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Application note
STM32L0xx ultra-low power features overview
Introduction
The STM32L0x Series ARM CortexTM-M0+ based belongs to the STMicroelectronics ultralow power continuum and complements the well known 8-bit STM8Lx Series and 32-bit
ARM CortexTM-M3 based microcontrollers offering new peripherals package size.
Both microcontroller families are based on the ST's proprietary 110 nm ultra-low leakage
process and have many analog and digital peripherals in common, which eases the
transition from one architecture to the other and offers users the opportunity to capitalize on
the knowledge acquired on one platform.
This application note describes the key low power features of the STM32L0xx family and
explains their benefits for applications where energy consumption is a major concern.
Important note: This document is not intended to replace STM32L0xx datasheets. All values
given in this document are for guidance only. Please refer to the related datasheet to get
guaranteed values and up-to-date characterization data.
February 2014
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www.st.com
Contents
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Contents
1
STM32L0xx main features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2
Energy-efficient processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
3
Numerous low power modes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
4
A set of peripherals tailored for low power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
5
A versatile clock management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
6
Ultra-safe supply monitoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
7
Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
8
Revision history . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
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List of tables
List of tables
Table 1.
Table 2.
Table 3.
Table 4.
STM32L0xx low power mode overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Functionalities depending on working mode (from Run/active to standby). . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
STM32L0xx clock source characteristics (preliminary data). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Document revision history . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
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List of figures
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List of figures
Figure 1.
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STM32L0xx performance versus VDD and VCORE range . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
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1
STM32L0xx main features
STM32L0xx main features
Based on the solid foundations of the award-winning STM32F0x and STM32L1 families, the
STM32L0xx embeds various innovations which minimize the consumption in different
configurations, while maintaining most of the existing peripherals and a quasi pin-to-pin
compatibility.
For a given manufacturing process and die area, the consumption of a microcontroller
largely depends on two factors which can be controlled dynamically: voltage and frequency.
In the STM32L0xx devices, an internal low drop regulator supplies most of the logic circuitry
with a fixed voltage: this guarantees that consumption is kept minimal whatever the supply
voltage, along the lifetime of portable battery-supplied products, down to 1.65 V.
If we consider the clock sources, several cascaded clock prescalers, gating techniques and
peripheral-by-peripheral clock management allow only the necessary logic gates to be
activated, and at the adequate frequency. These are now design practices commonly used
for reducing the consumption in Run mode. For the STM32L0xx, additional efforts have
been done in this direction with the implementation of voltage scaling to reach an even
higher processing efficiency.
However, all ultra-low power requirements cannot be met by simply focusing on run time: for
most applications, the challenge is to spend the minimum time and energy in this mode and
find the adequate low power mode.
The improvements do not come only from the deep sleep modes optimized to eliminate
every ten nA of leakage. The system has also been complemented with seven low power
modes and a set of peripherals tuned for low power (such as the calendar real-time clock
and glass LCD controller). These items are described in more detail hereafter.
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Energy-efficient processing
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Energy-efficient processing
The STM32L0 is built around the Cortex-M0+, an industry standard 32-bit core, which has
been designed, among other criteria, for low power applications.
The Cortex-M0+ offers a class-leading performance and code density. Although
performance is not naturally linked with low current consumption, it is a key benefit for most
of the low power applications which have to wake up periodically to execute software tasks.
In this case, the Cortex-M0+ spends less time in Run mode due to its processing
performance, thus maximizing the time in deep sleep mode. If we consider only the
processing consumption, expressed in mA/DMIPS (DMIPS standing for Dhrystone MIPS
measured using the public benchmark Rev 2.0), the performance of the Cortex M0+ is
significantly better than that of the other architectures, in particular 16-bit microcontrollers.
The performance in DMIPS/MHz being given by the core and its memory interface, the
processing consumption in mA/DMIPS can be maximized using voltage scaling. This
method, also called undervolting, consists of adapting dynamically the supply voltage of the
internal logic with the operating frequency. The STM32L0xx offers three dynamically
selectable voltage ranges, as summarized in the following figure, from 1.8 V (range 1) down
to 1.2 V (range 3), which offers a gain of more than 25% in terms of consumption.
Figure 1. STM32L0xx performance versus VDD and VCORE range
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A typical example is portable healthcare equipment with USB device capability.
