LT3995 60V, 3A, 2MHz Step-Down Switching Regulator with 2.7µA Quiescent Current FEATURES DESCRIPTION Ultralow Quiescent Current: 2.7µA IQ at 12VIN to 3.3VOUT n Low Ripple Burst Mode® Operation Output Ripple < 15mVP-P n Wide Input Range: Operation from 4.3V to 60V n 3A Maximum Output Current n Excellent Start-Up and Dropout Performance n Adjustable Switching Frequency: 200kHz to 2MHz n Synchronizable Between 250kHz to 2MHz n Accurate Programmable Undervoltage Lockout n Low Shutdown Current: I = 700nA Q n Power Good Flag n Soft-Start Capability n Thermal Shutdown Protection n Current Limit Foldback with SS Override n Saturating Switch Design: 85mΩ On Resistance n Small, Thermally Enhanced 16-Lead MSOP Package The LT®3995 is an adjustable frequency monolithic buck switching regulator that accepts a wide input voltage range up to 60V. Low quiescent current design consumes only 2.7µA of supply current while regulating with no load. Low ripple Burst Mode operation maintains high efficiency at low output currents while keeping the output ripple below 15mV in a typical application. The LT3995 can supply up to 3A of load current and has current limit foldback to limit power dissipation during short circuit. A low dropout voltage of 500mV is maintained when the input voltage drops below the programmed output voltage, such as during automotive cold crank. n APPLICATIONS Automotive Battery Regulation Portable Products n Industrial Supplies n n L, LT, LTC, LTM, Burst Mode, Linear Technology and the Linear logo are registered trademarks of Linear Technology Corporation. All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners. An internally compensated current mode topology is used for fast transient response and good loop stability. A high efficiency 85mΩ switch is included on the die along with a boost Schottky diode and the necessary oscillator, control, and logic circuitry. An accurate 1.02V threshold enable pin can be driven directly from a microcontroller or used as a programmable undervoltage lockout. A capacitor on the SS pin provides a controlled inrush current (soft-start). A power good flag signals when VOUT reaches 91.6% of the programmed output voltage. The LT3995 is available in a small 16-lead MSOP package with exposed pad for low thermal resistance. TYPICAL APPLICATION No-Load Supply Current 3.3V Step-Down Converter 4.5 IN REGULATION 4.0 INPUT CURRENT (µA) VIN 4.3V TO 60V VIN OFF ON EN BOOST PG SW 10µF 10nF RT SYNC 182k f = 300kHz PDS560 LT3995 SS 0.47µF 8.2µH OUT FB GND VOUT 3.3V 3A 47µF 1210 ×2 1M 10pF 576k 3.5 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 INPUT VOLTAGE (V) 3995 TA01a 3995 TA01b 3995f For more information www.linear.com/LT3995 1 LT3995 ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATINGS (Note 1) PIN CONFIGURATION VIN, EN Voltage (Note 3)............................................60V BOOST Pin Voltage....................................................75V BOOST Pin Above SW Pin..........................................30V FB, RT, SYNC, SS Voltage............................................6V PG Voltage.................................................................30V OUT Voltage...............................................................16V Operating Junction Temperature Range (Note 2) LT3995E............................................. –40°C to 125°C LT3995I.............................................. –40°C to 125°C LT3995H............................................. –40°C to 150°C Storage Temperature Range................... –65°C to 150°C Lead Temperature (Soldering, 10 sec).................... 300°C TOP VIEW FB SS OUT BOOST SW SW SW NC 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 17 GND 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 SYNC PG RT EN VIN VIN VIN NC MSE PACKAGE 16-LEAD PLASTIC MSOP θJA = 40°C/W EXPOSED PAD (PIN 17) IS GND, MUST BE SOLDERED TO PCB ORDER INFORMATION LEAD FREE FINISH TAPE AND REEL PART MARKING* PACKAGE DESCRIPTION TEMPERATURE RANGE LT3995EMSE#PBF LT3995EMSE#TRPBF 3995 16-Lead Plastic MSOP –40°C to 125°C LT3995IMSE#PBF LT3995IMSE#TRPBF 3995 16-Lead Plastic MSOP –40°C to 125°C LT3995HMSE#PBF LT3995HMSE#TRPBF 3995 16-Lead Plastic MSOP –40°C to 150°C Consult LTC Marketing for parts specified with wider operating temperature ranges. *The temperature grade is identified by a label on the shipping container. Consult LTC Marketing for information on non-standard lead based finish parts. For more information on lead free part marking, go to: http://www.linear.com/leadfree/ For more information on tape and reel specifications, go to: http://www.linear.com/tapeandreel/ ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS The l denotes the specifications which apply over the full operating temperature range, otherwise specifications are at TA = 25°C. (Note 2) PARAMETER Minimum Input Voltage Dropout Comparator Threshold Dropout Comparator Threshold Hysteresis Quiescent Current from VIN FB Pin Current Feedback Voltage CONDITIONS (Note 3) (VIN – OUT) Falling VEN Low VEN High, VSYNC Low VEN High, VSYNC Low VFB = 1.5V MIN l 430 l l l FB Voltage Line Regulation Switching Frequency 4.3V < VIN < 60V (Note 3) RT = 11.8k RT = 41.2k RT = 294k Minimum Switch On-Time Minimum Switch Off-Time (Note 4) TYP 4 500 25 0.7 1.6 1.183 1.173 1.8 0.8 160 0.1 1.197 1.197 0.0003 2.25 1 200 130 180 MAX 4.3 570 1.3 2.7 30 12 1.212 1.222 0.01 2.7 1.2 240 280 UNITS V mV mV µA µA µA nA V V %/V MHz MHz kHz ns ns 3995f 2 For more information www.linear.com/LT3995 LT3995 ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS The l denotes the specifications which apply over the full operating temperature range, otherwise specifications are at TA = 25°C. (Note 2) Switch Current Limit Foldback Switch Current Limit Switch VCESAT Switch Leakage Current Boost Schottky Forward Voltage Boost Schottky Reverse Leakage Minimum Boost Voltage (Note 5) BOOST Pin Current EN Voltage Threshold EN Voltage Hysteresis EN Pin Current PG Threshold Offset from VFB PG Hysteresis as % of Output Voltage PG Leakage PG Sink Current SYNC Low Threshold SYNC High Threshold SYNC Pin Current SS Source Current VFB = 1V VFB = 0V ISW = 1A 4.7 ISH = 100mA VREVERSE = 12V l ISW = 1A, VBOOST – VSW = 3V EN Falling, VIN ≥ 4.3V l VFB Falling 5 VPG = 3V VPG = 0.4V l VSYNC = 6V VSS = 0.5V Note 1: Stresses beyond those listed under Absolute Maximum Ratings may cause permanent damage to the device. Exposure to any Absolute Maximum Rating condition for extended periods may affect device reliability and lifetime. Note 2: The LT3995E is guaranteed to meet performance specifications from 0°C to 125°C junction temperature. Specifications over the –40°C to 125°C operating junction temperature range are assured by design, characterization, and correlation with statistical process controls. The LT3995I is guaranteed over the full –40°C to 125°C operating junction temperature range. The LT3995H is guaranteed over the full –40°C to 150°C operating junction temperature range. High junction temperatures degrade operating lifetimes. Operating lifetime is derated at junction temperatures greater than 125°C. The junction temperature (TJ, in °C) is calculated from the ambient temperature (TA, in °C) and power dissipation (PD, in Watts) according to the formula: TJ = TA + (PD • θJA) where θJA (in °C/W) is the package thermal impedance. 0.92 125 0.6 0.9 6.3 3.1 100 0.02 800 0.02 1.3 22 1.02 60 0.2 8.4 1.7 0.02 480 1.0 1.18 0.1 1.8 7.9 1 2 1.8 35 1.12 20 13 1 1.5 2.6 A A mV μA mV μA V mA V mV nA % % µA μA V V nA μA Note 3: Minimum input voltage depends on application circuit. Note 4: The LT3995 contains circuitry that extends the maximum duty cycle if there is sufficient voltage across the boost capacitor. See the Application Information section for more details. Note 5: This is the minimum voltage across the boost capacitor needed to guarantee full saturation of the switch. Note 6: This IC includes overtemperature protection that is intended to protect the device during momentary overload conditions. Junction temperature will exceed the maximum operating junction temperature when overtemperature protection is active. Continuous operation above the specified maximum operating junction temperature may impair device reliability or permanently damage the device. 