AN74170 PSoC 1 Analog Structure and Configuration with PSoC Designer.pdf

AN74170
PSoC® 1 Analog Structure and Configuration with PSoC Designer™
Author: Mark Hastings
Associated Project: No
Associated Part Family: PSoC ® 1
Software Version: PSoC ® Designer™ 5.4 or later
Related Application Notes: None
If you have a question, or need help with this application note, contact the author at
[email protected].
AN74170 explains the analog structure of standard PSoC® 1 devices and how the global analog parameters affect many
of the analog user modules.
Contents
Introduction
Introduction ....................................................................... 1
PSoC 1 Architecture .......................................................... 3
Analog PSoC Block Array............................................. 4
Analog Column Structure ............................................. 5
Analog Connectivity to GPIO Pins .............................. 13
Internal Analog Block Interconnect ............................. 17
Internal Reference Structure ...................................... 18
Global Analog Parameters ......................................... 21
Troubleshooting Incorrect ADC Operation ...................... 23
Summary ......................................................................... 23
Worldwide Sales and Design Support ............................. 25
When designing with the PSoC 1 family of
microcontrollers, you use PSoC Designer and its
high-level interface to configure the PSoC, including the
analog architecture. In addition to placing and configuring
the individual user modules (building blocks), several
global analog parameters also require configuration.
Understanding these global parameters and the overall
analog architecture is important, especially when a design
consists of several analog user modules that are affected
by these settings.
This application note assumes that you are familiar with
the PSoC Designer development tool, and how to develop
a project. Topics covered in this application note include
the following:







Analog PSoC block array structure
Analog column structure
Analog connectivity to GPIO pins
Internal analog block interconnect
Internal reference structure
Global analog parameters
Troubleshooting incorrect ADC operation
The devices covered in this application note include the
PSoC devices intended for general-purpose applications
that have a similar architecture as shown in Table 1. The
PSoC devices intended solely for CapSense® (capacitive
touch input) are not included in this application note,
although some of the PSoC devices discussed do support
CapSense.
www.cypress.com
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Table 1 lists the analog resources for each part family.
One of the major connectivity differences in these parts is
the Analog Mux Bus or AMux. The AMux gives
connectivity to all GPIOs instead of eight pins on Port0
and four pins on Port2. Notice in Table 1 that all PSoC
parts that have an AMux bus have more than twelve
TM
analog inputs. For specific information on these PSoC
families, see the device datasheet and the Analog
System section of the Technical Reference Manual (TRM)
for that specific part family.
Analog
Inputs
Analog
Outputs
Analog
Columns
Analog
Blocks
Limited
Analog
Blocks
Analog Mux
Bus (AMux)
Table 1. Device Families Covered in This Application Note
CY8C29x66
12
4
4
12
0
No
CY8C27x43
12
4
4
12
0
No
CY8C24x94
48
2
2
6
0
Yes
CY8C24x23
12
2
2
6
0
No
CY7C64215
48
2
2
6
0
Yes
CY8C28x23
10
2
2
6
0
No
CY8C28x33
40
2
4
6
4
Yes
CY8C28x43
44
4
4
12
0
Yes
CY8C28x45
44
4
4
12
4
Yes
CY8C28x52
24
4
4
12
4
Yes
PSoC Part Family
www.cypress.com
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TM
PSoC 1 Architecture
PSoC 1 devices are divided into four sections, analog system, digital system, PSoC core, and system resources. Each of
these sections varies in size and complexity depending on the part family. Figure 1 shows a block diagram of the standard
PSoC 1 device.