As long as it works in standalone mode, 4 MHz are sufficient to acquire and process the
data from the analog front-end. In this case, the internal logic can be supplied with 1.2 V
only.
However, executing a USB software stack when the system is connected to the USB
interface of a PC requires more processing power: in this case, the device can be placed in
"high-performance mode", where the internal voltage is 1.8 V. It can then execute code at 32
MHz while the USB peripheral is supplied by a 48-MHz clock. Voltage scaling is used to deal
with the contradictory requirements of these two operating modes without having to
compromise on the dynamic current consumption.
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3
Numerous low power modes
Numerous low power modes
At a higher architectural level, the power consumption of the STM32L0 can be modulated by
entering one of seven low power modes. The power consumption can be reduced by
progressively disabling the frequency-independent current sources (the clock sources, the
non-volatile memory and the regulator) up to the point where most of the chip is powered
down. The following table summarizes the features available for each mode and provides
an indication of the current consumption.
Table 1. STM32L0xx low power mode overview
Low power
mode
Consumption
CPU
Flash
/ EEPROM
RAM
DMA &
Peripherals
Clock LCD RTC
41 µA/MHz (Range 1)
Sleep
36 µA / MHz (Range 2)
No
ON
ON
Active
Any
Available
35 µA/MHz (Range 3)
Low power
run
8.55 µA
(Flash OFF, 32 kHz)
Yes
ON or OFF
ON
Active
MSI
Available
Low power
sleep
4.65 µA
(peripherals OFF)
No
OFF
ON
Active
MSI
Available
Stop
with RTC
0.82 µA (1.8 V)
No
OFF
ON
Frozen
LSE,
LSI
Stop
415 nA
No
OFF
ON
Frozen
-
Standby
with RTC
655 nA (3 V)
845 nA (1.8 V)
OFF
OFF
OFF
OFF
LSE
Standby
290 nA
OFF
OFF
OFF
OFF
-
1.0 µA (3 V)
OFF
ON
OFF OFF
OFF
ON
OFF OFF
Two new modes have been implemented on the STM32L0xx in addition to the STM32F
modes: the Low power run and Low power sleep modes. They offer Run and Sleep mode
functionality for applications with extremely low current consumption where some
peripherals cannot be switched off, or where the CPU is processing continuously at low
speed to minimize current variations. Several functional blocks can be used to reach a very
low current:
•
The voltage regulator is in low power (LP) mode to reduce its quiescent current
•
Non-volatile memory can be switched off, processing being done on the 8-Kbyte RAM
•
The master clock source comes from the MSI internal RC oscillator, which can be
reduced down to 1.5 µA.
The maximum current that the regulator can deliver in LP mode only limits the operating
frequency and the number of peripherals that can be activated.
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A set of peripherals tailored for low power
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A set of peripherals tailored for low power
Several peripherals require special attention, either because of their intrinsic high
consumption or because they are always powered up.
The STM32L0xx embeds a 12-bit / 1.14 MSps ADC. This very fast but accurate converter
can jeopardize the battery lifetime if left powered-up continuously, with a 300 µA typical
consumption at maximum speed. As the ADC consumption is roughly proportional to the
acquisition frequency, from consumption standpoint the application can choose between
two solutions, either performing the acquisition at low speed to limit maximum current or
doing it at maximum speed to switch in ultra-low power mode quickly.
When the acquisition is performed slowly, the ADC consumption itself can go down to few
tens of µA drastically limiting the maximum current. This can be mandatory when the power
source provides a limited current. The drawback, if the CPU has no other task to perform
during that time, can be the increased time spent in run or sleep mode (or Low Power run or
Low power sleep modes) versus the time spent in ultra-low power mode (stop or standby).
When the acquisition is made at high speed the ADC can go in low power mode thanks to
auto-off mode very quickly and the micro controller can go into ultra-low power mode as
soon as the acquisition is processed.
Seven peripherals have been developed to operate continuously even in Stop mode, where
the system clock is stopped, with the main oscillator and memory powered down.
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•
A pair of ultra-low power comparators is available to monitor analog voltages with a
current down to 3 µA. These comparators can wake up the MCU as soon as the
external voltage reaches the selected threshold and they can be combined together to
provide a window comparator. One of these comparators has a rail-to-rail input
capability and its output can be redirected to a timer for a general purpose use.
