabled and the
charger continues to supply too high currents, the Charge High-current Protection will be activated again.
The Short-circuit, Over-current and High-current Protection parameters are programmable to
adapt to different types of batteries. The parameters are set by writing to I/O Registers. The
Parameter Registers can be locked after the initial configuration, prohibiting any further updates
until the next Hardware Reset.
Refer to ”Register Description for Battery Protection” on page 125 for register descriptions.
23.8
Battery Protection CPU Interface
The Battery Protection CPU Interface is illustrated in Figure 22-1.
Figure 23-1. Battery Protection CPU Interface
8-BIT DATA BUS
Battery Protection
Parameter Lock
Register
10
/
Interrupt
Request
LOCK?
LOCK?
LOCK?
Interrupt
Acknowledge
Battery Protection
Level Register
PI
NI
Battery Protection
Timing Register
Battery Protection
Control Register
Battery
Protection
Interrupt
Register
Current
Battery
Protection
5
/
5
/
Current
Protection
FET
Control
Power-off
Each protection has an Interrupt Flag. Each Flag can be read and cleared by the CPU, and each
flag has an individual interrupt enable. All enabled flags are combined into a single battery pro-
126
ATmega8HVA/16HVA
8024A–AVR–04/08
ATmega8HVA/16HVA
tection interrupt request to the CPU. This interrupt can wake up the CPU from any operation
mode, except Power-off. The interrupt flags are cleared by writing a logic ‘1’ to their bit locations
from the CPU.
Note that there are neither flags nor status bits indicating that the chip has entered the Power Off
mode. This is because the CPU is powered down in this mode. The CPU will, however be able
to detect that it came from a Power-off situation by monitoring CPU reset flags when it resumes
operation.
23.9
23.9.1
Register Description
BPPLR – Battery Protection Parameter Lock Register
Bit
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
(0xFE)
–
–
–
–
–
–
BPPLE
BPPL
Read/Write
R
R
R
R
R
R
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
BPPLR
• Bit 7:2 – Res: Reserved Bits
These bits are reserved and will always read as zero.
• Bit 1 – BPPLE: Battery Protection Parameter Lock Enable
• Bit 0 – BPPL: Battery Protection Parameter Lock
The BPCR, BPHCTR, BPOCTR, BPSCTR, BPDHCD, BPCHCD, BPDOCD, BPCOCD and
BPSCD Battery Protection registers can be locked from any further software updates. Once
locked, these registers cannot be accessed until the next hardware reset. This provides a safe
method for protecting the registers from unintentional modification by software runaway. It is recommended that software sets these registers shortly after reset, and then protect the registers
from further updates.
To lock these registers, the following algorithm must be followed:
1. In the same operation, write a logic one to BPPLE and BPPL.
2. Within the next four clock cycles, in the same operation, write a logic zero to BPPLE and
a logic one to BPPL.
23.9.2
BPCR – Battery Protection Control Register
Bit
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
(0xFD)
–
–
–
SCD
DOCD
COCD
DHCD
CHCD
Read/Write
R
R
R
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
BPCR
• Bits 7:6 – Res: Reserved Bits
These bits are reserved and will always read as zero.
• Bit 5 – Res: Reserved Bits
This bit are reserved and will always read as one.
127
8024A–AVR–04/08
• Bit 4 – SCD: Short Circuit Protection Disabled
When the SCD bit is set, the Short-circuit Protection is disabled. The Short-circuit Detection will
be disabled, and any Short-circuit condition will be ignored.
• Bit 3 – DOCD: Discharge Over-current Protection Disabled
When the DOCD bit is set, the Discharge Over-current Protection is disabled. The Discharge
Over-current Detection will be disabled, and any Discharge Over-current condition will be
ignored.
• Bit 2 – COCD: Charge Over-current Protection Disable
When the COCD bit is set, the Charge Over-current Protection is disabled. The Charge Overcurrent Detection will be disabled, and any Charge Over-current condition will be ignored.
• Bit 1 – DHCD: Discharge High-current Protection Disabled
When the DHCD bit is set, the Discharge High-current Protection is disabled. The Discharge
High-current Detection will be disabled, and any Discharge High-current condition will be
ignored.
• Bit 0 – CHCD: Charge High-current Protection Disable
When the CHCD bit is set, the Charge High-current Protection is disabled. The Charge High-current Detection will be disabled, and any Charge High-current condition will be ignored.
Note:
23.9.3
Due to synchronization of parameters between clock domains, a guard time of 3 ULP oscillator
cycles + 3 CPU clock cycles is required between each time the BPCR register is written. Any writing to the BPCR register during this period will be ignored.
BPSCTR – Battery Protection Short-circuit Timing Register
Bit
7
(0xFA)
–
6
5
4
Read/Write
R
R/W
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
0
0
0
1
3
2
1
0
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
0
0
0
0
SCPT[6:0]
BPSCTR
• Bit 7 – Res: Reserved Bits
This bit is reserved and will always read as zero.
• Bit 6:0 – SCPT6:0: Short-circuit Protection Timing
These bits control the delay of the Short-circuit Protection. The Short-circuit Timing can be set
with a step size of 62.5 µs as shown in Table 23-2 on page 128.
Table 23-2.
Short-circuit Protection Reaction Time. SCPT[6:0] with corresponding Short-circuit Delay Time.
Short-circuit Protection Reaction Time(1)
128
SCPT[6:0](2)
Typ
0x00
(15.5 - 70.5 µs) + Td(3)
0x01
(15.5 - 70.5 µs) + Td(3)
0x02
(78.0 - 133.0 µs) + Td(3)
0x03
(140.5 - 195.5 µs) + Td(3)
ATmega8HVA/16HVA
8024A–AVR–04/08
ATmega8HVA/16HVA
Table 23-2.
Short-circuit Protection Reaction Time. SCPT[6:0] with corresponding Short-circuit Delay Time.
Short-circuit Protection Reaction Time(1)
23.9.4
...
...
0x7E
(7.83 - 7.88 ms) + Td(3)
0x7F
(7.89 - 7.95 ms) + Td(3)
Notes:
1. The actual value depends on the actual frequency of the ”Ultra Low Power RC Oscillator” on
page 26. See ”Electrical Characteristics” on page 165.
2. Initial value: SCPT[0x10](1ms).
3. An additional delay Td can be expected after enabling the Discharge FET due to initialization of
the protection circuit. With nomial ULP frequency this delay is maximum 86 µs.
Note:
Due to synchronization of parameters between clock domains, a guard time of 3 ULP oscillator
cycles + 3 CPU clock cycles is required between each time the BPSCTR register is written. Any
writing to the BPSCTR register during this period will be ignored.
BPOCTR – Battery Protection Over-current Timing Register
Bit
7
6
(0xFB)
–
–
5
4
Read/Write
R
R
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
0
0
0
0
3
2
1
0
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
0
0
1
0
OCPT[5:0]
BPOCTR
• Bit 7:6 – Res: Reserved Bits
These bits are reserved and will always read as zero.
• Bit 5:0 – OCPT5:0: Over-current Protection Timing
These bits control the delay of the Over-circuit Protection. The Over-current Timing can be set
with a step size of 0.5 ms as shown in Table 23-3 on page 129.
Table 23-3.
Over-current Protection Reaction Time. OCPT[5:0] with corresponding Over-current Delay Time.
Over-current Protection Reaction Time(1)
Notes:
OCPT[5:0]
Typ
0x00
(0.0 - 0.5 ms) + Td(3)
0x01
(0.0 - 0.5 ms) + Td(3)
0x02(2)
(0.5 - 1.0 ms) + Td(3)
0x03
(1.0 - 1.5 ms) + Td(3)
...
...
0x3E
(30.5 - 31.0 ms) + Td(3)
0x3F
(31.0 - 31.5 ms) + Td(3)
1. The actual value depends on the actual frequency of the ”Ultra Low Power RC Oscillator” on
page 26. See ”Electrical Characteristics” on page 165.
2. Initial value.
3. An additional delay Td can be expected after enabling the corresponding FET. This is related to
the initialization of the protection circuitry. For the Discharge Over-Current protection, this
129
8024A–AVR–04/08
applies when enabling the Discharge FET. For Charge Over-Current protection, this applies
when enabling the Charge FET. With nominal ULP frequency this delay is maximum 0.1 ms.
Note:
23.9.5
Due to synchronization of parameters between clock domains, a guard time of 3 ULP oscillator
cycles + 3 CPU clock cycles is required between each time the BPOCTR register is written. Any
writing to the BPOCTR register during this period will be ignored.
BPHCTR – Battery Protection High-current Timing Register
Bit
7
6
(0xFC)
–
–
5
4
Read/Write
R
R
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
0
0
0
0
3
2
1
0
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
0
0
0
1
HCPT[5:0]
BPHCTR
• Bit 7:6 – Res: Reserved Bits
These bits are reserved and will always read as zero.
• Bit 5:0 – HCPT5:0: High-current Protection Timing
These bits control the delay of the High-circuit Protection. The High-current Timing can be set
with a step size of 2 ms as shown in Table 23-4 on page 130.
Table 23-4.
High-current Protection Reaction Time. HCPT[5:0] with corresponding High-current Delay Time.
High-current Protection Reaction Time(1)
130
HCPT[5:0]
Typ
0x00
(0 - 2 ms) + Td(3)
0x01(2)
(0 - 2 ms) + Td(3)
0x02
(2 - 4 ms) + Td(3)
0x03
(4 - 6 ms) + Td(3)
...
...
0x3E
(122 - 124 ms) + Td(3)
0x3F
(124 - 126 ms) + Td(3)
Notes:
1. The actual value depends on the actual frequency of the ”Ultra Low Power RC Oscillator” on
page 26. See ”Electrical Characteristics” on page 165.
2. Initial value.
3. An additional delay Td can be expected after enabling the corresponding FET. This is related to
the initialization of the protection circuitry. For the Discharge High-Current protection, this
applies when enabling the Discharge FET. For Charge High-Current protection, this applies
when enabling the Charge FET. With nominal ULP frequency this delay is maximum 0.2 ms.
Note:
Due to synchronization of parameters between clock domains, a guard time of 3 ULP oscillator
cycles + 3 CPU clock cycles is required between each time the BPHCTR register is written. Any
writing to the BPHCTR register during this period will be ignored.
ATmega8HVA/16HVA
8024A–AVR–04/08
ATmega8HVA/16HVA
23.9.6
BPSCD – Battery Protection Short-circuit Detection Level Register
Bit
7
6
5
4
(0xF5)
3
2
1
0
SCDL[7:0]
BPSCD
Read/Write
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
1
1
1
1
0
0
1
1
• Bits 7:0 – SCDL7:0: Short-circuit Detection Level
These bits sets the RSENSE voltage level for detection of Short-circuit in the discharge direction,
as defined in Table 23-5 on page 132.
Note:
23.9.7
Due to synchronization of parameters between clock domains, a guard time of 3 ULP oscillator
cycles + 3 CPU clock cycles is required between each time the BPSCD register is written. Any
writing to the BPSCD register during this period will be ignored.
BPDOCD – Battery Protection Discharge-Over-current Detection Level Register
Bit
7
6
5
(0xF6)
4
3
2
1
0
DOCDL[7:0]
BPDOCD
Read/Write
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
1
1
1
1
0
0
1
1
• Bits 7:0 – DOCDL7:0: Discharge Over-current Detection Level
These bits sets the RSENSE voltage level for detection of Discharge Over-current, as defined in
Table 23-5 on page 132.
Note:
23.9.8
Due to synchronization of parameters between clock domains, a guard time of 3 ULP oscillator
cycles + 3 CPU clock cycles is required between each time the BPDOCD register is written. Any
writing to the BPDOCD register during this period will be ignored.
BPCOCD – Battery Protection Charge-Over-current Detection Level Register
Bit
7
6
5
(0xF7)
4
3
2
1
0
COCDL[7:0]
BPCOCD
Read/Write
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
1
1
1
1
0
0
1
1
• Bits 7:0 –COCDL7:0: Charge Over-current Detection Level
These bits sets the RSENSE voltage level for detection of Charge Over-current, as defined in
Table 23-5 on page 132.
Note:
Due to synchronization of parameters between clock domains, a guard time of 3 ULP oscillator
cycles + 3 CPU clock cycles is required between each time the BPCOCD register is written. Any
writing to the BPCOCD register during this period will be ignored.
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8024A–AVR–04/08
23.9.9
BPDHCD – Battery Protection Discharge-High-current Detection Level Register
Bit
7
6
5
(0xF8)
4
3
2
1
0
DHCDL[7:0]
BPDHCD
Read/Write
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
1
1
1
1
0
0
1
1
• Bits 7:0 – DHCDL7:0: Discharge High-current Detection Level
These bits sets the RSENSE voltage level for detection of Discharge High-current, as defined in
Table 23-5 on page 132.
Note:
23.9.10
Due to synchronization of parameters between clock domains, a guard time of 3 ULP oscillator
cycles + 3 CPU clock cycles is required between each time the BPDHCD register is written. Any
writing to the BPDHCD register during this period will be ignored.
BPCHCD – Battery Protection Charge-High-current Detection Level Register
Bit
7
6
5
(0xF9)
4
3
2
1
0
CHCDL[7:0]
BPCHCD
Read/Write
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
1
1
1
1
0
0
1
1
• Bits 7:0 –CHCDL7:0: Charge High-current Detection Level
These bits sets the RSENSE voltage level for detection of Charge High-current, as defined in
Table 23-5 on page 132.
Note:
Due to synchronization of parameters between clock domains, a guard time of 3 ULP oscillator
cycles + 3 CPU clock cycles is required between each time the BPCHCD register is written. Any
writing to the BPCHCD register during this period will be ignored.
Table 23-5.
DL[7:0] with corresponding RSENSE Current for all Current Detection Levels
(RSENSE = 10 mΩ, VREF = 1.100 ± 0.005V, TA = -10°C to 70°C)
Current Protection Detection Level
DL[7:0]
132
Min.
Typ.
0xF3
2.0A
0xF4
2.5A
0xF5
3.0A
0xF6
3.5A
0xF7
4.0A
0xF8
4.5A
0xF9
5.0A
0xFA
5.5A
0xFB
6.0A
0xFC
6.5A
0xFD
7.0A
Max.
ATmega8HVA/16HVA
8024A–AVR–04/08
ATmega8HVA/16HVA
Table 23-5.
DL[7:0] with corresponding RSENSE Current for all Current Detection Levels
(RSENSE = 10 mΩ, VREF = 1.100 ± 0.005V, TA = -10°C to 70°C) (Continued)
Current Protection Detection Level
23.9.11
0xFE
7.5A
0xDD
8.0A
0xDE
8.5A
0xDF
9.0A
0xBD
9.5A
0xBE
10.0A
0x9D
11.0A
0x9E
12.0A
0x7C
13.0A
0x7D
14.0A
0x7E
15.0A
0x7F
16.0A
0x5C
17.0A
0x5D
18.0A
0x5E
19.0A
All other values
Reserved
BPIMSK – Battery Protection Interrupt Mask Register
Bit
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
(0xF2)
-
-
-
SCIE
DOCIE
COCIE
DHCIE
CHCIE
Read/Write
R
R
R
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
BPIMSK
• Bit 7:5 – Res: Reserved Bits
These bits are reserved and will always read as zero.
• Bit 4 – SCIE: Short-circuit Protection Activated Interrupt
The SCIE bit enables interrupt caused by the Short-circuit Protection Activated Interrupt.
• Bit 3 – DOCIE: Discharge Over-current Protection Activated Interrupt
The DOCIE bit enables interrupt caused by the Discharge Over-current Protection Activated
Interrupt.
• Bit 2 – COCIE: Charge Over-current Protection Activated Interrupt
The COCIE bit enables interrupt caused by the Charge Over-current Protection Activated
Interrupt.
• Bit 1 - DHCIE : Discharger High-current Protection Activated Interrupt
The DHCIE bit enables interrupt caused by the Discharge High-current Protection Activated
Interrupt.
133
8024A–AVR–04/08
• Bit 0 - CHCIE : Charger High-current Protection Activated Interrupt
The CHCIE bit enables interrupt caused by the Charge High-current Protection Activated
Interrupt.
23.9.12
BPIFR – Battery Protection Interrupt Flag Register
Bit
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
(0xF3)
-
-
-
SCIF
DOCIF
COCIF
DHCIF
CHCIF
Read/Write
R
R
R
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
BPIFR
• Bit 7:5 – Res: Reserved Bit
These bits are reserved and will always read as zero.
• Bit 4 – SCIF: Short-circuit Protection Activated Interrupt
Once Short-circuit violation is detected, SCIF becomes set. The flag is cleared by writing a logic
one to it.
• Bit 3 – DOCIF: Discharge Over-current Protection Activated Interrupt
Once Disharge Over-current violation is detected, DOCIF becomes set. The flag is cleared by
writing a logic one to it.
• Bit 2 – COCIF: Charge Over-current Protection Activated Interrupt
Once Charge Over-current violation is detected, COCIF becomes set. The flag is cleared by
writing a logic one to it.
• Bit 1 – DHCIF: Disharge High-current Protection Activated Interrupt
Once Discharge High-current violation is detected, DHCIF becomes set. The flag is cleared by
writing a logic one to it.
• Bit 0 – CHCIF: Charge High-current Protection Activated Interrupt
Once Charge High-current violation is detected, CHCIF becomes set. The flag is cleared by writing a logic one to it.