Figure 1. PSoC 1 Block Diagram
Port 6
Port 7
Port 4
Port 5
Port 0
Port 1
Port 2
Port 3
Analog
Drivers
System Bus
Global Digital Interconnect
Global Analog Interconnect
PSoC Core
Supervisory ROM (SROM)
SRAM
Flash Nonvolatile Memory
CPU Core (M8C)
Interrupt
Controller
24 MHz Internal Main
Oscillator (IMO)
Internal Low Speed
Oscillator (ILO)
Sleep and
Watchdog
Phase Locked
Loop (PLL)
32 KHz Crystal
Oscillator (ECO)
Multiple Clock Sources
Digital System
Analog System
Digital PSoC Block Array
Analog
Ref
Analog PSoC
Block Array
DBB00
DBB01
DCB02
DCB03
DBB10
DBB11
DCB12
DCB13
CT
CT
CT
CT
DBB20
DBB21
DCB22
DCB23
SC
SC
SC
SC
SC
SC
SC
SC
DBB30
DBB31
DCB32
DCB33
Analog
Input
Muxing
1 to 4 Analog Columns
1 to 4 Digital Rows
SYSTEM BUS
Digital
Clocks
Multiply
Accumulate
(MACs)
POR and LVD
Decimators
I2C
System Resets
Switch
Mode
Pump
Internal
Voltage
Reference
USB
IO Analog
Multiplexer
System Resources
The analog PSoC block array is the focus of this
application note. It consists of two basic analog blocks
known as continuous time (CT) and switch capacitor (SC).
Due to the configuration flexibility of these blocks, all the
analog user modules, such as ADCs, DACs, and PGAs,
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available in PSoC Designer are created using these two
basic blocks. The analog user modules created with these
blocks include several ADCs, DACs, filters, mixers, PGAs,
and other components.
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The Digital PSoC Block Array can contain between 4 to 16
blocks, depending on the device family. These digital
blocks are used for components such as Counters,
Timers, PWMs, UARTs, and SPI. They are also used in
conjunction with analog blocks to create the timers and
counters required in an ADC user module. This application
note does not cover the digital blocks other than
connectivity between the analog and digital blocks.
The system resources section can include fixed function
blocks, such as I2C, switch mode pump, USB, internal
TM
voltage reference, and I/O analog multiplexer. The actual
resources available are dependent on the part family.
The PSoC core contains the CPU, SRAM, flash ROM,
interrupt controller, oscillators, and GPIOs. As with the
other blocks, different parts will have a variation of ROM
and RAM sizes. Different packages will also limit the total
number of GPIOs. The connectivity between the analog
section and the GPIO pins are described in the application
note.
Analog PSoC Block Array
When you open PSoC Designer and create a new project using one of the PSoC 1 parts such as CY8C29x43, the Chip view
displays two groups of blocks. The upper section shows the digital blocks and the lower section shows the analog blocks.
Figure 2 shows an example of the analog block section. Other device families show a similar view but with a different number
of available blocks and interconnection between blocks and GPIO pins. The row and column identifiers have been added to
help clarify the block location later in the document.
Figure 2. Analog Block Orientation for CY8C29x44
Continuous
Time Blocks
( CT Blocks )
ROW 0
ROW 1
Switch
Capacitor
Blocks
( SC Blocks )
ROW 2
COL 1
COL 0
COL 2
COL 3
4 Column
PSoC Devices
2 Column
PSoC Devices
1 Column
PSoC Devices
The analog section is composed of one or more analog
columns depending on the exact device you have
selected. The CY8C29x44 contains four columns of
analog blocks. Devices with a single column use column 1
and two-column devices use columns 0 and 1. The
CY28xxx devices have four columns similar to the
CY8C29x44 shown in Figure 2, plus two additional
columns with limited analog functionality, mainly for use
with CapSense. Table 1 summarizes the analog block and
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analog column count for each part type discussed in this
application note.
Each block is labeled with a block identifier that shows the
location and block type. An example of the format is
ASC10. The “A” means that it is an analog block. The “S”
identifies this as a switched capacitor block type. The “C”
determines the type of switch cap block. Location of the
block in the analog matrix is determined by the last two
digits. In this example, the “10” determines that this block
is located in row 1 and analog column 0.
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Figure 3. Block Decoder
ASC10
Column of analog or digital block array.
Row of analog or digital block array.
Block type versions:
SC Blocks -> C = Standard, D = Extended Capabilities
E = Simple Integrator
CT Blocks -> B = Standard, C = Extended Capabilities
E = Comparator Only
Block Type, for analog blocks, C = Continuous
time, S = Switch Cap
Analog or Digital Block, “A” = analog, “D” = digital.