•
An RTC peripheral provides a clock/calendar with two alarms, includes a periodic
wake-up unit and several application specific functions (timestamp, tamper detection
…). It can remain enabled in the lowest power mode (standby) where most of the chip
is powered down, and wake up the full MCU circuitry in case of an alarm or tamper
detection for instance. It also contains 80 bytes of backup registers to store contextual
information when exiting from standby mode. This peripheral has been designed using
asynchronous design techniques to minimize its consumption (below 1 µA).
•
The glass LCD is one of the most common displays in low power applications, because
of its inherently low current consumption, low price and customization easiness. The
STM32L0xx includes a versatile LCD controller, which can drive displays with up to 8
common lines and 32 segments, with the capability of selecting individually the I/O
ports assigned to the LCD for an optimal use of the chip alternate functions. It also
controls an optional internal step-up converter to maintain the LCD contrast on a wide
range of VDD values with consumptions as low as 5 µA (LCD consumption not
included).
•
The Low power timer (LPTIM) is a 16-bit timer that benefits from the ultimate
developments in power consumption reduction. Thanks to its diversity of clock sources,
the LPTIM is able to keep running whatever the selected power mode. Given its
capability to run even with no internal clock source, the LPTIM can be used as «Pulse
Counter» which can be useful in some applications. Also the LPTIM capability to wake
up the system from low power modes, makes it suitable to realize «Timeout functions»
with extremely low power consumption. The LPTIM introduces a flexible clock scheme
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A set of peripherals tailored for low power
that provides the needed functionalities and performance, while minimizing the power
consumption.
•
The low power universal asynchronous receiver transmitter (LPUART) is an UART
which allows bidirectional UART communications with a limited power consumption.
Only 32.768 kHz LSE clock is required to allow UART communications up to 9600
baud/s. Higher baud rates can be reached when the LPUART is clocked by clock
sources different from the LSE clock. Even when the microcontroller is in deep stop
mode , the LPUART can wait for an incoming UART frame while having an extremely
low energy consumption. The LPUART includes all necessary hardware support to
make asynchronous serial communications possible with minimum power
consumption).
•
The I2C is able to wakeup the MCU from Stop mode (APB clock is off), when it is
addressed. All addressing modes are supported. The HSI16 oscillator must be
selected as the clock source for I2CCLK in order to allow wakeup from STOP. During
Stop mode, the HSI16 is switched off. When a START is detected, the I2C interface
switches the HSI16 on, and stretches SCL low until HSI16 is woken up. HSI16 is then
used for the address reception. In case of an address match, the I2C stretches SCL
low during MCU wakeup time. The stretch is released when ADDR flag is cleared by
software, and the transfer goes on normally. If the address does not match, the HSI16
is switched off again and the MCU is not woken up.
•
The USART is able to wakeup the MCU from Stop mode when USART clock is HSI16
or LSE. Several sources of wakeup from STOP mode can be selected:
–
Wakeup on adress match
–
Wakeup on Start bit detection
–
Wakeup on RXNE.
Table 2. Functionalities depending on working mode (from Run/active to standby)
Standby
Run/Active
Sleep
CPU
Y
-
Y
-
-
-
-
-
Flash memory
Y
Y
Y
N
-
-
-
-
RAM
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
-
-
-
Backup
registers
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
-
Y
-
EEPROM
Y
-
Y
Y
Y
-
-
-
Brown-out rest
(BOR)
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
-
DMA
Y
Y
Y
Y
-
-
-
-
Programmable
Voltage
Detector (PVD)
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
-
Power On
Reset (POR)
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
-
IPs
Lowpower
sleep
Stop
Lowpower
run
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Table 2. Functionalities depending on working mode (from Run/active to standby) (continued)
Standby
Run/Active
Sleep
Power On
Reset (POR)
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
-
Power Down
Rest (PDR)
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
-
Y
-
High Speed
Internal (HSI16)
Y
Y
-
-
-
-
-
-
High Speed
External (HSE)
Y
Y
-
-
-
-
-
-
Low Speed
Internal (LSI)
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
-
-
-
Low Speed
External (LSE)
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
-
-
-
Multi-Speed
Internal (MSI)
Y
Y
Y
Y
-
-
-
-
Inter-Connect
Controller
Y