134
ATmega8HVA/16HVA
8024A–AVR–04/08
ATmega8HVA/16HVA
24. FET Control
24.1
Overview
The FET control is used to enable and disable the Charge FET and Discharge FET. Normally,
the FETs are enabled and disabled by SW writing to the FET Control and Status Register
(FCSR). However, the autonomous Battery Protection circuitry will if necessary override SW settings to protect the battery cells from too high Charge- or Discharge currents. Note that the CPU
is never allowed to enable a FET that is disabled by the battery protection circuitry. The FET
control is shown in Figure 24-1.
If Current Protection is activated by the Battery Protection circuitry both the Charge-FET and
Discharge FET will be disabled by hardware. When the protection disappears the Current Protection Timer will ensure a hold-off time of 1 second before software can re-enable the external
FETs.
If C-FET is disabled and D-FET enabled, discharge current will run through the body-drain diode
of the C-FET and vice versa. To avoid the potential heat problem from this situation, software
must ensure that D-FET is not disabled when a charge current is flowing, and that C-FET is not
disabled when a discharge current is flowing.
If charging deeply over-discharged cells, the FET driver must be operated in the Deep Undervoltage Recovery mode. When the cell voltage raises to an acceptable level, Deep Under-voltage Recovery mode should be disabled by software by setting the FCSR (DUVRD bit). To avoid
that C-FET is opened while current protection is active, DUVR mode is automatically disabled by
hardware, in this case.
Figure 24-1. FET Control Block Diagram
Power-off Mode
BATTERY_PROTECTION
Current Protection
Timer
8-BIT D ATA BU S
DUVR_OFF
DUVRD
FET
Control
and
Status
Register
CHARGE_EN
CFE
DISCHARGE_EN
DFE
24.1.1
FETs disabled during reset
During reset, both FETs will be disabled immediately and the chip will exit from DUVR mode. It is
important to notice that a reset will lead to an immediate disabling of the FETs regardless of the
Battery Protection parameter settings. A BOD reset may occur as a result of a short-circuit condition. Depending on the selected Battery Protection Timing, actual current consumption and
dimensioning of CREG, a BOD reset may occur before the Battery Protection delay timing has
expired, causing the FETs to be disabled.
135
8024A–AVR–04/08
24.2
FET Driver
24.2.1
Features
• Charge-pump for generating suitable gate drive for N-Channel FET switch on high side
• Deep Under-voltage Recovery mode that allows normal operation while charging a Deeply Overdischarged battery from 0-volt
24.2.2
Overview
The ATmega8HVA/16HVA includes a FET Driver. The FET Driver is designed for driving Nchannel FETs used as high side switch in 1- or 2-Cell Li-Ion battery pack. A block diagram of the
FET driver is shown in Figure 24-2 on page 136.
When charging deeply over-discharged cells, the FET Driver will be operated in Deep UnderVoltage Recovery (DUVR) mode. In DUVR mode the FET Driver regulates the voltage at the
VFET pin to typically 2.0 Volts in 1-Cell applications and typically 4.0 Volts in 2-Cell applications.
This is done by operating the Charge FET at a point where the drain-source voltage is equal to
the voltage difference between the cell voltage and the required VFET operating voltage. As the
cell voltage increases, the drain-source voltage of the Charge FET will decrease until the
Charge FET is completely on. See Table 29-5 on page 170 for details.
In normal operation (DUVRD = 1), the Charge FET/Discharge FET is switched on by pumping
OC/OD sufficiently above the VFET supply voltage. To turn off the Charge FET/Discharge FET,
OC/OD is pulled quickly low. See Figure 24-3 on page 137 and Table 29-5 on page 170 for
details.
Figure 24-2. FET Driver block diagram.
Charge FET
Discharge FET
BATT+
1k
14V clamp
LDO
_VREG
OC
VFET
OD
14V clamp
DVDD
DUALC_MODE
VREF
BANDGAP
REF.
1k
DUVRD
C-FET
Charge
Pump
CHARGE_EN
FET
CONTROL
CLK
DISCHARGE_EN
D-FET
Charge
Pump
CLK_OSC
NFET DRIVER
BATT-
136
ATmega8HVA/16HVA
8024A–AVR–04/08
ATmega8HVA/16HVA
Figure 24-3. Switching NFET on and off during NORMAL operation
12.0
11.0
10.0
9.0
8.0
Voltage (V)
7.0
6.0
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.0
-1.0
100
24.3
Time (ms)
200
300
DUVR – Deep Under-Voltage Recovery Mode operation
The purpose of DUVR mode is to control the Charge FET so that the VFET voltage is above the
minimum operating voltage while charging cells below minimum operating voltage. This is useful
when the cell has been discharged below the minimum operating voltage of the chip. In DUVR
mode the Charge FET is switched partly on to provide a suitable voltage drop between the cell
voltage and the VFET terminal. As the cell voltage increases, the voltage drop across the
Charge FET will gradually decrease until the Charge FET is switched completely on. This means
that for high cell voltages, DUVR mode operation is equivalent to normal enabling of the Charge
FET (CFE=1).
ATmega8HVA/16HVA should operate in DUVR mode until software detects that the cell has
recovered from Deep Under-Voltage condition. When the cell has recovered from Deep UnderVoltage condition, software should first set CFE=1. This is safe now since the cell voltage is
above minimum operating voltage. After that software should disable DUVR mode by setting
DUVRD = 1.
If both DUVRD and CFE bit is set before the cell voltage is above minimum operating voltage,
the VFET voltage will drop and the chip will enter BOD reset and switch off both the Charge- and
Discharge FET. Switching off the FET’s will cause the VFET voltage to rise again so that the
chip restarts from BOD reset, with DUVRD = 0 and CFE = 0 (default values). To avoid this, software must always check the cell voltage by V-ADC measurements before setting CFE=1.
DUVR mode is default enabled after reset. However, while the chip is in reset state, DUVR
mode is disabled. This is a safety feature that ensures that the Charge FET will not be switched
on until the Charge Over-current Protection is operating. This implies that the DUVR mode will
be disabled from the time that a charger is connected until the selected start-up time expired.
During this period, the VFET voltage will be higher than the normal VFET Level in DUVR mode.
For more details about DUVR mode, refer to application note AVR354.
137
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24.4
24.4.1
Register Description
FCSR – FET Control and Status Register
Bit
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
(0xF0)
–
–
–
–
DUVRD
CPS
DFE
CFE
Read/Write
R
R
R
R
R/W
R
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
FCSR
• Bits 7:4 – Res: Reserved Bits
These bits are reserved bits in the ATmega8HVA/16HVA, and will always read as zero.
• Bit 3 – DUVRD: Deep Under-voltage Recovery Disabled
When the DUVRD is cleared (zero), the FET Driver will be forced to operate in Deep Under-voltage Recovery DUVR mode. See ”DUVR – Deep Under-Voltage Recovery Mode operation” on
page 137 for details. To avoid that the FET driver tries to switch on the C-FET during current
protection or during internal reset, the DUVRD bit is overridden to one by hardware in these
cases. When this bit is set (one), Deep Under-voltage Recovery mode of the FET Driver will be
disabled.
• Bit 2 – CPS: Current Protection Status
The CPS bit shows the status of the Current Protection. This bit is set (one) when a Current Protection is active, and cleared (zero) otherwise.
• Bit 1 – DFE: Discharge FET Enable
When the DFE bit is cleared (zero), the Discharge FET will be disabled regardless of the state of
the Battery Protection circuitry. When this bit is set (one), the Discharge FET is enabled. This bit
will automatically be cleared by the CBP circuitry when Current Protection is activated. When
this bit is cleared, Short-circuit, Discharge High-current and Discharge Over-current are disabled
regardless of the settings in the BPCR Register.
• Bit 0 – CFE: Charge FET Enable
When the CFE bit is cleared (zero), the Charge FET will be disabled regardless of the state of
the Battery Protection circuitry. When this bit is set (one), the Charge FET is enabled. This bit
will automatically be cleared by the CBP circuitry when Current Protection is activated. When
this bit is cleared and the DUVRD bit is set, Charge High-current Protection and Charge Overcurrent Protection are disabled regardless of the settings in the BPCR Register. When the
DUVRD bit is cleared, the charge FET will be enabled by DUVR mode regardless of the CFE
status.
Note:
138
Due to synchronization of parameters between clock domains, a guard time of 3 ULP oscillator
cycles + 3 CPU clock cycles is required between each time the FCSR register is written. Any writing to the FCSR register during this period will be ignored.
ATmega8HVA/16HVA
8024A–AVR–04/08
ATmega8HVA/16HVA
25. debugWIRE On-chip Debug System
25.1
Features
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
25.2
Complete Program Flow Control
Emulates All On-chip Functions, Both Digital and Analog, except RESET Pin
Real-time Operation
Symbolic Debugging Support (Both at C and Assembler Source Level, or for Other HLLs)
Unlimited Number of Program Break Points (Using Software Break Points)
Non-intrusive Operation
Electrical Characteristics Identical to Real Device
Automatic Configuration System
High-Speed Operation
Programming of Non-volatile Memories
Overview
The debugWIRE On-chip debug system uses a One-wire, bi-directional interface to control the
program flow, execute AVR instructions in the CPU and to program the different non-volatile
memories.
25.3
Physical Interface
When the debugWIRE Enable (DWEN) Fuse is programmed and Lock bits are unprogrammed,
the debugWIRE system within the target device is activated. The RESET port pin is configured
as a wire-AND (open-drain) bi-directional I/O pin with pull-up enabled and becomes the communication gateway between target and emulator.
Figure 25-1. The debugWIRE Setup
3.0 - 3.5V
VCC
dW
dW(RESET)
GND
Figure 25-1 shows the schematic of a target MCU, with debugWIRE enabled, and the emulator
connector. The system clock is not affected by debugWIRE and will always be the clock source
selected by the OSCSEL Fuses.
139
8024A–AVR–04/08
When designing a system where debugWIRE will be used, the following observations must be
made for correct operation:
• Pull-up resistors on the dW/(RESET) line must not be smaller than 10kΩ. The pull-up resistor
is not required for debugWIRE functionality.
• Connecting the RESET pin directly to VCC will not work.
• Capacitors connected to the RESET pin must be disconnected when using debugWire.
• All external reset sources must be disconnected.
25.4
Software Break Points
debugWIRE supports Program memory Break Points by the AVR Break instruction. Setting a
Break Point in AVR Studio® will insert a BREAK instruction in the Program memory. The instruction replaced by the BREAK instruction will be stored. When program execution is continued, the
stored instruction will be executed before continuing from the Program memory. A break can be
inserted manually by putting the BREAK instruction in the program.
The Flash must be re-programmed each time a Break Point is changed. This is automatically
handled by AVR Studio through the debugWIRE interface. The use of Break Points will therefore
reduce the Flash Data retention. Devices used for debugging purposes should not be shipped to
end customers.
25.5
Limitations of debugWIRE
The debugWIRE communication pin (dW) is physically located on the same pin as External
Reset (RESET). An External Reset source is therefore not supported when the debugWIRE is
enabled.
A programmed DWEN Fuse enables some parts of the clock system to be running in all sleep
modes. This will increase the power consumption while in sleep. Thus, the DWEN Fuse should
be disabled when debugWire is not used.
25.6
Register Description
The following section describes the registers used with the debugWire.
25.6.1
DWDR – debugWire Data Register
Bit
7
6
5
0x31 (0x51)
4
3
2
1
0
DWDR[7:0]
DWDR
Read/Write
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
The DWDR Register provides a communication channel from the running program in the MCU
to the debugger. This register is only accessible by the debugWIRE and can therefore not be
used as a general purpose register in the normal operations.
140
ATmega8HVA/16HVA
8024A–AVR–04/08
ATmega8HVA/16HVA
26. Self-Programming the Flash
26.1
Overview
The device provides a Self-Programming mechanism for downloading and uploading program
code by the MCU itself. The Self-Programming can use any available data interface and associated protocol to read code and write (program) that code into the Program memory.
The Program memory is updated in a page by page fashion. Before programming a page with
the data stored in the temporary page buffer, the page must be erased. The temporary page
buffer is filled one word at a time using SPM and the buffer can be filled either before the Page
Erase command or between a Page Erase and a Page Write operation:
Alternative 1, fill the buffer before a Page Erase
• Fill temporary page buffer
• Perform a Page Erase
• Perform a Page Write
Alternative 2, fill the buffer after Page Erase
• Perform a Page Erase
• Fill temporary page buffer
• Perform a Page Write
If only a part of the page needs to be changed, the rest of the page must be stored (for example
in the temporary page buffer) before the erase, and then be re-written. When using alternative 1,
the Boot Loader provides an effective Read-Modify-Write feature which allows the user software
to first read the page, do the necessary changes, and then write back the modified data. If alternative 2 is used, it is not possible to read the old data while loading since the page is already
erased. The temporary page buffer can be accessed in a random sequence. It is essential that
the page address used in both the Page Erase and Page Write operation is addressing the same
page.
26.1.1
Performing Page Erase by SPM
To execute Page Erase, set up the address in the Z-pointer, write “00000011” to SPMCSR and
execute SPM within four clock cycles after writing SPMCSR. The data in R1 and R0 is ignored.
The page address must be written to PCPAGE in the Z-register. Other bits in the Z-pointer will
be ignored during this operation.
• The CPU is halted during the Page Erase operation.
26.1.2
Filling the Temporary Buffer (Page Loading)
To write an instruction word, set up the address in the Z-pointer and data in R1:R0, write
“00000001” to SPMCSR and execute SPM within four clock cycles after writing SPMCSR. The
content of PCWORD in the Z-register is used to address the data in the temporary buffer. The
temporary buffer will auto-erase after a Page Write operation or by writing the CTPB bit in
SPMCSR. It is also erased after a system reset. Note that it is not possible to write more than
one time to each address without erasing the temporary buffer.
If the EEPROM is written in the middle of an SPM Page Load operation, all data loaded will be
lost.
141
8024A–AVR–04/08
26.1.3
Performing a Page Write
To execute Page Write, set up the address in the Z-pointer, write “00000101” to SPMCSR and
execute SPM within four clock cycles after writing SPMCSR. The data in R1 and R0 is ignored.
The page address must be written to PCPAGE. Other bits in the Z-pointer must be written to
zero during this operation.
• The CPU is halted during the Page Write operation.
26.2
Addressing the Flash During Self-Programming
The Z-pointer is used to address the SPM commands.
Bit
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
ZH (R31)
Z15
Z14
Z13
Z12
Z11
Z10
Z9
Z8
ZL (R30)
Z7
Z6
Z5
Z4
Z3
Z2
Z1
Z0
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
Since the Flash is organized in pages (see Table 27-6 on page 151), the Program Counter can
be treated as having two different sections. One section, consisting of the least significant bits, is
addressing the words within a page, while the most significant bits are addressing the pages.
This is shown in Figure 26-1. Note that the Page Erase and Page Write operations are
addressed independently. Therefore it is of major importance that the software addresses the
same page in both the Page Erase and Page Write operation.
The LPM instruction uses the Z-pointer to store the address. Since this instruction addresses the
Flash byte-by-byte, also the LSB (bit Z0) of the Z-pointer is used.
Figure 26-1. Addressing the Flash During SPM(1)
BIT
15
ZPCMSB
ZPAGEMSB
Z - REGISTER
1 0
0
PCMSB
PROGRAM
COUNTER
PAGEMSB
PCPAGE
PAGE ADDRESS
WITHIN THE FLASH
PROGRAM MEMORY
PAGE
PCWORD
WORD ADDRESS
WITHIN A PAGE
PAGE
INSTRUCTION WORD
PCWORD[PAGEMSB:0]:
00
01
02
PAGEEND
Note:
142
1. The different variables used in Figure 26-1 are listed in Table 27-6 on page 151.
ATmega8HVA/16HVA
8024A–AVR–04/08
ATmega8HVA/16HVA
26.2.1
EEPROM Write Prevents Writing to SPMCSR
Note that an EEPROM write operation will block all software programming to Flash. Reading the
Fuses and Lock bits from software will also be prevented during the EEPROM write operation. It
is recommended that the user checks the status bit (EEPE) in the EECR Register and verifies
that the bit is cleared before writing to the SPMCSR Register.
26.2.2
Setting the Lock Bits from Software
To set the Lock Bits, write the desired data to R0. If bits 1..0 in R0 are cleared (zero), the corresponding Lock bit will be programmed if an SPM instruction is executed within four cycles after
RFLB and SPMEN are set in SPMCSR. The Z-pointer is don’t care during this operation, but for
future compatibility it is recommended to load the Z-pointer with 0x0001 (same as used for reading the Lock bits). For future compatibility it is also recommended to set bit 7..2 in R0 to “1” when
writing the Lock bits. When programming the Lock bits the entire Flash can be read during the
operation.
Bit
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
R0
1
1
1
1
1
1
LB2
LB1
See Table 27-1 on page 149 and Table 27-2 on page 149 for how the different settings of the
Lock bits affect the Flash access.
26.2.3
Reading the Fuse and Lock Bits from Software
It is possible to read both the Fuse and Lock bits from software. To read the Lock bits, load the
Z-pointer with 0x0001 and set the RFLB and SPMEN bits in SPMCSR. When an LPM instruction
is executed within three CPU cycles after the RFLB and SPMEN bits are set in SPMCSR, the
value of the Lock bits will be loaded in the destination register. The RFLB and SPMEN bits will
auto-clear 6 cycles after writing to SPMCSR if no SPM instruction is executed within four CPU
cycles. SPMCSR is locked for further writing until it is auto-cleared. The LPM instruction must be
executed within three CPU cycles after writing SPMCSR. When RFLB and SPMEN are cleared,
LPM will work as described in the Instruction set Manual.
