LTC2410 24-Bit No Latency ∆Σ™ ADC with Differential Input and Differential Reference DESCRIPTION FEATURES Differential Input and Differential Reference with GND to VCC Common Mode Range nn 2ppm INL, No Missing Codes nn 2.5ppm Full-Scale Error nn 0.1ppm Offset nn 0.16ppm Noise nn Single Conversion Settling Time for Multiplexed Applications nn Internal Oscillator—No External Components Required nn 110dB Min, 50Hz or 60Hz Notch Filter nn 24-Bit ADC in Narrow SSOP-16 Package (SO-8 Footprint) nn Single Supply 2.7V to 5.5V Operation nn Low Supply Current (200µA) and Auto Shutdown nn Fully Differential Version of LTC2400 nn APPLICATIONS The LTC®2410 is a 2.7V to 5.5V micropower 24-bit differential ∆Σ analog to digital converter with an integrated oscillator, 2ppm INL and 0.16ppm RMS noise. It uses delta-sigma technology and provides single cycle settling time for multiplexed applications. Through a single pin, the LTC2410 can be configured for better than 110dB input differential mode rejection at 50Hz or 60Hz ±2%, or it can be driven by an external oscillator for a user defined rejection frequency. The internal oscillator requires no external frequency setting components. The converter accepts any external differential reference voltage from 0.1V to VCC for flexible ratiometric and remote sensing measurement configurations. The full-scale differential input range is from –0.5VREF to 0.5VREF. The reference common mode voltage, VREFCM, and the input common mode voltage, VINCM, may be independently set anywhere within the GND to VCC range of the LTC2410. The DC common mode input rejection is better than 140dB. The LTC2410 communicates through a flexible 3-wire digital interface which is compatible with SPI and MICROWIRE protocols. Direct Sensor Digitizer Weight Scales nn Direct Temperature Measurement nn Gas Analyzers nn Strain-Gauge Transducers nn Instrumentation nn Data Acquisition nn Industrial Process Control nn 6-Digit DVMs nn nn L, LT, LTC, LTM, Linear Technology and the Linear logo are registered trademarks and No Latency ∆Σ is a trademark of Linear Technology Corporation. All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners. TYPICAL APPLICATION VCC 2.7V TO 5.5V VCC 1µF 2 VCC FO 14 = INTERNAL OSC/50Hz REJECTION = EXTERNAL CLOCK SOURCE = INTERNAL OSC/60Hz REJECTION 3 LTC2410 REFERENCE VOLTAGE 0.1V TO VCC 3 REF + 4 REF – ANALOG INPUT RANGE –0.5VREF TO 0.5VREF 5 6 1, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 16 IN + IN – GND SCK SDO CS BRIDGE IMPEDANCE 100Ω TO 10k 13 12 3-WIRE SPI INTERFACE 5 6 IN 2410 TA01 2 REF + VCC 12 SDO + IN – 4 11 1µF 13 SCK LTC2410 REF – GND 1, 7, 8 9, 10, 15, 16 11 CS 3-WIRE SPI INTERFACE FO 14 2410 TA02 2410fa For more information www.linear.com/LTC2410 1 LTC2410 ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATINGS PIN CONFIGURATION (Notes 1, 2) TOP VIEW Supply Voltage (VCC) to GND........................ –0.3V to 7V Analog Input Pins Voltage to GND.......................................–0.3V to (VCC + 0.3V) Reference Input Pins Voltage to GND.......................................–0.3V to (VCC + 0.3V) Digital Input Voltage to GND..........–0.3V to (VCC + 0.3V) Digital Output Voltage to GND........–0.3V to (VCC + 0.3V) Operating Temperature Range LTC2410C ................................................ 0°C to 70°C LTC2410I ..............................................–40°C to 85°C Storage Temperature Range................... –65°C to 150°C Lead Temperature (Soldering, 10 sec).................... 300°C GND 1 16 GND VCC 2 15 GND REF + 3 14 FO REF – 4 13 SCK IN + 5 12 SDO IN – 6 11 CS GND 7 10 GND GND 8 9 GND GN PACKAGE 16-LEAD PLASTIC SSOP TJMAX = 125°C, θJA = 110°C/W ORDER INFORMATION LEAD FREE FINISH TAPE AND REEL PART MARKING PACKAGE DESCRIPTION TEMPERATURE RANGE LTC2410CGN#PBF LTC2410CGN#TRPBF 2410 16-Lead Plastic SSOP 0°C to 70°C LTC2410IGN#PBF LTC2410IGN#TRPBF 2410I 16-Lead Plastic SSOP –40°C to 85°C Consult LTC Marketing for parts specified with wider operating temperature ranges. Consult LTC Marketing for information on nonstandard lead based finish parts. For more information on lead free part marking, go to: http://www.linear.com/leadfree/ For more information on tape and reel specifications, go to: http://www.linear.com/tapeandreel/ ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS The l denotes the specifications which apply over the full operating temperature range, otherwise specifications are at TA = 25°C. (Notes 3, 4) PARAMETER CONDITIONS MIN Resolution (No Missing Codes) 0.1V ≤ VREF ≤ VCC, –0.5 • VREF ≤ VIN ≤ 0.5 • VREF (Note 5) Integral Nonlinearity Offset Error Offset Error Drift Positive Full-Scale Error 5V ≤ VCC ≤ 5.5V, REF+ = 2.5V, REF– = GND, VINCM = 1.25V (Note 6) 5V ≤ VCC ≤ 5.5V, REF+ = 5V, REF– = GND, VINCM = 2.5V (Note 6) REF+ = 2.5V, REF– = GND, VINCM = 1.25V (Note 6) 2.5V ≤ REF+ ≤ VCC, REF– = GND, GND ≤ IN+ = IN– ≤ VCC (Note 14) 2.5V ≤ REF+ ≤ VCC, REF– = GND, GND ≤ IN+ = IN– ≤ VCC 2.5V ≤ REF+ ≤ VCC, REF– = GND, IN+ = 0.75REF+, IN– = 0.25 • REF+ Positive Full-Scale Error Drift 2.5V ≤ REF+ ≤ VCC, REF– = GND, IN+ = 0.75REF+, IN– = 0.25 • REF+ Negative Full-Scale Error 2.5V ≤ REF+ ≤ VCC, REF– = GND, IN+ = 0.25 • REF+, IN– = 0.75 • REF+ Negative Full-Scale Error Drift 2.5V ≤ REF+ ≤ VCC, REF– = GND, IN+ = 0.25 • REF+, IN– = 0.75 • REF+ l TYP MAX 24 Bits l 1 2 5 14 l 0.5 0.25 10 l 2.5 2.5 0.03 ppm of VREF ppm of VREF ppm of VREF µV nV/°C 12 0.03 l UNITS ppm of VREF ppm of VREF/°C 12 ppm of VREF ppm of VREF/°C 2410fa 2 For more information www.linear.com/LTC2410 LTC2410 ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS The l denotes the specifications which apply over the full operating temperature range, otherwise specifications are at TA = 25°C. (Notes 3, 4) PARAMETER CONDITIONS Total Unadjusted Error 5V ≤ VCC ≤ 5.5V, REF+ = 2.5V, REF– = GND, VINCM = 1.25V 5V ≤ VCC ≤ 5.5V, REF+ = 5V, REF– = GND, VINCM = 2.5V REF+ = 2.5V, REF– = GND, VINCM = 1.25V, (Note 6) 5V ≤ VCC ≤ 5.5V, REF+ = 5V, REF– = GND, GND ≤ IN– = IN+ ≤ VCC, (Note 13) Output Noise MIN TYP MAX UNITS 3 3 4 ppm of VREF ppm of VREF ppm of VREF 0.8 µVRMS CONVERTER CHARACTERISTICS The l denotes the specifications which apply over the full operating temperature range, otherwise specifications are at TA = 25°C. (Notes 3, 4) PARAMETER CONDITIONS Input Common Mode Rejection DC 2.5V ≤ REF+ ≤ VCC, REF– = GND, GND ≤ IN– = IN+ ≤ VCC 2.5V ≤ REF+ ≤ VCC, REF– = GND, GND ≤ IN– = IN+ ≤ VCC, (Note 7) 2.5V ≤ REF+ ≤ VCC, REF– = GND, GND ≤ IN– = IN+ ≤ VCC, (Note 8) Input Common Mode Rejection 60Hz ±2% Input Common Mode Rejection 50Hz ±2% MIN TYP MAX UNITS l 130 140 l 140 dB l 140 dB dB Input Normal Mode Rejection 60Hz ±2% (Note 7) l 110 140 dB Input Normal Mode Rejection 50Hz ±2% (Note 8) l 110 140 dB Reference Common Mode Rejection DC 2.5V ≤ REF+ ≤ VCC, GND ≤ REF– ≤ 2.5V, VREF = 2.5V, IN– = IN+ = GND l 130 140 dB Power Supply Rejection, DC REF+ = 2.5V, REF– = GND, IN– = IN+ = GND 120 dB Power Supply Rejection, 60Hz ±2% REF+ = 2.5V, REF– = GND, IN– = IN+ = GND, (Note 7) 120 dB Power Supply Rejection, 50Hz ±2% REF+ = 2.5V, REF– = GND, IN– = IN+ = GND, (Note 8) 120 dB ANALOG INPUT AND REFERENCE The l denotes the specifications which apply over the full operating temperature range, otherwise specifications are at TA = 25°C. (Note 3) SYMBOL PARAMETER IN+ Absolute/Common Mode IN+ Voltage l GND – 0.3V VCC + 0.3V V IN– Absolute/Common Mode IN– Voltage l GND – 0.3V VCC + 0.3V V VIN Input Differential Voltage Range (IN+ – IN–) l –VREF/2 VREF/2 V REF+ Absolute/Common Mode REF+ Voltage l 0.1 VCC V REF– Absolute/Common Mode REF– Voltage l GND VCC – 0.1V V VREF Reference Differential Voltage Range (REF+ – REF–) l 0.1 VCC V CS (IN+) IN+ Sampling Capacitance 18 pF CS (IN–) IN– Sampling Capacitance 18 pF CS (REF+) REF+ Sampling Capacitance 18 pF CS (REF–) REF– Sampling Capacitance 18 pF IDC_LEAK (IN+) IN+ DC Leakage Current IDC_LEAK (IN–) IN– DC Leakage Current IDC_LEAK (REF+) REF+ DC Leakage Current (REF–) REF– DC Leakage Current IDC_LEAK CONDITIONS CS = VCC, IN+ = GND CS = VCC, IN– = GND CS = VCC, REF+ = 5V CS = VCC, REF– = GND MIN TYP MAX UNITS l –10 1 10 nA l –10 1 10 nA l –10 1 10 nA l –10 1 10 nA 2410fa For more information www.linear.com/LTC2410 3 LTC2410 DIGITAL INPUTS AND DIGITAL OUTPUTS The l denotes the specifications which apply over the full operating temperature range, otherwise specifications are at TA = 25°C. (Note 3) SYMBOL PARAMETER CONDITIONS MIN VIH High Level Input Voltage CS, FO 2.7V ≤ VCC ≤ 5.5V 2.7V ≤ VCC ≤ 3.3V l VIL Low Level Input Voltage CS, FO 4.5V ≤ VCC ≤ 5.5V 2.7V ≤ VCC ≤ 5.5V l VIH High Level Input Voltage SCK 2.7V ≤ VCC ≤ 5.5V (Note 9) 2.7V ≤ VCC ≤ 3.3V (Note 9) l VIL Low Level Input Voltage SCK 4.5V ≤ VCC ≤ 5.5V (Note 9) 2.7V ≤ VCC ≤ 5.5V (Note 9) l IIN Digital Input Current CS, FO 0V ≤ VIN ≤ VCC l IIN Digital Input Current SCK 0V ≤ VIN ≤ VCC (Note 9) l CIN Digital Input Capacitance CS, FO CIN Digital Input Capacitance SCK (Note 9) VOH High Level Output Voltage SDO IO = –800µA l VOL Low Level Output Voltage SDO IO = 1.6mA l VOH High Level Output Voltage SCK IO = –800µA (Note 10) l VOL Low Level Output Voltage SCK IO = 1.6mA (Note 10) l IOZ Hi-Z Output Leakage SDO l TYP MAX UNITS 2.5 2.0 V V 0.8 0.6 V V 2.5 2.0 V V 0.8 0.6 V V –10 10 µA –10 10 µA 10 pF 10 pF VCC – 0.5V V V 0.4 V V VCC – 0.5V V V –10 0.4 V V 10 µA POWER REQUIREMENTS The l denotes the specifications which apply over the full operating temperature range, otherwise specifications are at TA = 25°C. (Note 3) SYMBOL PARAMETER VCC Supply Voltage ICC Supply Current Conversion Mode Sleep Mode CONDITIONS MIN l CS = 0V (Note 12) CS = VCC (Note 12) l l TYP 2.7 200 20 MAX UNITS 5.5 V 300 30 µA µA 2410fa 4 For more information www.linear.com/LTC2410 LTC2410 TIMING CHARACTERISTICS The l denotes the specifications which apply over the full operating temperature range, otherwise specifications are at TA = 25°C. (Note 3) SYMBOL PARAMETER CONDITIONS MIN fEOSC External Oscillator Frequency Range l tHEO External Oscillator High Period l tLEO External Oscillator Low Period l tCONV Conversion Time FO = 0V FO = VCC External Oscillator (Note 11) fISCK Internal SCK Frequency Internal Oscillator (Note 10) External Oscillator (Notes 10, 11) DISCK Internal SCK Duty Cycle (Note 10) l l l l TYP MAX UNITS 2.56 500 kHz 0.25 390 µs 0.25 390 µs 130.86 133.53 136.20 157.03 160.23 163.44 20510/fEOSC (in kHz) ms ms ms 19.2 fEOSC/8 kHz kHz 45 55 % 2000 kHz fESCK External SCK Frequency Range (Note 9) l tLESCK External SCK Low Period (Note 9) l 250 ns tHESCK External SCK High Period (Note 9) l 250 ns tDOUT_ISCK Internal SCK 32-Bit Data Output Time Internal Oscillator (Notes 10, 12) External Oscillator (Notes 10, 11) l l 1.64 tDOUT_ESCK External SCK 32-Bit Data Output Time (Note 9) l 1.67 1.70 256/fEOSC (in kHz) ms ms 32/fESCK (in kHz) ms t1 CS ↓ to SDO Low Z l 0 200 ns t2 CS ↑ to SDO High Z l 0 200 ns t3 CS ↓ to SCK ↓ (Note 10) l 0 200 ns t4 CS ↓ to SCK ↑ (Note 9) l 50 tKQMAX SCK ↓ to SDO Valid 220 ns tKQMIN SDO Hold After SCK ↓ t5 t6 l l 15 SCK Set-Up Before CS ↓ l 50 SCK Hold After CS ↓ l (Note 5) Note 1: Stresses beyond those listed under Absolute Maximum Ratings may cause permanent damage to the device. Exposure to any Absolute Maximum Rating condition for extended periods may affect device reliability and lifetime. Note 2: All voltage values are with respect to GND. Note 3: VCC = 2.7 to 5.5V unless otherwise specified. VREF = REF+ – REF–, VREFCM = (REF+ + REF–)/2; VIN = IN+ – IN–, VINCM = (IN+ + IN–)/2. Note 4: FO pin tied to GND or to VCC or to external conversion clock source with fEOSC = 153600Hz unless otherwise specified. Note 5: Guaranteed by design, not subject to test. Note 6: Integral nonlinearity is defined as the deviation of a code from a straight line passing through the actual endpoints of the transfer curve. The deviation is measured from the center of the quantization band. Note 7: FO = 0V (internal oscillator) or fEOSC = 153600Hz ±2% (external oscillator). ns ns ns 50 ns Note 8: FO = VCC (internal oscillator) or fEOSC = 128000Hz ±2% (external oscillator). Note 9: The converter is in external SCK mode of operation such that the SCK pin is used as digital input. The frequency of the clock signal driving SCK during the data output is fESCK and is expressed in kHz. Note 10: The converter is in internal SCK mode of operation such that the SCK pin is used as digital output. In this mode of operation the SCK pin has a total equivalent load capacitance CLOAD = 20pF. Note 11: The external oscillator is connected to the FO pin. The external oscillator frequency, fEOSC, is expressed in kHz. Note 12: The converter uses the internal oscillator. FO = 0V or FO = VCC. Note 13: The output noise includes the contribution of the internal calibration operations. Note 14: Guaranteed by design and test correlation. 2410fa For more information www.linear.com/LTC2410 5 LTC2410 TYPICAL PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS Total Unadjusted Error vs Temperature (VCC = 5V, VREF = 2.5V) Total Unadjusted Error vs Temperature (VCC = 5V, VREF = 5V) 1.5 1.0 TUE (ppm OF VREF) 0.5 0 –1.0 VCC = 5V REF + = 5V REF – = GND VREF = 5V VINCM = 2.5V FO = GND TA = 90°C 0 TA = –45°C TA = 90°C TA = 25°C –0.5 TA = 25°C TA = –45°C 1 1.5 2 2.5 –1.5 –1 –0.5 0 VIN (V) 0.5 2410 G01 INL ERROR (ppm OF VREF) INL ERROR (ppm OF VREF) –1.0 1.5 2 2.5 TA = 25°C TA = 90°C 0 –1.0 1 TA = –45°C 0.5 –0.5 –1.5 –2.5 –2 –1.5 –1 –0.5 0 0.5 VIN (V) 10 1.0 –0.5 –1.5 VCC = 5V REF + = 2.5V REF – = GND VREF = 2.5V VINCM = 1.25V FO = GND –1 –0.5 8 6 4 2 0 VIN (V) 0.5 0.8 2410 G07 0.5 12 10 8 6 4 10,000 CONSECUTIVE READINGS VCC = 5V VREF = 5V VIN = 0V REF + = 5V REF – = GND IN + = 2.5V IN – = 2.5V FO = 460800Hz TA = 25°C 1 4 2 0 –2 TA = 90°C –4 TA = 25°C –6 TA = –45°C –10 1 –1 –0.5 0 VIN (V) 0.5 1 2410 G06 Noise Histogram (Output Rate = 7.5Hz, VCC = 5V, VREF = 2.5V) GAUSSIAN DISTRIBUTION m = 0.067ppm σ = 0.151ppm 2 0 –0.8 –0.6 –0.4 –0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 OUTPUT CODE (ppm OF VREF) 6 Noise Histogram (Output Rate = 22.5Hz, VCC = 5V, VREF = 5V) NUMBER OF READINGS (%) NUMBER OF READINGS (%) 10 0 VIN (V) 2410 G05 Noise Histogram (Output Rate = 7.5Hz, VCC = 5V, VREF = 5V) GAUSSIAN DISTRIBUTION m = 0.105ppm σ = 0.153ppm –0.5 VCC = 2.7V VREF = 2.5V REF + = 2.5V VINCM = 1.25V REF – = GND FO = GND –8 2410 G04 10,000 CONSECUTIVE READINGS VCC = 5V VREF = 5V VIN = 0V REF + = 5V REF – = GND IN + = 2.5V IN – = 2.5V FO = GND TA = 25°C –1 TA = –45°C 2410 G03 8 TA = 90°C VCC = 2.7V REF + = 2.5V REF – = GND VREF = 2.5V VINCM = 1.25V FO = GND Integral Nonlinearity vs Temperature (VCC = 2.7V, VREF = 2.5V) 1.5 TA = –45°C 0 12 –4 2410 G02 1.5 0.5 –2 Integral Nonlinearity vs Temperature (VCC = 5V, VREF = 2.5V) TA = 25°C TA = 25°C 0 –10 1 TA = 90°C 2 –6 –1.0 Integral Nonlinearity vs Temperature (VCC = 5V, VREF = 5V) VCC = 5V REF + = 5V REF – = GND VREF = 5V VINCM = 2.5V FO = GND 4 –8 –1.5 –2.5 –2 –1.5 –1 –0.5 0 0.5 VIN (V) 1.0 6 INL ERROR (ppm OF VREF) –0.5 0.5 8 12 NUMBER OF READINGS (%) TUE (ppm OF VREF) 1.0 10 VCC = 5V REF + = 2.5V REF – = GND VREF = 2.5V VINCM = 1.25V FO = GND TUE (ppm OF VREF) 1.5 Total Unadjusted Error vs Temperature (VCC = 2.7V, VREF = 2.5V) 10 8 6 4 10,000 CONSECUTIVE READINGS VCC = 5V VREF = 2.5V VIN = 0V REF + = 2.5V REF – = GND IN + = 1.25V IN – = 1.25V FO = GND TA = 25°C GAUSSIAN DISTRIBUTION m = 0.033ppm σ = 0.293ppm 2 0 –0.8 –0.6 –0.4 –0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 OUTPUT CODE (ppm OF VREF) 0.8 2410 G08 0 –1.6 –0.8 0 0.8 OUTPUT CODE (ppm OF VREF) 1.6 2410 G10 2410fa 6 For more information www.linear.com/LTC2410 LTC2410 TYPICAL PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS 8 6 4 GAUSSIAN DISTRIBUTION m = 0.014ppm σ = 0.292ppm 12 2 10,000 CONSECUTIVE READINGS VCC = 2.7V VREF = 2.5V VIN = 0V REF + = 2.5V REF – = GND IN + = 1.25V IN – = 1.25V FO = GND TA = 25°C 10 8 6 4 GAUSSIAN DISTRIBUTION m = 0.079ppm σ = 0.298ppm 2410 G11 