Y
Y
Y
-
-
-
-
RTC
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
-
RTC Tamper
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Auto WakeUp
(AWU)
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
USART
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
-
-
LPUART
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
-
-
SPI
Y
Y
Y
Y
-
-
-
-
I2C
Y
Y
Y
Y
-
Y
-
-
ADC
Y
Y
-
-
-
-
-
-
DAC
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
-
-
-
Temperature
sensor
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
-
-
-
Comparators
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
-
-
16-bit and 32bit Timers
Y
Y
Y
Y
-
-
-
-
LPTIMER
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
-
-
IWDG
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
WWDG
Y
Y
Y
Y
-
-
-
-
Touch sensing
controller (TSC)
Y
Y
-
-
-
-
-
-
SysTick Timer
Y
Y
Y
Y
-
-
-
-
IPs
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Lowpower
sleep
Stop
Lowpower
run
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Wakeup
capability
Wakeup
capability
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A set of peripherals tailored for low power
Table 2. Functionalities depending on working mode (from Run/active to standby) (continued)
IPs
GPIOs
Wakeup time to
Run mode
Consumption
VDD=1.8 to
3.6 V (Typ)
Run/Active
Sleep
Lowpower
run
Y
Y
Y
Y
0 µs
0.36 µs
3 µs
32 µs
Down to
140 µA/MHz
(from Flash)
Down to
37 µA/MHz
(from Flash)
Down to
8 µA
Lowpower
sleep
Down to
4.5 µA
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Stop
Standby
Wakeup
capability
Y
Y
Wakeup
capability
-
2 pins
3.5 µs
50 µs
0.4 µA (No RTC)
VDD=1.8 V
0.28 µA (No RTC)
VDD=1.8 V
0.8 µA (with RTC)
VDD=1.8 V
0.65 µA (with RTC)
VDD=1.8 V
0.4 µA (No RTC)
VDD=3.0 V
0.29 µA (No RTC)
VDD=3.0 V
1 µA (with RTC)
VDD=3.0 V
0.85 µA (with RTC)
VDD=3.0 V
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A versatile clock management
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A versatile clock management
A reset and clock controller (RCC) peripheral manages the five possible clock sources of
the STM32L0.
Two external oscillators can be used for applications requiring high precision:
•
The HSE clock (4-24 MHz high speed external clock), typically used to feed the PLL
and to generate a CPU clock frequency of up to 32 MHz and a 48-MHz frequency for
the USB controller
•
The LSE (typically 32.768 kHz low speed external clock) normally used to provide a
low power clock source to the real time clock but which can also be used as LCD clock.
Four internal oscillators can be selected for various tasks:
•
The LSI clock (37 kHz low speed internal clock) is a low accuracy ultra-low power
source that can feed the real time clock (with a limited accuracy), the LCD controller
and the independent watchdog
•
The HSI16 clock (16 MHz high speed internal clock) is a high speed voltagecompensated oscillator
•
The HSI48 clock (48 MHz high speed internal clock) is a high speed voltage controlled
oscillator that can be automatically trimmed thanks to LSE or USB's start of frame
signal. It is used to achieve the USB crystal less feature
•
The MSI clock (64 kHz to 4.2 MHz multi speed internal clock) is a medium accuracy
oscillator with adjustable frequency and low current consumption. It is designed to
operate with a current proportional to the frequency, so as to minimize the internal
oscillator consumption overhead for the low CPU frequencies.
The following table summarizes the characteristics and uses of the various oscillators.
Table 3. STM32L0xx clock source characteristics (preliminary data(1))
Clock
Consumption
Factory
User
trimmable
Frequency
Master clock
(+ RTC & LCD)
1-24 MHz
0.5 to 0.7 mA
Crystal dependent,
down to tens of ppm
LSE
RTC and LCD
32.768 kHz
(typical)
0.45 µA (1.8 V)
0.6 µA (3 V)
Crystal dependent,
down to a few ppm
HSI16
Master clock
16 MHz
100 µA
0.4% typical(2)
Yes
Yes
HSI48
USB, Random
number generator
48 MHz
300 µA
Fits USB needs
±1.7%
±0.1%
MSI
Master clock
65.5 kHz
131 kHz
262 kHz
524 kHz
1.05 MHz
2.1 MHz
4.2 MHz
0.75 µA
1.0 µA
1.5 µA
2.5 µA
4.5 µA
8.0 µA
15 µA
0.5% typical(2)
Yes
Yes
LSI
RTC, LCD &
ind. WDG
38 kHz
0.4 µA (3 V)
-30% to +50%(3)
No
No, but fLSI can
be measured
HSE
Accuracy
trimming
Use
source
(typical)
Not applicable
1. Based on preliminary characterization or design simulations. See product datasheet for detailed electrical characteristics
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A versatile clock management
2. Accuracy reached after trimming. See product datasheet for low voltage and temperature drift details
3. -10% to +4% drift after initial measurement
The price of a crystal oscillator may not be neglected in cost sensitive applications. For this
reason, the STM32L0xx offers several options to measure the internal oscillators.