3995f For more information www.linear.com/LT3995 3 LT3995 TYPICAL PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS Efficiency at 5VOUT TA = 25°C, unless otherwise noted. Efficiency at 3.3VOUT Efficiency at 5VOUT 95 85 90 90 80 80 85 75 70 80 75 70 65 12V 24V 36V 48V 60 L: MSS1260-682ML fSW = 500kHz 55 50 0.5 0 1.5 2 1 LOAD CURRENT (A) 70 65 60 55 12V 24V 36V 48V 50 L: MSS1260-822ML fSW = 300kHz 45 40 3 2.5 EFFICIENCY (%) 100 EFFICIENCY (%) 90 EFFICIENCY (%) 100 0 0.5 1.5 2 1 LOAD CURRENT (A) 60 50 40 12V 24V 36V 48V 10 0 0.01 0.1 10 100 1 LOAD CURRENT (mA) INPUT CURRENT (µA) EFFICIENCY (%) 70 3.0 2.5 2.0 0 1 –55 0.15 VIN = 12V VOUT = 5V 0.10 0.10 0.05 0 –0.05 1.190 1.185 125 155 –0.20 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 LOAD CURRENT (A) 3995 G07 125 155 VOUT = 5V LOAD = 1A 0.05 0 –0.10 –0.15 1.175 5 35 95 65 TEMPERATURE (°C) –0.05 –0.10 1.180 –25 3975 G06 CHANGE IN VOUT (%) CHANGE IN VOUT (%) REFERENCE VOLTAGE (V) 1.220 65 35 5 95 TEMPERATURE (°C) 10 Line Regulation 0.15 1.195 DUE TO CATCH DIODE LEAKAGE 100 Load Regulation 1.225 –25 1000 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 INPUT VOLTAGE (V) 0.20 1.200 1000 10000 FRONT PAGE APPLICATION VIN = 12V VOUT = 3.3V 3995 G05 Reference Voltage 1.170 –55 10000 3.5 1.0 1.230 1.205 10 100 1 LOAD CURRENT (mA) No-Load Supply Current 3995 G04 1.210 0.1 1.5 1000 10000 1.215 12V 24V 36V 48V 3995 G03 IN REGULATION VOUT = 3.3V 4.0 80 20 0 0.01 3 No-Load Supply Current 4.5 L: MSS1260-822ML fSW = 300kHz 30 30 10 INPUT CURRENT (µA) 90 50 40 3995 G02 Efficiency at 3.3VOUT 100 60 20 2.5 3995 G01 L: MSS1260-682ML fSW = 500kHz 3995 G08 –0.15 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 INPUT VOLAGE (V) 3995 G09 3995f 4 For more information www.linear.com/LT3995 LT3995 TYPICAL PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS Thermal Derating LIMITED BY MAXIMUM JUNCTION TEMPERATURE θJA = 40°C/W 2.5 2.0 H-GRADE 12VIN 24VIN 36VIN 48VIN 1.0 60VIN 0.5 VOUT = 3.3V fSW = 300kHz 2.5in × 2.5in 4-LAYER BOARD 0 100 75 0 25 50 1.5 150 125 Switch Current Limit 7.0 LIMITED BY MAXIMUM JUNCTION TEMPERATURE θJA = 40°C/W 3.0 LOAD CURRENT (A) LOAD CURRENT (A) 3.0 Thermal Derating 3.5 6.5 2.5 CURRENT LIMIT (A) 3.5 TA = 25°C, unless otherwise noted. 2.0 H-GRADE 12VIN 24VIN 36VIN 48VIN 1.0 60VIN 0.5 VOUT = 5V fSW = 500kHz 2.5in × 2.5in 4-LAYER BOARD 0 100 75 0 25 50 1.5 TEMPERATURE (°C) 5.0 4.5 5 4 3 2 125 0 155 0 0.2 0.8 0.6 0.4 FB PIN VOLTAGE (V) 2 100 50 3 3995 G15 0.5 1 1.5 200 50 40 30 20 0 2.5 2 Minimum On-Time 225 VSYNC = 0V fSW = 2MHz 175 LOAD = 1A 150 125 LOAD = 2A 100 10 2.5 0 3995 G14 MINIMUM ON-TIME (ns) BOOST PIN CURRENT (mA) 250 SWITCH DROP (mV) 3 3995 G13 60 1 1.5 2 SWITCH CURRENT (A) VFB = 0.2V 4 BOOST Pin Current 150 VFB = 1V SS PIN VOLTAGE (V) 70 200 30% DUTY CYCLE 5 0 1.2 1.0 3995 G12 Switch VCESAT 1.0 0.8 1 1 0.5 0.4 0.6 DUTY CYCLE 6 CURRENT LIMIT (A) CURRENT LIMIT (A) CURRENT LIMIT (A) 5.5 0 0.2 Soft-Start 7 30% DUTY CYCLE VSS = 3V 6 6.0 0 0 3995 G11 Current Limit Foldback 7 6.5 300 4.0 150 125 3995 G38 30% DUTY CYCLE 65 35 95 5 TEMPERATURE (°C) 5.0 TEMPERATURE (°C) Switch Current Limit 4.0 –55 –25 5.5 4.5 3995 G10 7.0 6.0 0 0.5 2 1.5 1 SWITCH CURRENT (A) 3 2.5 3995 G16 75 –55 –25 65 35 95 5 TEMPERATURE (°C) 125 155 3995 G17 3995f For more information www.linear.com/LT3995 5 LT3995 TYPICAL PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS LOAD = 2A 200 LOAD = 1A 175 150 125 100 –55 –25 65 35 95 5 TEMPERATURE (°C) 125 300 720 660 600 540 480 65 35 95 5 TEMPERATURE (°C) 125 RT = 78.7k 600 EN Threshold 1.09 400 300 200 EN RISING 1.08 1.07 EN THRESHOLD (V) 500 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 SWITCHING FREQUENCY (MHz) 3995 G20 5 INPUT VOLTAGE (V) SWITCHING FREQUENCY (kHz) 100 0 155 6 4 3 2 1.06 1.05 1.04 1.03 1 100 0 0.2 0.8 0.6 0.4 FB PIN VOLTAGE (V) 0 –55 –25 1.2 1 65 35 95 5 TEMPERATURE (°C) 125 6.5 5.0 1.06 TO RUN/TO START INPUT VOLTAGE (V) INPUT VOLTAGE (V) FB FALLING 1.07 5.5 5.0 95 65 35 TEMPERATURE (°C) 5 125 155 3995 G24 4.0 VOUT = 3.3V FRONT PAGE APPLICATION TO RUN/TO START 4.0 3.5 3.0 4.5 1.05 155 4.5 6.0 1.10 1.08 125 Minimum Input Voltage, VOUT = 3.3V VOUT = 5V fSW = 500kHz 1.11 FB RISING 95 65 35 TEMPERATURE (°C) 5 3995 G23 Minimum Input Voltage, VOUT = 5V 1.12 1.04 –55 –25 1.01 –55 –25 155 3995 G22 PG Thresholds 1.09 EN FALLING 1.02 3995 G21 PG THRESHOLD (V) 150 Internal Undervoltage Lockout (UVLO) Frequency Foldback 0 200 3995 G19 3995 G18 700 250 50 420 –55 –25 155 350 RT = 78.7k RT RESISTOR (kΩ) SWITCHING FREQUENCY (kHz) MINIMUM OFF-TIME (ns) 780 VSYNC = 0V fSW = 2MHz 225 RT Programmed Switching Frequency Switching Frequency Minimum Off-Time 250 TA = 25°C, unless otherwise noted. 0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 LOAD CURRENT (A) 2.5 3.0 3995 G25 2.5 0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 LOAD CURRENT (A) 2.5 3.0 3995 G26 3995f 6 For more information www.linear.com/LT3995 LT3995 TYPICAL PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS SS Pin Current Burst Frequency 2.6 500 VOUT = 5V fSW = 500kHz L = 10µH 400 300 VOUT = 3.3V fSW = 300kHz L = 8.2µH 200 100 50 Boost Capacitor Charger 160 VSS = 0.5V 2.4 140 2.2 120 OUT PIN CURRENT (mA) VIN = 12V SS PIN CURRENT (µA) SWITCHING FREQUENCY (kHz) 600 2.0 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 0 20 40 60 80 LOAD CURRENT (mA) 100 1.0 –55 –25 120 100 80 60 40 95 65 35 TEMPERATURE (°C) 5 125 155 0 0 1.6 580 DROPOUT THRESHOLD (mV) 600 1.4 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 4 8 10 12 6 OUT PIN VOLTAGE (V) 560 VIN VOUT VOUT 2V/DIV VOUT RISING 520 16 Dropout Performance VIN 2V/DIV 540 14 3995 G29 Dropout Comparator Thresholds 1.8 1.2 2 3995 G28 Boost Diode Forward Voltage BOOST DIODE VOLTAGE (V) VBST = VIN 20 3995 G27 0 TA = 25°C, unless otherwise noted. 500 480 VOUT FALLING 460 1kΩ LOAD 100ms/DIV (12mA IN REGULATION) 440 3995 G32 420 0 1 0.5 1.5 BOOST DIODE CURRENT (A) 2 400 –55 –25 65 35 5 95 TEMPERATURE (°C) 155 3995 G31 3995 G30 Full Frequency Switching Waveforms Burst Mode Switching Waveforms VSW 20V/DIV 125 Dropout Switching Waveforms VSW 20V/DIV VSW 2V/DIV IL 1A/DIV IL 1A/DIV IL 1A/DIV VOUT 50mV/DIV VOUT 50mV/DIV VOUT 50mV/DIV VIN = 48V VOUT = 3.3V ILOAD = 70mA COUT = 47µF 5µs/DIV 3995 G33 VIN = 48V VOUT = 3.3V ILOAD = 1A COUT = 47µF 2µs/DIV 3995 G34 VIN = 5V 5µs/DIV VOUT SET FOR 5V ILOAD = 0.3A COUT = 47µF 3995 G35 3995f For more information www.linear.com/LT3995 7 LT3995 TYPICAL PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS Load Transient: 0.5A to 2.5A Load Transient: 10mA to 2A IL 1A/DIV IL 1A/DIV VOUT 200mV/DIV VOUT 200mV/DIV VIN = 48V VOUT = 3.3V COUT = 47µF ×2 20µs/DIV TA = 25°C, unless otherwise noted. 3995 G36 VIN = 48V VOUT = 3.3V COUT = 47µF ×2 20µs/DIV 3995 G37 PIN FUNCTIONS FB (Pin 1): The LT3995 regulates the FB pin to 1.197V. Connect the feedback resistor divider tap to this pin. Also, connect a phase lead capacitor between FB and the output. Typically, this capacitor is 10pF. SS (Pin 2): A capacitor is tied between SS and ground to slowly ramp up the peak current limit of the LT3995 on start-up. There is an internal 1.8μA pull-up on this pin. The soft-start capacitor is actively discharged when the EN pin goes low, during undervoltage lockout or thermal shutdown. Float this pin to disable soft-start. OUT (Pin 3): This pin is an input to the dropout comparator which maintains a minimum dropout of 500mV between VIN and OUT. The OUT pin connects to the anode of the internal boost diode. This pin also supplies the current to the LT3995’s internal regulator when OUT is above 3.2V. Connect this pin to the output when the programmed output voltage is less than 16V. BOOST (Pin 4): This pin is used to provide a drive voltage, higher than the input voltage, to the internal bipolar NPN power switch. SW (Pins 5, 6, 7): The SW pin is the output of an internal power switch. Connect these pins to the inductor, catch diode, and boost capacitor. NC (Pins 8, 9): No Connects. These pins are not connected to internal circuitry. VIN (Pins 10, 11, 12): The VIN pin supplies current to the LT3995’s internal circuitry and to the internal