dm00096812

AN4372
Application note
STEVAL-ISA134V1: 12 V / 4 W, 115 kHz isolated flyback
By Alessandro Cannone
Introduction
This document describes a 12 V - 4 W power supply in isolated flyback topology with
VIPer06HN, a new off-line high voltage converter by STMicroelectronics.
The main features of the device are: 800 V avalanche rugged power section, PWM
operation at 115 kHz with frequency jittering for lower EMI, cycle-by-cycle current limit with
adjustable set point, on-board soft-start and safe auto-restart after a fault condition.
The available protections are: thermal shutdown with hysteresis, delayed overload
protection, open loop failure protection (the last one is available only if auxiliary winding is
used).
The present flyback converter is suitable for different applications. It can be used as an
external adapter or as an auxiliary power supply in consumer equipment.
Figure 1. Evaluation board image: power supply Figure 2. Evaluation board image: power supply
board. Top layer
board. Bottom layer
May 2016
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1/22
www.st.com
Contents
AN4372
Contents
1
2
Test board: design and evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.1
Output voltage characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.2
Efficiency measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.3
No load consumption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.4
Light load consumption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Typical board waveforms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.1
Dynamic step load regulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
3
Soft-start . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
4
Protection features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
4.1
Overload and short-circuit protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
4.2
Open-loop failure protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
5
Conducted noise measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
6
Thermal measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
7
Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
8
Demonstration tools and documentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
9
Revision history . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
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Test board: design and evaluation
Test board: design and evaluation
The electrical specifications of the evaluation board are listed in Table 1.
Table 1. Electrical specifications
Parameter
Symbol
Value
VIN
[85 VAC; 265 VAC]
Main frequency
fL
[50 Hz; 60 Hz]
Output voltage
VOUT
12 V
Max output current
IOUT
333 mA
Precision of output regulation
∆VOUT_LF
±5%
High frequency output voltage ripple
∆VOUT_HF
50mV
ηAV
71%
TAMB
60 ºC
AC main input voltage
Min active mode efficiency
Max ambient operating temperature
The power supply is set in isolated flyback topology. The schematic is given in Figure 4, the
bill of materials (BOM) in Table 2. Input section includes a resistor R1 for inrush current
limiting, a diode bridge (BR) and a Π filter for EMC suppression (C1, L1, C2). The
transformer core is a standard E13. A clamp network (D1, R2, C3) is used for leakage
inductance demagnetization.
Being an isolated topology, FB pin must be connected to ground in order to disable the
internal error amplifier. In this case, the feedback signal is transferred to the primary side
through an opto-isolator, connected in parallel with the compensation network (R5, C6, C7)
to the COMP pin.
Figure 3. FB and COMP pin internal structure
3.3V
Burst Mode Ref
PWM STOP
+
15K
-
Disabled
FB
VBU
E\A
From SenseFET
+
+
3.3V
-
To PWM latch
nR
R
COMP
GSPG0310DI1630
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The resistor connected between LIM pin and ground, lowers the default current limitation of
the device (according to the IDLIM vs RLIM graphic reported in the datasheet) to the value
which is needed for the desired power throughput, thus avoiding unnecessary overstress on
the power components. A small LC filter has been added at the output in order to filter the
high frequency ripple.
At power-up the DRAIN pin supplies the internal HV start-up current generator which
charges the C4 capacitor up to VDDon. At this point the power MOSFET starts switching, the
generator is turned off and the IC is powered by the energy stored in C4.
The IC is supplied by the auxiliary winding and the voltage delivered has to stay always
above the VDDcs_on threshold (11,5V max), in order to avoid that the HV start-up is
activated. Auxiliary winding is connected to the VDD pin through D3 and L2, where the
inductor component is used to filter voltage spike on VDD pin, during power MOSFET turnOFF.
This solution is preferred because, using a resistor, the continuous voltage on VDD pin
would be reduced and the voltage could fall below the VDDcs_on threshold.
An external clamp on VDD pin (Zener diode and resistor) is used to protect the pin when
overvoltage, due to an increase of output voltage, occurs on itself.