Analog Column Structure
The standard PSoC 1 analog column consists of one CT block, two SC blocks, analog input mux (multiplexer), analog bus,
comparator bus, analog output buffer, and an analog clock mux. See Figure 4 for more details. Each part of the analog column
structure is discussed in the following sections.
Figure 4. Analog Column Structure
PSoC Designer View
Chip View
Analog
Inputs
Analog
Input
Mux
Analog
Clock
Inputs
To Digital
Blocks
LUT
AnalogBus 0
Analog Clock
Analog
Clock
Mux
CT
Block 1
SC
Block 1
Comparator Bus 0
÷4
SC
Block 2
Analog
Output
Buffer
buf
To Port
P02, P03, P04, or P05
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PSoC 1 Analog Structure and Configuration with PSoC Designer
CT Blocks
The core of a CT block is a basic opamp. Other
components such as a resistor string, several analog
muxes, and a comparator output are included to add
flexibility. You can configure this block in a number of
different ways to create several PSoC Designer user
modules. Figure 5 shows the basic structure of a CT
block. Following are some of the user modules in the
PSoC Designer library that are constructed with an analog
CT block:




TM
Inverting Amplifier (AMPINV)
Comparator (COMP)
Instrumentation Amplifier (INSAMP)
Programmable Gain Amplifier (PGA)
Figure 5. PSoC CT Block
TestMux
LPCMPEN
RefHi
RefLo
AGND
+
PMuxOut
Gain
ABUS
AnalogBus
CompCap
OUT
PWR
CBUS
Latch
Block Inputs
Port Input
CBUS
Driver
Transparent,
PHI1 or PHI2
ABUS
GOUT
AGND
Vdd
PMux
NMux
RTopMux
Block Inputs
AGND
RefHi, RefLo
FB
RESISTOR
MATRIX
LOUT
Gain
EXGAIN
RTapMux
GIN
RBotMux +
INSAMP
LIN
AGND
www.cypress.com
CMOUT
SCBLK
Vss
Adjacent Column RBOTMUX
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SC Blocks
The other two blocks in the analog column are Switch
Capacitor or SC blocks. The SC blocks are flexible and
used for a wide range of user modules. The most common
use is a modulator, which is used for the PSoC ADCs
(analog to digital converter). Here are the current user
modules that use the PSoC 1 SC blocks:

All PSoC 1 incremental and DelSig ADCs (such as
ADCINC, ADCINCVR, DelSigPlus, DUALADC, and
TRIADC)

All PSoC 1 DACs (DAC6, DAC8, DAC9, MDAC6, and
MDAC8)
TM

Analog filters (LPF2, LPF4, BFP2, BFP4, ELPF2, and
ELPF4)


DTMF dialer
Generic SCBLOCK
Figure 6 and Figure 7 are the two basic SC blocks that are
placed in the analog block matrix, in an alternating
fashion. For more information about SC blocks, see
AN2041 - Understanding PSoC 1 Switch Capacitor Analog
Blocks. To learn more about implementing switch cap
filters in PSoC 1, see AN2168 - PSoC 1 Understanding
Switched Capacitor Filters.
Figure 6. PSoC 1 SC Type C Block
φ1*AutoZero
BQTAP
FCap
16,32 C
CCap
0,1,…,30,31 C
C Inputs
(φ2+!AutoZero)
* FSW1
φ1* FSW0
ACMux
φ1
A Inputs
RefHi
RefLo
AGND
ARefMux
ACap
0,1,…,30,31 C
φ2+AutoZero
φ1 *
!AutoZero
φ2
OUT
Sample/Hold
AnalogBus
φ2B
*
ASign
Modulation
Inputs
Mod Bit Control
ABUS
Power
BCap
0,1,…,30,31 C
(Comparator)
CBUS
φ2
B Inputs
BMuxSC
www.cypress.com
φ2
φ1
CBUS
Driver
φ1
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TM
Figure 7. PSoC 1 SC Type D Block
φ1
FCap
16,32
C
*AutoZer
o
CCap
0,1,…,30,31 C
(φ2+!AutoZero)
* FSW1
BQTAP
φ1* FSW0
A Mux
A Inputs
RefHi
RefLo
AGND
ARefMux
ASign
φ1
ACap
0,1,…,30,31 C
φ2+AutoZero
φ1 *
!AutoZero
φ2
OUT
Sample/Hold
AnalogBus*φ2B
BCap
0,1,…,30,31 C
φ2 +!BSW
B Inputs
ABUS
φ2 +!BSW+AutoZero
Power
(Comparator)
CBUS
φ1*BSW
φ1 *BSW*!AutoZero
BMuxSD
φ2
An a l o g ( C o l u m n ) B u s
The analog bus is primarily used to route an analog signal
from one of the analog blocks to the analog output buffer
(for more information, see the Analog Output Amplifier
section). Any user module that outputs an analog signal
such as an amplifier, DAC, or filter can drive the analog
column bus. PSoC Designer allows one analog block to
drive the analog bus, but it is possible to set registers
during runtime that enable more than one block to drive
the bus at the same time. Be sure to disconnect the
previous block before the second is connected, to avoid
shorting two outputs.