Bit
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
Rd
–
–
–
–
–
–
LB2
LB1
The algorithm for reading the Fuse Low byte is similar to the one described above for reading
the Lock bits. To read the Fuse Low byte, load the Z-pointer with 0x0000 and set the RFLB and
SPMEN bits in SPMCSR. When an LPM instruction is executed within three cycles after the
RFLB and SPMEN bits are set in the SPMCSR, the value of the Fuse Low byte (FLB) will be
loaded in the destination register as shown below. Refer to Table 27-4 on page 150 for a
detailed description and mapping of the Fuse Low byte.
Bit
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
Rd
FLB7
FLB6
FLB5
FLB4
FLB3
FLB2
FLB1
FLB0
Fuse and Lock bits that are programmed, will be read as zero. Fuse and Lock bits that are
unprogrammed, will be read as one.
26.2.4
Preventing Flash Corruption
During periods of low VCC, the Flash program can be corrupted because the supply voltage is
too low for the CPU and the Flash to operate properly. These issues are the same as for board
level systems using the Flash, and the same design solutions should be applied.
143
8024A–AVR–04/08
A Flash program corruption can be caused by two situations when the voltage is too low. First, a
regular write sequence to the Flash requires a minimum voltage to operate correctly. Secondly,
the CPU itself can execute instructions incorrectly, if the supply voltage for executing instructions
is too low.
Flash corruption can easily be avoided by following these design recommendations (one is
sufficient):
1. Keep the AVR RESET active (low) during periods of insufficient power supply voltage.
This can be done by enabling the internal Brown-out Detector (BOD) if the operating voltage matches the detection level. If not, an external low VCC reset protection circuit can be
used. If a reset occurs while a write operation is in progress, the write operation will be
completed provided that the power supply voltage is sufficient.
2. Keep the AVR core in Power-save sleep mode during periods of low VCC. This will prevent the CPU from attempting to decode and execute instructions, effectively protecting
the SPMCSR Register and thus the Flash from unintentional writes.
26.2.5
Reading the Signature Row from Software
To read the Signature Row from software, load the Z-pointer with the signature byte address
given in Table 26-1 and set the SIGRD and SPMEN bits in SPMCSR. When an LPM instruction
is executed within three CPU cycles after the SIGRD and SPMEN bits are set in SPMCSR, the
signature byte value will be loaded in the destination register. The SIGRD and SPMEN bits will
auto-clear 6 cycles after writing to SPMCSR, which is locked for further writing during these
cycles. The LPM instruction must be executed within 3 CPU cycles after writing SPMCSR. When
SIGRD and SPMEN are cleared, LPM will work as described in the Instruction set Manual.
Table 26-1.
Signature Row Addressing.
Signature Byte Description
Z-Pointer Address
Device ID 0, Manufacture ID
00H
Device ID 1, Flash Size
02H
Device ID 2, Device
04H
FOSCCAL
(1)
01H
FOSC SEGMENT
(2)
03H
Reserved
05H
SLOW RC Period L
06H
SLOW RC Period H(3)
07H
SLOW RC Temp Prediction L
SLOW RC Temp Prediction H
08H
(4)
ULP RC FRQ(6)
SLOW RC FRQ
0AH
(5)
Reserved
144
09H
0BH
0CH:0EH
BGCCR Calibration Byte @ 25°C
0FH
Reserved
10H
BGCRR Calibration Byte @ 25°C
11H
ATmega8HVA/16HVA
8024A–AVR–04/08
ATmega8HVA/16HVA
Table 26-1.
Signature Row Addressing. (Continued)
Signature Byte Description
Z-Pointer Address
Reserved
12H
(7)
BGCCR Calibration Byte @ HOT
13H
V-ADC RAW Cell1 L
14H
V-ADC RAW Cell1 H(8)
15H
V-ADC RAW ADC0 L
16H
V-ADC RAW ADC0 H
(8)
17H
VPTAT CAL L
18H
VPTAT CAL H(15)
19H
V-ADC Cell1 Calibration Word L
1AH
(9)
V-ADC Cell1 Calibration Word H
1BH
V-ADC Cell2 Calibration Word L
1CH
V-ADC Cell2 Calibration Word H(10)
1DH
(11)
1EH
(11)
V-ADC Cell2 Offset
1FH
V-ADC ADC0 Gain Calibration Word L
20H
V-ADC ADC0 Gain Calibration Word H(12)
21H
V-ADC ADC1 Gain Calibration Word L
22H
V-ADC Cell1 Offset
(13)
V-ADC ADC1 Gain Calibration Word H
23H
(14)
24H
V-ADC ADC1 Offset(14)
25H
V-ADC ADC0 Offset
Reserved
THOT
(16)
Notes:
26H:2FH
30H
1. Default FOSCCAL value after reset.
2. FOSCCAL setting used to smooth the transition from one segment to the next when calibrating
the Fast RC oscillator.
3. 8 prescaled Slow RC periods in µs using the Oscillator Sampling Interface (@THOT°C).
4. Characterized Slow RC oscillator frequency temperature drift prediction value.
5. Slow RC oscillator frequency in kHz (@THOT°C).
6. ULP RC oscillator frequency in kHz (@ THOT°C).
7. Calibration value found in BGCCR in the first step of VREF calibration (BGCRR = 0x0F),
(@ THOT°C).
8. Calibration word used for the second step of the VREF calibration.
9. Calibration word used to compensate for gain error in V-ADC Cell input 1.
10. Calibration word used to compensate for gain error in V-ADC Cell input 2.
11. Calibration byte used to compensate for offset in V-ADC Cells.
12. Calibration word used to compensate for gain error in ADC0.
13. Calibration word used to compensate for gain error in ADC1.
14. Calibration byte used to compensate for offset in ADC0 and ADC1.
15. Calibration word used to calculate the absolute temperature in Kelvin from a VTEMP
conversion.
16. Hot tamperature used for factory calibration in °C.
All other addresses are reserved for future use.
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26.2.6
Programming Time for Flash when Using SPM
The Fast RC Oscillator is used to time Flash accesses. Table 26-2 shows the typical programming time for Flash accesses from the CPU.
Table 26-2.
SPM Programming Time, fOSC = 8.0 MHz(1)
Symbol
Min Programming Time
Max Programming Time
Flash write (Page Erase, Page Write, and
write Lock bits by SPM)
3.7 ms
4.5 ms
Note:
1. Minimum and maximum programming times is per individual operation.
Table 26-3.
Explanation of different variables used in Figure 26-1 and the mapping to the Zpointer, ATmega8HVA.
Corresponding
Z-value
Variable
PCMSB
11
Most significant bit in the Program Counter. (The
Program Counter is 12 bits PC[11:0])
PAGEMSB
5
Most significant bit which is used to address the
words within one page (64 words in a page requires
six bits PC [5:0]).
ZPCMSB
Z12
Bit in Z-register that is mapped to PCMSB. Because
Z0 is not used, the ZPCMSB equals PCMSB + 1.
ZPAGEMSB
Z6
Bit in Z-register that is mapped to PCMSB. Because
Z0 is not used, the ZPAGEMSB equals PAGEMSB +
1.
PCPAGE
PC[11:6]
Z12:Z7
Program Counter page address: Page select, for
Page Erase and Page Write
PCWORD
PC[5:0]
Z6:Z1
Program Counter word address: Word select, for
filling temporary buffer (must be zero during Page
Write operation)
Table 26-4.
Explanation of different variables used in Figure 26-1 and the mapping to the Zpointer, ATmega16HVA.
Corresponding
Z-value
Variable
PCMSB
146
Description
12
Description
Most significant bit in the Program Counter. (The
Program Counter is 13 bits PC[12:0])
ATmega8HVA/16HVA
8024A–AVR–04/08
ATmega8HVA/16HVA
Table 26-4.
Explanation of different variables used in Figure 26-1 and the mapping to the Zpointer, ATmega16HVA.
Corresponding
Z-value
Variable
PAGEMSB
26.3
26.3.1
Description
Most significant bit which is used to address the
words within one page (64 words in a page requires
six bits PC [5:0]).
5
ZPCMSB
Z13
Bit in Z-register that is mapped to PCMSB. Because
Z0 is not used, the ZPCMSB equals PCMSB + 1.
ZPAGEMSB
Z6
Bit in Z-register that is mapped to PCMSB. Because
Z0 is not used, the ZPAGEMSB equals PAGEMSB +
1.
PCPAGE
PC[12:6]
Z13:Z7
Program Counter page address: Page select, for
Page Erase and Page Write
PCWORD
PC[5:0]
Z6:Z1
Program Counter word address: Word select, for
filling temporary buffer (must be zero during Page
Write operation)
Register Description
SPMCSR – Store Program Memory Control and Status Register
The Store Program Memory Control and Status Register contains the control bits needed to control the Program memory operations.
Bit
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
0x37 (0x57)
–
–
SIGRD
CTPB
RFLB
PGWRT
PGERS
SPMEN
Read/Write
R
R
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
Initial Value
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
SPMCSR
• Bits 7:6 – Res: Reserved Bits
These bits are reserved for future use.
For compatibility with future devices, these bits must be written to zero when SPMCSR is
written.
• Bit 5 – SIGRD: Signature Row Read
If this bit is written to one at the same time as SPMEN, the next LPM instruction within three
clock cycles will read a byte from the signature row into the destination register. See ”Reading
the Signature Row from Software” on page 144 for details.
An SPM instruction within four cycles after SIGRD and SPMEN are set will have no effect. This
operation is reserved for future use and should not be used.
• Bit 4 – CTPB: Clear Temporary Page Buffer
If the CTPB bit is written while filling the temporary page buffer, the temporary page buffer will be
cleared and the data will be lost.
• Bit 3 – RFLB: Read Fuse and Lock Bits
An LPM instruction within three cycles after RFLB and SPMEN are set in the SPMCSR Register,
will read either the Lock bits or the Fuse bits (depending on Z0 in the Z-pointer) into the destination register. See ”EEPROM Write Prevents Writing to SPMCSR” on page 143 for details.
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• Bit 2 – PGWRT: Page Write
If this bit is written to one at the same time as SPMEN, the next SPM instruction within four clock
cycles executes Page Write, with the data stored in the temporary buffer. The page address is
taken from the high part of the Z-pointer. The data in R1 and R0 are ignored. The PGWRT bit
will auto-clear upon completion of a Page Write, or if no SPM instruction is executed within four
clock cycles. The CPU is halted during the entire Page Write operation.
• Bit 1 – PGERS: Page Erase
If this bit is written to one at the same time as SPMEN, the next SPM instruction within four clock
cycles executes Page Erase. The page address is taken from the high part of the Z-pointer. The
data in R1 and R0 are ignored. The PGERS bit will auto-clear upon completion of a Page Erase,
or if no SPM instruction is executed within four clock cycles. The CPU is halted during the entire
Page Write operation.
• Bit 0 – SPMEN: Store Program Memory Enable
This bit enables the SPM instruction for the next four clock cycles. If written to one together with
either CTPB, RFLB, PGWRT, or PGERS, the following SPM instruction will have a special
meaning, see description above. If only SPMEN is written, the following SPM instruction will
store the value in R1:R0 in the temporary page buffer addressed by the Z-pointer. The LSB of
the Z-pointer is ignored. The SPMEN bit will auto-clear upon completion of an SPM instruction,
or if no SPM instruction is executed within four clock cycles. During Page Erase and Page Write,
the SPMEN bit remains high until the operation is completed.
Writing any other combination than “100001”,“010001”, “001001”, “000101”, “000011” or
“000001” in the lower six bits will have no effect.
148
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27. Memory Programming
27.1
Program And Data Memory Lock Bits
The ATmega8HVA/16HVA provides two Lock bits which can be left unprogrammed (“1”) or can
be programmed (“0”) to obtain the additional features listed in Table 27-2. The Lock bits can only
be erased to “1” with the Chip Erase command.
Table 27-1.
Lock Bit Byte
Description
Default Value(1)
7
–
1 (unprogrammed)
6
–
1 (unprogrammed)
5
–
1 (unprogrammed)
4
–
1 (unprogrammed)
3
–
1 (unprogrammed)
2
–
1 (unprogrammed)
LB2
1
Lock bit
1 (unprogrammed)
LB1
0
Lock bit
1 (unprogrammed)
Lock Bit Byte
Note:
Bit No
1. “1” means unprogrammed, “0” means programmed
Table 27-2.
Lock Bit Protection Modes(1)(2)
Memory Lock Bits
LB Mode
LB2
LB1
1
1
1
No memory lock features enabled.
2
1
0
The Fuse bits are locked, and further programming of the
Flash and EEPROM is disabled in Programming mode.(1)
3
0
0
The Fuse bits are locked, and further programming and
verification of the Flash and EEPROM is disabled in
Programming mode.(1)
Notes:
27.2
Protection Type
1. Program the Fuse bits before programming the LB1 and LB2.
2. “1” means unprogrammed, “0” means programmed.
Fuse Bits
The ATmega8HVA/16HVA has two Fuse bytes. Table 27-4 and Table 27-3 describe briefly the
functionality of all the fuses and how they are mapped into the Fuse byte. Note that the fuses are
read as logical zero, “0”, if they are programmed.
149
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27.2.1
High Byte
Table 27-3.
Bit No
Fuse High Byte
Description
7:2
–
–
1
OSCSEL1
Oscillator Select 1
0 (programmed)
0
OSCSEL0
Oscillator Select 0
1 (unprogrammed)
Note:
27.2.2
Fuse High Byte
Default Value
1 (unprogrammed)
1. The default OSCSEL1:0 setting should not be changed. OSCSEL1:0 = ‘00’ is reserved for test
purposes. Other values are reserved for future use.
Low Byte
Table 27-4.
Bit No
Fuse Low Byte
Fuse Low Byte
(3)
Description
Default Value
7
WDTON
Watchdog Timer always on
1 (unprogrammed)
6
EESAVE
EEPROM memory is preserved
through the Chip Erase
1 (unprogrammed, EEPROM
not preserved)
5
SPIEN(2)
Enable SPI Programming Interface
0 (programmed, SPI prog.
enabled)
4
DWEN
Enable debugWIRE
1 (unprogrammed)
3
SELFPRGEN
Self Programming enable
1 (unprogrammed)
2
(1)
Select start-up time
1 (unprogrammed)
1
(1)
SUT1
Select start-up time
1 (unprogrammed)
0
SUT0(1)
Select start-up time
1 (unprogrammed)
Notes:
SUT2
1. See Table 9-1 on page 25 for details about start-up time.
2. The SPIEN Fuse is not accessible in SPI programming mode.
3. See ”WDTCSR – Watchdog Timer Control Register” on page 49 for details.
The status of the Fuse bits is not affected by Chip Erase. Note that the Fuse bits are locked if
Lock bit1 (LB1) is programmed. Program the Fuse bits before programming the Lock bits.
27.2.3
Latching of Fuses
The fuse values are latched when the device enters programming mode and changes of the
fuse values will have no effect until the part leaves Programming mode. This does not apply to
the EESAVE Fuse which will take effect once it is programmed. The fuses are also latched on
Power-up in Normal mode.
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27.3
Signature Bytes
All Atmel microcontrollers have a three-byte signature code which identifies the device. This
code can be read in both Programming mode, also when the device is locked. The three bytes
reside in a separate address space. The signature bytes of ATmega8HVA/16HVA is given in
Table 27-5.
Table 27-5.
Device ID
Signature Bytes Address
27.4
Part
0x000
0x001
0x002
ATmega8HVA
0x1E
0x93
0x10
ATmega16HVA
0x1E
0x94
0x0C
Calibration Bytes
The ATmega8HVA/16HVA has calibration bytes for the RC Oscillators, internal voltage reference, internal temperature reference and each differential cell voltage input. These bytes reside
in the signature address space. See ”Reading the Signature Row from Software” on page 144
for details.
27.5
Page Size
Table 27-6.
No. of Words in a Page and No. of Pages in the Flash, ATmega8HVA/16HVA
Device
Flash Size
Page Size
PCWORD
No. of Pages
PCPAGE
PCMSB
ATmega8HVA
4K words (8K bytes)
64 words
PC[5:0]
64
PC[11:6]
11
ATmega16HVA
8K words (16K bytes)
64 words
PC[5:0]
128
PC[12:6]
12
Table 27-7.
27.6
No. of Words in a Page and No. of Pages in the EEPROM
EEPROM Size
Page Size
PCWORD
No. of Pages
PCPAGE
EEAMSB
256 bytes
4 bytes
EEA[1:0]
64
EEA[7:2]
7
Serial Programming
Both the Flash and EEPROM memory arrays can be programmed using the serial SPI bus while
RESET is pulled to GND. The serial interface consists of pins SCK, MOSI (input) and MISO (output). After RESET is set low, the Programming Enable instruction needs to be executed first
before program/erase operations can be executed. NOTE, in Table 27-8 on page 152, the pin
mapping for SPI programming is listed. Not all parts use the SPI pins dedicated for the internal
SPI interface.
151
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Figure 27-1. Serial Programming and Verify.
+3.0 - 4.5V
VCC
MOSI
MISO
SCK
RESET
GND
Table 27-8.