Figure 4. Electrical schematic
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Test board: design and evaluation
Table 2. Bill of materials (BOM)
Reference
Part
Description
Note
BR
RMB6S
0.5 A - 600 V bridge
Taiwan Semiconductor
R1
10 Ω - 1 W resistor
5% tolerance
R2
220 kΩ - 1/3 W resistor
5% tolerance
R3
220 Ω - 1/3 W resistor
5% tolerance
R4
22 kΩ - 1/10 W resistor
1% tolerance
R5
270 Ω - 1/10 W resistor
5% tolerance
R6
12 kΩ - 1/10 W resistor
5% tolerance
R7
1.8 MΩ - 1/10 W resistor (N.C.)
5% tolerance
R8
1 MΩ - 1/10W resistor
5% tolerance
R9
150 kΩ - 1/10 W resistor
1% tolerance
R10
17.2 kΩ - 1/10 W resistor
1% tolerance
C1,C2
4.7 µF - Electrolytic capacitor 400 V
Rubycon
C3
220 pF - Capacitor 630 V
C4
10 µF - Electrolytic capacitor 50 V
C5
100 nF - Capacitor 50 V
C6
1nF - Capacitor 50 V
C7
2.2 nF - Capacitor 50 V
Rubycon
C8
ZL series
220 µF - Electrolytic capacitor 25 V
Rubycon
C9
ZL series
47 µF - Electrolytic capacitor 25 V
Rubycon
C10
10 nF - Capacitor 50 V
C11
2.2 nF - Capacitor Y2
D1
STTH1L06A
Ultrafast diode 1A – 600 V
ST
D2
STPS1H100A
Power Schottky 1 A – 100 V
ST
D3
BAT46ZFIL
Signal Schottky 0.15 A – 100 V
ST
D4
MMSZ5248B-V-GS08
Zener diode 18 V 0.5 W
1921.0039
Magnetica
T1
Flyback transformer
7508110341 Rev. 6A
Wurth
IC1
VIPer06HN
Offline primary controller
ST
IC2
TS432ILT
Low voltage adjustable shunt
reference
ST
IC3
SFH6106-2T
Optocoupler
Vishay
L1
LPS4414
1 mH - Power inductor
Coilcraft
L2
LPS3008
4.7 µH - Power inductor
Coilcraft
L3
ME3220
4.7 µH - Power inductor
Coilcraft
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The transformer characteristics are listed in the table below
Table 3. Transformer characteristics
Parameter
Value
Manufacturer
Magnetica
Part number
1921.0039
Primary inductance
1.5mH ± 15%
Measured at 1 kHz, TAMB = 20 °C
Leakage inductance
17µH Nom.
Measured at 10 kHz, TAMB = 20 °C
Primary to secondary turn
ratio (3 - 4)/(5, 8)
6.87
Measured at 10 kHz, TAMB = 20 °C
Primary to auxiliary turn
ratio (3 - 4)/(2 - 1)
5.5
Measured at 10 kHz, TAMB = 20 °C
Saturation current
0.27 A
Primary, BSAT = 0.3 T, TAMB = 20 °C
Operating current
0.22 A
Primary, POUT = 3.6 W, TAMB=20 °C
Figure 5. Dimensional drawing and pin
placement diagram - bottom view
6/22
Test conditions
Figure 6. Dimensional drawing and pin
placement diagram - electrical diagram
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Figure 7. Dimensional drawing and pin
placement diagram - side view 1
1.1
Figure 8. Dimensional drawing and pin
placement diagram - side view 2
Output voltage characteristics
Output voltage of the board is measured in different line and load conditions. Table 4 and
Figure 9 show the results. The output voltage value is affected little by line or load
variations.
Table 4. Output voltage line-load regulation
VOUT (V)
VIN (VAC)
No load
0.17 A
0.25 A
0.33 A
85
12,00
12,02
12,03
12,03
115
12,00
12,02
12,02
12,03
150
12,00
12,01
12,02
12,03
180
12,00
12,01
12,02
12,03
230
12,00
12,01
12,02
12,02
265
12,00
12,00
12,01
12,02
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Figure 9. Output voltage load regulation at nominal input voltages
(115 VAC and 230 VAC)
1.2
Efficiency measurements
Any external power supply (EPS) must be capable of meeting the international regulation
agency limits. The European code of conduct (EC CoC) and US Department of Energy
(DoE - US EISA 2007) limits are taken as reference. EPS limits are fixed up to 70.88% when
the average efficiency is measured. The efficiency of the converter has been measured in
different load and line voltage conditions. The efficiency measurements have been
performed loading at 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% of maximum rate at 115 VAC and 230 VAC.
Table 5 and Table 6 show the results.
Table 5. Efficiency at 115 VAC
%Load
IOUT (A)
VOUT (V)
PIN (W)
POUT (W)
Efficiency%
25%
0,08
12,01
1,356
1,000
73.73
50%
0,17
12,02
2,516
2,001
79.54
75%
0,25
12,02
3,716
3,002
80.79
100%
0,33
12,03
5,027
4,006
79.69
Average efficiency
78.44
Table 6. Efficiency at 230 VAC
%Load
IOUT (A)
VOUT (V)
PIN (W)
POUT (W)
Efficiency%
25%
0,08
12,00
1,449
0,999
68.94
50%
0,17
12,01
2,720
2,000
73.52
75%
0,25
12,02
3,828
3,002
78.42
100%
0,33
12,02
5,131
4,003
78.01
Average efficiency
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Test board: design and evaluation
Figure 10. Efficiency vs. output current load
1.3
No load consumption
The input power of the converter has been measured in no load condition, in this situation
the converter works in burst mode so that the average switching frequency is reduced.