Analog user modules that have an input and are placed in
the SC block at the bottom of the column (Row 2) may use
the analog bus as an input source. This way, the analog
column bus can be used to route a signal from a CT block
(row 0) output to the input of an analog user module
located on the bottom (row 2) of the analog column.
An a l o g O u t p u t Am p l i f i e r
Each column has an analog buffer that is connected to the
analog column bus. If enabled, this buffer can drive 30 to
40 mA depending on the device family. Each buffer is
connected to a dedicated GPIO pin. The four columns, 0
through 3, are connected to pins P02, P03, P04, and P05,
respectively. If the buffer is enabled, the signal on the
analog bus will be buffered and driven to the associated
pin. If the buffer is disabled, the pin will operate as a
standard GPIO pin. The buffer may also be bypassed and
the non-buffered signal driven directly to the pin, but this is
www.cypress.com
φ1
CBUS
Driver
not recommended because of the low drive strength of the
analog blocks.
Any analog block output that needs to be routed to an
external GPIO pin should be buffered by the analog buffer
to provide sufficient signal strength. Common uses for the
analog buffer include:





DAC output buffer
Analog ground buffer (virtual ground)
Filter output
Reference signal output (RefHi, RefLo, and AGND)
Buffer external signal (in one pin, through the buffer,
then out another pin)
To buffer an internal reference, the RefMux User Module
may be placed at the top of the column (row 0) in the CT
block location. The Reference Select parameter of the
RefMux User Module is used to select one of the three
analog reference voltages (AGND, REFLO, or REFHI) or
an input from the GPIO pins through the PMux (Positive
Input Mux). Figure 8 shows the RefMux parameter
selection and the configuration of P0[3], which is the
output of the analog buffer for column 0. Note that the
GPIO Drive mode is set to High Z Analog and the Select
parameter is set to the buffer AnalogOutBuf_0.
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TM
Figure 8. Setting Up RefMux User Module
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PSoC 1 Analog Structure and Configuration with PSoC Designer
Comparator Bus
Each analog column has a dedicated comparator bus
associated with it. Every analog PSoC block has a
comparator output that can drive this bus. However, only
one analog block in a column can actively drive the
comparator bus at a time. The comparator bus output may
be routed to a digital block as a signal source. It also
serves as an input to the decimator (used for ADCs),
TM
serves as an interrupt input, and is available as read-only
data in the Analog Comparator Control register
(CMP_CR0).
In the CY8C28xxx families, the comparator signals may
also drive several of the digital signal buses to give even
more flexibility to digital block inputs and directly driving
pin outputs.