Although HSI16 and MSI are factory trimmed, they can be further trimmed by 0.5% steps
during run time to compensate for frequency deviations due to temperature and voltage
changes. Similarly, manufacturing process deviations of the LSI can be evaluated and
compensated using a higher accuracy clock reference, either internally (HSI16) or externally
(LSE or HSE).
As an example, in an application where a 32.768 kHz crystal is used for the RTC, it is
interesting to use the low power MSI oscillator which can provide a clock frequency of up to
4 MHz for the CPU with a typical consumption of 20 µA. Taking advantage of the high
precision of the LSE crystals (typically a few tens of ppm), it is possible to determine the MSI
frequency with the same resolution, and then to trim it on-the-fly.
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Ultra-safe supply monitoring
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Ultra-safe supply monitoring
The STM32L0xx includes a sophisticated supply supervisor module with several
programmable options. This module is active during both power-on/down and run-time
phases.
The power-up is a critical phase where the various parts of the internal circuitry must be
sequentially started and critical parameters (such as factory trimming values or options)
retrieved from the non-volatile memory to perform MCU initialization, even before the user's
reset phase. This is also during this period that VDD can be altered with glitches coming
from the battery insertion or because of a weak power source.
The ultra-safe power-on reset circuitry guarantees that the reset is released only if the VDD
is above 1.8 V, whatever the slope of the VDD ramp-up phase, so that the circuit is within its
guaranteed operating conditions when the program execution starts.
Once the power-up phase is completed, the user can choose to activate or not the brownout reset (BOR) detector for a continuous battery monitoring, and select one of 5 thresholds.
This is an option stored in the non-volatile memory to make this power supervision
completely software independent. It is completed by a 7-level programmable voltage
detector (PVD) that can be enabled by software to generate an early interrupt in case of a
voltage drop.
The consumption of both the BOR and PVD modules is below 3 µA, when continuously
powered, but it can remain significant in the deep sleep modes. If needed, the power
supervision module can be programmed to have the BOR and the PVD disabled during the
deep sleep phase and enabled again automatically on wake-up events. This minimizes the
current consumption when the application is in idle mode (with usually a slightly higher and
very stable supply due to an extremely light load). However, this does not jeopardize the
safety when the execution starts again.
The STM32L0 is one of the few standard MCUs on the market with an operating range
down to 1.65 V and only very few limitations (ADC and DAC need 1.8 V to achieve defined
accuracy, USB needs VDD above 1.71 V to run and its transceiver needs VDD_USB above
3.0 V to be USB compliant.). A dedicated STM32L0xx device with permanently disabled
BOR is available and can be used in applications with a voltage tolerance of 1.8 V ± 8%.
In this case, a "zero current" Power-on / Power-down reset (POR/PDR) module remains
active and releases the reset after a hard-coded temporization. It is then up to the user to
guarantee that the VDD slope during the start-up is steep enough to reach at least 1.65 V
when the reset vector is fetched.
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Conclusion
Conclusion
The main features of the STM32L0xx devices are presented in this application note. They
show the benefits offered by this microcontroller family to reduce the MCU's current
consumption in embedded systems.
The STM32L0 family extends the ST's ultra-low power family already built with STM8L and
STM32L1, offering a larger MCU choice to address the 8/16-bit applications. It complements
the STM32 portfolio keeping compatibility with other STM32 devices.
With its Cortex-M0+ core and its energy-efficient architecture system, this microcontroller
family supports low power modes without compromising the processing performance.
Its rich set of peripherals can cover a wide range of applications, while numerous low power
modes give a full flexibility to adjust on-the-fly the consumption to any task.
This results in an extended operating lifetime for today's and tomorrow's always greener
applications.
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Revision history
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Revision history
Table 4. Document revision history
16/17
Date
Revision
28-Feb-2014
1
Changes
Initial release.
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