Figure 11. No load consumption vs. input voltage
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Light load consumption
Even if the EC CoC and DoE US EISA 2007 do not have other requirements regarding light
load performance, in order to give quite complete information we report the input power of
the evaluation board in light load conditions.
In particular, in order to be comply with EuP Lot 6, the EPS requires an efficiency higher
than 50% when the output load is 250 mW.
The presented evaluation also meets this requirement.
Figure 12. Light load consumption at different output power
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Typical board waveforms
Typical board waveforms
Drain voltage and current waveforms in full load condition are reported for minimum and
maximum input voltage in Figure 13 and Figure 14, and for the two nominal input voltages in
Figure 15 and Figure 16 respectively.
Figure 13. Drain current and voltage at full load Figure 14. Drain current and voltage at full load
at 85 VAC
at 265 VAC
Figure 15. Drain current and voltage at full load Figure 16. Drain current and voltage at full load
at 115 VAC
at 230 VAC
The output ripple at switching frequency was also measured. The board is provided with LC
filter, to further reduce the ripple without reducing the overall output capacitor's ESR.
The voltage ripple across the output connector (VOUT) and before the LC filter (VOUT_PRE)
was measured, in order to verify the effectiveness of the LC filter. The following two
diagrams show voltage ripple at 115 VAC (Figure 17) and at 230VAC (Figure 18) at full load
condition.
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Typical board waveforms
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Figure 17. Output voltage ripple at full load at
115 VAC
Figure 18. Output voltage ripple at full load at
230 VAC
As the load is so low that the voltage at the COMP pin falls below the VCOMPL internal
threshold (1.1 V typical), the VIPER06HN is disabled. At this point, the feedback reaction, to
the energy delivery stop, will make the COMP pin voltage increase again and when it goes
40mV above the VCOMPL threshold the device restarts switching. This results in a controlled
on/off operation which is referred to as “burst mode”. This mode of operation keeps low the
frequency-related losses when the load is very light or disconnected, making it easier to
comply with energy saving regulations.
The figures below show the output voltage ripple when the converter works in burst mode
operation and supplied with 115 VAC and with 230 VAC respectively.
Figure 19. Output voltage ripple during burst
mode operation at 115 VAC
12/22
Figure 20. Output voltage ripple during burst
mode operation at 230 VAC
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2.1
Typical board waveforms
Dynamic step load regulation
In any power supply is important to measure the output voltage when the converter is
submitted to dynamic load variations, in order to be sure that good stability is ensured and
no overvoltage or undervoltage occurs.
The test has been performed, for both nominal input voltages, varying output load from 0 to
100% of nominal value.
In any tested condition, no abnormal oscillations were noticed on the output and over/under
shoot were well within acceptable values.
Figure 21. Dynamic step load (0 to 100% output Figure 22. Dynamic step load (0 to 100% output
load) at 115 VAC
load) at 230 VAC
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Soft-start
3
AN4372
Soft-start
When the converter starts, the output capacitor is discharged and needs some time to reach
the steady state condition. During this time, the power demand from the control loop is the
maximum, while the reflected voltage is low. These two conditions could lead to a deep
continuous operating mode of the converter.
Also, when the power MOSFET is switched on, it cannot be switched off immediately as the
minimum on time (TON_MIN) has to be elapsed. Because of the deep continuous working
mode of the converter, during this TON_MIN, an excess of drain current can over-stress the
component of the converter as well as the device itself, the output diode, and the
transformer. Transformer saturation is also possible under these conditions.
To avoid all the described negative effects, the VIPer06HN implements an internal soft-start
feature. As the device starts to work, no matter the control loop request, the drain current is
allowed to increase from zero to the maximum value gradually.
The drain current limit is increased in steps, and the values range from 0 to the fixed drain
current limitation value (value that can be adjusted through an external resistor) is divided in
16 steps. Each step length is 64 switching cycles. The total length of the soft-start phase is
about 8.5 ms. Figure 23 shows the soft-start phase of the presented converter when it is
operating at minimum line voltage and maximum load
Figure 23. Soft-start feature
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Protection features
Protection features
In order to increase end-product safety and reliability, VIPer06HN has some protection
features: overload and short-circuit protection and open loop failure protection.
In the following sections these protections are tested and the results are presented.