Figure 9. Comparator Bus and Interface
LUT
SC
Comp Bus 0
CT
Data Output
From DBB01
Data Output
From DCB02
Data Output
From DBB11
Data Output
From DCB12
One Analog Column
SC
Continuous Time Block
CMP
Analog Comparator Bus Slice
Latch
Transparent, PHI1 or PHI2
CBUS
Driver
Incremental Gate, One per Column
(From Digital Blocks)
IGEN[1:0]
From Col (i+1)
Switched Capacitor Block
CMP
(DEC_CR0[5:4])
PHI1 or PHI2
CBUS
Driver
Latch
Switched Capacitor Block
Latch
PHI1 or PHI2
B
A
LUT
(ALT_CR0[7:0])
PHI2
CMP
Destinations
Latch
BYPASS
To Col (i-1)
(CLDIS, CMP_CR1[7:4])
CBUS
Driver
1) Comparator
Register
2) Data Inputs
for Digital
Blocks
3) Input to
Decimator
Column
Interrupt
PHI2
AINT (CMP_CR0[1:0])
Output to SAR Accelerator Input Mux
The Comparator Buses contains a digital look-up table
(LUT). This LUT includes several logic functions that can
combine the signal of the comparator bus with that of the
comparator bus to the right. Table 2 shows the possible
combinations for the LUT. A is the signal from the current
comparator bus and B is the signal from the comparator in
the column to the right. If you are configuring the right
most column LUT, the B input is from the left most
column. When reading register CMP_CR0 to check the
status of the comparator, this is the output of the LUT,
which may not be the actual Comparator Bus state,
depending on the LUT option selected.
www.cypress.com
Table 2. Comparator Look-up Table (LUT) Options
Logic Function
Description
A
Column Comp Bus
B
Adjacent Comp Bus
~A
Inverted Column Comp Bus
~B
Inverted Adjacent Comp Bus
A AND B
Logical AND of A and B
A AND ~B
Logical AND of A and not B
~A AND B
Logical AND of not A and B
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Logic Function
column. The CT blocks use this clock when in the
comparator mode to sync the output to the SC blocks and
any digital blocks that it may be connected. A separate
analog column clock generator is provided for each
column. It is important to note that regardless of the
clock source selected, the output frequency of the
column clock generator is the input frequency divided
by four in the column. This is done to generate the nonoverlapping clocks.
Description
A OR B
Logical OR of A and B
A NOR B
Logical NOR or A and B
A OR ~B
Logical OR of A and not B
~A OR B
Logical OR of not A and B
A XOR B
Logical XOR of A and B
A NOR B
Logical NOT of A and B
TRUE
Output always high
FALSE
Output always low
TM
Figure 11 shows the analog clock tree for an analog
column. Each of the AnalogClock_x_Select muxes selects
one of the digital blocks for the clock source. The global
clocks, VC1 and VC2, may also be selected as the clock
source.
If you click on the LUT in the PSoC Designer interface, as
shown in Figure 10, you can see the available logic
options. A logic symbol appears in the LUT box after a
function is selected. Notice in Figure 10 that an AND gate
is shown. Because there is only one comparator bus per
analog column, only one user module that requires a
comparator output can be placed in a single column. If a
design has more than one user module that requires the
comparator bus, be sure to place each of them in separate
analog columns. Most ADCs such as the Delta-Sigma
make use of the comparator output to interface to a
counter or decimator. The comparator (COMP) and
Generic SCBlock components are two other user modules
that use the comparator bus.
Figure 11. Analog Clock Tree
AnalogClock_0_Select
AnalogClock_1_Select
VC1
VC2
CT
Block 1
Analog Clock
Figure 10. Selecting Comparator Bus LUT Option
÷4
SC
Block 1
SC
Block 2
When analog signals are routed between blocks in
adjacent columns, the clocks in these columns should be
synchronized in phase and frequency. Frequency
synchronization may be achieved by selecting the same
input clock source for the columns.
An a l o g C l o c k
The SC blocks require a two-phase, non-overlapping clock
to drive the SC block internal switches. This two-phase
clock is derived from the clock connected to the analog
www.cypress.com
Most components based on the switch cap blocks have a
ClockPhase
option.
Phase
synchronization
is
accomplished using this option. In some cases careful
thought must be given to verify a long signal chain is
properly synchronized.
The selection of the Clock Phase is used to synchronize
the output of one switched capacitor analog PSoC block to
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PSoC 1 Analog Structure and Configuration with PSoC Designer
the input of another. The switched cap analog PSoC
blocks use the two-phase clock (φ1, φ2) to acquire and
transfer a signal. Typically, the input to an ADC is sampled
when φ1 is high, the Normal setting. A problem arises in
that many of the user modules auto-zero their output
during φ1 and provide a valid output only during φ2. If
such a module’s output is fed to the ADC’s input, the ADC
acquires an auto-zeroed output instead of a valid signal.