power switch. These pins must be locally bypassed. EN (Pin 13): The part is in shutdown when this pin is low and active when this pin is high. The hysteretic threshold voltage is 1.08V going up and 1.02V going down. The EN threshold is only accurate when VIN is above 4.3V. If VIN is lower than 3.9V, internal UVLO will place the part in shutdown. Tie to VIN if shutdown feature is not used. RT (Pin 14): A resistor is tied between RT and ground to set the switching frequency. PG (Pin 15): The PG pin is the open-drain output of an internal comparator. PGOOD remains low until the FB pin is within 8.4% of the final regulation voltage. PGOOD is valid when VIN is above 2V. SYNC (Pin 16): This is the external clock synchronization input. Ground this pin for low ripple Burst Mode operation at low output loads. Tie to a clock source for synchronization, which will include pulse skipping at low output loads. When in pulse-skipping mode, quiescent current increases to 11µA in a typical application at no load. Do not float this pin. GND (Exposed Pad Pin 17): Ground. The exposed pad must be soldered to the PCB. 3995f 8 For more information www.linear.com/LT3995 LT3995 BLOCK DIAGRAM OUT VIN C1 INTERNAL 1.197V REF EN 1.02V + – + SHDN RT 0.5V – + SLOPE COMP OSCILLATOR 200kHz TO 2MHz RT SYNC + – + – VIN SWITCH LATCH BOOST R S C3 Q SW Burst Mode DETECT PG ERROR AMP + – + – 1.097V VC L1 VOUT D1 C2 VC CLAMP 1.8µA SS SHDN C4 OPT FB GND R2 R1 3995 BD C5 3995f For more information www.linear.com/LT3995 9 LT3995 OPERATION The LT3995 is a constant frequency, current mode stepdown regulator. An oscillator, with frequency set by RT, sets an RS flip-flop, turning on the internal power switch. An amplifier and comparator monitor the current flowing between the VIN and SW pins, turning the switch off when this current reaches a level determined by the voltage at VC (see Block Diagram). An error amplifier measures the output voltage through an external resistor divider tied to the FB pin and servos the VC node. If the error amplifier’s output increases, more current is delivered to the output; if it decreases, less current is delivered. An active clamp on the VC pin provides current limit. The VC pin is also clamped by the voltage on the SS pin; soft-start is implemented by generating a voltage ramp at the SS pin using an external capacitor. An internal regulator provides power to the control circuitry. The bias regulator normally draws power from the VIN pin, but if the OUT pin is connected to an external voltage higher than 3.2V, bias power will be drawn from the external source (typically the regulated output voltage). This improves efficiency. If the EN pin is low, the LT3995 is shut down and draws 700nA from the input. When the EN pin falls below 1.02V, the switching regulator will shut down, and when the EN pin rises above 1.08V, the switching regulator will become active. This accurate threshold allows programmable undervoltage lockout. The switch driver operates from either VIN or from the BOOST pin. An external capacitor is used to generate a voltage at the BOOST pin that is higher than the input supply. This allows the driver to fully saturate the internal bipolar NPN power switch for efficient operation. To further optimize efficiency, the LT3995 automatically switches to Burst Mode operation in light load situations. Between bursts, all circuitry associated with controlling the output switch is shut down reducing the input supply current to 1.7μA. In a typical application, 2.7μA will be consumed from the supply when regulating with no load. The oscillator reduces the LT3995’s operating frequency when the voltage at the FB pin is low. This frequency foldback helps to control the output current during startup and overload. The LT3995 can provide up to 3A of output current. A current limit foldback feature throttles back the current limit during overload conditions to limit the power dissipation. When SS is below 2V, the LT3995 overrides the current limit foldback circuit to avoid interfering with start-up. Thermal shutdown further protects the part from excessive power dissipation, especially in elevated ambient temperature environments. If the input voltage decreases towards the programmed output voltage, the LT3995 will start to skip switch-off times and decrease the switching frequency to maintain output regulation. As the input voltage decreases below the programmed output voltage, the output voltage will be regulated 500mV below the input voltage. This enforced minimum dropout voltage limits the duty cycle and keeps the boost capacitor charged during dropout conditions. Since sufficient boost voltage is maintained, the internal switch can fully saturate yielding low dropout performance. The LT3995 contains a power good comparator which trips when the FB pin is at 91.6% of its regulated value. The PG output is an open-drain transistor that is off when the output is in regulation, allowing an external resistor to pull the PG pin high. Power good is valid when VIN is above 2V. When the LT3995 is shut down the PG pin is actively pulled low. 3995f 10 For more information www.linear.com/LT3995 LT3995 APPLICATIONS INFORMATION Achieving Ultralow Quiescent Current To enhance efficiency at light loads, the LT3995 operates in low ripple Burst Mode operation, which keeps the output capacitor charged to the desired output voltage while minimizing the input quiescent current. In Burst Mode operation the LT3995 delivers single pulses of current to the output capacitor followed by sleep periods where the output power is supplied by the output capacitor. When in sleep mode the LT3995 consumes 1.7μA, but when it turns on all the circuitry to deliver a current pulse, the LT3995 consumes several mA of input current in addition to the switch current. Therefore, the total quiescent current will be greater than 1.7μA when regulating. As the output load decreases, the frequency of single current pulses decreases (see Figure 1) and the percentage of time the LT3995 is in sleep mode increases, resulting in much higher light load efficiency. By maximizing the time between pulses, the converter quiescent current gets closer to the 1.7μA ideal. Therefore, to optimize the quiescent current performance at light loads, the current in the feedback resistor divider and the reverse current in the catch diode must be minimized, as these appear to the output as load currents. Use the largest possible feedback resistors and a low leakage Schottky catch diode in applications utilizing the ultralow quiescent current performance of the LT3995. The feedback resistors should preferably be on the order of MΩ and the Schottky catch diode should have less than a few µA of typical reverse leakage at room temperature. These two considerations are reiterated in the FB Resistor Network and Catch Diode Selection sections. SWITCHING FREQUENCY (kHz) 600 VIN = 12V 500 VOUT = 5V fSW = 500kHz L = 10µH 400 300 VOUT = 3.3V fSW = 300kHz L = 8.2µH 200 100 50 0 20 40 60 80 LOAD CURRENT (mA) 100 120 3995 F01 It is important to note that another way to decrease the pulse frequency is to increase the magnitude of each single current pulse. However, this increases the output voltage ripple because each cycle delivers more power to the output capacitor. The magnitude of the current pulses was selected to ensure less than 30mV of output ripple with one 47µF ceramic output capacitor in a typical application. See Figure 2. VSW 20V/DIV IL 1A/DIV VOUT 50mV/DIV VIN = 48V VOUT = 3.3V ILOAD = 70mA COUT = 47µF 5µs/DIV 3995 F02 Figure 2. Burst Mode Operation While in Burst Mode operation, the burst frequency and the charge delivered with each pulse will not change with output capacitance. Therefore, the output voltage ripple will be inversely proportional to the output capacitance. In a typical application with two 47µF output capacitors, the output ripple is about 15mV, and with four 47µF output capacitors the output ripple is about 7.5mV. The output voltage ripple can continue to be decreased by increasing the output capacitance, though care must be taken to minimize the effects of output capacitor ESR and ESL. At higher output loads (above 90mA for the