4.1
Overload and short-circuit protection
In case of overload or output short-circuit (see Figure 24), the drain current reaches the
IDLIM value (or the one set by the user through the RLIM resistor). Every cycle this condition
is met and a counter is incremented; if it is maintained continuously for the time tOVL (50
msec typical, internally fixed), the overload protection is tripped, the power section is turned
off and the converter is disabled for a tRESTART time (1 sec typically). After this time has
elapsed, the IC will resume switching and, if the short is still present, the protection will
occur again (Figure 25). This ensures restart attempts of the converter with low repetition
rate, so that it works safely with extremely low power throughput and avoiding the IC
overheating in case of repeated overload events.
Moreover, every time the protection is tripped, the internal soft start-up function is invoked
(Figure 26), in order to reduce the stress on the secondary diode.
After the short removal, the IC will resume working normally. If the short is removed during
tSS or tOVL, i.e. before the protection tripping, the counter will be decremented on a cycle-bycycle basis down to zero and the protection will not be tripped.
If the short-circuit is removed during tRESTART, the IC will be waiting that tRESTART has
elapsed before resume switching (Figure 27).
Figure 24. Overload protection: output shortcircuit applied
Figure 25. Overload protection: continuous
output short-circuit
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Figure 26. Overload protection: soft start and
tOVL
4.2
Figure 27. Overload protection: short-circuit
removal
Open-loop failure protection
This kind of protection is useful when the device is supplied by an auxiliary winding and it's
activated when feedback loop failure or auxiliary winding disconnection occurs.
If R9 is open or R10 is shorted, the VIPer06HN works at its drain current limitation. The
output voltage, VOUT, will increase as the auxiliary voltage VAUX does, which is coupled with
the output through the secondary-to-auxiliary turns ratio.
As the auxiliary voltage increases up to the internal VDD active clamp, VDDclamp (23.5 V
minimum), and the clamp current injected on the VDD pin exceeds the latch threshold, IDDol
(4 mA minimum), a fault signal is internally generated and the device stop switching even if
the tOVL isn't elapsed yet (see Figure 29).
To verify the effectiveness of this protection the external clamp on VDD pin has been
removed.
Figure 28. Open loop failure protection: R9
open, tRESTART
16/22
Figure 29. Open loop failure protection: R9
open, tOVL
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5
Conducted noise measurements
Conducted noise measurements
The VIPer06HN frequency jittering feature allows the spectrum to be spread over frequency
bands, rather than being concentrated on single frequency value. Especially when
measuring conducted emission with the average detection method, the level reduction can
be several dBµV.
A pre-compliance test for the EN55022 (Class B) European normative was performed and
peak measurements of the conducted noise emissions at full load and nominal mains
voltages are shown in Figure 30 and Figure 31. As seen in the diagrams, in all test
conditions there is a good margin for the measurements with respect to the limits.
Figure 30. CE peak measurement at 115 VAC full Figure 31. CE peak measurement at 230 VAC full
load
load
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Thermal measurements
6
AN4372
Thermal measurements
A thermal analysis of the board has been performed using an IR camera for the two nominal
input voltages (115 VAC and 230 VAC) in full load condition. The results are shown in
Figure 32 to Figure 35 and summarized in Table 7.
Figure 32. Thermal map at 115 VAC full load. Top
layer
Figure 33. Thermal map at 115 VAC full load.
Bottom layer
Figure 34. Thermal map at 230 VAC full load. Top
layer
Figure 35. Thermal map at 230 VAC full load.
Bottom layer
Table 7. Temperature of key components (Tamb = 25 °C, emissivity = 0.95 for all points)
Temp (°C)
Point
18/22
Reference
115 VAC
230 VAC
A
48.9
52.6
Transformer
B
54.0
67.4
VIPer06HN
C
52.6
53.6
Output diode
D
43.9
48.2
Snubber diode
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7
Conclusions
Conclusions
In this document a flyback has been described and characterized. Special attention was
paid to efficiency and low load performances and the bench results were good with very low
input power in light load condition. The efficiency performance have been compared with
requirements of the ECoC and DoE regulation programs for external AC/DC adapter with
very good results, being the measured active mode efficiency always higher respect the
minimum required.
Also the EMI emission are quite low, even if using a low cost input filter.
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Evaluation tools and documentation
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AN4372
Evaluation tools and documentation
The VIPER06HN evaluation board order code is: STEVAL-ISA134V1.
Further information about this product is available in the VIPER06 datasheet at www.st.com.
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Revision history
Revision history
Table 8. Document revision history
Date
Revision
Changes
15-Oct-2013
1
Initial release.
16-May-2016
2
Added: new T1 part 7508110341 Rev 6A in Table 2.
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