6 4 2 ADC CONSECUTIVE READINGS VCC = 5V VREF = 5V VIN = 0V REF + = 5V REF – = GND IN + = 2.5V IN – = 2.5V FO = GND TA = 25°C 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 –0.2 –0.4 IN + = 2.5V VCC = 5V TA = 25°C VREF = 5V REF + = 5V IN – = 2.5V VIN = 0V REF – = GND FO = GND –0.6 –1.0 0 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 –2.5 –2 –1.5 –1 –0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 INPUT DIFFERENTIAL VOLTAGE (V) 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 TIME (HOURS) 825 800 800 VCC = 5V REF + = 5V REF – = GND VREF = 5V IN + = VINCM IN – = VINCM VIN = 0V FO = GND TA = 25°C 650 –0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 VINCM (V) 2410 G19 775 RMS Noise vs VCC 850 VCC = 5V REF + = 5V REF – = GND IN + = 2.5V IN – = 2.5V VIN = 0V FO = GND 800 725 775 750 725 700 700 675 675 –25 0 25 50 TEMPERATURE (°C) REF + = 2.5V REF – = GND VREF = 2.5V IN + = GND IN – = GND FO = GND TA = 25°C 825 750 650 –50 75 2.5 2410 G18 RMS NOISE (nV) 825 RMS NOISE (nV) RMS NOISE (nV) 0.4 RMS Noise vs Temperature (TA) 850 675 VCC = 5V VREF = 5V REF + = 5V REF – = GND VINCM = 2.5V FO = GND TA = 25°C 2410 G17 RMS Noise vs VINCM 700 RMS Noise vs Input Differential Voltage 0.5 –0.8 0.8 1.6 2410 G14 0.8 850 725 4 0 –1.6 –1.2 –0.8 –0.4 0 0.4 0.8 1.2 OUTPUT CODE (ppm OF VREF) 1.6 1.0 GAUSSIAN DISTRIBUTION m = 0.101837ppm σ = 0.154515ppm 2410 G16 750 6 Consectutive ADC Readings vs Time 0 –0.8 –0.6 –0.4 –0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 OUTPUT CODE (ppm OF VREF) 775 8 GAUSSIAN DISTRIBUTION m = 0.177ppm σ = 0.297ppm 2410 G13 ADC READING (ppm OF VREF) NUMBER OF READINGS (%) 8 10 10,000 CONSECUTIVE READINGS VCC = 2.7V VREF = 2.5V VIN = 0V REF + = 2.5V REF – = GND IN + = 1.25V IN – = 1.25V FO = 460800Hz TA = 25°C 2 0 –1.6 –1.2 –0.8 –0.4 0 0.4 0.8 1.2 OUTPUT CODE (ppm OF VREF) 1.6 Long-Term Noise Histogram (Time = 60 Hrs, VCC = 5V, VREF = 5V) 10 12 2 0 –1.6 –1.2 –0.8 –0.4 0 0.4 0.8 1.2 OUTPUT CODE (ppm OF VREF) 12 Noise Histogram (Output Rate = 22.5Hz, VCC = 2.7V, VREF = 2.5V) RMS NOISE (ppm OF VREF) 10 10,000 CONSECUTIVE READINGS VCC = 5V VREF = 2.5V VIN = 0V REF + = 2.5V REF – = GND IN + = 1.25V IN – = 1.25V FO = 460800Hz TA = 25°C NUMBER OF READINGS (%) NUMBER OF READINGS (%) 12 Noise Histogram (Output Rate = 7.5Hz, VCC = 2.7V, VREF = 2.5V) NUMBER OF READINGS (%) Noise Histogram (Output Rate = 22.5Hz, VCC = 5V, VREF = 2.5V) 100 2410 G20 650 2.7 3.1 3.5 3.9 4.3 VCC (V) 4.7 5.1 5.5 2410 G21 2410fa For more information www.linear.com/LTC2410 7 LTC2410 TYPICAL PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS RMS Noise vs VREF Offset Error vs VINCM 775 750 725 700 675 650 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 VREF (V) 3.5 4 4.5 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.1 VCC = 5V REF + = 5V REF – = GND VREF = 5V IN + = VINCM IN – = VINCM VIN = 0V FO = GND TA = 25°C 0 –0.1 –0.2 –0.3 –0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 VINCM (V) 5 2410 G22 0.2 REF + = 2.5V REF – = GND VREF = 2.5V IN + = GND IN – = GND FO = GND TA = 25°C –0.2 –0.3 2.7 3.1 3.5 3.9 4.3 VCC (V) 4.7 5.1 5.5 0 VCC = 5V REF – = GND IN + = GND IN – = GND FO = GND TA = 25°C –0.1 –0.2 –0.3 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 VREF (V) 3.5 4 4.5 +FULL-SCALE ERROR (ppm OF VREF) REF + = 2.5V REF – = GND VREF = 2.5V IN + = 1.25V IN – = GND FO = GND TA = 25°C –1 –2 2.7 3.1 3.5 3.9 4.3 VCC (V) 4.7 5.1 5.5 2410 G28 0 –1 –2 VCC = 5V REF + = 5V REF – = GND IN + = 2.5V IN – = GND FO = GND 0 15 30 45 60 TEMPERATURE (°C) 1 0 VCC = 5V REF + = VREF REF – = GND IN + = 0.5 • REF + IN – = GND FO = GND TA = 25°C –1 –2 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 VREF (V) 3.5 4 4.5 5 2410 G29 75 90 2410 G27 3 2 –3 100 1 –3 –45 –30 –15 5 3 0 75 2 2410 G26 3 1 0 25 50 TEMPERATURE (°C) 2410 G24 –Full-Scale Error vs VREF 2 –25 3 0.1 +Full-Scale Error vs VCC +FULL-SCALE ERROR (ppm OF VREF) –0.3 –50 +Full-Scale Error vs Temperature (TA) 2410 G25 –3 –0.2 +FULL-SCALE ERROR (ppm OF VREF) 0.2 OFFSET ERROR (ppm OF VREF) OFFSET ERROR (ppm OF VREF) 0.3 0.1 VCC = 5V REF + = 5V REF – = GND IN + = 2.5V IN – = 2.5V VIN = 0V FO = GND –0.1 Offset Error vs VREF 0.3 –0.1 0 2410 G23 Offset Error vs VCC 0 0.1 –FULL-SCALE ERROR (ppm OF VREF) RMS NOISE (nV) 800 OFFSET ERROR (ppm OF VREF) VCC = 5V REF – = GND IN + = GND IN – = GND FO = GND TA = 25°C 825 Offset Error vs Temperature (TA) 0.3 OFFSET ERROR (ppm OF VREF) 850 2 1 –Full-Scale Error vs Temperature (TA) VCC = 5V REF + = 5V REF – = GND IN + = GND IN – = 2.5V FO = GND 0 –1 –2 –3 –45 –30 –15 0 15 30 45 60 TEMPERATURE (°C) 75 90 2410 G30 2410fa 8 For more information www.linear.com/LTC2410 LTC2410 TYPICAL PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS –Full-Scale Error vs VCC –Full-Scale Error vs VREF –1 –2 –3 2.7 3.1 3.5 3.9 4.3 VCC (V) 4.7 5.1 1 0 –2 PSRR vs Frequency at VCC –120 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 VREF (V) 3.5 VCC = 4.1VDC ± 1.4V REF + = 2.5V REF – = GND IN + = GND IN – = GND FO = GND TA = 25°C REJECTION (dB) REJECTION (dB) –40 –60 –100 –120 –120 –140 –140 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 FREQUENCY AT VCC (Hz) Conversion Current vs Temperature (TA) 1 160 –45 –30 –15 –20 10 100 1k 10k 100k FREQUENCY AT VCC (Hz) 1M 900 VCC = 4.1V VCC = 2.7V –40 –50 VCC = 4.1VDC 0.7V REF + = 2.5V REF – = GND IN + = GND IN – = GND FO = GND TA = 25°C –60 –70 –100 7600 7620 7640 7660 7680 7700 7720 7740 FREQUENCY AT VCC (Hz) 2410 G36 Sleep Current vs Temperature (TA) 800 700 600 500 22 400 21 20 FO = GND CS = VCC SCK = NC SDO = NC VCC = 5.5V VCC = 4.1V 19 18 VCC = 2.7V 300 17 200 0 15 30 45 60 TEMPERATURE (°C) –30 23 VCC = 5V REF + = 5V REF – = GND IN + = GND IN – = GND TA = 25°C FO = EXTERNAL OSC CS = GND SCK = NC SDO = NC 1000 180 170 –10 –90 1100 200 190 PSRR vs Frequency at VCC 0 Conversion Current vs Output Data Rate VCC = 5.5V 100 2410 G33 2410 G35 SUPPLY CURRENT (µA) SUPPLY CURRENT (µA) 210 FO = GND CS = GND SCK = NC SDO = NC 0.1 1 10 FREQUENCY AT VCC (Hz) –80 2410 G34 220 –140 0.01 5 –80 –100 30 4.5 REF + = 2.5V REF – = GND IN + = GND IN – = GND FO = GND TA = 25°C –20 –80 0 4 PSRR vs Frequency at VCC 0 –60 –80 2410 G32 0 –40 –60 –100 2410 G31 –20 –40 –1 –3 5.5 VCC = 4.1VDC ± 1.4V REF + = 2.5V REF – = GND IN + = GND IN – = GND FO = GND TA = 25°C –20 REJECTION (dB) 0 VCC = 5V REF + = VREF REF – = GND IN + = GND IN – = 0.5 • REF + FO = GND TA = 25°C 2 SUPPLY CURRENT (µA) 1 0 REJECTION (dB) REF + = 2.5V REF – = GND VREF = 2.5V IN + = GND IN – = 1.25V FO = GND TA = 25°C 2 PSRR vs Frequency at VCC 3 –FULL-SCALE ERROR (ppm OF VREF) –FULL-SCALE ERROR (ppm OF VREF) 3 75 90 2410 G37 100 0 5 10 15 20 OUTPUT DATA RATE (READINGS/SEC) 25 2410 G38 16 –45 –30 –15 0 15 30 45 60 TEMPERATURE (°C) 75 90 2410 G39 2410fa For more information www.linear.com/LTC2410 9 LTC2410 PIN FUNCTIONS GND (Pins 1, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 16): Ground. Multiple ground pins internally connected for optimum ground current flow and VCC decoupling. Connect each one of these pins to a ground plane through a low impedance connection. All seven pins must be connected to ground for proper operation. SDO (Pin 12): Three-State Digital Output. During the Data Output period, this pin is used as serial data output. When the chip select CS is HIGH (CS = VCC) the SDO pin is in a high impedance state. During the Conversion and Sleep periods, this pin is used as the conversion status output. The conversion status can be observed by pulling CS LOW. VCC (Pin 2): Positive Supply Voltage. Bypass to GND (Pin 1) with a 10µF tantalum capacitor in parallel with 0.1µF ceramic capacitor as close to the part as possible. SCK (Pin 13): Bidirectional Digital Clock Pin. In Internal Serial Clock Operation mode, SCK is used as digital output for the internal serial interface clock during the Data Output period. In External Serial Clock Operation mode, SCK is used as digital input for the external serial interface clock during the Data Output period. A weak internal pull-up is automatically activated in Internal Serial Clock Operation mode. The Serial Clock Operation mode is determined by the logic level applied to the SCK pin at power up or during the most recent falling edge of CS. REF+ (Pin 3), REF– (Pin 4): Differential Reference Input. The voltage on these pins can have any value between GND and VCC as long as the reference positive input, REF+, is maintained more positive than the reference negative input, REF–, by at least 0.1V. IN+ (Pin 5), IN– (Pin 6): Differential Analog Input. The voltage on these pins can have any value between GND – 0.3V and VCC + 0.3V. Within these limits the converter bipolar input range (VIN = IN+ – IN–) extends from –0.5 • (VREF) to 0.5 • (VREF). Outside this input range the converter produces unique overrange and underrange output codes. CS (Pin 11): Active LOW Digital Input. A LOW on this pin enables the SDO digital output and wakes up the ADC. Following each conversion the ADC automatically enters the Sleep mode and remains in this low power state as long as CS is HIGH. A LOW-to-HIGH transition on CS during the Data Output transfer aborts the data transfer and starts a new conversion. FO (Pin 14): Frequency Control Pin. Digital input that controls the ADC’s notch frequencies and conversion time. When the FO pin is connected to VCC (FO = VCC), the converter uses its internal oscillator and the digital filter first null is located at 50Hz. When the FO pin is connected to GND (FO = OV), the converter uses its internal oscillator and the digital filter first null is located at 60Hz. When FO is driven by an external clock signal with a frequency fEOSC, the converter uses this signal as its system clock and the digital filter first null is located at a frequency fEOSC/2560. 2410fa 10 For more information www.linear.com/LTC2410 LTC2410 FUNCTIONAL BLOCK DIAGRAM INTERNAL OSCILLATOR VCC GND IN + IN – AUTOCALIBRATION AND CONTROL + –∫ ∫ FO (INT/EXT) ∫ ∑ SDO SERIAL INTERFACE ADC SCK CS REF + REF – DECIMATING FIR – + DAC 2410 FD Figure 1. Functional Block Diagram TEST CIRCUIT VCC 1.69k SDO SDO 1.69k CLOAD = 20pF CLOAD = 20pF 2410 TA04 2410 TA03 Hi-Z TO VOH VOL TO VOH VOH TO Hi-Z Hi-Z TO VOL VOH TO VOL VOL TO Hi-Z 2410fa For more information www.linear.com/LTC2410 11 LTC2410 APPLICATIONS INFORMATION CONVERTER OPERATION Converter Operation Cycle The LTC2410 is a low power, delta-sigma analog-to-digital converter with an easy to use 3-wire serial interface (see Figure 1). Its operation is made up of three states. The converter operating cycle begins with the conversion, followed by the low power sleep state and ends with the data output (see Figure 2). The 3-wire interface consists of serial data output (SDO), serial clock (SCK) and chip select (CS). Initially, the LTC2410 performs a conversion. Once the conversion is complete, the device enters the sleep state. While in this sleep state, power consumption is reduced by an order of magnitude. The part remains in the sleep state as long as CS is HIGH. The conversion result is held indefinitely in a static shift register while the converter is in the sleep state. Once CS is pulled LOW, the device begins outputting the conversion result. There is no latency in the conversion result. The data output corresponds to the conversion just performed. This result is shifted out on the serial data out pin (SDO) under the control of the serial clock (SCK). Data is updated on the falling edge of SCK allowing the user to reliably latch data on the rising edge of SCK (see Figure 3). The data output state is concluded once 32 bits are read out of the ADC or when CS is brought HIGH. The device automatically initiates a new conversion and the cycle repeats. Conversion Clock A major advantage the delta-sigma converter offers over conventional type converters is an on-chip digital filter (commonly implemented as a Sinc or Comb filter). For high resolution, low frequency applications, this filter is typically designed to reject line frequencies of 50 or 60Hz plus their harmonics. The filter rejection performance is directly related to the accuracy of the converter system clock. The LTC2410 incorporates a highly accurate on-chip oscillator. This eliminates the need for external frequency setting components such as crystals or oscillators. Clocked by the on-chip oscillator, the LTC2410 achieves a minimum of 110dB rejection at the line frequency (50Hz or 60Hz ±2%). Ease of Use The LTC2410 data output has no latency, filter settling delay or redundant data associated with the conversion cycle. There is a one-to-one correspondence between the conversion and the output data. Therefore, multiplexing multiple analog voltages is easy. The LTC2410 performs offset and full-scale calibrations every conversion cycle. This calibration is transparent to the user and has no effect on the cyclic operation described above. The advantage of continuous calibration is extreme stability of offset and full-scale readings with respect to time, supply voltage change and temperature drift. CONVERT SLEEP FALSE Through timing control of the CS and SCK pins, the LTC2410 offers several flexible modes of operation (internal or external SCK and free-running conversion modes). These various modes do not require programming configuration registers; moreover, they do not disturb the cyclic operation described above. These modes of operation are described in detail in the Serial Interface Timing Modes section. CS = LOW AND SCK Power-Up Sequence TRUE DATA OUTPUT 2410 F02 Figure 2. LTC2410 State Transition Diagram The LTC2410 automatically enters an internal reset state when the power supply voltage VCC drops below approximately 2.2V. This feature guarantees the integrity of the conversion result and of the serial interface mode selection. (See the 2-wire I/O sections in the Serial Interface Timing Modes section.) 