front page application) the LT3995 will be running at the frequency programmed by the RT resistor, and will be operating in standard PWM mode. The transition between PWM and low ripple Burst Mode operation is seamless, and will not disturb the output voltage. To ensure proper Burst Mode operation, the SYNC pin must be grounded. When synchronized with an external clock, the LT3995 will pulse skip at light loads. At very light loads, the part will go to sleep between groups of pulses, so the quiescent current of the part will still be low, but not as low as in Burst Mode operation. The quiescent current in a typical application when synchronized with an external Figure 1. Switching Frequency in Burst Mode Operation For more information www.linear.com/LT3995 3995f 11 LT3995 APPLICATIONS INFORMATION clock is 11µA. Holding the SYNC pin DC high yields no advantages in terms of output ripple or minimum load to full frequency, so is not recommended. To estimate the required RT value, use the following equation: RT = 51.1 ( fSW ) 1.09 – 9.27 FB Resistor Network The output voltage is programmed with a resistor divider between the output and the FB pin. Choose the resistor values according to: where fSW is the desired switching frequency in MHz and RT is in kΩ. Operating Frequency Trade-Offs V R1= R2 OUT – 1 1.197V Reference designators refer to the Block Diagram. 1% resistors are recommended to maintain output voltage accuracy. The total resistance of the FB resistor divider should be selected to be as large as possible to enhance low current performance. The resistor divider generates a small load on the output, which should be minimized to optimize the low supply current at light loads. When using large FB resistors, a 10pF phase lead capacitor should be connected from VOUT to FB. Setting the Switching Frequency The LT3995 uses a constant frequency PWM architecture that can be programmed to switch from 200kHz to 2MHz by using a resistor tied from the RT pin to ground. A table showing the necessary RT value for a desired switching frequency is in Table 1. Table 1. Switching Frequency vs RT Value SWITCHING FREQUENCY (MHz) 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 RT VALUE (kΩ) 294 182 130 78.7 54.9 41.2 32.4 26.1 21.5 17.8 14.7 12.4 Selection of the operating frequency is a trade-off between efficiency, component size, minimum dropout voltage, and maximum input voltage. The advantage of high frequency operation is that smaller inductor and capacitor values may be used. The disadvantages are lower efficiency, and lower maximum input voltage. The highest acceptable switching frequency (fSW(MAX)) for a given application can be calculated as follows: fSW(MAX) = VOUT + VD tON(MIN) ( VIN – VSW + VD ) where VIN is the typical input voltage, VOUT is the output voltage, VD is the catch diode drop (~0.5V), and VSW is the internal switch drop (~0.24V at max load). This equation shows that slower switching frequency is necessary to safely accommodate high VIN/VOUT ratio. This is due to the limitation on the LT3995’s minimum on-time. The minimum on-time is a strong function of temperature. Use the typical minimum on-time curve to design for an application’s maximum temperature, while adding about 30% for part-to-part variation. The minimum duty cycle that can be achieved taking minimum on time into account is: DCMIN = fSW • tON(MIN) where fSW is the switching frequency, the tON(MIN) is the minimum switch on-time. A good choice of switching frequency should allow adequate input voltage range (see next two sections) and keep the inductor and capacitor values small. Maximum Input Voltage Range The LT3995 can operate from input voltages of up to 60V. Often the highest allowed VIN during normal operation (VIN(OP-MAX)) is limited by the minimum duty cycle rather 3995f 12 For more information www.linear.com/LT3995 LT3995 APPLICATIONS INFORMATION than the absolute maximum ratings of the VIN pin. It can be calculated using the following equation: VIN(OP-MAX) = VOUT + VD –V +V fSW • tON(MIN) D SW where tON(MIN) is the minimum switch on-time. A lower switching frequency can be used to extend normal operation to higher input voltages. The circuit will tolerate inputs above the maximum operating input voltage and up to the absolute maximum ratings of the VIN and BOOST pins, regardless of chosen switching frequency. However, during such transients where VIN is higher than VIN(OP-MAX), the LT3995 will enter pulse-skipping operation where some switching pulses are skipped to maintain output regulation. The output voltage ripple and inductor current ripple will be higher than in typical operation. Do not overload when VIN is greater than VIN(OP-MAX). Minimum Input Voltage Range The minimum input voltage is determined by either the LT3995’s minimum operating voltage of 4.3V, its maximum duty cycle, or the enforced minimum dropout voltage. See the Typical Performance Characteristics section for the minimum input voltage across load for outputs of 3.3V and 5V. The duty cycle is the fraction of time that the internal switch is on during a clock cycle. Unlike many fixed frequency regulators, the LT3995 can extend its duty cycle by remaining on for multiple clock cycles. The LT3995 will not switch off at the end of each clock cycle if there is sufficient voltage across the boost capacitor (C3 in the Block Diagram). Eventually, the voltage on the boost capacitor falls and requires refreshing. When this occurs, the switch will turn off, allowing the inductor current to recharge the boost capacitor. This places a limitation on the maximum duty cycle as follows: DCMAX = β SW β SW + 1 where βSW is equal to the beta of the internal power switch. The beta of the power switch is typically about 50, which leads to a DCMAX of about 98%. This leads to a minimum input voltage of approximately: VIN(MIN1) = VOUT + VD – VD + VSW DCMAX where VOUT is the output voltage, VD is the catch diode drop, VSW is the internal switch drop and DCMAX is the maximum duty cycle. The final factor affecting the minimum input voltage is the minimum dropout voltage. When the OUT pin is tied to the output, the LT3995 regulates the output such that it stays 500mV below VIN. This enforced minimum dropout voltage is due to reasons that are covered in the next section. This places a limitation on the minimum input voltage as follows: VIN(MIN2) = VOUT + VDROPOUT(MIN) where VOUT is the programmed output voltage and VDROPOUT(MIN) is the minimum dropout voltage of 500mV. Combining these factors leads to the overall minimum input voltage: VIN(MIN) = Max (VIN(MIN1), VIN(MIN2), 4.3V) Minimum Dropout Voltage To achieve a low dropout voltage, the internal power switch must always be able to fully saturate. This means that the boost capacitor, which provides a base drive higher than VIN, must always be able to charge up when the part starts up and then must also stay charged during all operating conditions. During start-up if there is insufficient inductor current, such as during light load situations, the boost capacitor will be unable to charge. When the LT3995 detects that the boost capacitor is not charged, it activates a 100mA (typical) pull-down on the OUT pin. If the OUT pin is connected to the output, the extra load will increase the inductor current enough to sufficiently charge the boost capacitor. When the boost capacitor is charged, the current source turns off, and the part may re-enter Burst Mode operation. 