The clock phase selection allows the phases to be
swapped so the input signal is now acquired during φ2,
the “Swapped” setting.
Figure 12 illustrates an example were a voltage DAC
output is only valid during φ1, but by default the ADC is
sampled during φ2. This causes the ADC to read the
DAC’s output during its auto zero cycle instead of when
the output is valid. By changing the clock phase option of
the ADC to “Swapped” you can see the ADC sampling at
the correct time. Each user module will identify the phase
that it acquires or outputs its signal in the ClockPhase
parameter section of the datasheet.
Figure 12. Normal and Swapped Clocks
TM
Looking at the “DAC Output” waveform in Figure 12, you
may become concerned that the DAC output does not look
like a continuous signal. Internally an SC block output will
switch between its auto-zero and valid phase, but as long
as the SC blocks are synced properly, this is not a
problem. When routing the signal to the analog column
bus, it passed through a sample and hold circuit. Each
analog column has its own sample and hold, which
convert the SC block output back to a continuous time
signal.
The sample and hold circuit consists of a switch controlled
by φ2, an internal capacitor, and an opamp configured as
a voltage follower. The voltage follower is the analog
buffer at the bottom of the analog column. The sample and
hold capacitor is charged while φ2 is high and is held
when φ2 is low. See Figure 13 for more details.
Figure 13. Analog Column Sample and Hold Circuit
Analog
Buffer
AnalogBus*φ2B
SC block
Output
To
GPIO
Pin
ABUS
Input
Clock (4x)
DAC Output
(From SC Block)
Ф1
Ф2
Ф2
DAC Output
(Normal Phase)
DAC
Valid
ADC Acquisition
(Normal Phase)
ADC Acquisition
(Swapped Phase)
www.cypress.com
Auto
Zero
DAC
Valid
Sample
Sample
Auto
Zero
DAC
Valid
Sample
Sample
DAC
Valid
DAC
Valid
DAC
Valid
Track
Hold
Analog Buffer
Output
Figure 6 and Figure 7 of the SC blocks show the sample
and hold capacitor in the block for simplicity, but it is
actually a part of the analog column.
Sample
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TM
Analog Connectivity to GPIO Pins
Connectivity between the analog column inputs and the
GPIO pins varies between PSoC 1 families, but all devices
discussed in this application note have the standard Port0
and Port2 connectivity. Port0 pin signals can be routed
directly to the columns. The odd Port0 pins are connected
directly to columns 0 and 2 (the even columns), and even
Port0 pins are connected to columns 1 and 3 (the odd
columns). Columns 1 and 2 have an additional mux that
allow these columns to access all pins on Port0. See
Figure 14 for a representation of the basic connectivity.
Figure 14 also shows a few more connections to the SC
blocks in columns 0 and 3 from Port2 (Note the routes in
green). The additional connections allow direct GPIO
connectivity to these analog SC blocks and add four more
analog inputs to components such as ADCs, mixers, and
filters. The routes in blue are the analog column buses
that any one of the three analog blocks can drive. The
signal on the analog bus can then drive a dedicated GPIO
pin with the Analog Output Amplifier.
Figure 14. Basic Analog Connectivity
Analog
Buffers
GPIOs
Analog
Buffers
GPIOs
P0[6]
Array Input Configuration
P0[7]
P0[4]
P0[5]
ACI0[1:0]
ACI1[1:0]
ACM0
ACI2[1:0]
ACM1
ACI3[1:0]
ACM2
P0[2]
ACM3
P0[3]
P0[0]
ACOL1MUX
AC1
AC2
ACOL2MUX
Array
P0[1]
ACB00
ACB01
ACB02
ACB03
ASC10
ASD11
ASC12
ASD13
ASD20
ASC21
ASD22
ASC23
Analog
Column 0
Analog
Column 1
Analog
Column 2
Analog
Column 3
RefIn
P2[6]
AGNDIn
P2[4]
P2[3]
P2[1]
P2[2]
P2[0]
There are several variations to this interconnectivity
diagram depending on the device family. The biggest
differences as mentioned previously are the number of
columns and the addition of the AMux bus that allows all
the GPIOs to be configured as analog inputs. In the chip
diagram in PSoC Designer, a third layer of analog muxes
is added to parts that contain the AMux bus. The extra
layer provides connectivity between the analog columns
and all of the GPIOs pins, not just Port0 and a few pins of
Port2.
www.cypress.com
Document No. 001-74170 Rev. *C
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PSoC 1 Analog Structure and Configuration with PSoC Designer
TM
Figure 15 shows an example with one of the CY8C24x94 devices.