2410fa 12 For more information www.linear.com/LTC2410 LTC2410 APPLICATIONS INFORMATION When the VCC voltage rises above this critical threshold, the converter creates an internal power-on-reset (POR) signal with a duration of approximately 0.5ms. The POR signal clears all internal registers. Following the POR signal, the LTC2410 starts a normal conversion cycle and follows the succession of states described above. The first conversion result following POR is accurate within the specifications of the device if the power supply voltage is restored within the operating range (2.7V to 5.5V) before the end of the POR time interval. Reference Voltage Range This converter accepts a truly differential external reference voltage. The absolute/common mode voltage specification for the REF+ and REF– pins covers the entire range from GND to VCC. For correct converter operation, the REF+ pin must always be more positive than the REF– pin. The LTC2410 can accept a differential reference voltage from 0.1V to VCC. The converter output noise is determined by the thermal noise of the front-end circuits, and as such, its value in nanovolts is nearly constant with reference voltage. A decrease in reference voltage will not significantly improve the converter’s effective resolution. On the other hand, a reduced reference voltage will improve the converter’s overall INL performance. A reduced reference voltage will also improve the converter performance when operated with an external conversion clock (external FO signal) at substantially higher output data rates (see the Output Data Rate section). Input Voltage Range The analog input is truly differential with an absolute/ common mode range for the IN+ and IN– input pins extending from GND – 0.3V to VCC + 0.3V. Outside these limits, the ESD protection devices begin to turn on and the errors due to input leakage current increase rapidly. Within these limits, the LTC2410 converts the bipolar differential input signal, VIN = IN+ – IN–, from –FS = –0.5 • VREF to +FS = 0.5 • VREF where VREF = REF+ – REF–. Outside this range, the converter indicates the overrange or the underrange condition using distinct output codes. Input signals applied to IN+ and IN– pins may extend by 300mV below ground and above VCC. In order to limit any fault current, resistors of up to 5k may be added in series with the IN+ and IN– pins without affecting the performance of the device. In the physical layout, it is important to maintain the parasitic capacitance of the connection between these series resistors and the corresponding pins as low as possible; therefore, the resistors should be located as close as practical to the pins. The effect of the series resistance on the converter accuracy can be evaluated from the curves presented in the Input Current/ Reference Current sections. In addition, series resistors will introduce a temperature dependent offset error due to the input leakage current. A 1nA input leakage current will develop a 1ppm offset error on a 5k resistor if VREF = 5V. This error has a very strong temperature dependency. Output Data Format The LTC2410 serial output data stream is 32 bits long. The first 3 bits represent status information indicating the sign and conversion state. The next 24 bits are the conversion result, MSB first. The remaining 5 bits are sub LSBs beyond the 24-bit level that may be included in averaging or discarded without loss of resolution. The third and fourth bit together are also used to indicate an underrange condition (the differential input voltage is below –FS) or an overrange condition (the differential input voltage is above +FS). Bit 31 (first output bit) is the end of conversion (EOC) indicator. This bit is available at the SDO pin during the conversion and sleep states whenever the CS pin is LOW. This bit is HIGH during the conversion and goes LOW when the conversion is complete. Bit 30 (second output bit) is a dummy bit (DMY) and is always LOW. Bit 29 (third output bit) is the conversion result sign indicator (SIG). If VIN is >0, this bit is HIGH. If VIN is <0, this bit is LOW. Bit 28 (fourth output bit) is the most significant bit (MSB) of the result. This bit in conjunction with Bit 29 also provides the underrange or overrange indication. If both Bit 29 and Bit 28 are HIGH, the differential input voltage is above +FS. 2410fa For more information www.linear.com/LTC2410 13 LTC2410 APPLICATIONS INFORMATION If both Bit 29 and Bit 28 are LOW, the differential input voltage is below –FS. The function of these bits is summarized in Table 1. Table 1. LTC2410 Status Bits Input Range Bit 31 EOC Bit 30 DMY Bit 29 SIG Bit 28 MSB VIN ≥ 0.5 • VREF 0 0 1 1 0V ≤ VIN < 0.5 • VREF 0 0 1 0 –0.5 • VREF ≤ VIN < 0V 0 0 0 1 VIN < –0.5 • VREF 0 0 0 0 Bits 28-5 are the 24-bit conversion result MSB first. Bit 5 is the least significant bit (LSB). Bits 4-0 are sub LSBs below the 24-bit level. Bits 4-0 may be included in averaging or discarded without loss of resolution. Data is shifted out of the SDO pin under control of the serial clock (SCK), see Figure 3. Whenever CS is HIGH, SDO remains high impedance and any externally generated SCK clock pulses are ignored by the internal data out shift register. In order to shift the conversion result out of the device, CS must first be driven LOW. EOC is seen at the SDO pin of the device once CS is pulled LOW. EOC changes real time from HIGH to LOW at the completion of a conversion. This signal may be used as an interrupt for an external microcontroller. Bit 31 (EOC) can be captured on the first rising edge of SCK. Bit 30 is shifted out of the device on the first falling edge of SCK. The final data bit (Bit 0) is shifted out on the falling edge of the 31st SCK and may be latched on the rising edge of the 32nd SCK pulse. On the falling edge of the 32nd SCK pulse, SDO goes HIGH indicating the initiation of a new conversion cycle. This bit serves as EOC (Bit 31) for the next conversion cycle. Table 2 summarizes the output data format. CS BIT 31 BIT 30 BIT 29 BIT 28 EOC “0” SIG MSB SDO BIT 27 BIT 5 LSB24 Hi-Z SCK 1 2 3 4 SLEEP BIT 0 5 26 27 32 DATA OUTPUT CONVERSION 2410 F03 Figure 3. Output Data Timing Table 2. LTC2410 Output Data Format Differential Input Voltage VIN* Bit 31 EOC Bit 30 DMY Bit 29 SIG Bit 28 MSB Bit 27 Bit 26 Bit 25 … Bit 0 VIN* ≥ 0.5 • VREF** 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 … 0 0.5 • VREF** – 1LSB 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 … 1 0.25 • VREF** 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 … 0 0.25 • VREF** – 1LSB 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 … 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 … 0 –1LSB 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 … 1 –0.25 • VREF** 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 … 0 –0.25 • VREF** – 1LSB 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 … 1 –0.5 • VREF** 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 … 0 VIN* < –0.5 • VREF** 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 … 1 *The differential Input voltage VIN = IN+ – IN–. **The differential reference voltage VREF = REF+ – REF–. 14 For more information www.linear.com/LTC2410 2410fa LTC2410 APPLICATIONS INFORMATION Frequency Rejection Selection (FO) The LTC2410 internal oscillator provides better than 110dB normal mode rejection at the line frequency and all its harmonics for 50Hz ±2% or 60Hz ±2%. For 60Hz rejection, FO should be connected to GND while for 50Hz rejection the FO pin should be connected to VCC. The selection of 50Hz or 60Hz rejection can also be made by driving FO to an appropriate logic level. A selection change during the sleep or data output states will not disturb the converter operation. If the selection is made during the conversion state, the result of the conversion in progress may be outside specifications but the following conversions will not be affected. When a fundamental rejection frequency different from 50Hz or 60Hz is required or when the converter must be synchronized with an outside source, the LTC2410 can operate with an external conversion clock. The converter automatically detects the presence of an external clock signal at the FO pin and turns off the internal oscillator. The frequency fEOSC of the external signal must be at least 2560Hz (1Hz notch frequency) to be detected. The external clock signal duty cycle is not significant as long as the minimum and maximum specifications for the high and low periods tHEO and tLEO are observed. While operating with an external conversion clock of a frequency fEOSC, the LTC2410 provides better than 110dB normal mode rejection in a frequency range fEOSC/2560 ±4% and its harmonics. The normal mode rejection as a function of the input frequency deviation from fEOSC/2560 is shown in Figure 4. Whenever an external clock is not present at the FO pin, the converter automatically activates its internal oscilla- –80 –85 NORMAL MODE REJECTION (dB) As long as the voltage on the IN+ and IN– pins is maintained within the –0.3V to (VCC + 0.3V) absolute maximum operating range, a conversion result is generated for any differential input voltage VIN from –FS = –0.5 • VREF to +FS = 0.5 • VREF. For differential input voltages greater than +FS, the conversion result is clamped to the value corresponding to the +FS + 1LSB. For differential input voltages below –FS, the conversion result is clamped to the value corresponding to –FS – 1LSB. –90 –95 –100 –105 –110 –115 –120 –125 –130 –135 –140 –12 –8 –4 0 4 8 12 DIFFERENTIAL INPUT SIGNAL FREQUENCY DEVIATION FROM NOTCH FREQUENCY fEOSC/2560(%) 2410 F04 Figure 4. LTC2410 Normal Mode Rejection When Using an External Oscillator of Frequency fEOSC tor and enters the Internal Conversion Clock mode. The LTC2410 operation will not be disturbed if the change of conversion clock source occurs during the sleep state or during the data output state while the converter uses an external serial clock. If the change occurs during the conversion state, the result of the conversion in progress may be outside specifications but the following conversions will not be affected. If the change occurs during the data output state and the converter is in the Internal SCK mode, the serial clock duty cycle may be affected but the serial data stream will remain valid. Table 3 summarizes the duration of each state and the achievable output data rate as a function of FO. SERIAL INTERFACE PINS The LTC2410 transmits the conversion results and receives the start of conversion command through a synchronous 3-wire interface. During the conversion and sleep states, this interface can be used to assess the converter status and during the data output state it is used to read the conversion result. Serial Clock Input/Output (SCK) The serial clock signal present on SCK (Pin 13) is used to synchronize the data transfer. Each bit of data is shifted out the SDO pin on the falling edge of the serial clock. 2410fa For more information www.linear.com/LTC2410 15 LTC2410 APPLICATIONS INFORMATION Table 3. LTC2410 State Duration State Operating Mode CONVERT Internal Oscillator External Oscillator Duration FO = LOW (60Hz Rejection) 133ms, Output Data Rate ≤ 7.5 Readings/s FO = HIGH (50Hz Rejection) 160ms, Output Data Rate ≤ 6.2 Readings/s FO = External Oscillator with Frequency fEOSC kHz (fEOSC/2560 Rejection) 20510/fEOSCs, Output Data Rate ≤ fEOSC/20510 Readings/s SLEEP DATA OUTPUT As Long As CS = HIGH Until CS = LOW and SCK Internal Serial Clock FO = LOW/HIGH (Internal Oscillator) As Long As CS = LOW But Not Longer Than 1.67ms (32 SCK cycles) FO = External Oscillator with Frequency fEOSC kHz As Long As CS = LOW But Not Longer Than 256/fEOSCms (32 SCK cycles) External Serial Clock with Frequency fSCK kHz As Long As CS = LOW But Not Longer Than 32/fSCKms (32 SCK cycles) In the Internal SCK mode of operation, the SCK pin is an output and the LTC2410 creates its own serial clock by dividing the internal conversion clock by 8. In the External SCK mode of operation, the SCK pin is used as input. The internal or external SCK mode is selected on power-up and then reselected every time a HIGH-to-LOW transition is detected at the CS pin. If SCK is HIGH or floating at power-up or during this transition, the converter enters the internal SCK mode. If SCK is LOW at power-up or during this transition, the converter enters the external SCK mode. Serial Data Output (SDO) The serial data output pin, SDO (Pin 12), provides the result of the last conversion as a serial bit stream (MSB first) during the data output state. In addition, the SDO pin is used as an end of conversion indicator during the conversion and sleep states. When CS (Pin 11) is HIGH, the SDO driver is switched to a high impedance state. This allows sharing the serial interface with other devices. If CS is LOW during the convert or sleep state, SDO will output EOC. If CS is LOW during the conversion phase, the EOC bit appears HIGH on the SDO pin. Once the conversion is complete, EOC goes LOW. The device remains in the sleep state until the first rising edge of SCK occurs while CS = LOW. Chip Select Input (CS) The active LOW chip select, CS (Pin 11), is used to test the conversion status and to enable the data output transfer as described in the previous sections. In addition, the CS signal can be used to trigger a new conversion cycle before the entire serial data transfer has been completed. The LTC2410 will abort any serial data transfer in progress and start a new conversion cycle anytime a LOW-to-HIGH transition is detected at the CS pin after the converter has entered the data output state (i.e., after the first rising edge of SCK occurs with CS = LOW). Finally, CS can be used to control the free-running modes of operation, see Serial Interface Timing Modes section. Grounding CS will force the ADC to continuously convert at the maximum output rate selected by FO. Tying a capacitor to CS will reduce the output rate and power dissipation by a factor proportional to the capacitor’s value, see Figures 12 to 14. SERIAL INTERFACE TIMING MODES The LTC2410’s 3-wire interface is SPI and MICROWIRE compatible. This interface offers several flexible modes of operation. These include internal/external serial clock, 2- or 3-wire I/O, single cycle conversion and autostart. The 2410fa 16 For more information www.linear.com/LTC2410 LTC2410 APPLICATIONS INFORMATION following sections describe each of these serial interface timing modes in detail. In all these cases, the converter can use the internal oscillator (FO = LOW or FO = HIGH) or an external oscillator connected to the FO pin. Refer to Table 4 for a summary. The serial data output pin (SDO) is Hi-Z as long as CS is HIGH. At any time during the conversion cycle, CS may be pulled LOW in order to monitor the state of the converter. While CS is pulled LOW, EOC is output to the SDO pin. EOC = 1 while a conversion is in progress and EOC = 0 if the device is in the sleep state. Independent of CS, the device automatically enters the low power sleep state once the conversion is complete. External Serial Clock, Single Cycle Operation (SPI/MICROWIRE Compatible) This timing mode uses an external serial clock to shift out the conversion result and a CS signal to monitor and control the state of the conversion cycle, see Figure 5. When the device is in the sleep state (EOC = 0), its conversion result is held in an internal static shift register. The device remains in the sleep state until the first rising edge of SCK is seen while CS is LOW. Data is shifted out the SDO pin on each falling edge of SCK. This enables external circuitry to latch the output on the rising edge of The serial clock mode is selected on the falling edge of CS. To select the external serial clock mode, the serial clock pin (SCK) must be LOW during each CS falling edge. Table 4. LTC2410 Interface Timing Modes Configuration SCK Source Conversion Cycle Control Data Output Control Connection and Waveforms External SCK, Single Cycle Conversion External CS and SCK CS and SCK Figures 5, 6 External SCK, 2-Wire I/O External SCK SCK Figure 7 Internal SCK, Single Cycle Conversion Internal CS ↓ CS ↓ Figures 8, 9 Internal SCK, 2-Wire I/O, Continuous Conversion Internal Continuous Internal Figure 10 Internal SCK, Autostart Conversion Internal CEXT Internal Figure 11 2.7V TO 5.5V VCC 1µF 2 VCC FO = 50Hz REJECTION = EXTERNAL OSCILLATOR = 60Hz REJECTION 14 LTC2410 REFERENCE VOLTAGE 0.1V TO VCC 3 REF + 4 REF – ANALOG INPUT RANGE –0.5VREF TO 0.5VREF 5 IN + SDO IN – CS 6 1, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 16 SCK 13 3-WIRE SPI INTERFACE 12 11 GND CS TEST EOC TEST EOC SDO BIT 31 EOC Hi-Z BIT 30 BIT 29 BIT 28 SIG MSB BIT 27 BIT 26 Hi-Z BIT 5 BIT 0 LSB SUB LSB TEST EOC Hi-Z SCK (EXTERNAL) CONVERSION SLEEP DATA OUTPUT CONVERSION 2410 F05 Figure 5. External Serial Clock, Single Cycle Operation 2410fa For more information www.linear.com/LTC2410 17 LTC2410 APPLICATIONS INFORMATION SCK. EOC can be latched on the first rising edge of SCK and the last bit of the conversion result can be latched on the 32nd rising edge of SCK. On the 32nd falling edge of SCK, the device begins a new conversion. SDO goes HIGH (EOC = 1) indicating a conversion is in progress. externally generated serial clock (SCK) signal, see Figure 7. CS may be permanently tied to ground, simplifying the user interface or isolation barrier. The external serial clock mode is selected at the end of the power-on reset (POR) cycle. The POR cycle is concluded approximately 0.5ms after VCC exceeds 2.2V. The level applied to SCK at this time determines if SCK is internal or external. SCK must be driven LOW prior to the end of POR in order to enter the external serial clock timing mode. At the conclusion of the data cycle, CS may remain LOW and EOC monitored as an end-of-conversion interrupt. Alternatively, CS may be driven HIGH setting SDO to Hi-Z. As described