Pin Mapping Serial Programming
Symbol
Pins
I/O
Description
SCK
PB1
I
Serial Clock
MOSI
PB2
I
Serial Data in
MISO
PB3
O
Serial Data out
When programming the EEPROM, an auto-erase cycle is built into the self-timed programming
operation (in the Serial mode ONLY) and there is no need to first execute the Chip Erase
instruction. The Chip Erase operation turns the content of every memory location in both the
Program and EEPROM arrays into 0xFF.
Depending on OSCSEL Fuses, a valid clock must be present. The minimum low and high periods for the serial clock (SCK) input are defined as follows:
Low: > 2.2 CPU clock cycles for fck < 12 MHz, 3 CPU clock cycles for fck >= 12 MHz
High: > 2.2 CPU clock cycles for fck < 12 MHz, 3 CPU clock cycles for fck >= 12 MHz
27.6.1
Serial Programming Algorithm
When writing serial data to the ATmega8HVA/16HVA, data is clocked on the rising edge of SCK.
When reading data from the ATmega8HVA/16HVA, data is clocked on the falling edge of SCK.
See ”Serial Programming” on page 172 for timing details.
To program and verify the ATmega8HVA/16HVA in the Serial Programming mode, the following
sequence is recommended (see four byte instruction formats in Table 27-10 on page 154):
1. Power-up sequence:
Apply power between VCC and GND while RESET and SCK are set to “0”. In some systems, the programmer can not guarantee that SCK is held low during power-up. In this
case, RESET must be given a positive pulse of at least two CPU clock cycles duration
after SCK has been set to “0”.
2. Wait for at least 20 ms and enable serial programming by sending the Programming
Enable serial instruction to pin MOSI.
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3. The serial programming instructions will not work if the communication is out of synchronization. When in sync. the second byte (0x53), will echo back when issuing the third
byte of the Programming Enable instruction. Whether the echo is correct or not, all four
bytes of the instruction must be transmitted. If the 0x53 did not echo back, give RESET a
positive pulse and issue a new Programming Enable command.
4. The Flash is programmed one page at a time. The memory page is loaded one byte at a
time by supplying the 5 LSB of the address and data together with the Load Program
memory Page instruction. To ensure correct loading of the page, the data low byte must
be loaded before data high byte is applied for a given address. The Program memory
Page is stored by loading the Write Program memory Page instruction with the 6 MSB of
the address. If polling (RDY/BSY) is not used, the user must wait at least tWD_FLASH before
issuing the next page. (See Table 27-9.) Accessing the serial programming interface
before the Flash write operation completes can result in incorrect programming.
5. A: The EEPROM array is programmed one byte at a time by supplying the address and
data together with the appropriate Write instruction. An EEPROM memory location is first
automatically erased before new data is written. If polling (RDY/BSY) is not used, the
user must wait at least tWD_EEPROM before issuing the next byte. (See Table 27-9.) In a
chip erased device, no 0xFFs in the data file(s) need to be programmed.
B: The EEPROM array is programmed one page at a time. The Memory page is loaded
one byte at a time by supplying the 2 LSB of the address and data together with the Load
EEPROM Memory Page instruction. The EEPROM Memory Page is stored by loading
the Write EEPROM Memory Page Instruction with the 6 MSB of the address. When using
EEPROM page access only byte locations loaded with the Load EEPROM Memory Page
instruction is altered. The remaining locations remain unchanged. If polling (RDY/BSY) is
not used, the used must wait at least tWD_EEPROM before issuing the next page (See Table
27-7 on page 151). In a chip erased device, no 0xFF in the data file(s) need to be
programmed.
6. Any memory location can be verified by using the Read instruction which returns the content at the selected address at serial output MISO.
7. At the end of the programming session, RESET can be set high to commence normal
operation.
8. Power-off sequence (if needed):
Set RESET to “1”.
Turn VCC power off.
Table 27-9.
Minimum Wait Delay Before Writing the Next Flash or EEPROM Location
Symbol
Minimum Wait Delay
tWD_FLASH
4.5 ms
tWD_EEPROM
4.0 ms
tWD_ERASE
4.0 ms
tWD_FUSE
4.5 ms
153
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27.6.2
Serial Programming Instruction set
Table 27-10 on page 154 and Figure 27-2 on page 155 describes the Instruction set.
Table 27-10. Serial Programming Instruction Set
Instruction Format
Instruction/Operation
Byte 1
Byte 2
Byte 3
Byte4
Programming Enable
$AC
$53
$00
$00
Chip Erase (Program Memory/EEPROM)
$AC
$80
$00
$00
Poll RDY/BSY
$F0
$00
$00
data byte out
Load Extended Address byte(1)
$4D
$00
Extended adr
$00
Load Program Memory Page, High byte
$48
adr MSB
adr LSB
high data byte in
Load Program Memory Page, Low byte
$40
adr MSB
adr LSB
low data byte in
Load EEPROM Memory Page (page access)
$C1
adr MSB
adr LSB
data byte in
Read Program Memory, High byte
$28
adr MSB
adr LSB
high data byte out
Read Program Memory, Low byte
$20
adr MSB
adr LSB
low data byte out
Read EEPROM Memory
$A0
adr MSB
adr LSB
data byte out
Read Lock bits
$58
$00
$00
data byte out
Read Signature Byte
$30
$00
adr LSB
data byte out
Read Fuse bits
$50
$00
$00
data byte out
Read Fuse High bits
$58
$08
$00
data byte out
Read Extended Fuse Bits
$50
$08
$00
data byte out
Read Calibration Byte
$38
$00
$00
data byte out
Write Program Memory Page
$4C
adr MSB
adr LSB
$00
Write EEPROM Memory
$C0
adr MSB
adr LSB
data byte in
Write EEPROM Memory Page (page access)
$C2
adr MSB
adr LSB
$00
Write Lock bits
$AC
$E0
$00
data byte in
Write Fuse bits
$AC
$A0
$00
data byte in
Write Fuse High bits
$AC
$A8
$00
data byte in
Write Extended Fuse Bits
$AC
$A4
$00
data byte in
Load Instructions
Read Instructions
Write Instructions(6)
Notes:
154
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Not all instructions are applicable for all parts.
a = address
Bits are programmed ‘0’, unprogrammed ‘1’.
To ensure future compatibility, unused Fuses and Lock bits should be unprogrammed (‘1’) .
Refer to the correspondig section for Fuse and Lock bits, Calibration and Signature bytes and Page size.
Instructions accessing program memory use word address. This address may be random within the page range.
See htt://www.atmel.com/avr for Application Notes regarding programming and programmers.
ATmega8HVA/16HVA
8024A–AVR–04/08
ATmega8HVA/16HVA
If the LSB in RDY/BSY data byte out is ‘1’, a programming operation is still pending. Wait until
this bit returns ‘0’ before the next instruction is carried out.
Within the same page, the low data byte must be loaded prior to the high data byte.
After data is loaded to the page buffer, program the EEPROM page, see Figure 27-2 on page
155.
Figure 27-2. Serial Programming Instruction example
Serial Programming Instruction
Load Program Memory Page (High/Low Byte)/
Load EEPROM Memory Page (page access)
Byte 1
Byte 2
Adr
A
drr M
MSB
MS
SB
Bit 15 B
Byte 3
Write Program Memory Page/
Write EEPROM Memory Page
Byte 1
Byte 4
Byte 2
Adr LSB
Adr MSB
Bit 15 B
0
Byte 3
Byte 4
Adr
A
dr LSB
LS
SB
0
Page Buffer
Page Offset
Page 0
Page 1
Page 2
Page Number
Page N-1
Program Memory/
EEPROM Memory
155
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27.7
High-voltage Serial Programming
This section describes how to program and verify Flash Program memory, EEPROM Data memory, Lock bits and Fuse bits in the ATmega8HVA/16HVA.
Figure 27-3. High-voltage Serial Programming
+11.5 - 12.5V
+3.0 - 3.5V
RESET
VCC
SDI
PB2
PB1
SDO
Prog_enable[0]
PB0
PB3
SII
GND
PC0
SCI
Table 27-11. Pin Name Mapping
Signal Name in High-voltage
Serial Programming Mode
Pin Name
I/O
Function
SDO
PB1
O
Serial Data Output
SDI
PB2
I
Serial Data Input
SII
PB3
I
Serial Instruction Input
SCI
PC0
I
Serial Clock Input (min. 2/fck period)
Table 27-12. Pin Values Used to Enter Programming Mode
156
Pin Name
Symbol
Value
PB0
Prog_enable[0]
0
PB1
Prog_enable[1]
0
PB2
Prog_enable[2]
0
PB3
Prog_enable[3]
0
ATmega8HVA/16HVA
8024A–AVR–04/08
ATmega8HVA/16HVA
27.8
High-voltage Serial Programming Algorithm
To program and verify the ATmega8HVA/16HVA in the High-voltage Serial Programming mode,
the following sequence is recommended (See instruction formats in Table 27-14):
27.8.1
Enter High-voltage Serial Programming Mode
The following algorithm puts the device in Serial (High-voltage) Programming mode:
1. Set Prog_enable pins listed in Table 27-12 on page 156 to “0000”, RESET pin to 0V and
VCC to 0V.
2. Apply 3.0 - 3.5V between VCC and GND. Ensure that VCC reaches at least 1.8V within the
next 20 µs.
3. Wait 20 - 60 µs, and apply VHRST - 12.5V to RESET.
4. Keep the Prog_enable pins unchanged for at least tHVRST after the High-voltage has been
applied to ensure the Prog_enable Signature has been latched.
5. Release Prog_enable[1] pin to avoid drive contention on the Prog_enable[1]/SDO pin.
6. Wait at least 300 µs before giving any serial instructions on SDI/SII.
If the rise time of the VCC is unable to fulfill the requirements listed above, the following alternative algorithm can be used.
1. Set Prog_enable pins listed in Table 27-12 on page 156 to “0000”, RESET pin to 0V and
VCC to 0V.
2. Apply 3.0 - 3.5V between VCC and GND.
3. Monitor VCC, and as soon as VCC reaches 0.9 - 1.1V, apply VHRST - 12.5V to RESET.
4. Keep the Prog_enable pins unchanged for at least tHVRST after the High-voltage has been
applied to ensure the Prog_enable Signature has been latched.
5. Release Prog_enable[1] pin to avoid drive contention on the Prog_enable[1]/SDO pin.
6. Wait until VCC actually reaches 3.0 - 3.5V before giving any serial instructions on SDI/SII.
Table 27-13. High-voltage Reset Characteristics
27.8.2
Supply Voltage
RESET Pin High-voltage Threshold
Minimum High-voltage Period for
Latching Prog_enable
VCC
VHVRST
tHVRST
3.0V
11.5V
10 µs
3.5V
11.5V
10 µs
Considerations for Efficient Programming
The loaded command and address are retained in the device during programming. For efficient
programming, the following should be considered.
• The command needs only be loaded once when writing or reading multiple memory locations.
• Skip writing the data value 0xFF that is the contents of the entire EEPROM (unless the
EESAVE Fuse is programmed) and Flash after a Chip Erase.
• Address High byte needs only be loaded before programming or reading a new 256 word
window in Flash or 256 byte EEPROM. This consideration also applies to Signature bytes
reading.
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27.8.3
Chip Erase
The Chip Erase will erase the Flash and EEPROM(1) memories plus Lock bits. The Lock bits are
not reset until the Program memory has been completely erased. The Fuse bits are not
changed. A Chip Erase must be performed before the Flash and/or EEPROM are reprogrammed.
Note:
1. The EEPROM memory is preserved during Chip Erase if the EESAVE Fuse is programmed.
1. Load command “Chip Erase” (see Table 27-14).
2. Wait after Instr.3 until SDO goes high for the “Chip Erase” cycle to finish.
3. Load Command “No Operation”.
27.8.4
Programming the Flash
The Flash is organized in pages, see Table 27-10 on page 154. When programming the Flash,
the program data is latched into a page buffer. This allows one page of program data to be programmed simultaneously. The following procedure describes how to program the entire Flash
memory:
1. Load Command “Write Flash” (see Table 27-14).
2. Load Flash Page Buffer.
3. Load Flash High Address and Program Page. Wait after Instr. 3 until SDO goes high for
the “Page Programming” cycle to finish.
4. Repeat 2 through 3 until the entire Flash is programmed or until all data has been
programmed.
5. End Page Programming by Loading Command “No Operation”.
When writing or reading serial data to the ATmega8HVA/16HVA, data is clocked on the rising
edge of the serial clock, see Figure 27-5, Figure 29-4 and ”High-voltage Serial Programming” on
page 173 for details.
Figure 27-4. Addressing the Flash which is Organized in Pages
PCMSB
PROGRAM
COUNTER
PAGEMSB
PCPAGE
PAGE ADDRESS
WITHIN THE FLASH
PROGRAM MEMORY
PAGE
PCWORD
WORD ADDRESS
WITHIN A PAGE
PAGE
INSTRUCTION WORD
PCWORD[PAGEMSB:0]:
00
01
02
PAGEEND
158
ATmega8HVA/16HVA
8024A–AVR–04/08
ATmega8HVA/16HVA
Figure 27-5. High-voltage Serial Programming Waveforms
SDI
MSB
LSB
SII
MSB
LSB
MSB
SDO
SCI
27.8.5
0
LSB
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Programming the EEPROM
The EEPROM is organized in pages, see ”High-voltage Serial Programming” on page 173.
When programming the EEPROM, the data is latched into a page buffer. This allows one page
of data to be programmed simultaneously. The programming algorithm for the EEPROM Data
memory is as follows (refer to Table 27-14 on page 160):
1. Load Command “Write EEPROM”.
2. Load EEPROM Page Buffer.
3. Program EEPROM Page. Wait after Instr. 2 until SDO goes high for the “Page Programming” cycle to finish.
4. Repeat 2 through 3 until the entire EEPROM is programmed or until all data has been
programmed.
5. End Page Programming by Loading Command “No Operation”.
27.8.6
Reading the Flash
The algorithm for reading the Flash memory is as follows (refer to Table 27-14 on page 160):
1. Load Command "Read Flash".
2. Read Flash Low and High Bytes. The contents at the selected address are available at
serial output SDO.
27.8.7
Reading the EEPROM
The algorithm for reading the EEPROM memory is as follows (refer to Table 27-14 on page
160):
1. Load Command “Read EEPROM”.
2. Read EEPROM Byte. The contents at the selected address are available at serial output
SDO.
27.8.8
Programming and Reading the Fuse and Lock Bits
The algorithms for programming and reading the Fuse Low/High bits and Lock bits are shown in
Table 27-14 on page 160.
27.8.9
Reading the Signature Bytes and Calibration Byte
The algorithms for reading the Signature bytes and Calibration byte are shown in Table 27-14 on
page 160.
27.8.10
Power-off sequence
Exit Programming mode by powering the device down, or by bringing RESET pin to 0V.
159
8024A–AVR–04/08
Table 27-14. High-voltage Serial Programming Instruction Set for ATmega8HVA/16HVA
Instruction Format
Instruction
Chip Erase
Load “Write
Flash”
Command
Load Flash
Page Buffer
Instr.1/5
Instr.2/6
Instr.3
SDI
0_1000_0000_00
0_0000_0000_00
0_0000_0000_00
SII
0_0100_1100_00
0_0110_0100_00
0_0110_1100_00
SDO
x_xxxx_xxxx_xx
x_xxxx_xxxx_xx
x_xxxx_xxxx_xx
SDI
0_0001_0000_00
SII
0_0100_1100_00
SDO
x_xxxx_xxxx_xx
SDI
0_ bbbb_bbbb _00
0_eeee_eeee_00
0_dddd_dddd_00
0_0000_0000_00
SII
0_0000_1100_00
0_0010_1100_00
0_0011_1100_00
0_0111_1101_00
SDO
x_xxxx_xxxx_xx
x_xxxx_xxxx_xx
x_xxxx_xxxx_xx
x_xxxx_xxxx_xx
SDI
0_0000_0000_00
SII
0_0111_1100_00
0_aaaa_aaaa_00
0_0000_0000_00
0_0000_0000_00
0_0001_1100_00
0_0110_0100_00
0_0110_1100_00
x_xxxx_xxxx_xx
x_xxxx_xxxx_xx
x_xxxx_xxxx_xx
SDO
Load Flash High SDI
Address and
SII
Program Page
SDO
Load “Read
Flash”
Command
0_0000_0010_00
SII
0_0100_1100_00
SDO
x_xxxx_xxxx_xx
SDI
0_bbbb_bbbb_00
0_aaaa_aaaa_00
0_0000_0000_00
SII
0_0000_1100_00
0_0001_1100_00
0_0110_1000_00
0_0110_1100_00
x_xxxx_xxxx_xx
x_xxxx_xxxx_xx
x_xxxx_xxxx_xx
q_qqqq_qqqx_xx
0_0000_0000_00
0_0000_0000_00
SII
Load EEPROM
Page Buffer
Program
EEPROM Page
Write EEPROM
Byte
Load “Read
EEPROM”
Command
160
0_0111_1000_00
0_0111_1100_00
SDO
x_xxxx_xxxx_xx
p_pppp_pppx_xx
SDI
0_0001_0001_00
SII
0_0100_1100_00
0_0000_0000_00
SDO
x_xxxx_xxxx_xx
SDI
0_bbbb_bbbb_00
0_eeee_eeee_00
0_0000_0000_00
0_0000_0000_00
SII
0_0000_1100_00
0_0010_1100_00
0_0110_1101_00
0_0110_1100_00
SDO
x_xxxx_xxxx_xx
x_xxxx_xxxx_xx
x_xxxx_xxxx_xx
x_xxxx_xxxx_xx
SDI
0_0000_0000_00
0_0000_0000_00
SII
0_0110_0100_00
0_0110_1100_00
SDO
x_xxxx_xxxx_xx
x_xxxx_xxxx_xx
SDI
0_bbbb_bbbb_00
0_eeee_eeee_00
0_0000_0000_00
0_0000_0000_00
SII
0_0000_1100_00
0_0010_1100_00
0_0110_1101_00
0_0110_0100_00
SDO
x_xxxx_xxxx_xx
x_xxxx_xxxx_xx
x_xxxx_xxxx_xx
x_xxxx_xxxx_xx
SDI
0_0000_0000_00
SII
0_0110_1100_00
SDO
x_xxxx_xxxx_xx
SDI
0_0000_0011_00
SII
0_0100_1100_00
SDO
Operation Remarks
x_xxxx_xxxx_xx
SDI
Read Flash Low SDO
and High Bytes SDI
Load “Write
EEPROM”
Command
Instr.4
x_xxxx_xxxx_xx
ATmega8HVA/16HVA
8024A–AVR–04/08
ATmega8HVA/16HVA
Table 27-14. High-voltage Serial Programming Instruction Set for ATmega8HVA/16HVA (Continued)
Instruction Format
Instruction
Read EEPROM
Byte
Instr.1/5
Instr.2/6
Instr.3
Instr.4
SDI
0_bbbb_bbbb_00
0_aaaa_aaaa_00
0_0000_0000_00
0_0000_0000_00
SII
0_0000_1100_00
0_0001_1100_00
0_0110_1000_00
0_0110_1100_00
x_xxxx_xxxx_xx
x_xxxx_xxxx_xx
x_xxxx_xxxx_xx
q_qqqq_qqq0_00
0_0100_0000_00
0_0100_1100_00
x_xxxx_xxxx_xx
0_hhhh_hhhh_00
0_0010_1100_11
x_xxxx_xxxx_xx
0_0000_0000_00
0_0111_0100_00
x_xxxx_xxxx_xx
0_0000_0000_00
0_0111_1100_00
x_xxxx_xxxx_xx
Wait after Instr. 4 until SDO goes
high. Write “0” to program the
Fuse Bits.
