dm00100948

AN4404
Application note
4 W, 12 V isolated flyback converter using the VIPer06HS, from the
VIPer™ plus family
By Alessandro Cannone
Introduction
This document describes the STEVAL-ISA135V1, a 12 V - 4 W power supply in isolated
flyback topology with VIPer06HS: a new off-line high voltage converter by
STMicroelectronics.
The main features of the device are: 800 V avalanche rugged power section, PWM
operation at 115 kHz with frequency jittering for lower EMI, cycle-by-cycle current limit with
adjustable set point, on-board soft-start and safe auto-restart after a fault condition.
The available protections are: thermal shutdown with hysteresis, delayed overload
protection and open loop failure protection (only available if auxiliary winding is used).
This flyback converter is suitable for different applications. It can be used as an external
adapter or as an auxiliary power supply in consumer equipment.
Figure 1. Evaluation board image: power supply board
May 2016
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www.st.com
Contents
AN4404
Contents
1
2
Test board: design and evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.1
Output voltage characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.2
Efficiency measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.3
No load consumption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.4
Light load consumption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Typical board waveforms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.1
Dynamic step load regulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
3
Soft-start . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
4
Protection features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
4.1
Overload and short-circuit protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
4.2
Open-loop failure protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
5
Conducted noise measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
6
Thermal measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
7
Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
8
Evaluation tools and documentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
9
Revision history . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
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Test board: design and evaluation
Test board: design and evaluation
The electrical specifications of the test board are listed in Table 1.
Table 1. Electrical specifications
Parameter
Symbol
Value
AC main input voltage
VIN
[85 VAC; 265 VAC]
Main frequency
fL
[50 Hz; 60 Hz]
Output voltage
VOUT
12 V
Max output current
IOUT
333 mA
Precision of output regulation
∆VOUT_LF
± 5%
High frequency output voltage ripple
∆VOUT_HF
50 mV
Min. active mode efficiency
ηAV
73.28%
Max. ambient operating temperature
TAMB
60ºC
The power supply is set in the isolated flyback topology. The schematic is given in Figure 3
and the bill of materials (BOM) in Table 2. The input section includes a resistor R1 to limit
inrush current, a diode bridge (BR) and a Π filter for EMC suppression (C1, L1, C2). The
transformer core is a standard E13. A clamp network (D1, R2, C3) is used for leakage
inductance demagnetization.
As the device is used in a secondary regulation isolated topology, the FB pin must be
connected to ground in order to disable the internal error amplifier. In this case, the
feedback signal is transferred to the primary side through an opto-isolator connected in
parallel with the compensation network (R5, C6, C7) to the COMP pin.
Figure 2. FB and COMP pin internal structure
3.3V
Burst Mode Ref
PWM STOP
+
15K
-
Disabled
FB
VBU
E\A
From SenseFET
+
+
3.3V
-
To PWM latch
nR
R
COMP
GSPG21112013DI0953
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The resistor connected between the LIM pin and ground lowers the default current limitation
of the device (according to the IDLIM vs RLIM illustration given in the datasheet) to the value
required for the desired power throughput, thus avoiding unnecessary overstress on the
power components. A small LC filter has been added at the output in order to filter the high
frequency ripple.
At power-up, the DRAIN pin supplies the internal HV start-up current generator which
charges the C4 capacitor up to VDDon. At this point, the power MOSFET starts switching, the
generator is turned off and the IC is powered by the energy stored in C4.
The IC is supplied by the auxiliary winding and the voltage delivered must always remain
above the VDDcs_on threshold (11.5 V max.) in order to avoid activating the HV start-up.
Auxiliary winding is connected to the VDD pin through D3 and L2, where the inductor
component is used to filter voltage spikes on VDD pin during MOSFET turn-off. This solution
is preferred because, with a resistor, the continuous voltage on the VDD pin drops and the
voltage may fall below the VDDcs_on threshold.