3995f For more information www.linear.com/LT3995 13 LT3995 APPLICATIONS INFORMATION To keep the boost capacitor charged regardless of load during dropout conditions, a minimum dropout voltage is enforced. When the OUT pin is tied to the output, the LT3995 regulates the output such that: VIN – VOUT > VDROPOUT(MIN) where VDROPOUT(MIN) is 500mV. The 500mV dropout voltage limits the duty cycle and forces the switch to turn off regularly to charge the boost capacitor. Since sufficient voltage across the boost capacitor is maintained, the switch is allowed to fully saturate and the internal switch drop stays low for good dropout performance. Figure 3 shows the overall VIN to VOUT performances during start-up and dropout conditions. VIN 2V/DIV VIN VOUT VOUT 2V/DIV 100ms/DIV 3995 F03 Figure 3. VIN to VOUT Performance It is important to note that the 500mV dropout voltage specified is the minimum difference between VIN and VOUT. When measuring VIN to VOUT with a multimeter, the measured value will be higher than 500mV because you have to add half the ripple voltage on the input and half the ripple voltage on the output. With the normal ceramic capacitors specified in the data sheet, this measured dropout voltage can be as high as 650mV at high load. If some bulk electrolytic capacitance is added to the input and output the voltage ripple, and subsequently the measured dropout voltage, can be significantly reduced. Additionally, when operating in dropout at high currents, high ripple voltage on the input and output can generate audible noise. This noise can also be significantly reduced by adding bulk capacitance to the input and output to reduce the voltage ripple. Inductor Selection and Maximum Output Current For a given input and output voltage, the inductor value and switching frequency will determine the ripple current. The ripple current increases with higher VIN or VOUT and decreases with higher inductance and faster switching frequency. A good first choice for the inductor value is: L= VOUT + VD 1.5 • fSW where fSW is the switching frequency in MHz, VOUT is the output voltage, VD is the catch diode drop (~0.5V) and L is the inductor value is μH. The inductor’s RMS current rating must be greater than the maximum load current and its saturation current should be about 30% higher. For robust operation in fault conditions (start-up or short circuit) and high input voltage (>30V), the saturation current should be above 9A. To keep the efficiency high, the series resistance (DCR) should be less than 0.1Ω, and the core material should be intended for high frequency applications. Table 2 lists several inductor vendors. Table 2. Inductor Vendors VENDOR URL Coilcraft www.coilcraft.com Sumida www.sumida.com Toko www.tokoam.com Würth Elektronik www.we-online.com Coiltronics www.cooperet.com Murata www.murata.com The inductor value must be sufficient to supply the desired maximum output current (IOUT(MAX)), which is a function of the switch current limit (ILIM) and the ripple current. IOUT(MAX) = ILIM – ∆IL 2 The LT3995 limits its peak switch current in order to protect itself and the system from overload faults. The LT3995’s switch current limit (ILIM) is typically 6.3A at low duty cycles and decreases linearly to 5.25A at DC = 0.8. 3995f 14 For more information www.linear.com/LT3995 LT3995 APPLICATIONS INFORMATION When the switch is off, the potential across the inductor is the output voltage plus the catch diode drop. This gives the peak-to-peak ripple current in the inductor: ∆IL = (1–DC) • ( VOUT + VD ) L • fSW where fSW is the switching frequency of the LT3995, DC is the duty cycle and L is the value of the inductor. Therefore, the maximum output current that the LT3995 will deliver depends on the switch current limit, the inductor value, and the input and output voltages. The inductor value may have to be increased if the inductor ripple current does not allow sufficient maximum output current (IOUT(MAX)) given the switching frequency, and maximum input voltage used in the desired application. The optimum inductor for a given application may differ from the one indicated by this simple design guide. A larger value inductor provides a higher maximum load current and reduces the output voltage ripple. If your load is lower than the maximum load current, than you can relax the value of the inductor and operate with higher ripple current. This allows you to use a physically smaller inductor, or one with a lower DCR resulting in higher efficiency. Be aware that if the inductance differs from the simple rule above, then the maximum load current will depend on the input voltage. In addition, low inductance may result in discontinuous mode operation, which further reduces maximum load current. For details of maximum output current and discontinuous operation, see Linear Technology’s Application Note 44. Finally, for duty cycles greater than 50% (VOUT/VIN > 0.5), a minimum inductance is required to avoid sub-harmonic oscillations, see Application Note 19. One approach to choosing the inductor is to start with the simple rule given above, look at the available inductors, and choose one to meet cost or space goals. Then use the equations above to check that the LT3995 will be able to deliver the required output current. Note again that these equations assume that the inductor current is continuous. Discontinuous operation occurs when IOUT is less than ΔIL/2. Current Limit Foldback and Thermal Protection The LT3995 has a large peak current limit to ensure a 3A max output current across duty cycle and current limit distribution, as well as allowing a reasonable inductor ripple current. During a short-circuit fault, having a large current limit can lead to excessive power dissipation and temperature rise in the LT3995, as well as the inductor and catch diode. To limit this power dissipation, the LT3995 starts to fold back the current limit when the FB pin falls below 0.8V. The LT3995 typically lowers the peak current limit about 50% from 6.3A to 3.1A when FB goes to 0V. During start-up, when the output voltage and FB pin are low, current limit foldback could hinder the LT3995’s ability to start up into a large load. To avoid this potential problem, the LT3995’s current limit foldback will be disabled until the SS pin has charged above 2V. Therefore, the use of a soft-start capacitor will keep the current limit foldback feature out of the way while the LT3995 is starting up. The LT3995 has thermal shutdown to further protect the part during periods of high power dissipation, particularly in high ambient temperature environments. The thermal shutdown feature detects when the LT3995 is too hot and shuts the part down, preventing switching. When the thermal event passes and the LT3995 cools, the part will restart and resume switching. A thermal shutdown event actively discharges the soft-start capacitor. Input Capacitor Bypass the input of the LT3995 circuit with a ceramic capacitor of X7R or X5R type. Y5V types have poor performance over temperature and applied voltage, and should not be used. A 4.7μF to 10μF ceramic capacitor is adequate to bypass the LT3995 and will easily handle the ripple current. Note that larger input capacitance is required when a lower switching frequency is used (due to longer on times). If the input power source has high impedance, or there is significant inductance due to long wires or cables, additional bulk capacitance may be necessary. This can be provided with a low performance electrolytic capacitor. 3995f For more information www.linear.com/LT3995 15 LT3995 APPLICATIONS INFORMATION Step-down regulators draw current from the input supply in pulses with very fast rise and fall times. The input capacitor is required to reduce the resulting voltage ripple at the LT3995 and to force this very high frequency switching current into a tight local loop, minimizing EMI. A 4.7μF capacitor is capable of this task, but only if it is placed close to the LT3995 (see the PCB Layout section). A second precaution regarding the ceramic input capacitor concerns the maximum input voltage rating of the LT3995. A ceramic input capacitor combined with trace or cable inductance forms a high quality (under damped) tank circuit. If the LT3995 circuit is plugged into a live supply, the input voltage can ring to twice its nominal value, possibly exceeding the LT3995’s voltage rating. If the input supply is poorly controlled or the user will be plugging the LT3995 into an energized supply, the input network should be designed to prevent this overshoot. See Linear Technology Application Note 88 for a complete discussion. operating conditions (applied voltage and temperature). A physically larger capacitor or one with a higher voltage rating may be required. Table 3 lists several capacitor vendors. Output Capacitor and Output Ripple A final precaution regarding ceramic capacitors concerns the maximum input