Wait after Instr. 4 until SDO goes
high. Write “0” to program the
Fuse bit.
SDO
SDI
Write Fuse High
SII
Byte
SDO
Write Fuse Low
Byte
Write Lock Bit
Byte
SDI
0_0100_0000_00
0_IIII_IIII_00
0_0000_0000_00
0_0000_0000_00
SII
0_0100_1100_00
0_0010_1100_00
0_0110_0100_00
0_0110_1100_00
SDO
x_xxxx_xxxx_xx
x_xxxx_xxxx_xx
x_xxxx_xxxx_xx
x_xxxx_xxxx_xx
SDI
0_0010_0000_00
0_cccc_cccc_00
0_0000_0000_00
0_0000_0000_00
SII
0_0100_1100_00
0_0010_1100_00
0_0110_0100_00
0_0110_1100_00
x_xxxx_xxxx_xx
x_xxxx_xxxx_xx
x_xxxx_xxxx_xx
x_xxxx_xxxx_xx
0_0000_0100_00
0_0100_1100_00
x_xxxx_xxxx_xx
0_0000_0000_00
0_0111_1000_00
x_xxxx_xxxx_xx
0_0000_0000_00
0_0111_1100_0
h_hhhh_hhhx_xx
SDI
0_0000_0100_00
0_0000_0000_00
0_0000_0000_00
SII
0_0100_1100_00
0_0110_1000_00
0_0110_1100_00
SDO
x_xxxx_xxxx_xx
x_xxxx_xxxx_xx
I_IIII_IIIx_xx
SDI
0_0000_0100_00
0_0000_0000_00
0_0000_0000_00
SII
0_0100_1100_00
0_0111_1000_00
0_0111_1100_00
SDO
x_xxxx_xxxx_xx
x_xxxx_xxxx_xx
c_cccc_cccx_xx
SDI
0_0000_1000_00
0_bbbb_bbbb_00
0_0000_0000_00
0_0000_0000_00
SII
0_0100_1100_00
0_0000_1100_00
0_0110_1000_00
0_0110_1100_00
SDO
x_xxxx_xxxx_xx
x_xxxx_xxxx_xx
x_xxxx_xxxx_xx
q_qqqq_qqqx_xx
SDI
0_0000_1000_00
0_aaaa_aaaa_00
0_0000_0000_00
0_0000_0000_00
SII
0_0100_1100_00
0_0001_1100_00
0_0111_1000_00
0_0111_1100_00
SDO
x_xxxx_xxxx_xx
x_xxxx_xxxx_xx
x_xxxx_xxxx_xx
p_pppp_pppx_xx
SDI
0_0000_0000_00
SII
0_0100_1100_00
SDO
SDI
Read Fuse High
SII
Byte
SDO
Read Fuse Low
Byte
Read Lock Bit
Byte
Read Signature
Row Low Byte
Read Signature
Row High Byte
Load “No
Operation”
Command
SDO
Operation Remarks
Wait after Instr. 4 until SDO goes
high. Write “0” to program the
Lock Bit.
Reading “0” means the Fuse bit is
programmed.
Reading “0” means the Fuse bit is
programmed.
Reading “0” means the Lock bit is
programmed.
Repeats Instr 2 4 for each
signature low byte address.
Repeats Instr 2 4 for each
signature high byte address.
x_xxxx_xxxx_xx
Note:
1. a = address high bits, b = address low bits, d = data in high bits, e = data in low bits, p = data out high bits, q = data out low
bits, x = don’t care, c = Lock Bit Byte, l = fuse low byte, h = fuse high byte.
Notes:
1. For page sizes less than 256 words, parts of the address (bbbb_bbbb) will be parts of the page address.
2. For page sizes less than 256 bytes, parts of the address (bbbb_bbbb) will be parts of the page address.
161
8024A–AVR–04/08
28. Operating Circuit
Figure 28-1. Operating Circuit Diagram, 2-cell.
Rcf
1k
RP
OC
PV2
470
Rbatt
1k
Rdf
1k
VFET
OD
+
BATT +
-
BATT -
BATT
CP
0.1uF
RP
470
PV1
CP
0.1uF
RP
NV
470
(MISO) PB3
(MOSI) PB2
SPI-communication (1)
(SCK) PB1
Rpi
PI
100
Rsense
0.010
(SS) PB0
ATmega8HVA/16HVA
Ci
0.1uF
Rni
NI
100
PA1/ADC1/SGND
Serial communication
PC0
PA0/ADC0/SGND
RT2
RT1
VREG
VCC
R1
10K
CVCC
0.1 uF
VREF
VREFGND
GND
CREG
2.2 uF
CF1N
RESET
CRESET
0.1 uF
CREF
1 uF
Notes:
162
1. The series resistors on the SPI lines are required for In-System Programming and On-chip
Debug support. The value of the series resistor depends on the application. A value of 10k will
ensure that programming and debugging operates correctly, but it must be determined by the
end user that this does not affect the normal operation of the SPI interface.
2. PA1 should be connected to SGND when measuring V(RT2).
PA0 should be connected to SGND when measuring V(RT1).
3. It is recommended to connect CF1P, CF2N, and CF2P to GND.
ATmega8HVA/16HVA
8024A–AVR–04/08
ATmega8HVA/16HVA
Figure 28-2. Operating Circuit Diagram, 1-cell
Rcf
1k
RP
OC
PV2
Rbatt
1k
Rdf
1k
VFET
OD
+
BATT +
-
BATT -
BATT
470
RP
470
PV1
CP
0.1uF
RP
(MISO) PB3
NV
470
(MOSI) PB2
SPI-communication (1)
(SCK) PB1
(SS) PB0
Rpi
PI
100
Rsense
0.010
ATmega8HVA/16HVA
Ci
0.1uF
Rni
Serial communication
PC0
NI
100
VREG
VCC
PA1/ADC1/SGND
CREG
2.2 uF
CVCC
0.1 uF
PA0/ADC0/SGND
RT2
RT1
CF1P
R1
10K
CF1N
CF2P
VREF
VREFGND
GND
RESET
CF2N
CF1
220 nF
CF2
220 nF
CREF
1 uF
Notes:
1. The series resistors on the SPI lines are required for In-System Programming and On-chip
Debug support. The value of the series resistor depends on the application. A value of 10k will
ensure that programming and debugging operates correctly, but it must be determined by the
end user that this does not affect the normal operation of the SPI interface.
2. PA1 should be connected to SNGD when measuring V(RT2).
PA0 should be connected to SNGD when measuring V(RT1).
163
8024A–AVR–04/08
Table 28-1.
Recommended values for external devices
Symbol
Use
Parameter
Min
Typ
Max
Unit
R1
Pull-up resistor for thermistors
R
8
10
12
kΩ
RT1/RT2
NTC Thermistor
R@25°C
8
10
12
kΩ
4000
N/A
B-constant
3000
Source impedance when using
PA1..PA0 as V-ADC inputs
R
0
3
7
kΩ
RS
Worst-case Gain-error due to RS
0
1
2
%
CREF
VREF decoupling
C
1
2.2
22
µF
CREG
VREG charge-storage capacitor
C
1.1(1)
2.2
22
µF
CVCC
VCC decoupling capacitor
C
0.1
µF
CF1
Fly capacitors
C
220
nF
RCF/RDF
R
1
kΩ
RBATT
R
1
kΩ
RP
Cell-input LP-filter resistors
R
10
500
1000
Ω
CP
Cell-input LP-filter capacitors
C
0.01
0.1
0.5
µF
RP*CP
Cell-input LP-filter time-constants
τ
6.5
25
100
µs
Current sense LP-filter resistors
R
10
100
500
Ω
Ci
Current sense LP-filter capacitor
C
0.01
0.1
0.4
µF
(RPI+RNI)*Ci
Current sense LP-filter time-constant
τ
10
20
µs
Rsense
Coulomb Counter sense resisotor
R
10
RPI
RNI
Notes:
164
mΩ
1. This is the absolute minimum capacitance required to ensure stable operation of the voltage regulator.
ATmega8HVA/16HVA
8024A–AVR–04/08
ATmega8HVA/16HVA
29. Electrical Characteristics
29.1
Absolute Maximum Ratings*
Operating Temperature.................................... -20°C to +85°C
Storage Temperature ..................................... -65°C to +150°C
Voltage on PA0 - PA1, PI, and NI
with respect to Ground ............................. -0.5V to VREG +0.5V
Voltage on PB0 - PB3
with respect to Ground ............................. -0.5V to VCC +0.5V
*NOTICE:
Stresses beyond those listed under “Absolute
Maximum Ratings” may cause permanent damage to the device. This is a stress rating only and
functional operation of the device at these or
other conditions beyond those indicated in the
operational sections of this specification is not
implied. Exposure to absolute maximum rating
conditions for extended periods may affect
device reliability.
Voltage on PC0
with respect to Ground .....................................-0.5V to + 6.0V
Voltage on VFET with respect to Ground ..........-0.5V to + 18V
Voltage on OD, OC, BATT, and RESET
with respect to Ground ......................................-0.5V to + 13V
Voltage on NV, PV1, and PV2
with respect to Ground ...........................-0.5V to VFET + 1.0V
Maximum Operating Voltage on VREG and VCC............. 4.5V
Maximum Operating Voltage on VFET ................................ 9V
165
8024A–AVR–04/08
29.2
DC Characteristics
Table 29-1.
Electrical Characteristics(1)(TA = -10°C to 70°C unless otherwise specified)
Parameter
Active
Idle
Supply
Current
ADC Noise Reduction
Power-save
Power-off
166
Condition
Min
Typ
Max
Unit
4.0 MHz, 4V ≤ VFET ≤ 8.4V,
All PRR bits set.
2.5
mA
1.0 MHz, 4V ≤ VFET ≤ 8.4V,
All PRR bits set.
800
μA
4.0 MHz, 4V ≤ VFET ≤ 8.4V,
All PRR bits set.
550
μA
1.0 MHz, 4V ≤ VFET ≤ 8.4V,
All PRR bits set.
270
μA
4.0 MHz, 4V ≤ VFET ≤ 8.4V,
All PRR bits except PRVADC set. VADC
enabled.
580
μA
1.0 MHz, 4V ≤ VFET ≤ 8.4V,
All PRR bits except PRVADC set. VADC
enabled.
380
μA
Only WDT Enabled, DUVR mode disabled,
VFET =4V
25
μA
WDT, CC-ADC, OC, OD and Battery
Protection Enabled, DUVR mode disabled,
VFET = 8.4V
110
μA
WDT, CC-ADC, OC, OD and Battery
Protection Enabled, DUVR mode disabled,
VFET = 3V
240
μA
VFET ≤ 6V
10
1000
nA
6V ≤ VFET ≤ 8.4V
2
10
μA
ATmega8HVA/16HVA
8024A–AVR–04/08
ATmega8HVA/16HVA
Table 29-1.
Electrical Characteristics(1)(TA = -10°C to 70°C unless otherwise specified) (Continued)
Parameter
Condition
Min
Voltage Regulator
Operating Voltage
Combined Step-up and Linear mode
1.8
9
Linear mode only
3.6
9
VFET = 1.8V, Iload = 2 mA
2.9
3.4
VFET = 2.0V, Iload = 5 mA
3.0
3.4
VFET = 2.4V, Iload = 8.5 mA
3.1
3.4
VFET = 3.0V, Iload = 10 mA
3.1
3.4
VFET = 3.8V, Iload = 10 mA
3.1
3.4
VFET = 5.5V, Iload = 10 mA
3.1
3.4
VFET = 9.0V, Iload = 10 mA
3.1
3.4
Regulated Output Voltage(3)
(VREG)
Voltage
Regulator(2)
Step-up-> Linear
Voltage Regulator
Short-circuit Level (RSCL)
Ripple, Step-up mode(5)
Iload = 2 mA
1.7
Linear mode only
3.5
VFET = 3.0V
5
VFET = 3.0V
30
Reference Voltage
1.100
Ref. Voltage Accuracy
After calibration, at calibration temperature
± 0.1
Temperature Drift(3)(5)
V
± 0.2
%
90
ppm/ °C
519
μs
Effective Resolution
12
Bits
Gain ADC0/1 Un-scaled
Inputs
263
μV/LSB
Gain Cell Inputs (x 0.2)
1.43
mV/LSB
Conversion Time
clkVADC = 1 MHz
INL
V-ADC
V
mV
IOUT = 10 mA,
CREG = 2.2 µF,
ESR = 0.1 Ω
VREF
Unit
3.6
Combined Step-up
and Linear mode
IOUT = 1 mA,
CREG = 2.2 µF,
ESR = 0.1 Ω
Max
3.5
Linear-> Step-up
VFET Linear/Step-up
switching level(5)
Typ
1
Input Voltage range
ADC0, ADC1, VTEMP
Input Voltage range
CELL1(9)
Input Voltage range
CELL2(9)
PV1 >= 1.5V
Offset(8)
Error ADC0/1 Inputs
Error Cell Inputs(3)(7)
3
0
1
1.5
5
0
5
6
(3)(7)
LSB
V
LSB
0.1V < VADC < 0.9V
± 0.5
%
VCELL = 4V / TA = -10° - 70°C
± 0.5
%
167
8024A–AVR–04/08
Table 29-1.
Electrical Characteristics(1)(TA = -10°C to 70°C unless otherwise specified) (Continued)
Parameter
Condition
Min
Reference Voltage
Coulomb
Counter
Conversion Time
and Resolution(5)
Gain Error
26.9 µV Resolution
3.9
ms
0.84 µV Resolution
1000
ms
-100 mV < VPI - NI < 100 mV
VPTAT, Voltage Proportional
to Absolute Temperature
Absolute Accuracy(4)
4
LSB
2.5
± 15
LSB
± 0.1
±1
%
0.67
Measured in Active mode
Frequency
Slow RC
Oscillator(10)
91
Frequency drift over
temperature(5)
mV/K
±2
±5
K
131
171
kHz
1.5
Slow RC Frequency
predicion error(5)
Ultra Low
Power RC
Oscillator(10)
Unit
mV
INL(5)
(3)
Max
± 110
CC-ADC Offset(5)(6)
Temperature
Sensor
Typ
Frequency
89
Frequency drift over
temperature(5)
128
%
1
%
167
kHz
6
%
Notes:
1. All DC Characteristics contained in this data sheet are based on simulation and characterization of other AVR microcontrollers manufactured in the same process technology. These values are preliminary values representing design targets, and
will be updated after characterization of actual silicon.
2. Voltage Regulator performance is based on 220 nF fly capacitors and 2.2 µF smooth capacitor.
3. After VREF calibration at a second temperature. By default the first calibration is performed at temperature THOT in Atmel
factory test. The value of THOT is stored in the signature row. The second calibration step can easily be implemented in a
standard test flow at room temperature.
4. The measured VPTAT voltage must be scaled with the calibration value stored in the VPTAT Calibration Register to get the
absolute temperature. The specified value represents target accuracy after Atmel factory calibration. Accuracy can be further improved by doing a system calibration measurement at a well-known temperature.
5. This value is not tested in production.
6. After software offset compensation, using the polarity switching (CADPOL) feature.
7. After scaling of VADC raw data using Gain and Offset Calibration values stored in Signature Row.
8. Actual offset for each channel stored in signature row can be used to remove this offset error.
9. If the cell input needs to be measured when PV1 is below 1.5V, Atmel can provide data that facilitates less accurate measurements in this range.