Figure 15. Example of CY8C24x94 AnalogMUXBus Connections Shown in PSoC Designer
AnalogMUXBus_0
www.cypress.com
Document No. 001-74170 Rev. *C
AnalogMUXBus_1
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PSoC 1 Analog Structure and Configuration with PSoC Designer
TM
The CY8C24x94 parts have two AnalogMUXBuses that may be used independently or combined together. The Odd port pins
may connect to AnalogMUXBus_0 and the even pins can be connected to AnalogMUXBus_1. These buses may be used to
route any analog signal to one of the analog columns, or be used for CapSense in the parts that support it. Figure 16 shows
port pins that can connect to each of the buses.
1
Amux
Bus[0]
Port5[6,4,2,0]
Port4[6,4,2,0]
Port3[6,4,2,0]
Port2[6,4,2,0]
AnalogMUXBus_1
Amux
Bus[1]
LUT
ASC10
ASC11
ASD20
ASC21
buf
www.cypress.com
ACB01
AnalogBus 0
AnalogBus 0
ACB00
Comparator Bus 0
LUT
Document No. 001-74170 Rev. *C
Comparator Bus 0
0
Port1[6,4,2,0]
Port0[6,4,2,0]
AnalogMUXBus_0
P01
P03
P05
P07
Port5[7,5,3,1]
Port4[7,5,3,1]
Port3[7,5,3,1]
Port2[7,5,3,1]
Port1[7,5,3,1]
P01
P03
P05
P07
Port0[7,5,3,1]
Figure 16. AnalogMUXBus Connectivity
buf
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PSoC 1 Analog Structure and Configuration with PSoC Designer
TM
The CY8C28xxx devices have a similar architecture but extend it to four full analog columns. Two additional columns shown
on the right side in Figure 17 have limited functionality. These two additional columns have a CT block of type ACE and a
switch cap block of type ASE. The CT blocks (Type ACE) are built around a low-power, low-offset amplifier. They can be
configured in two modes: as a unity gain buffer to drive the other column or open loop as a comparator. The ASE blocks are
special hardware used in conjunction with the ACE blocks for CapSense.
Figure 17. CY8C28xxx Example Analog Structure
You may configure initial analog routes in PSoC Designer
during design. They will be configured prior to user code
execution (main.c). For applications in which some or all
analog routes don’t need to change during runtime, you do
not need to generate additional code.
If the input to a specific user module has to change during
runtime, you can either write code to configure the mux
registers directly or take advantage of the analog mux
user modules provided. Table 3 provides a list of analog
mux user modules available for each family.
Table 3. Available Mux User Modules
Analog
Inputs
PSoC Part Family
CY8C29x66
12
Analog Mux Bus
No
CY8C27x43
Analog MUX User
Modules
Description
AMUX4
Port0, 4 input mux
AMUX8
Port0, 8 input mux
AMUX4
Port0, 4 input mux
AMUX8
Port0, 8 input mux
AMUX4
Port0, 4 input mux
AMUX8
Port0, 8 input mux
AMuxN
All GPIO pins
CY8C24x23
CY8C24x94
CY7C64215
48
48
Yes
Yes
CY8C28x23
10
No
AMUX4 AMUX8
Port0, 4 input mux
CY8C28x33
40
Yes
AMUX4
Port0, 4 input mux
AMUX8
Port0, 8 input mux
AMuxN
All GPIO pins
AMUX4
Port0, 4 input mux
AMUX8
Port0, 8 input mux
AMuxN
All GPIO pins
AMUX4
Port0, 4 input mux
AMUX8
Port0, 8 input mux
AMuxN
All GPIO pins
Port0, 8 input mux
CY8C28x43
44
Yes
CY8C28x45
CY8C28x52
www.cypress.com
24
Yes
Document No. 001-74170 Rev. *C
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PSoC 1 Analog Structure and Configuration with PSoC Designer
TM
Internal Analog Block Interconnect
Other than connectivity from the input muxes and the analog column bus, each analog block may connect to most nearby
analog blocks. Figure 18 shows an example of the connectivity available. These routes are independent of the input routing
from Port0, the analog column bus, and AMux bus. The inputs from Port2 are also shown in the diagram to show all the direct
inputs to the analog blocks.