voltage rating of the LT3995. As previously mentioned, a ceramic input capacitor combined with trace or cable inductance forms a high quality (under damped) tank circuit. If the LT3995 circuit is plugged into a live supply, the input voltage can ring to twice its nominal value, possibly exceeding the LT3995’s rating. If the input supply is poorly controlled or the user will be plugging the LT3995 into an energized supply, the input network should be designed to prevent this overshoot. See Linear Technology Application Note 88 for a complete discussion. The output capacitor has two essential functions. Along with the inductor, it filters the square wave generated by the LT3995 to produce the DC output. In this role it determines the output ripple, so low impedance (at the switching frequency) is important. The second function is to store energy in order to satisfy transient loads and stabilize the LT3995’s control loop. Ceramic capacitors have very low equivalent series resistance (ESR) and provide the best ripple performance. A good starting value is: COUT = 200 VOUT • fSW Table 3. Recommended Ceramic Capacitor Vendors MANUFACTURER URL AVX www.avxcorp.com Murata www.murata.com Taiyo Yuden www.t-yuden.com Vishay Siliconix www.vishay.com TDK www.tdk.com Ceramic Capacitors When in dropout, the LT3995 can excite ceramic capacitors at audio frequencies. At high load, this could be unacceptable. Simply adding bulk input capacitance to the input and output will significantly reduce the voltage ripple and the audible noise generated at these nodes to acceptable levels. Catch Diode Selection where fSW is in MHz, and COUT is the recommended output capacitance in μF. Use X5R or X7R types. This choice will provide low output ripple and good transient response. Transient performance can be improved with a higher value capacitor if combined with a phase lead capacitor (typically 10pF) between the output and the feedback pin. A lower value of output capacitor can be used to save space and cost but transient performance will suffer. When choosing a capacitor, look carefully through the data sheet to find out what the actual capacitance is under The catch diode (D1 from the Block Diagram) conducts current only during the switch off time. Average forward current in normal operation can be calculated from: V –V ID(AVG) = IOUT IN OUT VIN where IOUT is the output load current. The current rating of the diode should be selected to be greater than or equal to the application’s output load current, so that the diode is 3995f 16 For more information www.linear.com/LT3995 LT3995 APPLICATIONS INFORMATION robust for a wide input voltage range. A diode with even higher current rating can be selected for the worst-case scenario of overload, where the max diode current can then increase to the typical peak switch current. Short circuit is not the worst-case condition due to current limit foldback. Peak reverse voltage is equal to the regulator input voltage. For inputs up to 60V, a 60V diode is adequate. An additional consideration is reverse leakage current. When the catch diode is reversed biased, any leakage current will appear as load current. When operating under light load conditions, the low supply current consumed by the LT3995 will be optimized by using a catch diode with minimum reverse leakage current. Low leakage Schottky diodes often have larger forward voltage drops at a given current, so a trade-off can exist between low load and high load efficiency. Often Schottky diodes with larger reverse bias ratings will have less leakage at a given output voltage than a diode with a smaller reverse bias rating. Therefore, superior leakage performance can be achieved at the expense of diode size. Table 4 lists several Schottky diodes and their manufacturers. BOOST and OUT Pin Considerations Capacitor C3 and the internal boost Schottky diode (see the Block Diagram) are used to generate a boost voltage that is higher than the input voltage. In most cases a 0.47μF capacitor will work well. The BOOST pin must be more than 1.8V above the SW pin for best efficiency and more than 2.6V above the SW pin to allow the LT3995 to skip off times to achieve very high duty cycles. For outputs between 3.2V and 16V, the standard circuit with the OUT pin connected to the output (Figure 4a) is best. Below 3.2V the internal Schottky diode may not be able to sufficiently charge the boost capacitor. Above 16V, the OUT pin abs max is violated. For outputs between 2.5V and 3.2V, an external Schottky diode to the output is sufficient because an external Schottky will have much lower forward voltage drop than the internal boost diode. Table 4. Schottky Diodes. The Reverse Current Values Listed Are Estimates Based Off of Typical Curves for Reverse Current vs Reverse Voltage at 25°C VF at 3A MAX 25°C (mV) IR at VR = 20V 25°C (µA) 620 0.45 VR (V) IAVE (A) VF at 3A TYP 25°C (mV) PDS360 60 3 570 PDS560 60 5 540 B360A 60 3 600 700 50 SBR3U60P1 60 3 580 650 1.7 PART NUMBER 0.9 For output voltages less than 2.5V, there are two options. An external Schottky diode can charge the boost capacitor from the input (Figure 4c) or from an external voltage source (Figure 4d). Using an external voltage source is the better option because it is more efficient than charging the boost capacitor from the input. However, such a voltage rail is not always available in all systems. For output voltages greater than 16V, an external Schottky diode from an external voltage source should be used to charge the boost capacitor (Figure 4e). In applications using an external voltage source, the supply should be between 3.1V and 16V. When using the input, the input voltage may not exceed 30V. In all cases, the maximum voltage rating of the BOOST pin must not be exceeded. When the output is above 16V, the OUT pin can not be tied to the output or the OUT pin abs max will be violated. It should instead be tied to GND (Figure 4e). This is to prevent the dropout circuitry from interfering with switching behavior and to prevent the 100mA active pull-down from drawing power. It is important to note that when the output is above 16V and the OUT pin is grounded, the dropout circuitry is not connected, so the minimum dropout will be about 1.5V, rather than 500mV. If the output is less than 3.2V and an external Schottky is used to charge the boost capacitor, the OUT pin should still be tied to the output even though the minimum input voltage of the LT3995 will be limited by the 4.3V minimum rather than the minimum dropout voltage. 3995f For more information www.linear.com/LT3995 17 LT3995 APPLICATIONS INFORMATION VIN VIN BOOST SW VIN VIN LT3995 GND BOOST SW VIN VIN LT3995 OUT VOUT GND (4a) For 3.2V ≤ VOUT ≤ 16V BOOST SW LT3995 OUT VOUT GND (4b) For 2.5V ≤ VOUT ≤ 3.2V OUT (4c) For VOUT < 2.5V, VIN < 30V VS VIN VIN BOOST VS SW VIN BOOST VIN LT3995 SW LT3995 OUT GND VOUT VOUT GND OUT VOUT 3995 F04 (4d) For VOUT < 2.5V, 3.1V ≤ VS ≤ 16V (4e) For VOUT > 16V, 3.1V ≤ VS ≤ 16V Figure 4. Five Circuits for Generating the Boost Voltage Minimum Input Voltage, VOUT = 3.3V Minimum Input Voltage, VOUT = 5V 6.5 5.0 VOUT = 5V fSW = 500kHz 4.5 TO RUN/TO START INPUT VOLTAGE (V) INPUT VOLTAGE (V) 6.0 5.5 5.0 TO RUN/TO START 4.0 3.5 3.0 4.5 4.0 VOUT = 3.3V FRONT PAGE APPLICATION 0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 LOAD CURRENT (A) 2.5 3.0 2.5 0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 LOAD CURRENT (A) 2.5 3.0 3995 F05b 3995 F05a Figure 5. The Minimum Input Voltage Depends on Output Voltage and Load Current With the OUT pin connected to the output, a 100mA active load will charge the boost capacitor during light load start-up and an enforced 500mV minimum dropout voltage will keep the boost capacitor charged across operating conditions (see Minimum Dropout Voltage section). This yields excellent start-up and dropout performance. Figure 5 shows the minimum input voltage for 3.3V and 5V outputs. Enable and Undervoltage Lockout The LT3995 is in shutdown when the EN pin is low and active when the pin is high. The falling threshold of the EN comparator is 1.02V, with 60mV of hysteresis. The EN pin can be tied to VIN if the shutdown feature is not