Circuit Note CN-0191 Devices Connected/Referenced Circuits from the Lab™ tested circuit designs address common design challenges and are engineered for quick and easy system integration. For more information and/or support, visit www.analog.com/CN0191. AD5791 1 ppm, 20-Bit, ±1 LSB INL Voltage Output DAC AD8675 Single, Ultraprecision, 36 V, 2.8 nV√Hz, Rail-to-Rail Output Op Amp AD8676 Dual, Ultraprecision, 36 V, 2.8 nV√Hz, Rail-to-Rail Output Op Amp 20-Bit, Linear, Low Noise, Precision, Bipolar ±10V DC Voltage Source The reference buffer is critical to the design because the input impedance at the DAC reference input is heavily code dependent and will lead to linearity errors if the DAC reference is not adequately buffered. With a high open-loop gain of 120 dB, the AD8676 has been proven and tested to meet the settling time, offset voltage, and low impedance drive capability required by this circuit application. The AD5791 is characterized and factory calibrated using the AD8676 dual op amp to buffer its voltage reference inputs, further enhancing confidence in partnering the components. CIRCUIT FUNCTION AND BENEFITS The circuit shown in Figure 1 provides a programmable 20-bit voltage with an output range −10 V to +10 V, ±1 LSB integral nonlinearity, ±1 LSB differential nonlinearity, and low noise. The digital input to the circuit is serial and is compatible with standard SPI, QSPI™, MICROWIRE®, and DSP interface standards. For high accuracy applications, the circuit offers high precision, as well as low noise, and this is ensured by the combination of the AD5791, AD8675, and AD8676 precision components. +15V 1.5kΩ C1 + 1/2 AD8676B + A1 10µF – 10µF + 10µF R3 0.1µF 0.1µF 5 4 VDD VCC 9 IOVCC 8 LDAC + – B1 −15V VREFPF 10 7 CLR AD8676B +15V 1kΩ R2 1kΩ 1/2 +3.3V +15V −15V 3 20 VREFPS R1 + PRECISION 5V DC SOURCE RFB +15V – INV 1 11 SDO SPI INTERFACE AND DIGITAL CONTROL –10V TO +10V OUTPUT VOLTAGE C1 14 SYNC VOUT 2 AD5791B + AD8675A VREFNF VREFNS AGND 6 RESET VSS 12 SDIN DGND 13 SCLK 15 18 16 17 19 −15V 0.1µF R4 1kΩ + R5 2kΩ 10µF –15V – B2 + – 1/2 AD8676B 09599-001 A2 + 1/2 AD8676B Figure 1. 20-Bit Accurate, ±10 V Voltage Source (Simplified Schematic: All Connections and Decoupling Not Shown) Rev. 0 Circuits from the Lab™ circuits from Analog Devices have been designed and built by Analog Devices engineers. Standard engineering practices have been employed in the design and construction of each circuit, and their function and performance have been tested and verified in a lab environment at room temperature. However, you are solely responsible for testing the circuit and determining its suitability and applicability for your use and application. Accordingly, in no event shall Analog Devices be liable for direct, indirect, special, incidental, consequential or punitive damages due to any cause whatsoever connected to the use of any Circuits from the Lab circuits. (Continued on last page) One Technology Way, P.O. Box 9106, Norwood, MA 02062-9106, U.S.A. Tel: 781.329.4700 www.analog.com Fax: 781.461.3113 ©2011 Analog Devices, Inc. All rights reserved. CN-0191 Circuit Note This combination of parts provides industry-leading 20-bit integral nonlinearity (INL) of ±1 LSB and differential nonlinearity (DNL) of ±1 LSB, with guaranteed monotonicity, as well as low power, small PCB area, and cost effectiveness. 0.6 0.4 CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION The following data demonstrates the precision performance of the circuit shown in Figure 1. Figure 2 and Figure 3 show integral nonlinearity and differential nonlinearity as a function of DAC code. As can be seen, both are significantly within the specifications of ±1 LSB and ±1 LSB, respectively. The total unadjusted error for the circuit consists of the dc errors combined together—that is, INL error, zero-scale error, and full-scale error. Figure 4 shows a plot of total unadjusted error as a function of DAC code. The maximum errors occur at DAC code zero (zero-scale