An external clamp on the VDD pin (Zener diode and resistor) is used to protect the pin when
overvoltage, due to an increase in output voltage, occurs on the same pin.
Figure 3. Electrical schematic
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Test board: design and evaluation
Table 2. Bill of material (BOM)
Reference
Part
Description
Supplier
BR
RMB6S
0.5A – 600V Bridge
Taiwan Semiconductor
R1
ROX1SJ10R
10Ω±5% - 1W Resistor
TE Connectivity
R2
ERJT08J224V
220kΩ±5% - 1/3W Resistor
Panasonic
R3
ERJT08J221V
220Ω±%5 - 1/3W Resistor
Panasonic
R4
CRG0603F22K
22kΩ±1% - 1/10W Resistor
TE Connectivity
R5
ERJ3GEYJ271V
270Ω±5% - 1/10W Resistor
Panasonic
R6
ERJ3GEYJ123V
12kΩ±5% - 1/10W Resistor
Panasonic
R7
CRCW06031M80FKEA
1.8MΩ±1% - 1/10W Resistor (N.C.)
Vishay
R8
CRCW06031M00FKEA
1MΩ±1% - 1/10W Resistor
Vishay
R9
ERA3AEB1543V
154kΩ±0.1% - 1/10W Resistor
Panasonic
R10
ERA3AEB1782V
17.8kΩ±0.1% - 1/10W Resistor
Panasonic
C1,C2
400AX4.7M8X9
4.7µF - Electrolytic capacitor 400V
Rubycon
C3
C3216C0G2J221J060AA
220pF - Capacitor 630V
TDK
C4
50YK10MEFCTA5X11
10µF - Electrolytic capacitor 50V
Rubycon
C5
GRM188R71H104JA93D
100nF - Capacitor 50V
Murata
C6
VJ0603Y102KNAAO
1nF - Capacitor 50V
Vishay
C7
VJ0603Y222KNAAO
2.2nF - Capacitor 50V
Vishay
C8
25ZL220MEFC8X11.5
220µF - Electrolytic capacitor 25V
Rubycon
C9
25ZL47MEFC5X11
47µF - Electrolytic capacitor 25V
Rubycon
C10
VJ0603Y103KNAAO
10nF - Capacitor 50V
Vishay
C11
DE2E3KY222MA2BM01
2.2nF - Capacitor Y2
Murata
D1
STTH1L06A
Ultrafast diode 1A – 600V
STMicroelectronics
D2
STPS1H100A
Power Schottky 1A – 100V
STMicroelectronics
D3
BAT46ZFILM
Signal Schottky 0.15A – 100V
STMicroelectronics
D4
MMSZ5248B-V-GS08
Zener diode 18V 0.5W
Vishay
1921.0039
T1
Magnetica
Flyback transformer
7508110341 Rev. 6A
Wurth
IC1
VIPer06HS
Offline primary controller
STMicroelectronics
IC2
TS432ILT
Low voltage adjustable shunt reference
STMicroelectronics
IC3
SFH6106-2T
Optocoupler
Vishay
L1
LPS4414
1mH - Power inductor
Coilcraft
L2
LPS3008
4.7µH - Power inductor
Coilcraft
L3
ME3220
4.7µH - Power inductor
Coilcraft
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The transformer characteristics are listed in the table below.
Table 3. Transformer characteristics
Parameter
Value
Manufacturer
Magnetica
Part number
1921.0039
Primary inductance
1.5mH ±
15%
Measured at 1 kHz, TAMB = 20°C
Leakage inductance
17µH Nom.