above, CS may be pulled LOW at any time in order to monitor the conversion status. Since CS is tied LOW, the end-of-conversion (EOC) can be continuously monitored at the SDO pin during the convert and sleep states. EOC may be used as an interrupt to an external controller indicating the conversion result is ready. EOC = 1 while the conversion is in progress and EOC = 0 once the conversion enters the low power sleep state. On the falling edge of EOC, the conversion result is loaded into an internal static shift register. The device remains in the sleep state until the first rising edge of SCK. Data is shifted out the SDO pin on each falling edge of SCK enabling external circuitry to latch data on the rising edge of SCK. EOC can be latched on the first rising edge of SCK. On the 32nd falling edge of SCK, SDO goes HIGH (EOC = 1) indicating a new conversion has begun. Typically, CS remains LOW during the data output state. However, the data output state may be aborted by pulling CS HIGH anytime between the first rising edge and the 32nd falling edge of SCK, see Figure 6. On the rising edge of CS, the device aborts the data output state and immediately initiates a new conversion. This is useful for systems not requiring all 32 bits of output data, aborting an invalid conversion cycle or synchronizing the start of a conversion. External Serial Clock, 2-Wire I/O This timing mode utilizes a 2-wire serial I/O interface. The conversion result is shifted out of the device by an 2.7V TO 5.5V VCC 1µF 2 VCC FO = 50Hz REJECTION = EXTERNAL OSCILLATOR = 60Hz REJECTION 14 LTC2410 REFERENCE VOLTAGE 0.1V TO VCC 3 REF + 4 REF – ANALOG INPUT RANGE –0.5VREF TO 0.5VREF 5 IN + SDO IN – CS 6 1, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 16 SCK 13 3-WIRE SPI INTERFACE 12 11 GND CS BIT 0 SDO TEST EOC TEST EOC BIT 31 EOC EOC Hi-Z Hi-Z BIT 30 BIT 29 BIT 28 SIG MSB BIT 27 Hi-Z BIT 9 TEST EOC BIT 8 Hi-Z SCK (EXTERNAL) SLEEP CONVERSION SLEEP DATA OUTPUT CONVERSION 2410 F06 DATA OUTPUT Figure 6. External Serial Clock, Reduced Data Output Length 2410fa 18 For more information www.linear.com/LTC2410 LTC2410 APPLICATIONS INFORMATION Internal Serial Clock, Single Cycle Operation In order to select the internal serial clock timing mode, the serial clock pin (SCK) must be floating (Hi-Z) or pulled HIGH prior to the falling edge of CS. The device will not enter the internal serial clock mode if SCK is driven LOW on the falling edge of CS. An internal weak pull-up resis- This timing mode uses an internal serial clock to shift out the conversion result and a CS signal to monitor and control the state of the conversion cycle, see Figure 8. 2.7V TO 5.5V VCC 1µF 2 VCC FO = 50Hz REJECTION = EXTERNAL OSCILLATOR = 60Hz REJECTION 14 LTC2410 REFERENCE VOLTAGE 0.1V TO VCC 3 REF + 4 – ANALOG INPUT RANGE –0.5VREF TO 0.5VREF 5 6 1, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 16 REF SCK + SDO IN – CS IN 13 2-WIRE INTERFACE 12 11 GND CS BIT 31 SDO BIT 30 EOC BIT 29 BIT 28 SIG MSB BIT 27 BIT 26 BIT 5 BIT 0 LSB24 SCK (EXTERNAL) CONVERSION SLEEP DATA OUTPUT CONVERSION 2410 F07 Figure 7. External Serial Clock, CS = 0 Operation (2-Wire) VCC 2.7V TO 5.5V VCC 1µF 2 VCC FO = 50Hz REJECTION = EXTERNAL OSCILLATOR = 60Hz REJECTION 14 10k LTC2410 REFERENCE VOLTAGE 0.1V TO VCC 3 REF + 4 REF – ANALOG INPUT RANGE –0.5VREF TO 0.5VREF 5 IN + SDO IN – CS 6 1, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 16 SCK 13 12 3-WIRE SPI INTERFACE 11 GND <tEOCtest CS TEST EOC SDO BIT 31 EOC Hi-Z BIT 30 BIT 29 BIT 28 SIG MSB BIT 27 BIT 26 BIT 5 LSB24 Hi-Z BIT 0 TEST EOC Hi-Z Hi-Z SCK (INTERNAL) CONVERSION SLEEP DATA OUTPUT CONVERSION 2410 F08 Figure 8. Internal Serial Clock, Single Cycle Operation 2410fa For more information www.linear.com/LTC2410 19 LTC2410 APPLICATIONS INFORMATION remains in the sleep state. The conversion result is held in the internal static shift register. tor is active on the SCK pin during the falling edge of CS; therefore, the internal serial clock timing mode is automatically selected if SCK is not externally driven. If CS remains LOW longer than tEOCtest, the first rising edge of SCK will occur and the conversion result is serially shifted out of the SDO pin. The data output cycle begins on this first rising edge of SCK and concludes after the 32nd rising edge. Data is shifted out the SDO pin on each falling edge of SCK. The internally generated serial clock is output to the SCK pin. This signal may be used to shift the conversion result into external circuitry. EOC can be latched on the first rising edge of SCK and the last bit of the conversion result on the 32nd rising edge of SCK. After the 32nd rising edge, SDO goes HIGH (EOC = 1), SCK stays HIGH and a new conversion starts. The serial data output pin (SDO) is Hi-Z as long as CS is HIGH. At any time during the conversion cycle, CS may be pulled LOW in order to monitor the state of the converter. Once CS is pulled LOW, SCK goes LOW and EOC is output to the SDO pin. EOC = 1 while a conversion is in progress and EOC = 0 if the device is in the sleep state. When testing EOC, if the conversion is complete (EOC = 0), the device will exit the sleep state and enter the data output state if CS remains LOW. In order to prevent the device from exiting the low power sleep state, CS must be pulled HIGH before the first rising edge of SCK. In the internal SCK timing mode, SCK goes HIGH and the device begins outputting data at time tEOCtest after the falling edge of CS (if EOC = 0) or tEOCtest after EOC goes LOW (if CS is LOW during the falling edge of EOC). The value of tEOCtest is 23µs if the device is using its internal oscillator (FO = logic LOW or HIGH). If FO is driven by an external oscillator of frequency fEOSC, then tEOCtest is 3.6/ fEOSC. If CS is pulled HIGH before time tEOCtest, the device Typically, CS remains LOW during the data output state. However, the data output state may be aborted by pulling CS HIGH anytime between the first and 32nd rising edge of SCK, see Figure 9. On the rising edge of CS, the device aborts the data output state and immediately initiates a new conversion. This is useful for systems not requiring all 32 bits of output data, aborting an invalid conversion cycle, or synchronizing the start of a conversion. If CS is VCC 2.7V TO 5.5V VCC 1µF 2 VCC FO = 50Hz REJECTION = EXTERNAL OSCILLATOR = 60Hz REJECTION 14 10k LTC2410 REFERENCE VOLTAGE 0.1V TO VCC 3 REF + 4 REF – ANALOG INPUT RANGE –0.5VREF TO 0.5VREF 5 IN + SDO IN – CS 6 1, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 16 > tEOCtest SCK 13 3-WIRE SPI INTERFACE 12 11 GND <tEOCtest CS TEST EOC BIT 0 SDO TEST EOC EOC Hi-Z BIT 31 EOC Hi-Z Hi-Z BIT 30 BIT 29 BIT 28 SIG MSB BIT 27 BIT 26 Hi-Z BIT 8 TEST EOC Hi-Z SCK (INTERNAL) SLEEP CONVERSION SLEEP DATA OUTPUT CONVERSION 2410 F09 DATA OUTPUT Figure 9. Internal Serial Clock, Reduced Data Output Length 2410fa 20 For more information www.linear.com/LTC2410 LTC2410 APPLICATIONS INFORMATION pulled HIGH while the converter is driving SCK LOW, the internal pull-up is not available to restore SCK to a logic HIGH state. This will cause the device to exit the internal serial clock mode on the next falling edge of CS. This can be avoided by adding an external 10k pull-up resistor to the SCK pin or by never pulling CS HIGH when SCK is LOW. to a HIGH level before CS goes low again. This is not a concern under normal conditions where CS remains LOW after detecting EOC = 0. This situation is easily overcome by adding an external 10k pull-up resistor to the SCK pin. Internal Serial Clock, 2-Wire I/O, Continuous Conversion Whenever SCK is LOW, the LTC2410’s internal pull-up at pin SCK is disabled. Normally, SCK is not externally driven if the device is in the internal SCK timing mode. However, certain applications may require an external driver on SCK. If this driver goes Hi-Z after outputting a LOWsignal, the LTC2410’s internal pull-up remains disabled. Hence, SCK remains LOW. On the next falling edge of CS, the device is switched to the external SCK timing mode. By adding an external 10k pull-up resistor to SCK, this pin goes HIGH once the external driver goes Hi-Z. On the next CS falling edge, the device will remain in the internal SCK timing mode. This timing mode uses a 2-wire, all output (SCK and SDO) interface. The conversion result is shifted out of the device by an internally generated serial clock (SCK) signal, see Figure 10. CS may be permanently tied to ground, simplifying the user interface or isolation barrier. The internal serial clock mode is selected at the end of the power-on reset (POR) cycle. The POR cycle is concluded approximately 0.5ms after VCC exceeds 2.2V. An internal weak pull-up is active during the POR cycle; therefore, the internal serial clock timing mode is automatically selected if SCK is not externally driven LOW (if SCK is loaded such that the internal pull-up cannot pull the pin HIGH, the external SCK mode will be selected). A similar situation may occur during the sleep state when CS is pulsed HIGH-LOW-HIGH in order to test the conversion status. If the device is in the sleep state (EOC = 0), SCK will go LOW. Once CS goes HIGH (within the time period defined above as tEOCtest), the internal pull-up is activated. For a heavy capacitive load on the SCK pin, the internal pull-up may not be adequate to return SCK During the conversion, the SCK and the serial data output pin (SDO) are HIGH (EOC = 1). Once the conversion is complete, SCK and SDO go LOW (EOC = 0) indicating the 2.7V TO 5.5V VCC 1µF 2 VCC FO 14 = 50Hz REJECTION = EXTERNAL OSCILLATOR = 60Hz REJECTION LTC2410 REFERENCE VOLTAGE 0.1V TO VCC 3 REF + 4 REF – ANALOG INPUT RANGE –0.5VREF TO 0.5VREF 5 + SDO IN – CS 6 1, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 16 IN SCK 13 12 2-WIRE INTERFACE 11 GND CS BIT 31 SDO BIT 30 EOC BIT 29 BIT 28 SIG MSB BIT 27 BIT 26 BIT 5 BIT 0 LSB24 SCK (INTERNAL) CONVERSION DATA OUTPUT CONVERSION 2410 F10 SLEEP Figure 10. Internal Serial Clock, CS = 0 Continuous Operation For more information www.linear.com/LTC2410 2410fa 21 LTC2410 APPLICATIONS INFORMATION conversion has finished and the device has entered the low power sleep state. The part remains in the sleep state a minimum amount of time (1/2 the internal SCK period) then immediately begins outputting data. The data output cycle begins on the first rising edge of SCK and ends after the 32nd rising edge. Data is shifted out the SDO pin on each falling edge of SCK. The internally generated serial clock is output to the SCK pin. This signal may be used to shift the conversion result into external circuitry. EOC can be latched on the first rising edge of SCK and the last bit of the conversion result can be latched on the 32nd rising edge of SCK. After the 32nd rising edge, SDO goes HIGH (EOC = 1) indicating a new conversion is in progress. SCK remains HIGH during the conversion. While the conversion is in progress, the CS pin is held HIGH by an internal weak pull-up. Once the conversion is complete, the device enters the low power sleep state and an internal 25nA current source begins discharging the capacitor tied to CS, see Figure 11. The time the converter spends in the sleep state is determined by the value of the external timing capacitor, see Figures 12 and 13. Once the voltage at CS falls below an internal threshold (≈1.4V), the device automatically begins outputting data. The data output cycle begins on the first rising edge of SCK and ends on the 32nd rising edge. Data is shifted out the SDO pin on each falling edge of SCK. The internally generated serial clock is output to the SCK pin. This signal may be used to shift the conversion result into external circuitry. After the 32nd rising edge, CS is pulled HIGH and a new conversion is immediately started. This is useful in applications requiring periodic monitoring and ultralow power. Figure 14 shows the average supply current as a function of capacitance on CS. Internal Serial Clock, Autostart Conversion This timing mode is identical to the internal serial clock, 2-wire I/O described above with one additional feature. Instead of grounding CS, an external timing capacitor is tied to CS. 2.7V TO 5.5V VCC 1µF 2 VCC FO = 50Hz REJECTION = EXTERNAL OSCILLATOR = 60Hz REJECTION 14 LTC2410 REFERENCE VOLTAGE 0.1V TO VCC 3 REF + 4 REF – ANALOG INPUT RANGE –0.5VREF TO 0.5VREF 5 6 1, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 16 SCK IN + SDO IN – CS 13 2-WIRE INTERFACE 12 11 GND CEXT VCC CS GND BIT 31 SDO EOC Hi-Z BIT 30 BIT 29 SIG BIT 0 Hi-Z SCK (INTERNAL) CONVERSION SLEEP DATA OUTPUT CONVERSION 2410 F11 Figure 11. Internal Serial Clock, Autostart Operation 2410fa 22 For more information www.linear.com/LTC2410 LTC2410 APPLICATIONS INFORMATION 7 6 tSAMPLE (SEC) 5 4 3 2 VCC = 5V 1 0 VCC = 3V 1 10 100 1000 10000 CAPACITANCE ON CS (pF) 100000 2410 F12 Figure 12. CS Capacitance vs tSAMPLE 8 7 SAMPLE RATE (Hz) 6 VCC = 3V 4 3 2 1 0 0 10 100 10000 100000 1000 CAPACITANCE ON CS (pF) 2410 F13 Figure 13. CS Capacitance vs Output Rate 300 SUPPLY CURRENT (ARMS) 250 VCC = 5V 200 VCC = 3V 100 50 1 10 100 1000 10000 CAPACITANCE ON CS (pF) The LTC2410 is designed to reduce as much as possible the conversion result sensitivity to device decoupling, PCB layout, anti-aliasing circuits, line frequency perturbations and so on. Nevertheless, in order to preserve the extreme accuracy capability of this part, some simple precautions are desirable. Digital Signal Levels The LTC2410’s digital interface is easy to use. Its digital inputs (FO, CS and SCK in External SCK mode of operation) accept standard TTL/CMOS logic levels and the internal hysteresis receivers can tolerate edge rates as slow as 100µs. However, some considerations are required to take advantage of the exceptional accuracy and low supply current of this converter. The digital output signals (SDO and SCK in Internal SCK mode of operation) are less of a concern because they are not generally active during the conversion state. 150 0 The internal serial clock mode is selected every time the voltage on the CS pin crosses an internal threshold voltage. An internal weak pull-up at the SCK pin is active while CS is discharging; therefore, the internal serial clock timing mode is automatically selected if SCK is floating. It is important to ensure there are no external drivers pulling SCK LOW while CS is discharging. PRESERVING THE CONVERTER ACCURACY VCC = 5V 5 It should be noticed that the external capacitor discharge current is kept very small in order to decrease the converter power dissipation in the sleep state. In the autostart mode, the analog voltage on the CS pin cannot be observed without disturbing the converter operation using a regular oscilloscope probe. When using this configuration, it is important to minimize the external leakage current at the CS pin by using a low leakage external capacitor and properly cleaning the PCB surface. 