used. Undervoltage lockout (UVLO) can be added to the LT3995 as shown in Figure 6. Typically, UVLO is used in situa3995f 18 For more information www.linear.com/LT3995 LT3995 APPLICATIONS INFORMATION VIN R3 LT3995 1.02V EN + – IL 1A/DIV SHDN VOUT 3.3V/DIV R4 LT3995 F06 VSS 0.5V/DIV Figure 6. Undervoltage Lockout 1ms/DIV tions where the input supply is current limited, or has a relatively high source resistance. A switching regulator draws constant power from the source, so source current increases as source voltage drops. This looks like a negative resistance load to the source and can cause the source to current limit or latch low under low source voltage conditions. UVLO prevents the regulator from operating at source voltages where the problems might occur. The UVLO threshold can be adjusted by setting the values R3 and R4 such that they satisfy the following equation: Figure 7. Soft-Start Waveforms for the Front-Page Application with a 10nF Capaacitor on SS. EN Is Pulsed High for About 6ms with a 1.65Ω Load Resistor R3 +R4 VUVLO = VEN(THRESH) R4 where VEN(THRESH) is the falling threshold of the EN pin, which is approximately 1.02V, and where switching should stop when VIN falls below VUVLO. Note that due to the comparator’s hysteresis, switching will not start until the input is about 6% above VUVLO. When operating in Burst Mode operation for light load currents, the current through the UVLO resistor network can easily be greater than the supply current consumed by the LT3995. Therefore, the UVLO resistors should be large to minimize their effect on efficiency at low loads. Soft-Start The SS pin can be used to soft start the LT3995 by throttling the maximum input current during start-up and reset. An internal 1.8μA current source charges an external capacitor generating a voltage ramp on the SS pin. The SS pin clamps the internal VC node, which slowly ramps up the current limit. Maximum current limit is reached when the SS pin is about 1.5V or higher. By selecting a large enough capacitor, the output can reach regulation without overshoot. Figure 7 shows start-up waveforms for a typical application with a 10nF capacitor on SS for a 1.65Ω load when the EN pin is pulsed high for 6ms. 3995 F07 The external SS capacitor is actively discharged when the EN pin is low, or during overvoltage lockout, or during thermal shutdown. The active pull-down on the SS pin has a resistance of about 150Ω. Synchronization To select low ripple Burst Mode operation, tie the SYNC pin below 0.5V (this can be ground or a logic output). Synchronizing the LT3995 oscillator to an external frequency can be done by connecting a square wave (with 20% to 80% duty cycle) to the SYNC pin. The square wave amplitude should have valleys that are below 0.5V and peaks above 1.5V (up to 6V). The LT3995 will pulse skip at low output loads while synchronized to an external clock to maintain regulation. At very light loads, the part will go to sleep between groups of pulses, so the quiescent current of the part will still be low, but not as low as in Burst Mode operation. The quiescent current in a typical application when synchronized with an external clock is 11µA. Holding the SYNC pin DC high yields no advantages in terms of output ripple or minimum load to full frequency, so is not recommended. Never float the SYNC pin. The LT3995 may be synchronized over a 250kHz to 2MHz range. The RT resistor should be chosen to set the LT3995 switching frequency 20% below the lowest synchronization input. For example, if the synchronization signal will be 250kHz and higher, the RT should be selected for 200kHz. To assure reliable and safe operation the LT3995 will only synchronize when the output voltage is near regulation as indicated by the PG flag. It is therefore necessary to choose a large enough inductor value to supply the required For more information www.linear.com/LT3995 3995f 19 LT3995 APPLICATIONS INFORMATION output current at the frequency set by the RT resistor (see Inductor Selection section). The slope compensation is set by the RT value, while the minimum slope compensation required to avoid subharmonic oscillations is established by the inductor size, input voltage and output voltage. Since the synchronization frequency will not change the slopes of the inductor current waveform, if the inductor is large enough to avoid subharmonic oscillations at the frequency set by RT, than the slope compensation will be sufficient for all synchronization frequencies. Power Good Flag The PG pin is an open-drain output which is used to indicate to the user when the output voltage is within regulation. When the output is lower than the regulation voltage by more than 8.4%, as determined from the FB pin voltage, the PG pin will pull low to indicate the power is not good. Otherwise, the PG pin will go high impedance and can be pulled logic high with a resistor pull-up. The PG pin is only comparing the output voltage to an accurate reference when the LT3995 is enabled and VIN is above 4.3V. When the part is shutdown, the PG is actively pulled low to indicate that the LT3995 is not regulating the output. The input voltage must be greater than 1.4V to fully turn-on the active pull-down device. Figure 8 shows the status of the PG pin as the input voltage is increased. Shorted and Reversed Input Protection If the inductor is chosen so that it won’t saturate excessively, a LT3995 buck regulator will tolerate a shorted output and the power dissipation will be limited by current limit foldback (see Current Limit Foldback and Thermal Protection section). There is another situation to consider in systems where the output will be held high when the input to the LT3995 is absent. This may occur in battery charging applications or in battery backup systems where a battery or some other supply is diode ORed with the LT3995’s output. If the VIN pin is allowed to float and the EN/UVLO pin is held high (either by a logic signal or because it is tied to VIN), then the LT3995’s internal circuitry will pull its quiescent current through its SW pin. This is fine if your system can tolerate a few μA in this state. If you ground the EN pin, the SW pin current will drop to essentially zero. However, if the VIN pin is grounded while the output is held high, regardless of EN, parasitic diodes inside the LT3995 can pull current from the output through the SW pin and the VIN pin. Figure 9 shows a circuit that will run only when the input voltage is present and that protects against a shorted or reversed input. D4 PDS360 VIN EN PG PIN VOLTAGE (V) 4 3 BOOST VIN LT3995 GND VOUT SW OUT FB + BACKUP 2 3995 F09 1 0 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 INPUT VOLTAGE (V) 4 4.5 5 Figure 9. Diode D4 Prevents a Shorted Input from Discharging a Backup Battery Tied to the Output. It Also Protects the Circuit from a Reversed Input. The LT3995 Runs Only When the Input Is Present 3995 F08 Figure 8. PG Pin Voltage Versus Input Voltage when PG Is Connected to 3V Through a 150k Resistor. The FB Pin Voltage Is 1.15V 3995f 20 For more information www.linear.com/LT3995 LT3995 APPLICATIONS INFORMATION For proper operation and minimum EMI, care must be taken during printed circuit board layout. Figure 10 shows a sample component placement with trace, ground plane and via locations, which serves as a good PCB layout example. Note that large, switched currents flow in the LT3995’s VIN and SW pins, the catch diode (D1), and the input capacitor (C1). The loop formed by these components should be as small as possible. These components, along with the inductor and output capacitor, should be placed on the same side of the circuit board, and their connections should be made on that layer. Place a local, unbroken ground plane below these components. The SW and BOOST nodes should be as small as possible. Finally, keep the FB and RT nodes small so that the ground traces will shield it from the SW and BOOST nodes. The exposed pad on the bottom of the package must be soldered to ground so that the pad acts as a heat sink. To keep thermal resistance low, extend the ground plane as much as possible, and add thermal vias under and near the LT3995 to additional ground planes within the circuit board and on the bottom side. SS these layers will spread the heat dissipated by the LT3995. Placing additional vias can reduce the thermal resistance further. When operating at high ambient temperatures, the maximum load current should be derated as the ambient temperature approaches the maximum junction rating. (See the Thermal Derating curve in the Typical Performance Characteristics section.) Power dissipation within the LT3995 can be estimated by calculating the total power loss from an efficiency measurement and subtracting the catch diode loss and inductor loss. The die temperature is calculated by multiplying the LT3995 power dissipation by the thermal resistance from junction to ambient. The temperature rise of the LT3995 for a 3.3V and 5V application is measured using a thermal camera and is shown in Figure 11. 