Measured at 10 kHz, TAMB = 20°C
Primary to secondary turn ratio (3 - 4)/(5 - 8)
6.87
Measured at 10 kHz, TAMB = 20°C
Primary to auxiliary turn ratio (3 - 4)/(2 - 1)
5.5
Measured at 10 kHz, TAMB = 20°C
Saturation current
0.27A
Primary, BSAT = 0.3T, TAMB = 20°C
Operating current
0.22A
Primary, POUT = 3.6 W, TAMB = 20°C
Figure 4. Dimensional drawing and pin
placement diagram - bottom view
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Test conditions
Figure 5. Dimensional drawing and pin
placement diagram - electrical diagram
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Test board: design and evaluation
Figure 6. Dimensional drawing and pin
placement diagram - side view 1
1.1
Figure 7. Dimensional drawing and pin
placement diagram - side view 2
Output voltage characteristics
The output voltage of the board is measured under different line and load conditions.
Table 4 and Figure 8 show the results: line or load variations have little effect on the output
voltage.
Table 4. Output voltage line-load regulation
VOUT (V)
VIN (VAC)
No load
0.17 A
0.25 A
0.33 A
85
12.03
12.04
12.06
12.06
115
12.03
12.05
12.06
12.06
150
12.03
12.05
12.06
12.06
180
12.03
12.04
12.05
12.06
230
12.03
12.04
12.05
12.06
265
12.02
12.03
12.05
12.06
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Figure 8. Output voltage load regulation at nominal input voltages
(115 VAC and 230 VAC)
1.2
Efficiency measurements
Any external power supply (EPS) must be capable of meeting the international regulation
agency limits. The European code of conduct (EC CoC version 5) and US department of
energy (DoE - US EISA 2007) limits are taken as references. EPS limits are fixed up to
73.28%, where the average efficiency is measured.
The efficiency of the converter has been measured under different load and line voltage
conditions.
The efficiency measurements have been performed with loading at 25%, 50%, 75% and
100% of maximum rate at 115 VAC and 230 VAC.
Table 5 and Table 6 show the results.
Table 5. Efficiency at 115 VAC
%Load
IOUT (A)
VOUT (V)
PIN (W)
POUT (W)
Efficiency (%)
25%
0.08
12.03
1.321
1.001
75.81
50%
0.17
12.05
2.490
2.006
80.58
75%
0.25
12.06
3.755
3.012
80.21
100%
0.33
12.06
5.009
4.016
80.18
Average efficiency
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Table 6. Efficiency at 230 VAC
%Load
IOUT (A)
VOUT (V)
PIN (W)
POUT (W)
Efficiency (%)
25%
0.08
12.03
1.485
1.001
67.44
50%
0.17
12.04
2.720
2.005
73.70
75%
0.25
12.05
3.808
3.009
79.03
100%
0.33
12.06
5.108
4.016
78.62
Average efficiency
74.70
Figure 9. Efficiency vs. output current load
1.3
No load consumption
The input power of the converter has been measured under the no load condition; in this
situation, the converter works in burst mode so that the average switching frequency is
reduced.
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Figure 10. No load consumption vs. input voltage
1.4
Light load consumption
Even if the EC CoC and DoE US EISA 2007 do not stipulate other requirements regarding
light load performance, the input power of the evaluation board under light load conditions is
given in order to provide a complete picture.
In particular, in order to comply with EuP Lot 6, the EPS requires an efficiency higher than
50% when the output load is 250 mW. The test board also satisfies this requirement.
Figure 11. Light load consumption at different output power
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Typical board waveforms
Typical board waveforms
Drain voltage and current waveforms under full load condition are shown for minimum and
maximum input voltages in Figure 12 and Figure 13, and for the two nominal input voltages
in Figure 14 and Figure 15 respectively.
Figure 12. Drain current and voltage at full load Figure 13. Drain current and voltage at full load
at 85 VAC
at 265 VAC
Figure 14. Drain current and voltage at full load Figure 15. Drain current and voltage at full load
at 115 VAC
at 230 VAC
The output ripple at the switching frequency was also measured. The board is provided with
an LC filter to further reduce the ripple without reducing the overall ESR of the output
capacitor.