100000 2410 F14 Figure 14. CS Capacitance vs Supply Current While a digital input signal is in the range 0.5V to (VCC – 0.5V), the CMOS input receiver draws additional current from the power supply. It should be noted that, when any one of the digital input signals (FO, CS and SCK in External SCK mode of operation) is within this range, the LTC2410 power supply current may increase even if 2410fa For more information www.linear.com/LTC2410 23 LTC2410 APPLICATIONS INFORMATION the signal in question is at a valid logic level. For micropower operation, it is recommended to drive all digital input signals to full CMOS levels [VIL < 0.4V and VOH > (VCC – 0.4V)]. During the conversion period, the undershoot and/or overshoot of a fast digital signal connected to the LTC2410 pins may severely disturb the analog to digital conversion process. Undershoot and overshoot can occur because of the impedance mismatch at the converter pin when the transition time of an external control signal is less than twice the propagation delay from the driver to LTC2410. For reference, on a regular FR-4 board, signal propagation velocity is approximately 183ps/inch for internal traces and 170ps/inch for surface traces. Thus, a driver generating a control signal with a minimum transition time of 1ns must be connected to the converter pin through a trace shorter than 2.5 inches. This problem becomes particularly difficult when shared control lines are used and multiple reflections may occur. The solution is to carefully terminate all transmission lines close to their characteristic impedance. Parallel termination near the LTC2410 pin will eliminate this problem but will increase the driver power dissipation. A series resistor between 27Ω and 56Ω placed near the driver or near the LTC2410 pin will also eliminate this problem without additional power dissipation. The actual resistor value depends upon the trace impedance and connection topology. An alternate solution is to reduce the edge rate of the control signals. It should be noted that using very slow edges will increase the converter power supply current during the transition time. The multiple ground pins used in this package configuration, as well as the differential input and reference architecture, reduce substantially the converter’s sensitivity to ground currents. Particular attention must be given to the connection of the FO signal when the LTC2410 is used with an external conversion clock. This clock is active during the conversion time and the normal mode rejection provided by the internal digital filter is not very high at this frequency. A normal mode signal of this frequency at the converter reference terminals may result into DC gain and INL errors. A normal mode signal of this frequency at the converter input terminals may result into a DC offset error. Such perturbations may occur due to asymmetric capacitive coupling between the FO signal trace and the converter input and/or reference connection traces. An immediate solution is to maintain maximum possible separation between the FO signal trace and the input/reference signals. When the FO signal is parallel terminated near the converter, substantial AC current is flowing in the loop formed by the FO connection trace, the termination and the ground return path. Thus, perturbation signals may be inductively coupled into the converter input and/or reference. In this situation, the user must reduce to a minimum the loop area for the FO signal as well as the loop area for the differential input and reference connections. Driving the Input and Reference The input and reference pins of the LTC2410 converter are directly connected to a network of sampling capacitors. Depending upon the relation between the differential input voltage and the differential reference voltage, these capacitors are switching between these four pins transferring small amounts of charge in the process. A simplified equivalent circuit is shown in Figure 15. For a simple approximation, the source impedance RS driving an analog input pin (IN+, IN–, REF+ or REF–) can be considered to form, together with RSW and CEQ (see Figure 15), a first order passive network with a time constant τ = (RS + RSW) • CEQ. The converter is able to sample the input signal with better than 1ppm accuracy if the sampling period is at least 14 times greater than the input circuit time constant τ. The sampling process on the four input analog pins is quasi-independent so each time constant should be considered by itself and, under worst-case circumstances, the errors may add. When using the internal oscillator (FO = LOW or HIGH), the LTC2410’s front-end switched-capacitor network is clocked at 76800Hz corresponding to a 13µs sampling period. Thus, for settling errors of less than 1ppm, the driving source impedance should be chosen such that τ ≤ 13µs/14 = 920ns. When an external oscillator of frequency fEOSC is used, the sampling period is 2/fEOSC and, for a settling error of less than 1ppm, τ ≤ 0.14/fEOSC. 2410fa 24 For more information www.linear.com/LTC2410 LTC2410 APPLICATIONS INFORMATION Input Current RSOURCE If complete settling occurs on the input, conversion results will be unaffected by the dynamic input current. An incomplete settling of the input signal sampling process may result in gain and offset errors, but it will not degrade the INL performance of the converter. Figure 15 shows the mathematical expressions for the average bias currents flowing through the IN+ and IN– pins as a result of the sampling charge transfers when integrated over a substantial time period (longer than 64 internal clock cycles). VINCM + 0.5VIN VINCM – 0.5VIN RSW (TYP) 20k ILEAK IN – CIN +FS ERROR (ppm OF VREF) 50 CPAR ≅ 20pF 2410 F16 CIN = 0.01µF CIN = 0.001µF 40 CIN = 100pF CIN = 0pF 30 VCC = 5V REF + = 5V REF – = GND IN + = 5V IN – = 2.5V FO = GND TA = 25°C 20 10 0 1 10 100 1k RSOURCE (Ω) 10k 100k 2410 F17 Figure 17. +FS Error vs RSOURCE at IN+ or IN– (Small CIN) ( ) I(IN ) I IN+ ILEAK AVG − VCC IIN+ ILEAK VIN+ RSW (TYP) 20k CEQ 18pF (TYP) ILEAK VCC AVG I REF + ( ) ( ) I REF − = VIN + VINCM − VREFCM 0.5•REQ = −VIN + VINCM − VREFCM 0.5•REQ AVG AVG = 2 1.5• VREF − VINCM + VREFCM VIN − 0.5•REQ VREF •REQ = 2 −1.5• VREF − VINCM + VREFCM VIN + 0.5•REQ VREF •REQ where: VREF = REF + −REF − RSW (TYP) 20k ILEAK VIN – REF + +REF − VREFCM = 2 ILEAK VREF – LTC2410 VCC VREF+ IREF – CPAR ≅ 20pF Figure 16. An RC Network at IN+ and IN– For relatively small values of input capacitance (CIN < 0.01µF), the voltage on the sampling capacitor settles almost completely and relatively large values for the source impedance result in only small errors. Such values for CIN IIN – CIN RSOURCE The effect of this input dynamic current can be analyzed using the test circuit of Figure 16. The CPAR capacitor includes the LTC2410 pin capacitance (5pF typical) plus the capacitance of the test fixture used to obtain the results shown in Figures 17 and 18. A careful implementation can bring the total input capacitance (CIN + CPAR) closer to 5pF thus achieving better performance than the one predicted by Figures 17 and 18. For simplicity, two distinct situations can be considered. IREF+ IN + VIN =IN+ −IN− VCC ILEAK RSW (TYP) 20k 2410 F15 ILEAK IN+ −IN− VINCM = 2 REQ = 3.61MΩ INTERNAL OSCILLATOR 60Hz Notch (FO = LOW ) REQ = 4.32MΩ INTERNAL OSCILLATOR 50Hz Notch (FO = HIGH) SWITCHING FREQUENCY fSW = 76800Hz INTERNAL OSCILLATOR (FO = LOW OR HIGH) fSW = 0.5 • fEOSC EXTERNAL OSCILLATOR ( ) REQ = 0.555•1012 / fEOSC EXTERNAL OSCILLATOR Figure 15. LTC2410 Equivalent Analog Input Circuit 2410fa For more information www.linear.com/LTC2410 25 LTC2410 APPLICATIONS INFORMATION input resistance is 0.28 • 1012/fEOSCΩ and each ohm of source resistance driving IN+ or IN– will result in 1.78 • 10–6 • fEOSCppm gain error. The effect of the source resistance on the two input pins is additive with respect to this gain error. The typical +FS and –FS errors as a function of the sum of the source resistance seen by IN+ and IN– for large values of CIN are shown in Figures 19 and 20. –FS ERROR (ppm OF VREF) 0 VCC = 5V REF + = 5V REF – = GND IN + = GND IN – = 2.5V FO = GND TA = 25°C –10 –20 –30 CIN = 0.01µF CIN = 0.001µF –40 –50 CIN = 100pF CIN = 0pF 1 10 100 1k RSOURCE (Ω) 10k 100k 2410 F18 Figure 18. –FS Error vs RSOURCE at IN+ or IN– (Small CIN) will deteriorate the converter offset and gain performance without significant benefits of signal filtering and the user is advised to avoid them. Nevertheless, when small values of CIN are unavoidably present as parasitics of input multiplexers, wires, connectors or sensors, the LTC2410 can maintain its exceptional accuracy while operating with relative large values of source resistance as shown in Figures 17 and 18. These measured results may be slightly different from the first order approximation suggested earlier because they include the effect of the actual second order input network together with the nonlinear settling process of the input amplifiers. For small CIN values, the settling on IN+ and IN– occurs almost independently and there is little benefit in trying to match the source impedance for the two pins. Larger values of input capacitors (CIN > 0.01µF) may be required in certain configurations for anti-aliasing or general input signal filtering. Such capacitors will average the input sampling charge and the external source resistance will see a quasi constant input differential impedance. When FO = LOW (internal oscillator and 60Hz notch), the typical differential input resistance is 1.8MΩ which will generate a gain error of approximately 0.28ppm for each ohm of source resistance driving IN+ or IN–. When FO = HIGH (internal oscillator and 50Hz notch), the typical differential input resistance is 2.16MΩ which will generate a gain error of approximately 0.23ppm for each ohm of source resistance driving IN+ or IN–. When FO is driven by an external oscillator with a frequency fEOSC (external conversion clock operation), the typical differential In addition to this gain error, an offset error term may also appear. The offset error is proportional with the mismatch between the source impedance driving the two input pins IN+ and IN– and with the difference between the input and reference common mode voltages. While the input drive circuit nonzero source impedance combined with the converter average input current will not degrade the INL performance, indirect distortion may result from the modulation of the offset error by the common mode component of the input signal. Thus, when using large CIN capacitor values, it is advisable to carefully match the source impedance seen by the IN+ and IN– pins. When FO = LOW (internal oscillator and 60Hz notch), every 1Ω mismatch in source impedance transforms a full-scale common mode input signal into a differential mode input signal of 0.28ppm. When FO = HIGH (internal oscillator and 50Hz notch), every 1Ω mismatch in source impedance transforms a full-scale common mode input signal into a differential mode input signal of 0.23ppm. When FO is driven by an external oscillator with a frequency fEOSC, every 1Ω mismatch in source impedance transforms a fullscale common mode input signal into a differential mode input signal of 1.78 • 10–6 • fEOSCppm. Figure 21 shows the typical offset error due to input common mode voltage for various values of source resistance imbalance between the IN+ and IN– pins when large CIN values are used. If possible, it is desirable to operate with the input signal common mode voltage very close to the reference signal common mode voltage as is the case in the ratiometric measurement of a symmetric bridge. This configuration eliminates the offset error caused by mismatched source impedances. The magnitude of the dynamic input current depends upon the size of the very stable internal sampling capacitors and upon the accuracy of the converter sampling clock. The accuracy of the internal clock over the entire temperature 2410fa 26 For more information www.linear.com/LTC2410 LTC2410 APPLICATIONS INFORMATION and power supply range is typical better than 0.5%. Such a specification can also be easily achieved by an external clock. When relatively stable resistors (50ppm/°C) are used for the external source impedance seen by IN+ and IN–, the expected drift of the dynamic current, offset and gain errors will be insignificant (about 1% of their respective values over the entire temperature and voltage range). Even for the most stringent applications, a one-time calibration operation may be sufficient. +FS ERROR (ppm OF VREF) 300 VCC = 5V REF + = 5V REF – = GND IN + = 3.75V IN – = 1.25V FO = GND TA = 25°C 240 180 CIN = 1µF, 10µF CIN = 0.1µF 120 CIN = 0.01µF 60 0 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 RSOURCE (Ω) 2410 F19 Figure 19. +FS Error vs RSOURCE at IN+ or IN– (Large CIN) 0 –FS ERROR (ppm OF VREF) CIN = 0.01µF Reference Current –60 In a similar fashion, the LTC2410 samples the differential reference pins REF+ and REF– transferring small amount of charge to and from the external driving circuits thus producing a dynamic reference current. This current does not change the converter offset, but it may degrade the gain and INL performance. The effect of this current can be analyzed in the same two distinct situations. –120 –240 –300 CIN = 0.1µF VCC = 5V REF + = 5V REF – = GND IN + = 1.25V IN – = 3.75V FO = GND TA = 25°C –180 CIN = 1µF, 10µF 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 RSOURCE (Ω) 2410 F20 Figure 20. –FS Error vs RSOURCE at IN+ or IN– (Large CIN) 120 OFFSET ERROR (ppm OF VREF) 100 VCC = 5V REF + = 5V REF – = GND IN + = IN – = VINCM A 80 60 B 40 C 20 D 0 E –20 F –40 –60 FO = GND TA = 25°C RSOURCEIN – = 500Ω CIN = 10µF G –80 –100 –120 0 0.5 1 1.5 A: ∆RIN = +400Ω B: ∆RIN = +200Ω C: ∆RIN = +100Ω D: ∆RIN = 0Ω 2 2.5 3 VINCM (V) 3.5 4 In addition to the input sampling charge, the input ESD protection diodes have a temperature dependent leakage current. This current, nominally 1nA (±10nA max), results in a small offset shift. A 100Ω source resistance will create a 0.1µV typical and 1µV maximum offset voltage. 4.5 5 E: ∆RIN = –100Ω F: ∆RIN = –200Ω G: ∆RIN = –400Ω 2410 F21 Figure 21. Offset Error vs Common Mode Voltage (VINCM = IN+ = IN–) and Input Source Resistance Imbalance (∆RIN = RSOURCEIN+ – RSOURCEIN–) for Large CIN Values (CIN ≥ 1µF) For relatively small values of the external reference capacitors (CREF < 0.01µF), the voltage on the sampling capacitor settles almost completely and relatively large values for the source impedance result in only small errors. Such values for CREF will deteriorate the converter offset and gain performance without significant benefits of reference filtering and the user is advised to avoid them. Larger values of reference capacitors (CREF > 0.01µF) may be required as reference filters in certain configurations. Such capacitors will average the reference sampling charge and the external source resistance will see a quasi constant reference differential impedance. When FO = LOW (internal oscillator and 60Hz notch), the typical differential reference resistance is 1.3MΩ which will generate a gain error of approximately 0.38ppm for each ohm of source resistance driving REF+ or REF–. When FO = HIGH (internal oscillator and 50Hz notch), the typical differential reference resistance is 1.56MΩ which will generate a gain error of approximately 0.32ppm for each ohm of source resistance driving REF+ or REF–. When FO is driven by For more information www.linear.com/LTC2410 2410fa 27 LTC2410 APPLICATIONS INFORMATION an external oscillator with a frequency fEOSC (external conversion clock operation), the typical differential reference resistance is 0.20 • 1012/fEOSCΩ and each ohm of source resistance driving REF+ or REF– will result in 2.47 • 10–6 • fEOSCppm gain error. The effect of the source resistance on the two reference pins is additive with respect to this gain error. The typical +FS and –FS errors for various combinations of source resistance seen by the REF+ and REF– pins and external capacitance CREF connected to these pins are shown in Figures 22, 23, 24 and 25. In addition to this gain error, the converter INL performance is degraded by the reference source impedance. When FO = LOW (internal oscillator and 60Hz notch), every 100Ω of source resistance driving REF+ or REF– translates into about 1.34ppm additional INL error. When FO = HIGH (internal oscillator and 50Hz notch), every 100Ω of source resistance driving REF+ or REF– translates into about 1.1ppm additional INL error. When FO is driven by an external oscillator with a frequency fEOSC, every 100Ω of source resistance driving REF+ or REF– translates into about 8.73 • 10–6 • fEOSCppm additional INL error. Figure 26 shows the typical INL error due to the source resistance driving the REF+ or REF– pins when large CREF values are used. The effect of the source resistance on the two reference pins is additive with respect to this INL error. In general, matching of source impedance for the REF+ and REF– pins does not help the gain or the INL error. The user is thus advised to minimize the combined source impedance driving the REF+ and REF– pins rather than to try to match it. 50 VCC = 5V REF + = 5V REF – = GND IN + = 5V IN – = 2.5V FO = GND TA = 25°C –10 –20 –30 CREF = 0.01µF CREF = 0.001µF –40 –50 –FS ERROR (ppm OF VREF) +FS ERROR (ppm OF VREF) 0 CREF = 100pF CREF = 0pF 1 10 100 1k RSOURCE (Ω) 10k 40 CREF = 100pF CREF = 0pF 30 VCC = 5V REF + = 5V REF – = GND IN + = GND IN – = 2.5V FO = GND TA = 25°C 20 10 0 100k CREF = 0.01µF CREF = 0.001µF 1 10 100 1k RSOURCE (Ω) 10k 2410 F22 Figure 22. +FS Error vs RSOURCE at REF+ or REF– (Small CIN) 450 CREF = 0.01µF –90 –180 –270 –360 –450 2410 F23 Figure 23. –FS Error vs RSOURCE at REF+ or REF– (Small CIN) –FS ERROR (ppm OF VREF) +FS ERROR (ppm OF VREF) 0 CREF = 0.1µF VCC = 5V REF + = 5V REF – = GND IN + = 3.75V IN – = 1.25V FO = GND TA = 25°C 100k CREF = 1µF, 10µF 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 RSOURCE (Ω) VCC = 5V REF + = 5V REF – = GND IN + = 1.25V IN – = 3.75V FO = GND TA = 25°C 360 270 CREF = 0.1µF 180 CREF = 0.01µF 90 0 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 RSOURCE (Ω) 2410 F24 Figure 24. +FS Error vs RSOURCE at REF+ or REF– (Large CREF) CREF = 1µF, 10µF 2410 F25 Figure 25. –FS Error vs RSOURCE at REF+ or REF– (Large CREF) 2410fa 28 For more information www.linear.com/LTC2410 LTC2410 APPLICATIONS INFORMATION data output phases which are controlled by the user and which can be made insignificantly short. When operated with an external conversion clock (FO connected to an external oscillator), the LTC2410 output data rate can be increased as desired. The duration of the conversion phase is 20510/fEOSC. If fEOSC = 153600Hz, the converter behaves as if the internal oscillator is used and the notch is set at 60Hz. There is no significant difference in the LTC2410 performance between these two operation modes. 