70 CHIP TEMPERATURE RISE (°C) PCB Layout FB OUT BST 17 ••• ••• •• •• •• •• •• •• •• •• •• ••• ••• ••• SW 40 30 20 10 1 VOUT PG 1.5 2 2.5 OUTPUT CURRENT (A) 3 3395 F11a RT Figure 11a. Temperature Rise of the LT3995 in the Front Page Application VIN EN 3995 F10 Figure 10. Layout Showing a Good PCB Design High Temperature Considerations For higher ambient temperatures, care should be taken in the layout of the PCB to ensure good heat sinking of the LT3995. The exposed pad on the bottom of the package must be soldered to a ground plane. This ground should be tied to large copper layers below with thermal vias; 90 CHIP TEMPERATURE RISE (°C) VOUT 50 0 SYNC VOUT = 3.3V fSW = 300kHz 2.5in x 2.5in 4-LAYER BOARD 12V 24V 36V 48V 60V 60 VOUT = 5V 80 fSW = 500kHz 2.5in x 2.5in 4-LAYER BOARD 70 12V 24V 60 36V 48V 50 60V 40 30 20 10 0 1 2 1.5 2.5 OUTPUT CURRENT (A) 3 3995 F11b Figure 11b. Temperature Rise of the LT3995 in a 5VOUT Application For more information www.linear.com/LT3995 3995f 21 LT3995 APPLICATIONS INFORMATION Also keep in mind that the leakage current of the power Schottky diode goes up exponentially with junction temperature. When the power switch is off, the power Schottky diode is in parallel with the power converter’s output filter stage. As a result, an increase in a diode’s leakage current results in an effective increase in the load, and a corresponding increase in the input quiescent current. Therefore, the catch Schottky diode must be selected with care to avoid excessive increase in light load supply current at high temperatures. Other Linear Technology Publications Application Notes 19, 35 and 44 contain more detailed descriptions and design information for buck regulators and other switching regulators. The LT1376 data sheet has a more extensive discussion of output ripple, loop compensation and stability testing. Design Note 318 shows how to generate a bipolar output supply using a buck regulator. TYPICAL APPLICATIONS 5V Step-Down Converter 4V Step-Down Converter with a High Impedance Input Source VIN 5.7V TO 60V + VIN OFF ON V EN BOOST PG SW 10µF 10nF OUT RT SYNC 24V FB GND 97.6k VOUT 5V 3A 22µF 1210 ×2 1M 10pF 316k 3975 TA02 f = 500kHz VIN 5.49M + PDS360 LT3995 SS 0.47µF 6.8µH – CBULK 100µF PG BOOST EN SW 499k PDS360 LT3995 SS 10µF 0.47µF 4.7µH OUT RT SYNC 47nF 10pF 54.9k 432k 3995 TA05 f = 800kHz 12V Step-Down Converter VOUT 4V 3A 47µF 1210 ×2 1M FB GND 2.5V Step-Down Converter VIN 12.9V TO 60V VIN 4.3V TO 60V VIN OFF ON BOOST PG SW 10µF RT SYNC 54.9k f = 800kHz 0.47µF OFF ON 10µH OUT FB GND BOOST EN 10µF 10µH 10pF 110k 3995 TA03 10nF RT SYNC 226k f = 250kHz PDS360 LT3995 SS VOUT 12V 2.5A (3A TRANSIENTS) 22µF 1210 ×2 1M 0.47µF SW PG PDS360 LT3995 SS 10nF VIN EN OUT FB GND VOUT 2.5V 3A 47µF 1210 ×2 1M 10pF 909k 3995 TA06 3995f 22 For more information www.linear.com/LT3995 LT3995 PACKAGE DESCRIPTION Please refer to http://www.linear.com/designtools/packaging/ for the most recent package drawings. MSE Package 16-Lead Plastic MSOP, Exposed Die Pad (Reference LTC DWG # 05-08-1667 Rev E) BOTTOM VIEW OF EXPOSED PAD OPTION 2.845 ±0.102 (.112 ±.004) 5.23 (.206) MIN 2.845 ±0.102 (.112 ±.004) 0.889 ±0.127 (.035 ±.005) 8 1 1.651 ±0.102 (.065 ±.004) 1.651 ±0.102 3.20 – 3.45 (.065 ±.004) (.126 – .136) 0.305 ±0.038 (.0120 ±.0015) TYP 16 0.50 (.0197) BSC 4.039 ±0.102 (.159 ±.004) (NOTE 3) RECOMMENDED SOLDER PAD LAYOUT 0.254 (.010) 0.35 REF 0.12 REF DETAIL “B” CORNER TAIL IS PART OF DETAIL “B” THE LEADFRAME FEATURE. FOR REFERENCE ONLY 9 NO MEASUREMENT PURPOSE 0.280 ±0.076 (.011 ±.003) REF 16151413121110 9 DETAIL “A” 0° – 6° TYP 3.00 ±0.102 (.118 ±.004) (NOTE 4) 4.90 ±0.152 (.193 ±.006) GAUGE PLANE 0.53 ±0.152 (.021 ±.006) DETAIL “A” 1.10 (.043) MAX 0.18 (.007) SEATING PLANE 0.17 – 0.27 (.007 – .011) TYP 1234567 8 0.50 (.0197) BSC NOTE: 1. DIMENSIONS IN MILLIMETER/(INCH) 2. DRAWING NOT TO SCALE 3. DIMENSION DOES NOT INCLUDE MOLD FLASH, PROTRUSIONS OR GATE BURRS. MOLD FLASH, PROTRUSIONS OR GATE BURRS SHALL NOT EXCEED 0.152mm (.006") PER SIDE 4. DIMENSION DOES NOT INCLUDE INTERLEAD FLASH OR PROTRUSIONS. INTERLEAD FLASH OR PROTRUSIONS SHALL NOT EXCEED 0.152mm (.006") PER SIDE 5. LEAD COPLANARITY (BOTTOM OF LEADS AFTER FORMING) SHALL BE 0.102mm (.004") MAX 6. EXPOSED PAD DIMENSION DOES INCLUDE MOLD FLASH. MOLD FLASH ON E-PAD SHALL NOT EXCEED 0.254mm (.010") PER SIDE. 0.86 (.034) REF 0.1016 ±0.0508 (.004 ±.002) MSOP (MSE16) 0911 REV E 3995f Information furnished by Linear Technology Corporation is believed to be accurate and reliable. However, no responsibility is assumed for its use. Linear Technology Corporation makes no representation that the interconnection of its circuits as described herein will not infringe on existing patent rights. For more information www.linear.com/LT3995 23 LT3995 TYPICAL APPLICATION 5V, 2MHz Step-Down Converter with Power Good VIN 5.9V TO 16V TRANSIENT TO 60V) VIN OFF ON BOOST EN SW PDS360 LT3995 4.7µF RT SYNC FB GND 14.7k 150k PGOOD PG OUT SS 10nF 0.47µF 2.2µH VOUT 5V 3A 1M 10pF 47µF 1210 316k 3995 TA04 f = 2MHz RELATED PARTS PART NUMBER DESCRIPTION COMMENTS LT3975 42V, 2.5A, 2MHz High Efficiency Micropower Step-Down DC/DC Converter with IQ = 2.7µA VIN: 4.3V to 40V, VOUT(MIN) = 1.2V, IQ = 2.8µA, ISD < 1µA, MSOP-16E Package LT3976 40V, 5A, 2MHz High Efficiency Micropower Step-Down DC/DC Converter with IQ = 3.3µA VIN: 4.3V to 40V, VOUT(MIN) = 1.2V, IQ = 2.8µA, ISD < 1µA, MSOP-16E Package LT3970 40V, 350mA, 2.2MHz High Efficiency Micropower Step-Down DC/DC Converter with IQ = 2.5µA VIN: 4.2V to 40V, VOUT(MIN) = 1.21V, IQ = 2.5µA, ISD < 1µA, 3mm × 2mm DFN-10, MSOP-10 Packages LT3990 62V, 350mA, 2.2MHz High Efficiency Micropower Step-Down DC/DC Converter with IQ = 2.5µA VIN: 4.2V to 62V, VOUT(MIN) = 1.21V, IQ = 2.5µA, ISD < 1µA, 3mm × 2mm DFN-10, MSOP-10 Packages LT3971 38V, 1.2A, 2.2MHz High Efficiency Micropower Step-Down DC/DC Converter with IQ = 2.8µA VIN: 4.3V to 38V, VOUT(MIN) = 1.2V, IQ = 2.8µA, ISD < 1µA, 3mm × 3mm DFN-10, MSOP-10E Packages LT3991 55V, 1.2A, 2.2MHz High Efficiency Micropower Step-Down DC/DC Converter with IQ = 2.8µA VIN: 4.3V to 55V, VOUT(MIN) = 1.2V, IQ = 2.8µA, ISD < 1µA, 3mm × 3mm DFN-10, MSOP-10E Packages LT8611 42V, 2.5A, 96% Efficiency, 2.2MHz Synchronous Micropower Step-Down DC/DC Converter with IQ = 2.5µA and Input/Output Current Limit/Monitor VIN: 3.4V to 42V, VOUT(MIN) = 0.985V, IQ = 2.5µA, ISD < 1µA, 3mm × 5mm QFN-24 Package LT8610 42V, 2.5A, 96% Efficiency, 2.2MHz Synchronous Micropower Step-Down DC/DC Converter with IQ = 2.5µA and Input/Output Current Limit/Monitor VIN: 3.4V to 42V, VOUT(MIN) = 0.985V, IQ = 2.5µA, ISD < 1µA, MSOP-16E Package LT3480 36V with Transient Protection to 60V, 2A (IOUT), 2.4MHz, High Efficiency Step-Down DC/DC Converter with Burst Mode Operation VIN: 3.6V to 36V Transient to 60V, VOUT(MIN) = 0.78V, IQ = 70µA, ISD < 1µA, 3mm × 3mm DFN-10, MSOP-10E Packages LT3980 58V with Transient Protection to 80V, 2A (IOUT), 2.4MHz, High Efficiency Step-Down DC/DC Converter with Burst Mode Operation VIN: 3.6V to 58V Transient to 80V, VOUT(MIN) = 0.78V, IQ = 85µA, ISD < 1µA, 3mm × 4mm DFN-16, MSOP-16E Packages 3995f 24 Linear Technology Corporation 1630 McCarthy Blvd., Milpitas, CA 95035-7417 For more information www.linear.com/LT3995 (408) 432-1900 ● FAX: (408) 434-0507 ● www.linear.com/LT3995 LT 0513 • PRINTED IN USA LINEAR TECHNOLOGY CORPORATION 2013