10. Actual frequency measured at Atmel factory stored in signature row.
29.3
External Interrupt Characteristics
Table 29-2.
Symbol
tINT
168
Asynchronous External Interrupt Characteristics
Parameter
Minimum pulse width for asynchronous external
interrupt
Condition
Min
Typ
50
Max
Units
ns
ATmega8HVA/16HVA
8024A–AVR–04/08
ATmega8HVA/16HVA
29.4
General I/O Lines characteristics
(1)
Table 29-3.
TA = -10°C to 70°C, VCC = 3.3V
Symbol
Parameter
VIL
Input Low Voltage, Except
RESET pin
VIL1
Input Low Voltage,
RESET pin
VIH
Input High Voltage,
Except RESET pin
0.6VCC(3)
VCC + 0.5
V
VIH1
Input High Voltage,
RESET pin
0.9VCC(3)
VCC + 0.5
V
VOL
Output Low Voltage
IOL = 5mA
0.5
V
VOH
Output High Voltage
IOH = 2 mA
IIL
Input Leakage
Current I/O Pin
Pin low
(absolute value)
1
µA
IIH
Input Leakage
Current I/O Pin
Pin high
(absolute value)
1
µA
RRST
Reset Pull-up Resistor
30
60
kΩ
RPU
I/O Pin Pull-up Resistor
20
50
kΩ
Notes:
Condition
Typ.
-0.5
Max.
Units
0.3VCC(2)
V
0.3VCC(2)
2.3
V
1.
2.
3.
4.
Applicable for all except PC0.
“Max” means the highest value where the pin is guaranteed to be read as low
“Min” means the lowest value where the pin is guaranteed to be read as high
Although each I/O port can sink more than the test conditions (5 mA at VCC = 3.3V) under steady state conditions (non-transient), the following must be observed:
- The sum of all IOL should not exceed 20 mA.
If IOL exceeds the test condition, VOL may exceed the related specification. Pins are not guaranteed to sink current greater
than the listed test condition.
5. Although each I/O port can source more than the test conditions (2 mA at VCC = 3.3V) under steady state conditions (nontransient), the following must be observed:
- The sum of all IOH should not exceed 2 mA.
Table 29-4.
PC0 Characteristics (TA = -10°C to 70°C unless otherwise specified)
Symbol
Parameter
VIL
Input Low-voltage
VIH
Input High-voltage
VOL
Output Low-voltage
tr(3)
Rise Time
tof(3)
Output Fall Time from VIHmin to VILmax
tSP(3)
Spikes Suppressed by Input Filter
Ii(3)
Input Current
Ci(3)
Capacitance
Notes:
Min.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Condition
Min
Max
Units
-0.5
0.8(1)
V
2.1
5.5
V
0
0.4
V
300
ns
250
ns
0
50
ns
-5
5
µA
10
pF
(2)
350 µA sink current
Cb < 400 pF(4)
0.1VBUS < Vi < 0.9VBUS
“Max” means the highest value where the pin is guaranteed to be read as low
“Min” means the lowest value where the pin is guaranteed to be read as high
This value is not tested in production.
Cb = capacitance of one bus line in pF
169
8024A–AVR–04/08
29.5
FET Driver Characteristics
Table 29-5.
FET Driver Outputs specification(1)(TA = -10°C to 70°C unless otherwise specified)
Parameter
Condition
VFET DC level
(2)
VFET ripple(2)
Min.
Typ.
Max.
Units
1 cell DUVR operation,
VREF = 1.100V
1.9
2.0
2.1
V
2 cell DUVR operation,
VREF = 1.100V
3.8
4.0
4.2
V
1 cell DUVR operation
±0.1
V
2 cell DUVR operation
±0.1
V
14.0
V
OC, OD clamping
voltage
OC, OD
Normal ON operation
OC, OD
VFET + 2.5
VFET + 4
VFET + 6.5
V
Normal OFF operation
0.0
0.1
V
Risetime(2)(3)
(OC, OD, 0 - 90 %)
Normal ON operation
1
2
ms
Falltime(2)(3)
(OC, OD, 100 - 10 %)
Normal OFF operation
5
10
µs
Notes:
1. All DC Characteristics contained in this data sheet are based on simulation and characterization of other AVR microcontrollers manufactured in the same process technology. These values are preliminary values representing design targets, and
will be updated after characterization of actual silicon.
2. These numbers assume the use of one external N-channel FET of model TPCS8210. If other FETs are used, the numbers
may deviate somewhat. The equivalent capacitive loads at OC and OD are around 1.2 nF. Rise and fall times scale approximately proportional to the capacitive loading
3. Not tested in production.
29.6
Power-on and Reset Characteristics
Table 29-6.
Symbol
Reset Characteristics(TA = -10°C to 70°C unless otherwise specified)
Parameter
Condition
Min
Typ
Max
VFET = 8.4V
2.75
3.65
4.1
VFET = 4.2V
2.75
3.5
3.95
Units
VPOT
Power-on Threshold Voltage(1)
tRST
Minimum pulse width on RESET Pin
900
ns
VBOT
Brown-Out Detection (BOD) Trigger
Level
2.9
V
VHYST
BOD Level Hysteresis
100
mV
VBLOT
Power-off Threshold Voltage
2.4
V
Note:
170
V
1. The voltage at the Pack + terminal will be slightly higher than VPOT when the chip is enabled. This is because of an internal
Pull-down current on the BATT pin in the range 50 - 110 uA and the RBATT resistor connected between the Pack + terminal
and the BATT pin. RBATT = 1k gives a voltage drop 0.05 - 0.11V.
ATmega8HVA/16HVA
8024A–AVR–04/08
ATmega8HVA/16HVA
29.7
SPI Timing Characteristics
See Figure 29-1 on page 171 and Figure on page 172 for details.
Table 29-7.
SPI Timing Parameters
Description
Mode
1
SCK period
Master
See Figure
2
SCK high/low
Master
50% duty
3
Rise/Fall time
Master
3.6
4
Setup
Master
10
5
Hold
Master
10
6
Out to SCK
Master
0.5 • tsck
7
SCK to out
Master
10
8
SCK to out high
Master
10
9
SS low to out
Slave
15
10
SCK period
(1)
Min
Slave
4 • tck + 40 ns
Slave
2 • tck + 20 ns
11
SCK high/low
12
Rise/Fall time
Slave
13
Setup
Slave
10
14
Hold
Slave
tck
15
SCK to out
Slave
16
SCK to SS high
Slave
17
SS high to tri-state
Slave
Typ
Max
Units
ns
1.6
µs
15
ns
20
10
18
SS low to SCK
Slave
20
Note:
1. Refer to ”Serial Programming” on page 151 for serial programming requirements.
Figure 29-1. SPI Interface Timing Requirements (Master Mode)
SS
6
1
SCK
(CPOL = 0)
2
2
SCK
(CPOL = 1)
4
MISO
(Data Input)
5
3
MSB
...
LSB
7
MOSI
(Data Output)
MSB
8
...
LSB
171
8024A–AVR–04/08
SPI Interface Timing Requirements (Slave Mode)
SS
10
9
16
SCK
(CPOL = 0)
11
11
SCK
(CPOL = 1)
13
MOSI
(Data Input)
14
12
MSB
...
LSB
15
MISO
(Data Output)
29.8
29.8.1
17
MSB
...
LSB
X
Programming Characteristics
Serial Programming
Figure 29-2. Serial Programming Timing
MOSI
tSHOX
tOVSH
SCK
tSLSH
tSHSL
MISO
tSLIV
Figure 29-3. Serial Programming Waveforms
SERIAL DATA INPUT
(MOSI)
MSB
LSB
SERIAL DATA OUTPUT
(MISO)
MSB
LSB
SERIAL CLOCK INPUT
(SCK)
SAMPLE
172
ATmega8HVA/16HVA
8024A–AVR–04/08
ATmega8HVA/16HVA
Table 29-8.
Serial Programming Characteristics, TA = -10°C to 70°C, VCC = 3.0 - 5.5V (Unless Otherwise Noted)
Symbol
Parameter
Min
1/tCLCL
Oscillator Frequency (ATmega8HVA/16HVA)
Typ
Oscillator Period (ATmega8HVA/16HVA)
tSHSL
SCK Pulse Width High
2.2 tCLCL(1)
tSLSH
SCK Pulse Width Low
2.2 tCLCL(1)
tOVSH
MOSI Setup to SCK High
tSHOX
MOSI Hold after SCK High
tSLIV
SCK Low to MISO Valid
29.8.2
Units
4
MHz
0
tCLCL
Note:
Max
250
ns
tCLCL
2 tCLCL
15
ns
1. 2.2 tCLCL for fck < 12 MHz, 3 tCLCL for fck >= 12 MHz
High-voltage Serial Programming
Figure 29-4. High-voltage Serial Programming Timing
SDI , SII
tIVSH
SCI
tSLSH
tSHIX
tSHSL
SDO
tSHOV
Table 29-9.
High-voltage Serial Programming Characteristics TA = 25°C ± 10%, VCC = 3.3V ±
10% (Unless otherwise noted)
Symbol
Parameter
Min
Typ
Max
Units
tSHSL
SCI (PC0) Pulse Width High
1/fck
ns
tSLSH
SCI (PC0) Pulse Width Low
1/fck
ns
tIVSH
SDI (PB2), SII (PB3) Valid to SCI (PC0) High
50
ns
tSHIX
SDI (PB2), SII (PB3) Hold after SCI (PC0) High
50
ns
tSHOV
SCI (PC0) High to SDO (PB1) Valid
16
ns
tWLWH_PFB
Wait after Instr. 3 for Write Fuse Bits
2.5
ms
173
8024A–AVR–04/08
30. Typical Characteristics – Preliminary Data
All Typical Characteristics contained in this data sheet are based on simulation and characterization of other AVR microcontrollers manufactured in the same process technology. These
figures are preliminary and will be updated after characterization of actual silicon.
These figures are not tested during manufacturing, and are added for illustration purpose only.
Figure 30-1. Fast RC Oscillator frequency vs. OSCCAL value.
CALIBRATED FAST RC OSCILLATOR FREQUENCY vs. OSCCAL VALUE
16
25 ˚C
14
F RC (M Hz)
12
10
8
6
4
0
16
32
48
64
80
96
112 128 144 160 176 192 208 224 240 256
OSCCAL VALUE
174
ATmega8HVA/16HVA
8024A–AVR–04/08
ATmega8HVA/16HVA
31. Register Summary
Address
Name
Bit 7
Bit 6
Bit 5
Bit 4
Bit 3
Bit 2
Bit 1
Bit 0
(0xFF)
Reserved
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
(0xFE)
BPPLR
–
–
–
–
–
–
BPPLE
BPPL
127
(0xFD)
BPCR
–
–
–
SCD
DOCD
COCD
DHCD
CHCD
127
(0xFC)
BPHCTR
–
–
HCPT[5:0]
130
(0xFB)
BPOCTR
–
–
OCPT[5:0]
129
(0xFA)
BPSCTR
–
(0xF9)
BPCHCD
SCPT[6:0]
Page
128
CHCDL[7:0]
132
(0xF8)
BPDHCD
DHCDL[7:0]
132
(0xF7)
BPCOCD
COCDL[7:0]
131
(0xF6)
BPDOCD
DOCDL[7:0]
131
(0xF5)
BPSCD
SCDL[7:0]
(0xF4)
Reserved
–
–
–
–
131
–
–
–
–
(0xF3)
BPIFR
–
–
–
SCIF
DOCIF
COCIF
DHCIF
CHCIF
134
(0xF2)
BPIMSK
–
–
–
SCIE
DOCIE
COCIE
DHCIE
CHCIE
133
(0xF1)
Reserved
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
(0xF0)
FCSR
–
–
–
–
DUVRD
CPS
DFE
CFE
(0xEF)
Reserved
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
(0xEE)
Reserved
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
(0xED)
Reserved
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
(0xEC)
Reserved
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
(0xEB)
Reserved
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
(0xEA)
Reserved
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
(0xE9)
CADICH
CADIC[15:8]
(0xE8)
CADICL
CADIC[7:0]
(0xE7)
Reserved
–
–
–
–
CADICIE
138
110
110
–
–
–
–
–
CADACIF
CADRCIF
CADICIF
(0xE6)
CADRC
(0xE5)
CADCSRB
–
CADACIE
–
CADRC[7:0]
111
(0xE4)
CADCSRA
CADEN
CADPOL
CADUB
(0xE3)
CADAC3
CADAC[31:24]
(0xE2)
CADAC2
CADAC[23:16]
110
(0xE1)
CADAC1
CADAC[15:8]
110
CADAS[1:0]
CADSI[1:0]
CADSE
109
107
110
(0xE0)
CADAC0
(0xDF)
Reserved
–
–
–
–
CADAC[7:0]
–
–
–
–
110
(0xDE)
Reserved
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
(0xDD)
Reserved
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
(0xDC)
Reserved
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
(0xDB)
Reserved
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
(0xDA)
Reserved
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
(0xD9)
Reserved
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
(0xD8)
Reserved
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
(0xD7)
Reserved
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
(0xD6)
Reserved
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
(0xD5)
Reserved
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
(0xD4)
Reserved
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
(0xD3)
Reserved
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
(0xD2)
Reserved
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
(0xD1)
BGCRR
(0xD0)
BGCCR
BGD
–
(0xCF)
Reserved
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
BGCR[7:0]
119
BGCC[5:0]
118
(0xCE)
Reserved
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
(0xCD)
Reserved
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
(0xCC)
Reserved
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
(0xCB)
Reserved
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
(0xCA)
Reserved
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
(0xC9)
Reserved
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
(0xC8)
ROCR
ROCS
–
–
–
–
–
ROCWIF
ROCWIE
(0xC7)
Reserved
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
(0xC6)
Reserved
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
(0xC5)
Reserved
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
(0xC4)
Reserved
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
(0xC3)
Reserved
(0xC2)
Reserved
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
(0xC1)
Reserved
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
(0xC0)
Reserved
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
123
175
8024A–AVR–04/08
Address
Name
Bit 7
Bit 6
Bit 5
Bit 4
Bit 3
Bit 2
Bit 1
Bit 0
(0xBF)
Reserved
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
176
Page
(0xBE)
Reserved
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
(0xBD)
Reserved
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
(0xBC)
Reserved
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
(0xBB)
Reserved
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
(0xBA)
Reserved
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
(0xB9)
Reserved
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
(0xB8)
Reserved
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
(0xB7)
Reserved
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
(0xB6)
Reserved
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
(0xB5)
Reserved
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
(0xB4)
Reserved
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
(0xB3)
Reserved
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
(0xB2)
Reserved
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
(0xB1)
Reserved
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
(0xB0)
Reserved
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
(0xAF)
Reserved
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
(0xAE)
Reserved
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
(0xAD)
Reserved
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
(0xAC)
Reserved
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
(0xAB)
Reserved
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
(0xAA)
Reserved
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
(0xA9)
Reserved
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
(0xA8)
Reserved
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
(0xA7)
Reserved
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
(0xA6)
Reserved
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
(0xA5)
Reserved
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
(0xA4)
Reserved
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
(0xA3)
Reserved
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
(0xA2)
Reserved
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
(0xA1)
Reserved
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
(0xA0)
Reserved
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
(0x9F)
Reserved
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
(0x9E)
Reserved
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
(0x9D)
Reserved
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
(0x9C)
Reserved
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
(0x9B)
Reserved
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
(0x9A)
Reserved
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
(0x99)
Reserved
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
(0x98)
Reserved
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
(0x97)
Reserved
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
(0x96)
Reserved
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
(0x95)