15 RSOURCE = 1000Ω 12 INL (ppm OF VREF) 9 RSOURCE = 500Ω 6 3 0 –3 RSOURCE = 100Ω –6 –9 –12 –15 –0.5 –0.4–0.3–0.2–0.1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 VINDIF/VREFDIF VCC = 5V FO = GND REF+ = 5V CREF = 10µF TA = 25°C REF– = GND 2410 F26 VINCM = 0.5 • (IN + + IN –) = 2.5V Figure 26. INL vs Differential Input Voltage (VIN = IN+ = IN–) and Reference Source Resistance (RSOURCE at REF+ and REF–) for Large CREF Values (CREF ≥ 1µF) The magnitude of the dynamic reference current depends upon the size of the very stable internal sampling capacitors and upon the accuracy of the converter sampling clock. The accuracy of the internal clock over the entire temperature and power supply range is typical better than 0.5%. Such a specification can also be easily achieved by an external clock. When relatively stable resistors (50ppm/°C) are used for the external source impedance seen by REF+ and REF–, the expected drift of the dynamic current gain error will be insignificant (about 1% of its value over the entire temperature and voltage range). Even for the most stringent applications a one-time calibration operation may be sufficient. In addition to the reference sampling charge, the reference pins ESD protection diodes have a temperature dependent leakage current. This leakage current, nominally 1nA (±10nA max), results in a small gain error. A 100Ω source resistance will create a 0.05µV typical and 0.5µV maximum full-scale error. Output Data Rate When using its internal oscillator, the LTC2410 can produce up to 7.5 readings per second with a notch frequency of 60Hz (FO = LOW) and 6.25 readings per second with a notch frequency of 50Hz (FO = HIGH). The actual output data rate will depend upon the length of the sleep and An increase in fEOSC over the nominal 153600Hz will translate into a proportional increase in the maximum output data rate. This substantial advantage is nevertheless accompanied by three potential effects, which must be carefully considered. First, a change in fEOSC will result in a proportional change in the internal notch position and in a reduction of the converter differential mode rejection at the power line frequency. In many applications, the subsequent performance degradation can be substantially reduced by relying upon the LTC2410’s exceptional common mode rejection and by carefully eliminating common mode to differential mode conversion sources in the input circuit. The user should avoid single-ended input filters and should maintain a very high degree of matching and symmetry in the circuits driving the IN+ and IN– pins. Second, the increase in clock frequency will increase proportionally the amount of sampling charge transferred through the input and the reference pins. If large external input and/or reference capacitors (CIN, CREF) are used, the previous section provides formulae for evaluating the effect of the source resistance upon the converter performance for any value of fEOSC. If small external input and/ or reference capacitors (CIN, CREF) are used, the effect of the external source resistance upon the LTC2410 typical performance can be inferred from Figures 17, 18, 22 and 23 in which the horizontal axis is scaled by 153600/fEOSC. Third, an increase in the frequency of the external oscillator above 460800Hz (a more than 3× increase in the output data rate) will start to decrease the effectiveness of the internal auto-calibration circuits. This will result in a progressive degradation in the converter accuracy and linearity. Typical measured performance curves for output data rates up to 25 readings per second are shown in Figures 27, 28, 29, 2410fa For more information www.linear.com/LTC2410 29 LTC2410 APPLICATIONS INFORMATION Input Bandwidth 500 VCC = 5V REF + = 5V REF – = GND VINCM = 2.5V VIN = 0V FO = EXTERNAL OSCILLATOR 450 OFFSET ERROR (ppm OF VREF) 30, 31, 32, 33 and 34. In order to obtain the highest possible level of accuracy from this converter at output data rates above 7.5 readings per second, the user is advised to maximize the power supply voltage used and to limit the maximum ambient operating temperature. In certain circumstances, a reduction of the differential reference voltage may be beneficial. 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 The combined effect of the internal Sinc4 digital filter and The conversion noise (800nVRMS typical for VREF = 5V) can be modeled by a white noise source connected to a noise free converter. The noise spectral density is 62.75nV√Hz for an infinite bandwidth source and 86.1nV√Hz for a single 0.5MHz pole source. From these numbers, it is clear that particular attention must be given to the design of external amplification circuits. Such circuits face the simultaneous requirements of very low bandwidth (just a few Hz) in order to reduce the output referred noise and relatively high bandwidth (at least 500kHz) necessary to drive the input switched-capacitor network. A possible solution is a high gain, low bandwidth amplifier stage followed by a high bandwidth unity-gain buffer. When external amplifiers are driving the LTC2410, the ADC input referred system noise calculation can be 0 5 10 15 20 OUTPUT DATA RATE (READINGS/SEC) 25 Figure 27. Offset Error vs Output Data Rate and Temperature 7000 VCC = 5V REF + = 5V REF – = GND IN + = 3.75V IN – = 1.25V FO = EXTERNAL OSCILLATOR 6000 +FS ERROR (ppm OF VREF) Due to the complex filtering and calibration algorithms utilized, the converter input bandwidth is not modeled very accurately by a first order filter with the pole located at the 3dB frequency. When the internal oscillator is used, the shape of the LTC2410 input bandwidth is shown in Figure 35 for FO = LOW and FO = HIGH. When an external oscillator of frequency fEOSC is used, the shape of the LTC2410 input bandwidth can be derived from Figure 35, FO = LOW curve in which the horizontal axis is scaled by fEOSC/153600. TA = 25°C TA = 85°C 2410 F27 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 0 TA = 25°C 0 TA = 85°C 5 10 15 20 OUTPUT DATA RATE (READINGS/SEC) 25 2410 F28 Figure 28. +FS Error vs Output Data Rate and Temperature 0 TA = 25°C TA = 85°C –1000 –FS ERROR (ppm OF VREF) of the analog and digital autocalibration circuits determines the LTC2410 input bandwidth. When the internal oscillator is used with the notch set at 60Hz (FO = LOW), the 3dB input bandwidth is 3.63Hz. When the internal oscillator is used with the notch set at 50Hz (FO = HIGH), the 3dB input bandwidth is 3.02Hz. If an external conversion clock generator of frequency fEOSC is connected to the FO pin, the 3dB input bandwidth is 0.236 • 10–6 • fEOSC. 0 –2000 –3000 –4000 VCC = 5V REF + = 5V REF – = GND IN + = 1.25V IN – = 3.75V FO = EXTERNAL OSCILLATOR –5000 –6000 –7000 0 5 10 15 20 OUTPUT DATA RATE (READINGS/SEC) 25 2410 F29 Figure 29. –FS Error vs Output Data Rate and Temperature 2410fa 30 For more information www.linear.com/LTC2410 LTC2410 APPLICATIONS INFORMATION 24 22 TA = 25°C 23 TA = 85°C 21 20 19 18 VCC = 5V REF + = 5V REF – = GND VINCM = 2.5V VIN = 0V FO = EXTERNAL OSCILLATOR RESOLUTION = LOG2(VREF/NOISERMS) 17 16 15 14 13 12 0 TA = 25°C 20 RESOLUTION (BITS) RESOLUTION (BITS) 22 5 10 15 20 OUTPUT DATA RATE (READINGS/SEC) TA = 85°C 18 16 RESOLUTION = LOG2(VREF/INLMAX) 14 VCC = 5V REF + = 5V REF – = GND VINCM = 2.5V –2.5V < VIN < 2.5V FO = EXTERNAL OSCILLATOR 12 10 8 25 0 5 10 15 20 OUTPUT DATA RATE (READINGS/SEC) 2410 F30 2410 F31 Figure 30. Resolution (NoiseRMS ≤ 1LSB) vs Output Data Rate and Temperature Figure 31. Resolution (INLRMS ≤ 1LSB) vs Output Data Rate and Temperature 250 24 175 150 22 RESOLUTION (BITS) OFFSET ERROR (ppm OF VREF) 200 VREF = 5V 23 VCC = 5V REF + = GND VINCM = 2.5V VIN = 0V FO = EXTERNAL OSCILLATOR TA = 25°C 225 125 100 75 21 VREF = 2.5V 20 19 18 VCC = 5V REF – = GND VINCM = 2.5V VIN = 0V FO = EXTERNAL OSCILLATOR TA = 25°C RESOLUTION = LOG2(VREF/NOISERMS) 17 16 15 50 14 25 0 VREF = 2.5V 0 13 VREF = 5V 5 10 15 20 OUTPUT DATA RATE (READINGS/SEC) 12 25 0 5 10 15 20 OUTPUT DATA RATE (READINGS/SEC) 2410 F32 22 0.0 –0.5 INPUT SIGNAL ATTENUATION (dB) RESOLUTION (BITS) Figure 33. Resolution (NoiseRMS ≤ 1LSB) vs Output Data Rate and Temperature VREF = 2.5V 20 VREF = 5V 18 RESOLUTION = LOG2(VREF/INLMAX) 16 14 TA = 25°C VCC = 5V REF – = GND VINCM = 0.5 • REF + –0.5V • VREF < VIN < 0.5 • VREF FO = EXTERNAL OSCILLATOR 12 10 0 25 2410 F33 Figure 32. Offset Error vs Output Data Rate and Reference Voltage 8 25 –1.0 –1.5 FO = HIGH –2.0 FO = LOW –2.5 –3.0 –3.5 –4.0 –4.5 –5.0 –5.5 5 10 15 20 OUTPUT DATA RATE (READINGS/SEC) 25 –6.0 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 DIFFERENTIAL INPUT SIGNAL FREQUENCY (Hz) 2410 F34 Figure 34. Resolution (INLMAX ≤ 1LSB) vs Output Data Rate and Reference Voltage 2410 F35 Figure 35. Input Signal Bandwidth Using the Internal Oscillator For more information www.linear.com/LTC2410 2410fa 31 LTC2410 APPLICATIONS INFORMATION simplified by Figure 36. The noise of an amplifier driving the LTC2410 input pin can be modeled as a band limited white noise source. Its bandwidth can be approximated by the bandwidth of a single pole lowpass filter with a corner frequency fi. The amplifier noise spectral density is ni. From Figure 36, using fi as the x-axis selector, we can find on the y-axis the noise equivalent bandwidth freqi of the input driving amplifier. This bandwidth includes the band limiting effects of the ADC internal calibration and filtering. The noise of the driving amplifier referred to the converter input and including all these effects can be calculated as N = ni • √freqi. The total system noise (referred to the LTC2410 input) can now be obtained by summing as square root of sum of squares the three ADC input referred noise sources: the LTC2410 internal noise (800nV), the noise of the IN+ driving amplifier and the noise of the IN– driving amplifier. INPUT REFERRED NOISE EQUIVALENT BANDWIDTH (Hz) 100 FO = HIGH 1 0.1 0.1 1 10 100 1k 10k 100k 1M INPUT NOISE SOURCE SINGLE POLE EQUIVALENT BANDWIDTH (Hz) 2410 F36 Figure 36. Input Referred Noise Equivalent Bandwidth of an Input Connected White Noise Source INPUT NORMAL MODE REJECTION (dB) 0 If the FO pin is driven by an external oscillator of frequency fEOSC, Figure 36 can still be used for noise calculation if the x-axis is scaled by fEOSC/153600. For large values of the ratio fEOSC/153600, the Figure 36 plot accuracy begins to decrease, but in the same time the LTC2410 noise floor rises and the noise contribution of the driving amplifiers lose significance. One of the advantages delta-sigma ADCs offer over conventional ADCs is on-chip digital filtering. Combined with a large oversampling ratio, the LTC2410 significantly simplifies anti-aliasing filter requirements. FO = HIGH –10 –20 –30 –40 –50 –60 –70 –80 –90 –100 –110 –120 Normal Mode Rejection and Anti-aliasing 0 fS 2fS 3fS 4fS 5fS 6fS 7fS 8fS 9fS 10fS11fS12fS DIFFERENTIAL INPUT SIGNAL FREQUENCY (Hz) 2410 F37 Figure 37. Input Normal Mode Rejection, Internal Oscillator and 50Hz Notch 0 INPUT NORMAL MODE REJECTION (dB) The Sinc4 digital filter provides greater than 120dB normal mode rejection at all frequencies except DC and integer multiples of the modulator sampling frequency (fS). The LTC2410’s auto-calibration circuits further simplify the anti-aliasing requirements by additional normal mode signal filtering both in the analog and digital domain. Independent of the operating mode, fS = 256 • fN = 2048 • fOUTMAX where fN in the notch frequency and fOUTMAX is the maximum output data rate. In the internal oscillator mode with a 50Hz notch setting, fS = 12800Hz and with a 60Hz notch setting fS = 15360Hz. In the external oscillator mode, fS = fEOSC/10. FO = LOW 10 FO = LOW OR FO = EXTERNAL OSCILLATOR, fEOSC = 10 • fS –10 –20 –30 –40 –50 –60 –70 –80 –90 –100 –110 –120 0 fS 2fS 3fS 4fS 5fS 6fS 7fS 8fS 9fS 10fS DIFFERENTIAL INPUT SIGNAL FREQUENCY (Hz) 2410 F38 Figure 38. Input Normal Mode Rejection, Internal Oscillator and 60Hz Notch or External Oscillator 2410fa 32 For more information www.linear.com/LTC2410 LTC2410 APPLICATIONS INFORMATION The combined normal mode rejection performance is shown in Figure 37 for the internal oscillator with 50Hz notch setting (FO = HIGH) and in Figure 38 for the internal oscillator with 60Hz notch setting (FO = LOW) and for the external oscillator mode. The regions of low rejection occurring at integer multiples of fS have a very narrow bandwidth. Magnified details of the normal mode rejection curves are shown in Figure 39 (rejection near DC) and Figure 40 (rejection at fS = 256fN) where fN represents the notch frequency. These curves have been derived for the external oscillator mode but they can be used in all operating modes by appropriately selecting the fN value. As a result of these remarkable normal mode specifications, minimal (if any) anti-alias filtering is required in front of the LTC2410. If passive RC components are placed in front of the LTC2410, the input dynamic current should be considered (see Input Current section). In cases where large effective RC time constants are used, an external buffer amplifier may be required to minimize the effects of dynamic input current. 