error) and DAC code 1,048,575 (full-scale error). This is expected, and is due to the mismatches in resistor pair R2 and R3, resistor pair R4 and R5, and the offset errors of amplifiers A1, A2, B1, and B2 (see Figure 1). Rev. 0 | Page 2 of 4 09599-002 –0.8 0 200k 400k 600k 800k 1M DAC CODE Figure 2. Integral Nonlinearity vs. DAC Code 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 –0.1 –0.2 09599-003 –0.3 –0.4 –0.5 0 200k 400k 600k 800k 1M DAC CODE Figure 3. Differential Nonlinearity vs DAC Code 2 1 0 –1 –2 –3 –4 –5 09599-004 Linearity Measurements –0.2 –0.6 DNL (LSB) Figure 1 shows the AD5791 configured with independent positive and negative reference voltages, such that the output voltage ranges from the negative reference voltage to the positive reference voltage, in this case from −10 V to +10 V. The output buffer is the AD8675, a single op amp version of the AD8676, used for its low noise and low drift. The AD8676 amplifier (A1 and A2) is also used to scale the +5 V reference voltage to +10 V and −10 V. R2, R3, R4, and R5 in these scaling circuits are precision metal foil resistors with 0.01% tolerance and a temperature coefficient of resistance of 0.6 ppm/°C. For optimum performance over temperature, resistor networks, such as the Vishay 300144 or VSR144 series can be used, The resistor values are selected to be low (1 kΩ and 2 kΩ) to keep noise in the system low. R1 and C1 form a low pass filter with a cutoff frequency of approximately 10 Hz. The purpose of this filter is to attenuate voltage reference noise. 0 –0.4 TOTAL UNADJESTED ERROR (LSB) The digital-to-analog converter (DAC) shown in Figure 1 is the AD5791, a high voltage, 20-bit converter with SPI interface, offering ±1 LSB INL and ±1 LSB DNL performance and 7.5 nV/√Hz noise spectral density. The AD5791 also exhibits an extremely low temperature drift of 0.05 ppm/°C. The precision architecture of the AD5791 requires force-sense buffering of its voltage reference inputs to ensure specified linearity. The amplifiers (B1 and B2) chosen to buffer the reference inputs should have low noise, low temperature drift, and low input bias currents. The recommended amplifier for this function is the AD8676, an ultraprecision, 36 V, 2.8 nV/√Hz, dual op amp exhibiting low offset drift of 0.6 µV/°C and input bias currents of 2 nA. In addition, the AD5791 is characterized and factory calibrated using this dual op amp to buffer its voltage reference inputs, further enhancing confidence in partnering the components. INL (LSB) 0.2 0 200k 400k 600k 800k DAC CODE Figure 4. Total Unadjusted Error vs. DAC Code 1M Circuit Note CN-0191 4 ZERO-SCALE FULL-SCALE MID-SCALE OUTPUT VOLTAGE (µV) 3 4 2 0 –2 –4 –6 FULL-SCALE ZERO-SCALE MID-SCALE –8 0 –1 –2 09599-005 –3 –4 6 8 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 TIME (Seconds) Figure 6. Voltage Noise Measured Over 100 Second Period As the time period over which the measurement is taken is increased, lower frequencies will be included, and the peak-topeak value will increase. At low frequencies, temperature drift and thermocouple effects become contributors to noise. These effects can be minimized by choosing components with low thermal coefficients, such as the AD5791, AD8675 and AD8676 and by giving careful consideration to circuit construction, see linked documentation in the LEARN MORE section. The AD5791 will support a wide variety of output ranges from 0 V to +5 V up to ±10 V, and values in between. The configuration as shown in Figure 1 can be used to generate symmetrical or asymmetrical ranges as required. Individual references are applied at VREFP and VREFN, and the output buffer should be configured for unity gain as described in the AD5791 datasheet, with the RBUF bit of the AD5791 internal control register set to a Logic 1. 