Reserved
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
(0x94)
Reserved
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
(0x93)
Reserved
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
(0x92)
Reserved
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
(0x91)
Reserved
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
(0x90)
Reserved
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
(0x8F)
Reserved
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
(0x8E)
Reserved
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
(0x8D)
Reserved
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
(0x8C)
Reserved
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
(0x8B)
Reserved
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
(0x8A)
Reserved
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
(0x89)
OCR1B
Timer/Counter1 – Output Compare Register B
(0x88)
OCR1A
Timer/Counter1 – Output Compare Register A
(0x87)
Reserved
–
–
–
(0x86)
Reserved
–
–
–
(0x85)
TCNT1H
Timer/Counter1 (8 Bit) High Byte
(0x84)
TCNT1L
Timer/Counter1 (8 Bit) Low Byte
(0x83)
Reserved
–
–
–
–
–
(0x82)
Reserved
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
(0x81)
TCCR1B
–
–
–
–
–
CS12
CS11
CS10
76
(0x80)
TCCR1A
TCW1
ICEN1
ICNC1
ICES1
ICS1
–
–
WGM10
90
(0x7F)
Reserved
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
(0x7E)
DIDR0
–
–
–
–
–
–
PA1DID
PA0DID
92
91
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
91
91
–
–
–
116
ATmega8HVA/16HVA
8024A–AVR–04/08
ATmega8HVA/16HVA
Address
Name
Bit 7
Bit 6
Bit 5
Bit 4
Bit 3
Bit 2
Bit 1
Bit 0
(0x7D)
Reserved
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
(0x7C)
VADMUX
–
–
–
–
(0x7B)
Reserved
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
(0x7A)
VADCSR
–
–
–
–
VADEN
VADSC
VADCCIF
VADCCIE
(0x79)
VADCH
–
–
–
–
(0x78)
VADCL
(0x77)
Reserved
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
(0x76)
Reserved
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
(0x75)
Reserved
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
(0x74)
Reserved
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
(0x73)
Reserved
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
(0x72)
Reserved
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
(0x71)
Reserved
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
(0x70)
Reserved
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
(0x6F)
TIMSK1
–
–
–
–
ICIE1
OCIE1B
OCIE1A
TOIE1
92
(0x6E)
TIMSK0
–
–
–
–
ICIE0
OCIE0B
OCIE0A
TOIE0
92
(0x6D)
Reserved
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
(0x6C)
Reserved
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
(0x6B)
Reserved
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
(0x6A)
Reserved
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
(0x69)
EICRA
–
–
ISC21
ISC20
ISC11
ISC10
ISC01
ISC00
(0x68)
Reserved
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
(0x67)
Reserved
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
(0x66)
FOSCCAL
(0x65)
Reserved
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
VADMUX[3:0]
Page
114
VADC Data Register High byte
114
115
VADC Data Register Low byte
115
Fast Oscillator Calibration Register
56
30
(0x64)
PRR0
–
–
PRVRM
–
PRSPI
PRTIM1
PRTIM0
PRVADC
(0x63)
Reserved
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
(0x62)
Reserved
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
(0x61)
CLKPR
CLKPCE
–
–
–
–
–
CLKPS1
CLKPS0
31
(0x60)
WDTCSR
WDIF
WDIE
WDP3
WDCE
WDE
WDP2
WDP1
WDP0
49
0x3F (0x5F)
SREG
I
T
H
S
V
N
Z
C
9
0x3E (0x5E)
SPH
SP15
SP14
SP13
SP12
SP11
SP10
SP9
SP8
12
0x3D (0x5D)
SPL
SP7
SP6
SP5
SP4
SP3
SP2
SP1
SP0
12
0x3C (0x5C)
Reserved
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
0x3B (0x5B)
Reserved
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
0x3A (0x5A)
Reserved
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
0x39 (0x59)
Reserved
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
0x38 (0x58)
Reserved
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
0x37 (0x57)
SPMCSR
–
–
SIGRD
CTPB
RFLB
PGWRT
PGERS
SPMEN
0x36 (0x56)
Reserved
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
0x35 (0x55)
MCUCR
–
–
CKOE
PUD
–
–
–
–
73/31
0x34 (0x54)
MCUSR
–
–
–
OCDRF
WDRF
BODRF
EXTRF
PORF
49
0x33 (0x53)
SMCR
–
–
–
–
SE
39
0x32 (0x52)
Reserved
–
–
–
–
SM[2:0]
–
–
–
–
0x31 (0x51)
DWDR
0x30 (0x50)
Reserved
–
–
–
debugWIRE Data Register
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
39
147
140
0x2F (0x4F)
Reserved
0x2E (0x4E)
SPDR
0x2D (0x4D)
SPSR
SPIF
WCOL
–
0x2C (0x4C)
SPCR
SPIE
SPE
DORD
0x2B (0x4B)
GPIOR2
General Purpose I/O Register 2
0x2A (0x4A)
GPIOR1
General Purpose I/O Register 1
23
0x29 (0x49)
OCR0B
Timer/Counter0 Output Compare Register B
92
0x28 (0x48)
OCR0A
Timer/Counter0 Output Compare Register A
91
0x27 (0x47)
TCNT0H
Timer/Counter0 (8 Bit) High Byte
91
0x26 (0x46)
TCNT0L
Timer/Counter0 (8 Bit) Low Byte
0x25 (0x45)
TCCR0B
–
–
–
–
–
CS02
CS01
SPI Data Register
103
–
–
–
–
SPI2X
102
MSTR
CPOL
CPHA
SPR1
SPR0
101
23
91
CS00
76
90
0x24 (0x44)
TCCR0A
TCW0
ICEN0
ICNC0
ICES0
ICS0
–
–
WGM00
0x23 (0x43)
GTCCR
TSM
–
–
–
–
–
–
PSRSYNC
0x22 (0x42)
Reserved
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
0x21 (0x41)
EEAR
EEPROM Address Register Low Byte
19
0x20 (0x40)
EEDR
EEPROM Data Register
19
0x1F (0x3F)
EECR
0x1E (0x3E)
GPIOR0
–
–
EEPM1
EEPM0
EERIE
EEMPE
EEPE
EERE
0x1D (0x3D)
EIMSK
–
–
–
–
–
INT2
INT1
INT0
57
0x1C (0x3C)
EIFR
–
–
–
–
–
INTF2
INTF1
INTF0
57
General Purpose I/O Register 0
19
23
177
8024A–AVR–04/08
Address
Name
Bit 7
Bit 6
Bit 5
Bit 4
Bit 3
Bit 2
Bit 1
Bit 0
0x1B (0x3B)
Reserved
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Page
0x1A (0x3A)
Reserved
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
0x19 (0x39)
Reserved
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
0x18 (0x38)
Reserved
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
0x17 (0x37)
OSICSR
–
–
–
OSISEL0
–
–
OSIST
OSIEN
32
0x16 (0x36)
TIFR1
–
–
–
–
ICF1
OCF1B
OCF1A
TOV1
93
0x15 (0x35)
TIFR0
–
–
–
–
ICF0
OCF0B
OCF0A
TOV0
93
0x14 (0x34)
Reserved
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
0x13 (0x33)
Reserved
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
0x12 (0x32)
Reserved
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
0x11 (0x31)
Reserved
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
0x10 (0x30)
Reserved
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
0x0F (0x2F)
Reserved
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
0x0E (0x2E)
Reserved
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
0x0D (0x2D)
Reserved
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
0x0C (0x2C)
Reserved
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
0x0B (0x2B)
Reserved
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
0x0A (0x2A)
Reserved
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
0x09 (0x29)
Reserved
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
0x08 (0x28)
PORTC
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
PORTC0
0x07 (0x27)
Reserved
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
62
0x06 (0x26)
PINC
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
PINC0
62
0x05 (0x25)
PORTB
–
–
–
–
PORTB3
PORTB2
PORTB1
PORTB0
73
0x04 (0x24)
DDRB
–
–
–
–
DDB3
DDB2
DDB1
DDB0
73
0x03 (0x23)
PINB
–
–
–
–
PINB3
PINB2
PINB1
PINB0
73
0x02 (0x22)
PORTA
–
–
–
–
–
–
PORTA1
PORTA0
73
0x01 (0x21)
DDRA
–
–
–
–
–
–
DDA1
DDA0
73
0x00 (0x20)
PINA
–
–
–
–
–
–
PINA1
PINA0
73
Notes:
178
1. For compatibility with future devices, reserved bits should be written to zero if accessed. Reserved I/O memory addresses
should never be written.
2. I/O registers within the address range $00 - $1F are directly bit-accessible using the SBI and CBI instructions. In these registers, the value of single bits can be checked by using the SBIS and SBIC instructions.
3. Some of the status flags are cleared by writing a logical one to them. Note that the CBI and SBI instructions will operate on
all bits in the I/O register, writing a one back into any flag read as set, thus clearing the flag. The CBI and SBI instructions
work with registers 0x00 to 0x1F only.
4. When using the I/O specific commands IN and OUT, the I/O addresses $00 - $3F must be used. When addressing I/O registers as data space using LD and ST instructions, $20 must be added to these addresses. The ATmega8HVA/16HVA is a
complex microcontroller with more peripheral units than can be supported within the 64 location reserved in Opcode for the
IN and OUT instructions. For the Extended I/O space from $60 - $FF in SRAM, only the ST/STS/STD and LD/LDS/LDD
instructions can be used.
ATmega8HVA/16HVA
8024A–AVR–04/08
ATmega8HVA/16HVA
32. Instruction Set Summary
Mnemonics
Operands
Description
Operation
Flags
#Clocks
ARITHMETIC AND LOGIC INSTRUCTIONS
ADD
Rd, Rr
Add two Registers
Rd ← Rd + Rr
Z,C,N,V,H
ADC
Rd, Rr
Add with Carry two Registers
Rd ← Rd + Rr + C
Z,C,N,V,H
1
ADIW
Rdl,K
Add Immediate to Word
Rdh:Rdl ← Rdh:Rdl + K
Z,C,N,V,S
2
SUB
Rd, Rr
Subtract two Registers
Rd ← Rd - Rr
Z,C,N,V,H
1
SUBI
Rd, K
Subtract Constant from Register
Rd ← Rd - K
Z,C,N,V,H
1
SBC
Rd, Rr
Subtract with Carry two Registers
Rd ← Rd - Rr - C
Z,C,N,V,H
1
SBCI
Rd, K
Subtract with Carry Constant from Reg.
Rd ← Rd - K - C
Z,C,N,V,H
1
SBIW
Rdl,K
Subtract Immediate from Word
Rdh:Rdl ← Rdh:Rdl - K
Z,C,N,V,S
2
AND
Rd, Rr
Logical AND Registers
Rd ← Rd • Rr
Z,N,V
1
ANDI
Rd, K
Logical AND Register and Constant
Rd ← Rd • K
Z,N,V
1
OR
Rd, Rr
Logical OR Registers
Rd ← Rd v Rr
Z,N,V
1
ORI
Rd, K
Logical OR Register and Constant
Rd ← Rd v K
Z,N,V
1
EOR
Rd, Rr
Exclusive OR Registers
Rd ← Rd ⊕ Rr
Z,N,V
1
1
COM
Rd
One’s Complement
Rd ← 0xFF − Rd
Z,C,N,V
1
NEG
Rd
Two’s Complement
Rd ← 0x00 − Rd
Z,C,N,V,H
1
SBR
Rd,K
Set Bit(s) in Register
Rd ← Rd v K
Z,N,V
1
CBR
Rd,K
Clear Bit(s) in Register
Rd ← Rd • (0xFF - K)
Z,N,V
1
INC
Rd
Increment
Rd ← Rd + 1
Z,N,V
1
DEC
Rd
Decrement
Rd ← Rd − 1
Z,N,V
1
TST
Rd
Test for Zero or Minus
Rd ← Rd • Rd
Z,N,V
1
CLR
Rd
Clear Register
Rd ← Rd ⊕ Rd
Z,N,V
1
SER
Rd
Set Register
Rd ← 0xFF
None
1
MUL
Rd, Rr
Multiply Unsigned
R1:R0 ← Rd x Rr
Z,C
2
MULS
Rd, Rr
Multiply Signed
R1:R0 ← Rd x Rr
Z,C
2
MULSU
Rd, Rr
Multiply Signed with Unsigned
R1:R0 ← Rd x Rr
Z,C
2
FMUL
Rd, Rr
Fractional Multiply Unsigned
R1:R0 ← (Rd x Rr) <<
1
R1:R0 ← (Rd x Rr) << 1
R1:R0 ← (Rd x Rr) << 1
Z,C
2
Z,C
2
Z,C
2
2
FMULS
Rd, Rr
Fractional Multiply Signed
FMULSU
Rd, Rr
Fractional Multiply Signed with Unsigned
BRANCH INSTRUCTIONS
RJMP
k
IJMP
Relative Jump
PC ← PC + k + 1
None
Indirect Jump to (Z)
PC ← Z
None
2
JMP(1)
k
Direct Jump
PC ← k
None
3
RCALL
k
Relative Subroutine Call
PC ← PC + k + 1
None
3
Indirect Call to (Z)
PC ← Z
None
3
Direct Subroutine Call
PC ← k
None
4
RET
Subroutine Return
PC ← STACK
None
4
RETI
Interrupt Return
PC ← STACK
I
4
ICALL
CALL(1)
k
CPSE
Rd,Rr
Compare, Skip if Equal
if (Rd = Rr) PC ← PC + 2 or 3
None
CP
Rd,Rr
Compare
Rd − Rr
Z, N,V,C,H
1
CPC
Rd,Rr
Compare with Carry
Rd − Rr − C
Z, N,V,C,H
1
CPI
Rd,K
Compare Register with Immediate
Rd − K
Z, N,V,C,H
SBRC
Rr, b
Skip if Bit in Register Cleared
if (Rr(b)=0) PC ← PC + 2 or 3
None
1/2/3
1/2/3
1
SBRS
Rr, b
Skip if Bit in Register is Set
if (Rr(b)=1) PC ← PC + 2 or 3
None
1/2/3
SBIC
P, b
Skip if Bit in I/O Register Cleared
if (P(b)=0) PC ← PC + 2 or 3
None
1/2/3
SBIS
P, b
Skip if Bit in I/O Register is Set
if (P(b)=1) PC ← PC + 2 or 3
None
1/2/3
BRBS
s, k
Branch if Status Flag Set
if (SREG(s) = 1) then PC←PC+k + 1
None
1/2
BRBC
s, k
Branch if Status Flag Cleared
if (SREG(s) = 0) then PC←PC+k + 1
None
1/2
BREQ
k
Branch if Equal
if (Z = 1) then PC ← PC + k + 1
None
1/2
BRNE
k
Branch if Not Equal
if (Z = 0) then PC ← PC + k + 1
None
1/2
BRCS
k
Branch if Carry Set
if (C = 1) then PC ← PC + k + 1
None
1/2
BRCC
k
Branch if Carry Cleared
if (C = 0) then PC ← PC + k + 1
None
1/2
BRSH
k
Branch if Same or Higher
if (C = 0) then PC ← PC + k + 1
None
1/2
BRLO
k
Branch if Lower
if (C = 1) then PC ← PC + k + 1
None
1/2
BRMI
k
Branch if Minus
if (N = 1) then PC ← PC + k + 1
None
1/2
BRPL
k
Branch if Plus
if (N = 0) then PC ← PC + k + 1
None
1/2
BRGE
k
Branch if Greater or Equal, Signed
if (N ⊕ V= 0) then PC ← PC + k + 1
None
1/2
BRLT
k
Branch if Less Than Zero, Signed
if (N ⊕ V= 1) then PC ← PC + k + 1
None
1/2
BRHS
k
Branch if Half Carry Flag Set
if (H = 1) then PC ← PC + k + 1
None
1/2
BRHC
k
Branch if Half Carry Flag Cleared
if (H = 0) then PC ← PC + k + 1
None
1/2
BRTS
k
Branch if T Flag Set
if (T = 1) then PC ← PC + k + 1
None
1/2
BRTC
k
Branch if T Flag Cleared
if (T = 0) then PC ← PC + k + 1
None
1/2
BRVS
k
Branch if Overflow Flag is Set
if (V = 1) then PC ← PC + k + 1
None
1/2
BRVC
k
Branch if Overflow Flag is Cleared
if (V = 0) then PC ← PC + k + 1
None
1/2
179
8024A–AVR–04/08
32. Instruction Set Summary (Continued)
Mnemonics
Operands
Description
Operation
Flags
#Clocks
BRIE
k
Branch if Interrupt Enabled
if ( I = 1) then PC ← PC + k + 1
None
1/2
BRID
k
Branch if Interrupt Disabled
if ( I = 0) then PC ← PC + k + 1
None
1/2
BIT AND BIT-TEST INSTRUCTIONS
SBI
P,b
Set Bit in I/O Register
I/O(P,b) ← 1
None
2
CBI
P,b
Clear Bit in I/O Register
I/O(P,b) ← 0
None
2
LSL
Rd
Logical Shift Left
Rd(n+1) ← Rd(n), Rd(0) ← 0
Z,C,N,V
1
LSR
Rd
Logical Shift Right
Rd(n) ← Rd(n+1), Rd(7) ← 0
Z,C,N,V
1
ROL
Rd
Rotate Left Through Carry
Rd(0)←C,Rd(n+1)← Rd(n),C←Rd(7)
Z,C,N,V
1
ROR
Rd
Rotate Right Through Carry
Rd(7)←C,Rd(n)← Rd(n+1),C←Rd(0)
Z,C,N,V
1
ASR
Rd
Arithmetic Shift Right
Rd(n) ← Rd(n+1), n=0..6
Z,C,N,V
1
SWAP
Rd
Swap Nibbles
Rd(3..0)←Rd(7..4),Rd(7..4)←Rd(3..0)
None
1
BSET
s
Flag Set
SREG(s) ← 1
SREG(s)
1
BCLR
s
Flag Clear
SREG(s) ← 0
SREG(s)
1
BST
Rr, b
Bit Store from Register to T
T ← Rr(b)
T
1
BLD
Rd, b
Bit load from T to Register
Rd(b) ← T
None
1
SEC
Set Carry
C←1
C
1
CLC
Clear Carry
C←0
C
1
SEN
Set Negative Flag
N←1
N
1
CLN
Clear Negative Flag
N←0
N
1
SEZ
Set Zero Flag
Z←1
Z
1
CLZ
Clear Zero Flag
Z←0
Z
1
SEI
Global Interrupt Enable
I←1
I
1
CLI
Global Interrupt Disable
I←0
I
1
SES
Set Signed Test Flag
S←1
S
1
CLS
Clear Signed Test Flag
S←0
S
1
SEV
Set Twos Complement Overflow.
V←1
V
1
CLV
Clear Twos Complement Overflow
V←0
V
1
SET
Set T in SREG
T←1
T
1
CLT
Clear T in SREG
T←0
T
1
SEH
CLH
Set Half Carry Flag in SREG
Clear Half Carry Flag in SREG
H←1
H←0
H
H
1
1
Rd ← Rr
Rd+1:Rd ← Rr+1:Rr
None
1
None
1
1
DATA TRANSFER INSTRUCTIONS
MOV
Rd, Rr
Move Between Registers
MOVW
Rd, Rr
Copy Register Word
LDI
Rd, K
Load Immediate
Rd ← K
None
LD
Rd, X
Load Indirect
Rd ← (X)
None
2
LD
Rd, X+
Load Indirect and Post-Inc.