0 0 –10 –10 INPUT NORMAL MODE REJECTION (dB) INPUT NORMAL MODE REJECTION (dB) The user can expect to achieve in practice this level of performance using the internal oscillator as it is demonstrated by Figures 41 and 42. Typical measured values of the normal mode rejection of the LTC2410 operating with an internal oscillator and a 60Hz notch setting are shown in Figure 41 superimposed over the theoretical calculated curve. Similarly, typical measured values of the normal mode rejection of the LTC2410 operating with an internal oscillator and a 50Hz notch setting are shown in Figure 42 superimposed over the theoretical calculated curve. –20 –30 –40 –50 –60 –70 –80 –90 –100 –110 –120 0 fN 2fN 3fN 4fN 5fN 6fN 7fN INPUT SIGNAL FREQUENCY (Hz) –20 –30 –40 –50 –60 –70 –80 –90 –100 –110 –120 250fN 252fN 254fN 256fN 258fN 260fN 262fN INPUT SIGNAL FREQUENCY (Hz) 8fN 2410 F39 2410 F40 Figure 39. Input Normal Mode Rejection Figure 40. Input Normal Mode Rejection 0 MEASURED DATA CALCULATED DATA –20 –40 – 60 VCC = 5V REF + = 5V REF – = GND VINCM = 2.5V VIN(P-P) = 5V FO = GND TA = 25°C –80 –100 –120 0 15 30 45 60 75 90 105 120 135 150 165 180 195 210 225 240 INPUT FREQUENCY (Hz) NORMAL MODE REJECTION (dB) NORMAL MODE REJECTION (dB) 0 MEASURED DATA CALCULATED DATA –20 –40 – 60 –80 –100 –120 0 12.5 25 37.5 50 62.5 75 87.5 100 112.5 125 137.5 150 162.5 175 187.5 200 INPUT FREQUENCY (Hz) 2410 F41 Figure 41. Input Normal Mode Rejection vs Input Frequency with Input Perturbation of 100% Full Scale (60Hz Notch) VCC = 5V REF + = 5V REF – = GND VINCM = 2.5V VIN(P-P) = 5V FO = 5V TA = 25°C 2410 F42 Figure 42. Input Normal Mode Rejection vs Input Frequency with Input Perturbation of 100% Full Scale (50Hz Notch) 2410fa For more information www.linear.com/LTC2410 33 LTC2410 APPLICATIONS INFORMATION Traditional high order delta-sigma modulators, while providing very good linearity and resolution, suffer from potential instabilities at large input signal levels. The proprietary architecture used for the LTC2410 third order modulator resolves this problem and guarantees a predictable stable behavior at input signal levels of up to 150% of full scale. In many industrial applications, it is not uncommon to have to measure microvolt level signals superimposed over volt level perturbations and LTC2410 is eminently suited for such tasks. When the perturbation is differential, the specification of interest is the normal mode rejection for large input signal levels. With a reference voltage VREF = 5V, the LTC2410 has a full-scale differential input range of 5V peak-to-peak. Figures 43 and 44 show measurement results for the LTC2410 normal mode rejection ratio with a 7.5V peak-to-peak (150% of full scale) input signal super- imposed over the more traditional normal mode rejection ratio results obtained with a 5V peak-to-peak (full scale) input signal. In Figure 43, the LTC2410 uses the internal oscillator with the notch set at 60Hz (FO = LOW) and in Figure 44 it uses the internal oscillator with the notch set at 50Hz (FO = HIGH). It is clear that the LTC2410 rejection performance is maintained with no compromises in this extreme situation. When operating with large input signal levels, the user must observe that such signals do not violate the device absolute maximum ratings. SYNCHRONIZATION OF MULTIPLE LTC2410S Since the LTC2410’s absolute accuracy (total unadjusted error) is 5ppm, applications utilizing multiple synchronized ADCs are possible. NORMAL MODE REJECTION (dB) 0 VIN(P-P) = 5V VIN(P-P) = 7.5V (150% OF FULL SCALE) –20 –40 VCC = 5V REF + = 5V REF – = GND VINCM = 2.5V FO = GND TA = 25°C – 60 –80 –100 –120 0 15 30 45 60 75 90 105 120 135 150 165 180 195 210 225 240 INPUT FREQUENCY (Hz) 2410 F43 Figure 43. Measured Input Normal Mode Rejection vs Input Frequency with Input Perturbation of 150% Full Scale (60Hz Notch) NORMAL MODE REJECTION (dB) 0 VIN(P-P) = 5V VIN(P-P) = 7.5V (150% OF FULL SCALE) –20 –40 VCC = 5V REF + = 5V REF – = GND VINCM = 2.5V FO = 5V TA = 25°C – 60 –80 –100 –120 0 12.5 25 37.5 50 62.5 75 87.5 100 112.5 125 137.5 150 162.5 175 187.5 200 INPUT FREQUENCY (Hz) 2410 F44 Figure 44. Measured Input Normal Mode Rejection vs Input Frequency with Input Perturbation of 150% Full Scale (50Hz Notch) 2410fa 34 For more information www.linear.com/LTC2410 LTC2410 APPLICATIONS INFORMATION Simultaneous Sampling with Two LTC2410s One such application is synchronizing multiple LTC2410s, see Figure 45. The start of conversion is synchronized to the rising edge of CS. In order to synchronize multiple LTC2410s, CS is a common input to all the ADCs. To prevent the converters from autostarting a new conversion at the end of data output read, 31 or fewer SCK clock signals are applied to the LTC2410 instead of 32 (the 32nd falling edge would start a conversion). The exact timing and frequency for the SCK signal is not critical since it is only shifting out the data. In this case, two LTC2410’s simultaneously start and end their conversion cycles under the external control of CS. Increasing the Output Rate Using Mulitple LTC2410s A second application uses multiple LTC2410s to increase the effective output rate by 4×, see Figure 46. In this case, four LTC2410s are interleaved under the control of separate CS signals. This increases the effective output rate from 7.5Hz to 30Hz (up to a maximum of 60Hz). Additionally, the one-shot output spectrum is unfolded allowing further digital signal processing of the conversion results. SCK and SDO may be common to all four LTC2410s. The four CS rising edges equally divide one LTC2410 conversion cycle (7.5Hz for 60Hz notch frequency). In order to synchronize the start of conversion to CS, 31 or less SCK clock pulses must be applied to each ADC. Both the synchronous and 4× output rate applications use the external serial clock and single cycle operation with reduced data output length (see Serial Interface Timing Modes section and Figure 6). An external oscillator clock is applied commonly to the FO pin of each LTC2410 in order to synchronize the sampling times. Both circuits may be extended to include more LTC2410s. SCK2 SCK1 VCC CONTROLLER REF + REF – IN + EXTERNAL OSCILLATOR (153,600HZ) LTC2410 #2 LTC2410 #1 FO VCC FO SCK REF + SCK SDO REF – SDO CS IN + IN – IN – GND GND CS CS SDO1 SDO2 VREF+ VREF – CS SCK1 31 OR LESS CLOCK CYCLES SCK2 31 OR LESS CLOCK CYCLES SDO1 SDO2 2410 F45 Figure 45. Synchronous Conversion—Extendable 2410fa For more information www.linear.com/LTC2410 35 LTC2410 APPLICATIONS INFORMATION VREF+ VREF – EXTERNAL OSCILLATOR (153,600HZ) LTC2410 #1 VCC FO VCC LTC2410 #3 FO VCC LTC2410 #4 FO VCC FO REF + SCK REF + SCK REF + SCK REF + SCK REF – SDO REF – SDO REF – SDO REF – SDO IN + CONTROLLER LTC2410 #2 CS IN + CS IN + CS IN + IN – IN – IN – IN – GND GND GND GND CS SCK SDO CS1 CS2 CS3 CS4 CS1 CS2 CS3 CS4 SCK 31 OR LESS CLOCK PULSES SDO 2410 F46 Figure 46. Using Multiple LTC2410s to Increase Output Data Rate BRIDGE APPLICATIONS Typical strain gauge based bridges deliver only 2mV/Volt of excitation. As the maximum reference voltage of the LTC2410 is 5V, remote sensing of applied excitation without additional circuitry requires that excitation be limited to 5V. This gives only 10mV full scale input signal, which can be resolved to 1 part in 10000 without averaging. For many solid state sensors, this is still better than the sensor. Averaging 64 samples however reduces the noise level by a factor of eight, bringing the resolving power to 1 part in 80000, comparable to better weighing systems. Hysteresis and creep effects in the load cells are typically much greater than this. Most applications that require strain measurements to this level of accuracy are measuring slowly changing phenomena, hence the time required to average a large number of readings is usually not an issue. For those systems that require accurate measurement of a small incremental change on a significant tare weight, the lack of history effects in the LTC2400 family is of great benefit. For those applications that cannot be fulfilled by the LTC2410 alone, compensating for error in external amplification can be done effectively due to the “no latency” feature of the LTC2410. No latency operation allows samples of the amplifier offset and gain to be interleaved with weighing measurements. The use of correlated double sampling allows suppression of 1/f noise, offset and thermocouple effects within the bridge. Correlated double sampling involves alternating the polarity of excitation and dealing with the reversal of input polarity mathematically. Alternatively, bridge excitation can be increased to as much as ±10V, 2410fa 36 For more information www.linear.com/LTC2410 LTC2410 APPLICATIONS INFORMATION if one of several precision attenuation techniques is used to produce a precision divide operation on the reference signal. Another option is the use of a reference within the 5V input range of the LTC2410 and developing excitation via fixed gain, or LTC1043 based voltage multiplication, along with remote feedback in the excitation amplifiers, as shown in Figures 52 and 53. devices, RFI suppression and wiring. The LTC2410 exhibits extremely low temperature dependent drift. As a result, exposure to external ambient temperature ranges does not compromise performance. The incorporation of any amplification considerably complicates thermal stability, as input offset voltages and currents, temperature coefficient of gain settling resistors all become factors. Figure 47 shows an example of a simple bridge connection. Note that it is suitable for any bridge application where measurement speed is not of the utmost importance. For many applications where large vessels are weighed, the average weight over an extended period of time is of concern and short term weight is not readily determined due to movement of contents, or mechanical resonance. Often, large weighing applications involve load cells located at each load bearing point, the output of which can be summed passively prior to the signal processing circuitry, actively with amplification prior to the ADC, or can be digitized via multiple ADC channels and summed mathematically. The mathematical summation of the output of multiple LTC2410’s provides the benefit of a root square reduction in noise. The low power consumption of the LTC2410 makes it attractive for multidrop communication schemes where the ADC is located within the load-cell housing. The circuit in Figure 48 shows an example of a simple amplification scheme. This example produces a differential output with a common mode voltage of 2.5V, as determined by the bridge. The use of a true three amplifier instrumentation amplifier is not necessary, as the LTC2410 has common mode rejection far beyond that of most amplifiers. The LTC1051 is a dual autozero amplifier that can be used to produce a gain of 15 before its input referred noise dominates the LTC2410 noise. This example shows a gain of 34, that is determined by a feedback network built using a resistor array containing 8 individual resistors. The resistors are organized to optimize temperature tracking in the presence of thermal gradients. The second LTC1051 buffers the low noise input stage from the transient load steps produced during conversion. A direct connection to a load cell is perhaps best incorporated into the load-cell body, as minimizing the distance to the sensor largely eliminates the need for protection + R1 LT1019 At a gain of 100, the gain error that could result from typical open-loop gain of 160dB is –1ppm, however, worst-case is at the minimum gain of 116dB, giving a gain error of –158ppm. Worst-case gain error at a gain of 34, is –54ppm. The use of the LTC1051A reduces the worst-case gain error to –33ppm. The advantage of gain higher than 34, then becomes dubious, as the input referred noise sees little improvement1 and gain accuracy is potentially compromised. 2 VREF 12 REF + SDO 4 13 SCK REF – 3 350Ω BRIDGE 5 IN + CS 11 LTC2410 6 R2 IN – GND FO The gain stability and accuracy of this approach is very good, due to a statistical improvement in resistor matching. A gain of 34 may seem low, when compared to common practice in earlier generations of load-cell interfaces, however the accuracy of the LTC2410 changes the rationale. Achieving high gain accuracy and linearity at higher gains may prove difficult, while providing little benefit in terms of noise reduction. 14 1, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 16 2410 F47 R1 AND R2 CAN BE USED TO INCREASE TOLERABLE AC COMPONENT ON REF SIGNALS Figure 47. Simple Bridge Connection Note that this 4-amplifier topology has advantages over the typical integrated 3-amplifier instrumentation amplifier in that it does not have the high noise level common in the output stage that usually dominates when an instru2410fa For more information www.linear.com/LTC2410 37 LTC2410 APPLICATIONS INFORMATION mentation amplifier is used at low gain. If this amplifier is used at a gain of 10, the gain error is only 10ppm and input referred noise is reduced to 0.1µVRMS. The buffer stages can also be configured to provide gain of up to 50 with high gain stability and linearity. Remote Half Bridge Interface As opposed to full bridge applications, typical half bridge applications must contend with nonlinearity in the bridge output, as signal swing is often much greater. Applications include RTD’s, thermistors and other resistive elements that undergo significant changes over their span. For single variable element bridges, the nonlinearity of the half bridge output can be eliminated completely; if the reference arm of the bridge is used as the reference to the ADC, as shown in Figure 50. The LTC2410 can accept inputs up to 1/2 VREF. Hence, the reference resistor R1 must be at least 2x the highest value of the variable resistor. Figure 49 shows an example of a single amplifier used to produce single-ended gain. This topology is best used in applications where the gain setting resistor can be made to match the temperature coefficient of the strain gauges. If the bridge is composed of precision resistors, with only one or two variable elements, the reference arm of the bridge can be made to act in conjunction with the feedback resistor to determine the gain. If the feedback resistor is incorporated into the design of the load cell, using resistors which match the temperature coefficient of the load-cell elements, good results can be achieved without the need for resistors with a high degree of absolute accuracy. The common mode voltage in this case, is again a function of the bridge output. Differential gain as used with a 350Ω bridge is AV = (R1+ R2)/(R1+175Ω). Common mode gain is half the differential gain. The maximum differential signal that can be used is 1/4 VREF, as opposed to 1/2 VREF in the 2-amplifier topology above. In the case of 100Ω platinum RTD’s, this would suggest a value of 800Ω for R1. Such a low value for R1 is not advisable due to self-heating effects. A value of 25.5k is shown for R1, reducing self-heating effects to acceptable levels for most sensors. The basic circuit shown in Figure 50 shows connections for a full 4-wire connection to the sensor, which may be located remotely. The differential input connections will reject induced or coupled 60Hz interference, however, 1Input referred noise for A = 34 is approximately 0.05µV V RMS, whereas at a gain of 50, it would be 0.048µVRMS. 