1 4 0 COMMON VARIATIONS 2 2 6 –10 To be able to realize high precision, the peak-to-peak noise at the circuit output must be maintained below 1 LSB, which is 19.07 µV for 20-bit resolution and a 20 V peak-to-peak voltage range. Figure 5 shows peak-to-peak noise measured in the 0.1 Hz to 10 Hz bandwidth over a period of 10 seconds. The peak-topeak values for each of the three conditions are 1.48 µV for mid-scale output, 4.66 µV for full-scale output, and 5.45 µV for zero-scale output. Mid-scale output exhibits the lowest noise, as it represents the noise from the DAC core only. The noise contribution from each voltage reference path is attenuated by the DAC when mid-scale code is selected. 0 8 09599-006 Noise Measurements 10 VOLTAGE (µV) The specified mismatch in the resistor pairs in this case is 0.02% maximum (the typical mismatch is far less than this). The amplifier offset errors are 75 µV maximum, or 0.000375% of full-scale range and are negligible relative to the error induced by the resistor mismatch. The maximum expected full-scale and zero-scale errors are, therefore, approximately 0.02%, or 210 LSBs each. Figure 4 shows the measured full-scale error to be 1 LSB and the measured zero-scale error to be 4 LSBs, or 0.0003% of full-scale range, indicating that all components are performing significantly better than their specified maximum tolerances. 10 TIME (Seconds) Figure 5. Voltage Noise in 0.1 Hz to 10 Hz Bandwidth A real application, however, will not have a high-pass cutoff at 0.1 Hz to attenuate 1/f noise but will include frequencies down to dc in its pass band; therefore, the measured peak-to-peak noise will be more realistically as shown in Figure 6. In this case the noise at the output of the circuit was measured over a period of 100 seconds, effectively including frequencies as low as 0.01Hz in the measurement. The upper frequency cutoff is at approximately 14 Hz and is limited by the measurement setup. For the three conditions shown in Figure 6 the peak-to-peak values are: 4.07 µV for mid-scale output, 11.85 µV for full-scale output, and 15.37 µV for zero-scale output. The worst case peak-to-peak value of 15.37 µV corresponds to approximately 0.8 LSB. The AD5791 also offers a gain of 2 mode of operation that generates a symmetrical bipolar output range from a single positive voltage reference as described in the AD5791 data sheet, removing the necessity to generate a negative voltage reference. This mode, however, will result in larger full-scale and zero-scale errors. This mode is selected by setting the RBUF bit of the AD5791 internal control register to a Logic 0. CIRCUIT EVALUATION AND TEST The circuit of Figure 1 was constructed on a modified AD5791 evaluation board. Details of the AD5791 evaluation board and test methods can be found in Evaluation Board User Guide, UG-185. Rev. 0 | Page 3 of 4 CN-0191 Circuit Note LEARN MORE Data Sheets and Evaluation Boards Egan, Maurice. "The 20-Bit DAC Is the Easiest Part of a 1-ppmAccurate Precision Voltage Source," Analog Dialogue, Vol. 44, April 2010. AD5791 Data Sheet Kester, Walt. 2005. The Data Conversion Handbook. Analog Devices. Chapters 3 and 7. AD5791 Evaluation Board AD8676 Data Sheet AD8675 Data Sheet MT-015 Tutorial, Basic DAC Architectures II: Binary DACs. Analog Devices. MT-016 Tutorial, Basic DAC Architectures III: Segmented DACs, Analog Devices. REVISION HISTORY 3/11—Revision 0: Initial Version MT-031 Tutorial, Grounding Data Converters and Solving the Mystery of AGND and DGND. Analog Devices. MT-035 Tutorial, Op Amp Inputs, Outputs, Single-Supply, and Rail-to-Rail Issues, Analog Devices. MT-101 Tutorial, Decoupling Techniques. Analog Devices. (Continued from first page) Circuits from the Lab circuits are intended only for use with Analog Devices products and are the intellectual property of Analog Devices or its licensors. While you may use the Circuits from the Lab circuits in the design of your product, no other license is granted by implication or otherwise under any patents or other intellectual property by application or use of the Circuits from the Lab circuits. 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