The voltage ripple across the output connector (VOUT) and before the LC filter (VOUT_PRE)
was measured in order to verify the effectiveness of the LC filter. The following two diagrams
show the voltage ripple at 115 VAC (Figure 16) and at 230 VAC (Figure 17) under full load
condition.
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Figure 16. Output voltage ripple at full load at
115 VAC
Figure 17. Output voltage ripple at full load at
230 VAC
As the load is so low that the voltage at the COMP pin falls below the VCOMPL internal
threshold (typically 1.1 V), the VIPER06HS is disabled. At this point, the feedback reaction
to the energy delivery cutoff forces the COMP pin voltage to rise and, when it is 40 mV
above the VCOMPL threshold, the device begins switching again. This results in a controlled
on/off operation which is referred to as “burst mode”. This mode of operation reduces
frequency-related losses when the load is very light or disconnected, facilitating compliance
with energy saving regulations.
The figures below show the output voltage ripple when the converter operates in burst mode
and is supplied with 115 VAC and with 230 VAC respectively.
Figure 18. Output voltage ripple during burst
mode operation at 115 VAC
12/22
Figure 19. Output voltage ripple during burst
mode operation at 230 VAC
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2.1
Typical board waveforms
Dynamic step load regulation
In any power supply, it is important to measure the output voltage when the converter is
subjected to dynamic load variations in order to ensure good stability and that no
overvoltage or undervoltage occurs.
The test has been performed for both nominal input voltages, varying the output load from 0
to 100% of the nominal value.
In every tested condition, no abnormal oscillations were revealed on the output and
over/under shoot were well within acceptable values.
Figure 20. Dynamic step load (0 to 100% output Figure 21. Dynamic step load (0 to 100% output
load) at 115 VAC
load) at 230 VAC
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Soft-start
3
AN4404
Soft-start
When the converter starts, the output capacitor has no charge and needs some time to
reach the steady state condition. During this time, the power demand from the control loop
is at its maximum, while the reflected voltage is low. These two conditions may lead to a
deep continuous operating mode of the converter.
Also, when the power MOSFET is switched on, it cannot be switched off immediately as the
minimum on time (TON_MIN) must first elapse. Because of the deep continuous operating
mode of the converter, during TON_MIN, an excessive drain current can overstress the
component of the converter as well as the device itself, the output diode, and the
transformer. Transformer saturation is also possible under these conditions.
To avoid all the above mentioned negative effects, the VIPer06HS implements an internal
soft-start feature. As the device begins operation, regardless of the control loop request, the
drain current is allowed to gradually increase from zero to the maximum value.
The drain current limit is increased in steps, and the range from 0 to the fixed drain current
limitation value (which can be adjusted through an external resistor) is divided in 16 steps.
Each step length is 64 switching cycles, for a total duration of the soft-start phase around
8.5ms. Figure 22 shows the soft-start phase of the converter when it is operating at
minimum line voltage and maximum load.
Figure 22. Soft-start feature
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Protection features
Protection features
In order to increase end-product safety and reliability, VIPer06HS has the following
protection mechanisms: overload and short-circuit protection and open loop failure
protection.
In the following sections, these protection mechanisms are tested and the results are
presented.
4.1
Overload and short-circuit protection
In case of overload or output short-circuit (see Figure 23), the drain current reaches the
IDLIM value (or the one set by the user through the RLIM resistor). For each cycle that this
condition is met, a counter increments; if this state is maintained continuously for the time
tOVL (50 ms typical, internally fixed), the overload protection is tripped, the power section is
turned off and the converter is disabled for a tRESTART time (typically 1 s). When this time
has elapsed, the IC resumes switching and, if the short is still present, the protection again
activates (Figure 24). This ensures that the restart attempts of the converter are at a low
repetition rate, so that it works safely with extremely low power throughput and avoids IC
overheating in case of repeated overload events.
Moreover, whenever the protection is tripped, the internal soft-start function is invoked
(Figure 25) in order to reduce the stress on the secondary diode.