Rd ← (X), X ← X + 1
None
2
2
LD
Rd, - X
Load Indirect and Pre-Dec.
X ← X - 1, Rd ← (X)
None
LD
Rd, Y
Load Indirect
Rd ← (Y)
None
2
LD
Rd, Y+
Load Indirect and Post-Inc.
Rd ← (Y), Y ← Y + 1
None
2
LD
Rd, - Y
Load Indirect and Pre-Dec.
Y ← Y - 1, Rd ← (Y)
None
2
LDD
Rd,Y+q
Load Indirect with Displacement
Rd ← (Y + q)
None
2
LD
Rd, Z
Load Indirect
Rd ← (Z)
None
2
LD
Rd, Z+
Load Indirect and Post-Inc.
Rd ← (Z), Z ← Z+1
None
2
LD
Rd, -Z
Load Indirect and Pre-Dec.
Z ← Z - 1, Rd ← (Z)
None
2
LDD
Rd, Z+q
Load Indirect with Displacement
Rd ← (Z + q)
None
2
LDS
Rd, k
Load Direct from SRAM
Rd ← (k)
None
2
ST
X, Rr
Store Indirect
(X) ← Rr
None
2
ST
X+, Rr
Store Indirect and Post-Inc.
(X) ← Rr, X ← X + 1
None
2
ST
- X, Rr
Store Indirect and Pre-Dec.
X ← X - 1, (X) ← Rr
None
2
ST
Y, Rr
Store Indirect
(Y) ← Rr
None
2
ST
Y+, Rr
Store Indirect and Post-Inc.
(Y) ← Rr, Y ← Y + 1
None
2
ST
- Y, Rr
Store Indirect and Pre-Dec.
Y ← Y - 1, (Y) ← Rr
None
2
STD
Y+q,Rr
Store Indirect with Displacement
(Y + q) ← Rr
None
2
ST
Z, Rr
Store Indirect
(Z) ← Rr
None
2
ST
Z+, Rr
Store Indirect and Post-Inc.
(Z) ← Rr, Z ← Z + 1
None
2
ST
-Z, Rr
Store Indirect and Pre-Dec.
Z ← Z - 1, (Z) ← Rr
None
2
STD
Z+q,Rr
Store Indirect with Displacement
(Z + q) ← Rr
None
2
STS
k, Rr
Store Direct to SRAM
(k) ← Rr
None
2
Load Program Memory
R0 ← (Z)
None
3
LPM
LPM
Rd, Z
Load Program Memory
Rd ← (Z)
None
3
LPM
Rd, Z+
Load Program Memory and Post-Inc
Rd ← (Z), Z ← Z+1
None
3
Store Program Memory
(Z) ← R1:R0
None
-
Rd, P
In Port
Rd ← P
None
1
SPM
IN
180
ATmega8HVA/16HVA
8024A–AVR–04/08
ATmega8HVA/16HVA
32. Instruction Set Summary (Continued)
Mnemonics
Operands
Description
Operation
Flags
#Clocks
OUT
P, Rr
Out Port
P ← Rr
None
1
PUSH
Rr
Push Register on Stack
STACK ← Rr
None
2
POP
Rd
Pop Register from Stack
Rd ← STACK
None
2
MCU CONTROL INSTRUCTIONS
NOP
No Operation
None
1
SLEEP
Sleep
(see specific descr. for Sleep function)
None
1
WDR
BREAK
Watchdog Reset
Break
(see specific descr. for WDR/timer)
For On-chip Debug Only
None
None
1
N/A
Note:
1. These instructions are only available in ATmega16HVA.
181
8024A–AVR–04/08
33. Ordering Information
33.1
ATmega8HVA
Speed (MHz)
Power Supply
Ordering Code
Package(1)
Operation Range
1-4
1.8 - 9.0V
ATmega8HVA-4CKU
ATmega8HVA-4TU
36CK1
28T
-20 to +85°C
Notes:
1. Pb-free packaging, complies with the European Directive for Restriction of Hazardous Substances (RoHS directive). Also
Halide free and fully Green.
Package Type
36CK1
36-pad, (6.50 x 3.50 x 0.85 mm Body, 0.60 mm Pitch), Land Grid Array (LGA) Package.
28T
28-lead (8 x 13.4 mm) Plastic Thin Small Outline Package, Type I (TSOP)
182
ATmega8HVA/16HVA
8024A–AVR–04/08
ATmega8HVA/16HVA
33.2
ATmega16HVA
Speed (MHz)
Power Supply
Ordering Code
Package(1)
Operation Range
1-4
1.8 - 9.0V
ATmega16HVA-4CKU
ATmega16HVA-4TU
36CK1
28T
-20 to +85°C
Notes:
1. Pb-free packaging, complies with the European Directive for Restriction of Hazardous Substances (RoHS directive). Also
Halide free and fully Green.
Package Type
36CK1
36-pad, (6.50 x 3.50 x 0.85 mm Body, 0.60 mm Pitch), Land Grid Array (LGA) Package.
28T
28-lead (8 x 13.4 mm) Plastic Thin Small Outline Package, Type I (TSOP)
183
8024A–AVR–04/08
34. Packaging Information
34.1
36CK1
D
Marked A1 ID
E
A1 (Substrate)
Top View
A (Total PKG HGT)
0.08
Side View
A1 BALL PAD CORNER
8
7
6
5
3
4
2
1
A
COMMON DIMENSIONS
(Unit of Measure = mm)
B
e
C
E
e2
L1
e1
e
Øb
MIN
NOM
MAX
D
6.40
6.50
6.60
E
3.40
3.50
3.60
A
0.59
0.66
0.73
A1
0.17
0.21
0.25
SYMBOL
D
b
L
L
Bottom View
Notes:
1. This drawing is for general information only.
2. Metal pad dimensions.
3.
0.70 REF
L1
0.35 REF
b
0.35 REF
Øb
NOTE
0.32
0.35
e
0.60 TYP
e1
0.80 REF
e2
0.55 REF
2
2
0.38
2
= > Dummy pad.
3/15/07
R
184
2325 Orchard Parkway
San Jose, CA 95131
TITLE
36CK1, 36-Pad, 6.50 x 3.50 x 0.73 mm Body,
0.60 mm Pitch, Land Grid Array (LGA) Package
DRAWING NO.
36CK1
REV.
D
ATmega8HVA/16HVA
8024A–AVR–04/08
ATmega8HVA/16HVA
34.2
28T
PIN 1
0º ~ 5º
c
Pin 1 Identifier Area
D1 D
L
b
e
L1
A2
E
A
GAGE PLANE
SEATING PLANE
COMMON DIMENSIONS
(Unit of Measure = mm)
A1
MIN
NOM
MAX
A
–
–
1.20
A1
0.05
–
0.15
A2
0.90
1.00
1.05
D
13.20
13.40
13.60
D1
11.70
11.80
11.90
Note 2
E
7.90
8.00
8.10
Note 2
L
0.50
0.60
0.70
SYMBOL
Notes:
1. This package conforms to JEDEC reference MO-183.
2. Dimensions D1 and E do not include mold protrusion. Allowable
protrusion on E is 0.15 mm per side and on D1 is 0.25 mm per side.
3. Lead coplanarity is 0.10 mm maximum.
L1
NOTE
0.25 BASIC
b
0.17
0.22
0.27
c
0.10
–
0.21
e
0.55 BASIC
12/06/02
R
2325 Orchard Parkway
San Jose, CA 95131
TITLE
28T, 28-lead (8 x 13.4 mm) Plastic Thin Small Outline
Package, Type I (TSOP)
DRAWING NO.
REV.
28T
C
185
8024A–AVR–04/08
35. Errata
35.1
35.1.1
ATmega8HVA
Rev. A
No known errata.
35.2
35.2.1
ATmega16HVA
Rev. A
No known errata.
186
ATmega8HVA/16HVA
8024A–AVR–04/08
ATmega8HVA/16HVA
36. Datasheet Revision History
36.1
Rev. 8024A – 04/08
1.
Initial revision
187
8024A–AVR–04/08
188
ATmega8HVA/16HVA
8024A–AVR–04/08
ATmega8HVA/16HVA
Table of Contents
Features ..................................................................................................... 1
1
Pin Configurations ................................................................................... 2
1.1LGA ...........................................................................................................................2
1.2TSOP .........................................................................................................................3
1.3Pin Descriptions .........................................................................................................3
2
Overview ................................................................................................... 5
2.1Comparison Between ATmega8HVA and ATmega16HVA .......................................7
3
Disclaimer ................................................................................................. 7
4
Resources ................................................................................................. 7
5
Data Retention .......................................................................................... 7
6
About Code Examples ............................................................................. 7
7
AVR CPU Core .......................................................................................... 8
7.1Overview ....................................................................................................................8
7.2ALU – Arithmetic Logic Unit .......................................................................................9
7.3Status Register ..........................................................................................................9
7.4General Purpose Register File ................................................................................11
7.5Stack Pointer ...........................................................................................................12
7.6Instruction Execution Timing ...................................................................................13
7.7Reset and Interrupt Handling ...................................................................................13
8
AVR Memories ........................................................................................ 16
8.1Overview ..................................................................................................................16
8.2In-System Reprogrammable Flash Program Memory .............................................16
8.3SRAM Data Memory ................................................................................................16
8.4EEPROM Data Memory ..........................................................................................18
8.5I/O Memory ..............................................................................................................18
8.6Register Description ................................................................................................19
9
System Clock and Clock Options ......................................................... 24
9.1Clock Systems and their Distribution .......................................................................24
9.2Clock Sources .........................................................................................................25
9.3Calibrated Fast RC Oscillator ..................................................................................25
9.4Slow RC Oscillator ...................................................................................................26
i
8024A–AVR–04/08
9.5Ultra Low Power RC Oscillator ................................................................................26
9.6CPU, I/O, Flash, and Voltage ADC Clock ................................................................26
9.7Watchdog Timer, Battery Protection and Coulomb Counter ADC Clock .................27
9.8Clock Startup Sequence ..........................................................................................27
9.9Clock Output ............................................................................................................27
9.10System Clock Prescaler ........................................................................................27
9.11VADC Clock Prescaler ..........................................................................................28
9.12OSI – Oscillator Sampling Interface ......................................................................28
9.13Register Description ..............................................................................................30
10 Power Management and Sleep Modes ................................................. 34
10.1Sleep Modes ..........................................................................................................34
10.2Idle Mode ...............................................................................................................36
10.3ADC Noise Reduction ............................................................................................36
10.4Power-save Mode ..................................................................................................36
10.5Power-off Mode .....................................................................................................37
10.6Power Reduction Register .....................................................................................37
10.7Minimizing Power Consumption ............................................................................37
10.8Register Description ..............................................................................................39
11 System Control and Reset .................................................................... 41
11.1Resetting the AVR .................................................................................................41
11.2Reset Sources .......................................................................................................41
11.3Watchdog Timer ....................................................................................................46
11.4Register Description ..............................................................................................49
12 Interrupts ................................................................................................ 52
12.1Overview ................................................................................................................52
12.2Interrupt Vectors in ATmega8HVA ........................................................................52
12.3Interrupt Vectors in ATmega16HVA ......................................................................54
13 External Interrupts ................................................................................. 56
13.1Overview ................................................................................................................56
13.2Register Description ..............................................................................................56
14 High Voltage I/O Ports ........................................................................... 58
14.1Overview ................................................................................................................58
14.2High Voltage Ports as General Digital I/O .............................................................59
14.3Overview ................................................................................................................59
ii
ATmega8HVA/16HVA
8024A–AVR–04/08
ATmega8HVA/16HVA
14.4Alternate Port Functions ........................................................................................60
14.5Register Description ..............................................................................................62
15 Low Voltage I/O-Ports ............................................................................ 63
15.1Overview ................................................................................................................63
15.2Low Voltage Ports as General Digital I/O ..............................................................64
15.3Alternate Port Functions ........................................................................................68
15.4Register Description ..............................................................................................73
16 Timer/Counter0 and Timer/Counter1 Prescalers ................................ 74
16.1Overview ................................................................................................................74
16.2External Clock Source ...........................................................................................75
16.3Register Description ..............................................................................................76
17 Timer/Counter(T/C0,T/C1) ...................................................................... 77
17.1Features ................................................................................................................77
17.2Overview ................................................................................................................77
17.3Timer/Counter Clock Sources ...............................................................................78
17.4Counter Unit ..........................................................................................................79
17.5Modes of Operation ...............................................................................................80
17.6Input Capture Unit .................................................................................................82
17.7Output Compare Unit .............................................................................................84
17.8Timer/Counter Timing Diagrams ...........................................................................85
17.9Accessing Registers in 16-bit Mode ......................................................................86
17.10Register Description ............................................................................................90
18 SPI – Serial Peripheral Interface ........................................................... 94
18.1Features ................................................................................................................94
18.2Overview ................................................................................................................94
18.3SS Pin Functionality ..............................................................................................99
18.4Data Modes ...........................................................................................................99
18.5Register Description ............................................................................................101
19 Coulomb Counter - Dedicated Fuel Gauging Sigma-delta ADC ...... 104
19.1Features ..............................................................................................................104
19.2Overview ..............................................................................................................104
19.3Normal Operation ................................................................................................105
19.4Regular Current Detection Operation ..................................................................106
19.5Offset Canceling by Polarity Switching ................................................................107
iii
8024A–AVR–04/08
19.6Configuration and Usage .....................................................................................107
19.7Register Description ............................................................................................107
20 Voltage ADC – 5-channel General Purpose 12-bit Sigma-Delta ADC 112
20.1Features ..............................................................................................................112
20.2Overview ..............................................................................................................112
20.3Operation .............................................................................................................112
20.4Register Description ............................................................................................114
21 Voltage Reference and Temperature Sensor .................................... 117
21.1Features ..............................................................................................................117
21.2Overview ..............................................................................................................117
21.3Register Description ............................................................................................118
22 Voltage Regulator ................................................................................ 120
22.1Features ..............................................................................................................120
22.2Overview ..............................................................................................................120
22.3Voltage Regulator Monitor ...................................................................................123
22.4Register Description ............................................................................................123
23 Battery Protection ................................................................................ 124
23.1Features ..............................................................................................................124
23.2Overview ..............................................................................................................124
23.3Short-circuit Protection ........................................................................................125
23.4Discharge Over-current Protection ......................................................................125
23.5Charge Over-current Protection ..........................................................................125
23.6Discharge High-current Protection ......................................................................125
23.7Charge High-current Protection ...........................................................................126
23.8Battery Protection CPU Interface ........................................................................126
23.9Register Description ............................................................................................127
24 FET Control ........................................................................................... 135
24.1Overview ..............................................................................................................135
24.2FET Driver ...........................................................................................................136
24.3DUVR – Deep Under-Voltage Recovery Mode operation ...................................137
24.4Register Description ............................................................................................138
25 debugWIRE On-chip Debug System .................................................. 139
25.1Features ..............................................................................................................139
25.2Overview ..............................................................................................................139
iv
ATmega8HVA/16HVA
8024A–AVR–04/08
ATmega8HVA/16HVA
25.3Physical Interface ................................................................................................139
25.4Software Break Points .........................................................................................140
25.5Limitations of debugWIRE ...................................................................................140
25.6Register Description ............................................................................................140
26 Self-Programming the Flash ............................................................... 141
26.1Overview ..............................................................................................................141
26.2Addressing the Flash During Self-Programming .................................................142
26.3Register Description ............................................................................................147
27 Memory Programming ......................................................................... 149
27.1Program And Data Memory Lock Bits .................................................................149
27.2Fuse Bits ..............................................................................................................149
27.3Signature Bytes ...................................................................................................151
27.4Calibration Bytes .................................................................................................151
27.5Page Size ............................................................................................................151
27.6Serial Programming .............................................................................................151
27.7High-voltage Serial Programming ........................................................................156
27.8High-voltage Serial Programming Algorithm .......................................................157
28 Operating Circuit .................................................................................. 162
29 Electrical Characteristics .................................................................... 165
29.1Absolute Maximum Ratings* ...............................................................................165
29.2DC Characteristics ...............................................................................................166
29.3External Interrupt Characteristics ........................................................................168
29.4General I/O Lines characteristics ........................................................................169
29.5FET Driver Characteristics ..................................................................................170
29.6Power-on and Reset Characteristics ...................................................................170
29.7SPI Timing Characteristics ..................................................................................171
29.8Programming Characteristics ..............................................................................172
30 Typical Characteristics – Preliminary Data ....................................... 174
31 Register Summary ............................................................................... 175
32 Instruction Set Summary ..................................................................... 179
33 Ordering Information ........................................................................... 182
33.1ATmega8HVA ......................................................................................................182
33.2ATmega16HVA ....................................................................................................183
v
8024A–AVR–04/08
34 Packaging Information ........................................................................ 184
34.136CK1 ..................................................................................................................184
34.228T ......................................................................................................................185
35 Errata ..................................................................................................... 186
35.1ATmega8HVA ......................................................................................................186
35.2ATmega16HVA ....................................................................................................186
36 Datasheet Revision History ................................................................. 187
36.1Rev. 8024A – 04/08 .............................................................................................187
Table of Contents....................................................................................... i
vi
ATmega8HVA/16HVA
8024A–AVR–04/08
ATmega8HVA/16HVA
vii
8024A–AVR–04/08
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8024A–AVR–04/08