5VREF 0.1µF 5V 3 2 350Ω BRIDGE 8 + 1 U1A – 2 4 15 14 4 1 RN1 16 6 11 7 2 6 5 10 8 3 5 12 3 U1B U2A 1 3 4 + 4 5 REF + VCC REF – SDO SCK IN + CS 12 13 11 13 7 5 + 2 8 – 9 6 – 0.1µF 0.1µF 5V LTC2410 – U2B 7 6 IN – + RN1 = 5k × 8 RESISTOR ARRAY U1A, U1B, U2A, U2B = 1/2 LTC1051 GND FO 14 1, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 16 2410 F48 Figure 48. Using Autozero Amplifiers to Reduce Input Referred Noise 2410fa 38 For more information www.linear.com/LTC2410 LTC2410 APPLICATIONS INFORMATION the reference inputs do not have the same rejection. If 60Hz or other noise is present on the reference input, a low pass filter is recommended as shown in Figure 51. Note that you cannot place a large capacitor directly at the junction of R1 and R2, as it will store charge from the sampling process. A better approach is to produce a low pass filter decoupled from the input lines with a high value resistor (R3). The circuit shown in Figure 51 shows a more rigorous example of Figure 50, with increased noise suppression and more protection for remote applications. Figure 52 shows an example of gain in the excitation circuit and remote feedback from the bridge. The LTC1043’s provide voltage multiplication, providing ±10V from a 5V reference with only 1ppm error. The amplifiers are used at unity gain and introduce very little error due to gain error or due to offset voltages. A 1µV/°C offset voltage drift translates into 0.05ppm/°C gain error. Simpler alternatives, with the amplifiers providing gain using resistor arrays for feedback, can produce results that are similar to bridge sensing schemes via attenuators. Note that the amplifiers must have high open-loop gain or gain error will be a source of error. The fact that input offset voltage has relatively little effect on overall error may lead one to use low performance amplifiers for this application. Note that the gain of a device such as an LF156, (25V/mV over temperature) will produce a worst-case error of –180ppm at a noise gain of 3, such as would be encountered in an inverting gain of 2, to produce –10V from a 5V reference. The use of a third resistor in the half bridge, between the variable and fixed elements gives essentially the same result as the two resistor version, but has a few benefits. If, for example, a 25k reference resistor is used to set the excitation current with a 100Ω RTD, the negative reference input is sampling the same external node as the positive input and may result in errors if used with a long cable. For short cable applications, the errors may be acceptalby low. If instead the single 25k resistor is replaced with a 10k 5% and a 10k 0.1% reference resistor, the noise level introduced at the reference, at least at higher frequencies, will be reduced. A filter can be introduced into the network, in the form of one or more capacitors, or ferrite beads, as long as the sampling pulses are not translated into an error. The reference voltage is also reduced, but this is not undesirable, as it will decrease the value of the LSB, although, not the input referred noise level. 10µF 5V + 0.1µF 5V 350Ω BRIDGE 3 + 2 1µF + 3 LTC1050S8 – R1 4.99k 2 0.1µV 7 6 175Ω 1µF 4 4 + 20k 5 REF + VCC REF – IN + R2 46.4k LTC2410 20k 6 IN – GND 1, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 16 AV = 9.95 = ( R1 + R2 R1 + 175Ω ) 2410 F49 Figure 49. Bridge Amplification Using a Single Amplifier 2410fa For more information www.linear.com/LTC2410 39 LTC2410 APPLICATIONS INFORMATION The error associated with the 10V excitation would be –80ppm. Hence, overall reference error could be as high as 130ppm, the average of the two. Figure 53 shows a similar scheme to provide excitation using resistor arrays to produce precise gain. The circuit is configured to provide 10V and –5V excitation to the bridge, producing a common mode voltage at the input to the LTC2410 of 2.5V, maximizing the AC input range for applications where induced 60Hz could reach amplitudes up to 2VRMS. The last two example circuits could be used where multiple bridge circuits are involved and bridge output can be multiplexed onto a single LTC2410, via an inexpensive multiplexer such as the 74HC4052. Figure 54 shows the use of an LTC2410 with a differential multiplexer. This is an inexpensive multiplexer that will contribute some error due to leakage if used directly with the output from the bridge, or if resistors are inserted as a protection mechanism from overvoltage. Although the bridge output may be within the input range of the A/D and multiplexer in normal operation, some thought should be given to fault conditions that could result in full excitation voltage at the inputs to the multiplexer or ADC. The use of amplification prior to the multiplexer will largely eliminate errors associated with channel leakage developing error voltages in the source impedance. VS 2.7V TO 5.5V 2 3 R1 25.5k 0.1% 4 REF + VCC REF – LTC2410 5 PLATINUM 100Ω RTD 6 IN + IN – GND 1, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 16 2410 F50 Figure 50. Remote Half Bridge Interface 5V R2 10k 0.1% R1 10k, 5% 5V R3 10k 5% + 1µF LTC1050 2 3 560Ω 4 – PLATINUM 100Ω RTD REF + VCC REF – LTC2410 10k 5 IN + 10k 6 IN – GND 1, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 16 2410 F51 Figure 51. Remote Half Bridge Sensing with Noise Suppression on Reference 2410fa 40 For more information www.linear.com/LTC2410 LTC2410 APPLICATIONS INFORMATION 15V 7 20Ω Q1 2N3904 6 + LTC1150 4 – 10V 3 2 200Ω 8 11 47µF * LT1236-5 + + 10V 0.1µF 12 14 13 10µF 17 + 0.1µF 1k 5V 7 1µF –15V 33Ω 350Ω BRIDGE 15V U1 4 LTC1043 15V 10V 5V 0.1µF 2 VCC 3 –10V 4 33Ω 5 6 U2 LTC1043 15V Q2 2N3906 20Ω 7 6 + LTC1150 4 –15V – 3 REF – IN + IN – 1, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 16 6 2 * 3 –15V 1k REF + GND 5 2 LTC2410 15 18 0.1µF U2 LTC1043 4 8 7 11 1µF FILM *FLYING CAPACITORS ARE 1µF FILM (MKP OR EQUIVALENT) 5V SEE LTC1043 DATA SHEET FOR DETAILS ON UNUSED HALF OF U1 * 12 200Ω 13 14 –10V 17 –10V 2410 F52 Figure 52. LTC1043 Provides Precise 4× Reference for Excitation Voltages 2410fa For more information www.linear.com/LTC2410 41 LTC2410 APPLICATIONS INFORMATION 15V 20Ω Q1 2N3904 + 1/2 LT1112 1 – C1 0.1µF 22Ω 5V 3 LT1236-5 + C3 47µF 2 C1 0.1µF RN1 10k 10V 1 2 3 4 350Ω BRIDGE TWO ELEMENTS VARYING 5V 2 RN1 10k VCC 3 4 5 –5V 6 8 RN1 10k 5 7 REF + REF – IN + IN – RN1 10k GND 1, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 16 6 15V C2 0.1µF 33Ω ×2 Q2, Q3 2N3906 ×2 LTC2410 20Ω 8 – 6 + 5 1/2 LT1112 7 4 RN1 IS CADDOCK T914 10K-010-02 –15V –15V 2410 F53 Figure 53. Use Resistor Arrays to Provide Precise Matching in Excitation Amplifier 5V 5V + 16 12 14 15 11 3 REF + 4 REF – 5 2 13 5 3 IN + 6 IN – 6 4 8 9 2 VCC LTC2410 74HC4052 1 TO OTHER DEVICES 47µF 10 GND 1, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 16 A0 A1 2410 F54 Figure 54. Use a Differential Multiplexer to Expand Channel Capability 2410fa 42 For more information www.linear.com/LTC2410 LTC2410 TYPICAL APPLICATIONS Sample Driver for LTC2410 SPI Interface The performance of the LTC2410 can be verified using the demonstration board DC291A, see Figure 57 for the schematic. This circuit uses the computer’s serial port to generate power and the SPI digital signals necessary for starting a conversion and reading the result. It includes a Labview application software program (see Figure 58) which graphically captures the conversion results. It can be used to determine noise performance, stability and with an external source, linearity. As exemplified in the schematic, the LTC2410 is extremely easy to use. This demonstration board and associated software is available by contacting Linear Technology. The LTC2410 has a very simple serial interface that makes interfacing to microprocessors and microcontrollers very easy. The listing in Figure 56 is a simple assembler routine for the 68HC11 microcontroller. It uses PORT D, configuring it for SPI data transfer between the controller and the LTC2410. Figure 55 shows the simple 3-wire SPI connection. The code begins by declaring variables and allocating four memory locations to store the 32-bit conversion result. This is followed by initializing PORT D’s SPI configuration. The program then enters the main sequence. It activates the LTC2410’s serial interface by setting the SS output low, sending a logic low to CS. It next waits in a loop for a logic low on the data line, signifying end-of-conversion. After the loop is satisfied, four SPI transfers are completed, retrieving the conversion. The main sequence ends by setting SS high. This places the LTC2410’s serial interface in a high impedance state and initiates another conversion. LTC2410 SCK SDO CS 13 12 11 68HC11 SCK (PD4) MISO (PD2) SS (PD5) 2410 F55 Figure 55. Connecting the LTC2410 to a 68HC11 MCU Using the SPI Serial Interface 2410fa For more information www.linear.com/LTC2410 43 LTC2410 TYPICAL APPLICATIONS ***************************************************** * This example program transfers the LTC2410’s 32-bit output * * conversion result into four consecutive 8-bit memory locations. * ***************************************************** *68HC11 register definition PORTD EQU$1008 Port D data register *“ – , – , SS* ,CSK ;MOSI,MISO,TxD ,RxD” DDRD EQU$1009 Port D data direction register EQU$1028 SPI control register SPSR *“SPIE,SPE ,DWOM,MSTR;SPOL,CPHA,SPR1,SPR0” SPSR EQU$1029 SPI status register *“SPIF,WCOL, – ,MODF; – , – , – , – “ SPDR EQU$102A SPI data register; Read-Buffer; Write-Shifter * * RAM variables to hold the LTC2410’s 32 conversion result * EQU$00 This memory location holds the LTC2410’s bits 31 - 24 DIN1 DIN2 EQU$01 This memory location holds the LTC2410’s bits 23 - 16 DIN3 EQU$02 This memory location holds the LTC2410’s bits 15 - 08 DIN4 EQU$03 This memory location holds the LTC2410’s bits 07 - 00 * ********************** * Start GETDATA Routine * ********************** * ORG$C000 Program start location INIT1 LDS#$CFFF Top of C page RAM, beginning location of stack LDAA#$2F–,–,1,0;1,1,1,1 *–, –, SS*-Hi, SCK-Lo, MOSI-Hi, MISO-Hi, X, X STAA PORTD Keeps SS* a logic high when DDRD, bit 5 is set LDAA#$38 –,–,1,1;1,0,0,0 STAA DDRD SS*, SCK, MOSI are configured as Outputs * MISO, TxD, RxD are configured as Inputs *DDRD’s bit 5 is a 1 so that port D’s SS* pin is a general output LDAA#$50 STAA SPCR The SPI is configured as Master, CPHA = 0, CPOL = 0 * and the clock rate is E/2 *(This assumes an E-Clock frequency of 4MHz. For higher E* Clock frequencies, change the above value of $50 to a value * that ensures the SCK frequency is 2MHz or less.) GETDATA PSHX PSHY PSHA LDX#$0 The X register is used as a pointer to the memory locations * that hold the conversion data LDY#$1000 BCLR PORTD, Y %00100000 This sets the SS* output bit to a logic *low, selecting the LTC2410 * 2410fa 44 For more information www.linear.com/LTC2410 LTC2410 TYPICAL APPLICATIONS ********************************** * The next short loop waits for the * * LTC2410’s conversion to finish before * * starting the SPI data transfer * ********************************** * CONVENDLDAA PORTD Retrieve the contents of port D ANDA#%00000100 Look at bit 2 *Bit 2 = Hi; the LTC2410’s conversion is not *complete *Bit 2 = Lo; the LTC2410’s conversion is complete BNE CONVEND Branch to the loop’s beginning while bit 2 remains high * * ******************** * The SPI data transfer * ******************** * TRFLP1 LDAA#$0 Load accumulator A with a null byte for SPI transfer STAA SPDR This writes the byte in the SPI data register and starts * the transfer WAIT1 LDAA SPSR This loop waits for the SPI to complete a serial transfer/exchange by reading the SPI Status Register BPL WAIT1 The SPIF (SPI transfer complete flag) bit is the SPSR’s MSB * and is set to one at the end of an SPI transfer. The branch * will occur while SPIF is a zero. LDAA SPDR Load accumulator A with the current byte of LTC2410 data that was just received STAA0,X Transfer the LTC2410’s data to memory INX Increment the pointer CPX#DIN4+1 Has the last byte been transferred/exchanged? BNE TRFLP1 If the last byte has not been reached, then proceed to the * next byte for transfer/exchange BSET PORTD,Y %00100000 This sets the SS* output bit to a logic high, * de-selecting the LTC2410 PULA Restore the A register PULY Restore the Y register PULX Restore the X register RTS Figure 56. This is an Example of 68HC11 Code That Captures the LTC2410’s Conversion Results Over the SPI Serial Interface Shown in Figure 55 2410fa For more information www.linear.com/LTC2410 45 LTC2410 TYPICAL APPLICATIONS VCC U1 LT1460ACN8-2.5 JP1 JUMPER 1 3 6 VOUT + 2 C1 10µF 35V R2 3 VIN VCC 2 GND 4 + U2 LT1236ACN8-5 JP2 JUMPER 1 2 6 VOUT + C2 22µF 25V C3 10µF 35V VCC J5 GND BANANA JACK J6 1 REF + 1 1 C6 0.1µF 3 4 5 BANANA JACK J7 1 REF – 6 BANANA JACK J8 1 VIN+ C4 100µF 16V 1 J1 VEXT 1 J2 GND P1 DB9 U3F 74HC14 + C5 10µF 35V REF + 11 2 2 VCC 11 12 CS FO REF – SCK VIN+ SDO U3B 74HC14 6 13 R3 51k 2 7 3 8 4 4 9 U3A 74HC14 3 2 1 5 R4 51k 14 13 U3C 74HC14 12 16 U4 GND VIN – LTC2410CGN 15 GND 10 GND 5 U3D 74HC14 6 GND GND GND GND 1 7 8 9 2 1 3 JP4 JUMPER 1 3 VCC BANANA JACK J10 1 GND + 4 10 J3 1 2 U3E 74HC14 2 BANANA JACK J9 1 VIN – R1 10Ω 1 JP3 JUMPER 1 3 BANANA JACK J4 1 VEXT VIN GND D1 BAV74LT1 2 JP5 JUMPER NOTES: INSTALL JUMBER JP1 AT PIN 1 AND PIN 2 INSTALL JUMBER JP2 AT PIN 1 AND PIN 2 INSTALL JUMBER JP3 AT PIN 1 AND PIN 2 9 R5 49.9 R6 3k 8 1 R7 22k 3 2 R8 51k Q1 MMBT3904LT1 VCC BYPASS CAP FOR U3 C7 0.1µF 2410 F57 Figure 57. 24-Bit A/D Demo Board Schematic Figure 58. Display Graphic 2410fa 46 For more information www.linear.com/LTC2410 LTC2410 PACKAGE DESCRIPTION Please refer to http://www.linear.com/designtools/packaging/ for the most recent package drawings. GN Package 16-Lead Plastic SSOP (Narrow .150 Inch) (Reference LTC DWG # 05-08-1641 Rev B) .189 – .196* (4.801 – 4.978) .045 ±.005 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 .254 MIN .009 (0.229) REF .150 – .165 .229 – .244 (5.817 – 6.198) .0165 ±.0015 .150 – .157** (3.810 – 3.988) .0250 BSC RECOMMENDED SOLDER PAD LAYOUT 1 .015 ±.004 × 45° (0.38 ±0.10) .007 – .0098 (0.178 – 0.249) .0532 – .0688 (1.35 – 1.75) 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 .004 – .0098 (0.102 – 0.249) 0° – 8° TYP .016 – .050 (0.406 – 1.270) .008 – .012 (0.203 – 0.305) TYP NOTE: 1. CONTROLLING DIMENSION: INCHES INCHES 2. DIMENSIONS ARE IN (MILLIMETERS) .0250 (0.635) BSC GN16 REV B 0212 3. DRAWING NOT TO SCALE 4. PIN 1 CAN BE BEVEL EDGE OR A DIMPLE *DIMENSION DOES NOT INCLUDE MOLD FLASH. MOLD FLASH SHALL NOT EXCEED 0.006" (0.152mm) PER SIDE **DIMENSION DOES NOT INCLUDE INTERLEAD FLASH. INTERLEAD FLASH SHALL NOT EXCEED 0.010" (0.254mm) PER SIDE 2410fa For more information www.linear.com/LTC2410 47 LTC2410 PCB LAYOUT AND FILM Silkscreen Top Top Layer 2410fa 48 For more information www.linear.com/LTC2410 LTC2410 REVISION HISTORY REV DATE DESCRIPTION A 08/15 Updated fEOSC maximum to 500kHz and all associated information. PAGE NUMBER Removed 52.5Hz noise histograms. 5, 9, 30, 31 6, 7 2410fa Information furnished by Linear Technology Corporation is believed to be accurate and reliable. However, no responsibility is assumed for its use. Linear Technology Corporation makes no representation that the interconnection of its circuits as described herein will not infringe on existing patent rights. For more information www.linear.com/LTC2410 49 LTC2410 PCB LAYOUT AND FILM Bottom Layer RELATED PARTS PART NUMBER DESCRIPTION COMMENTS LT1019 Precision Bandgap Reference, 2.5V, 5V 3ppm/°C Drift, 0.05% Max LT1025 Micropower Thermocouple Cold Junction Compensator 80µA Supply Current, 0.5°C Initial Accuracy LTC1043 Dual Precision Instrumentation Switched Capacitor Building Block Precise Charge, Balanced Switching, Low Power LTC1050 Precision Chopper Stabilized Op Amp No External Components 5µV Offset, 1.6µVP-P Noise LT1236A-5 Precision Bandgap Reference, 5V 0.05% Max, 5ppm/°C Drift LT1460 Micropower Series Reference 0.075% Max, 10ppm/°C Max Drift, 2.5V, 5V and 10V Versions LTC2400 24-Bit, No Latency ∆Σ ADC in SO-8 0.3ppm Noise, 4ppm INL, 10ppm Total Unadjusted Error, 200µA LTC2401/LTC2402 1-/2-Channel, 24-Bit, No Latency ∆Σ ADC in MSOP 0.6ppm Noise, 4ppm INL, 10ppm Total Unadjusted Error, 200µA LTC2404/LTC2408 4-/8-Channel, 24-Bit, No Latency ∆Σ ADC 0.3ppm Noise, 4ppm INL, 10ppm Total Unadjusted Error, 200µA LTC2411 24-Bit, No Latency ∆Σ ADC in MSOP 1.45µVRMS Noise, 4ppm INL LTC2413 24-Bit, No Latency ∆Σ ADC Simultaneous 50Hz/60Hz Rejection, 800nVRMS Noise LTC2420 20-Bit, No Latency ∆Σ ADC in SO-8 1.2ppm Noise, 8ppm INL, Pin Compatible with LTC2400 LTC2424/LTC2428 4-/8-Channel, 20-Bit, No Latency ∆Σ ADCs 1.2ppm Noise, 8ppm INL Pin Compatible with LTC2404/LTC2408 2410fa 50 Linear Technology Corporation 1630 McCarthy Blvd., Milpitas, CA 95035-7417 For more information www.linear.com/LTC2410 (408) 432-1900 ● FAX: (408) 434-0507 ● www.linear.com/LTC2410 LT 0815 REV A • PRINTED IN USA LINEAR TECHNOLOGY CORPORATION 2000