When the short is removed, the IC resumes normal operation. If the short is removed during
tSS or tOVL, i.e., before the protection tripping, the counter decrements each cycle down to
zero and the protection is thus not tripped.
If the short-circuit is removed during tRESTART, the IC waits until tRESTART has elapsed
before resuming switching (Figure 26).
Figure 23. Overload protection: output shortcircuit applied
Figure 24. Overload protection: continuous
output short-circuit
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Protection features
AN4404
Figure 25. Overload protection: soft start and
tOVL
4.2
Figure 26. Overload protection: short-circuit
removal
Open-loop failure protection
This kind of protection is useful when the device is supplied by an auxiliary winding and it is
activated when feedback loop failure or auxiliary winding disconnection occurs.
If R9 is open or R10 is shorted, the VIPer06HS works at its drain current limitation. The
output voltage, VOUT, increases with the auxiliary voltage VAUX, which is coupled with the
output according to the secondary-to-auxiliary turns ratio.
As the auxiliary voltage rises to the internal VDD active clamp, VDDclamp (23.5 V min.), and
the clamp current injected on the VDD pin exceeds the latch threshold, IDDol (4 mA min.), a
fault signal is internally generated and the device stops switching even if tOVL hasn’t elapsed
yet (see Figure 28).
To verify the effectiveness of this protection, the external clamp on the VDD pin has been
removed.
Figure 27. Open loop failure protection: R9
open, tRESTART
16/22
Figure 28. Open loop failure protection: R9
open, tOVL
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5
Conducted noise measurements
Conducted noise measurements
The VIPer06HS frequency jittering feature allows the spectrum to be spread over frequency
bands rather than being concentrated on single frequency value. Especially when
measuring conducted emission with the average detection method, the level reduction can
be several dBµV.
A pre-compliance test for the EN55022 (Class B) European normative was performed and
peak measurements of the conducted noise emissions at full load and nominal mains
voltages are shown in Figure 29 and Figure 30. The diagrams show that the measurements
are well within the limits in all test conditions.
Figure 29. CE peak measurement at 115 VAC
full load
Figure 30. CE peak measurement at 230 VAC
full load
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Thermal measurements
6
AN4404
Thermal measurements
Thermal analysis of the board was performed using an IR camera for the two nominal input
voltages (115 VAC and 230 VAC) under full load condition. The results are shown in
Figure 31 to Figure 34 and summarized in Table 7.
Figure 31. Thermal map at 115 VAC full load.
Top layer
Figure 32. Thermal map at 115 VAC full load.
Bottom layer
Figure 33. Thermal map at 230 VAC full load.
Top layer
Figure 34. Thermal map at 230 VAC full load.
Bottom layer
Table 7. Temperature of key components (Tamb = 25 °C, emissivity = 0.95 for all points)
Temp (°C)
Point
18/22
Reference
115 VAC
230 VAC
A
50.0
52.4
Transformer
B
56.0
66.4
VIPer06HS
C
53.8
55.6
Output diode
D
51.7
56.7
Snubber diode
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7
Conclusions
Conclusions
In this document, a flyback has been described and characterized. Special attention was
paid to efficiency and low load performances and the bench results were good with very low
input power under light load conditions. The efficiency performance was compared with the
requirements of EC CoC and DoE regulation programs for external AC/DC adapters with
very good results, with the measured active mode efficiency always higher than the required
minimum.
The EMI emissions are also quite low, even when only using a low cost input filter.
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Evaluation tools and documentation
8
AN4404
Evaluation tools and documentation
The VIPER06HS evaluation board order code is: STEVAL-ISA135V1.
Further information about this product is available in the VIPER06 datasheet at www.st.com.
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Revision history
Revision history
Table 8. Document revision history
Date
Revision
Changes
20-Aug-2014
1
Initial release.
17-May-2016
2
Added: new T1 part 7508110341 Rev 6A in Table 2.
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