Each PSoC 1 family has different connectivity options, but the concepts are similar. It is important to review the Analog Section
of the Technical Reference Manual (TRM) for the part you have selected, to ensure you understand the options that benefit
your design.
Figure 18. Inter-Analog Block Connectivity
Row 0
ACB00
(CT)
ACB01
(CT)
ACB02
(CT)
ACB03
(CT)
ASC12
(SC)
ASD13
(SC)
2 Col Only
P2.2
Row 1
ASD11
(SC)
P2.1
REFHI
ASC21
(SC)
ASC10
(SC)
ASD11
(SC)
REFHI
REFHI
P2.1
ASD20
(SC)
ASC21
(SC)
Row 2
Differences
For One Column
Array ONLY
Column 0
One Column Array
PSoC Designer understands these routes and adjusts the
input and output parameters when a user module block is
moved from block to block.
See Figure 19 for an example where input options are
dependent on the user module block placement. If the
analog block for an ADCINC user module is placed in row
1 of the first column, the connection options are different
compared to when the block is placed in row 2. The red
and blue arrows illustrate the possible positive input
options for the ADCINC. Table 4 shows the possible
options for the ADCINC positive input for each of the
blocks ASC10 and ASC20. Note that most of the
connections are different.
www.cypress.com
REFHI
ASD22
(SC)
ASC23
(SC)
ABUS(2)
ABUS(3)
Column 2
Column 3
P2.2
P2.2
2 Col Only
ABUS(0)
LEGEND:
P2.2
ABUS(1)
VTemp
Column 1
Two Column Array
Four Column Array
Table 4. ADCINC Input Options
ADC Placed at ASC10
(Row 1)
ADC Placed at ASD20
(Row 3)
ACB00
ASC10
ASD11
Port_2_1
REFHI
ASC21
ASD20
AnalogOutBus_0
ACB01
REFHI
Port_2_1
ASD11
Document No. 001-74170 Rev. *C
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PSoC 1 Analog Structure and Configuration with PSoC Designer
𝑅𝑒𝑓𝐻𝑖 = 𝐴𝐺𝑁𝐷 + 𝑉𝑟𝑒𝑓
Figure 19. Example Input Options for ADCINC
P01
P03
P05
P07
P01
P03
P05
P07
𝑅𝑒𝑓𝐿𝑜 = 𝐴𝐺𝑁𝐷 − 𝑉𝑟𝑒𝑓
AnalogBus 0
AnalogBus 0
REFHI
Port_2_1
𝑅𝑒𝑓𝐿𝑜 = 𝐴𝐺𝑁𝐷 − 𝑉𝑟𝑒𝑓
ACB01
ACB00
ASD11
ASC10
TM
The RefLo and RefHi signals are important because they
define the upper and lower range of the DACs and ADCs.
VREF can be the internal BandGap voltage (1.3 V) times a
constant, VDD/2, or an external signal connected to pin
P2[6]. Analog Ground (AGND) may be generated by
VDD/2, derived from the BandGap, or from an external
source connected to pin P2[4]. A simplistic view of the
AGND, RefHi, and RefLo signals is shown in Figure 20.
Figure 20. Simplistic View of RefHi, RefLo, and AGND
ADCINC
RefHi
VRef
REFHI
ASD20
Port_2_1
ADCINC
ASC21
AGND
VAGND
buf
VRef
buf
Vss
Internal Reference Structure
The PSoC Programmable System-on-Chip operates on a
single power supply between 3.0 and 5.25 V. Analog
signals in most systems are typically of both positive and
negative polarity around a reference usually ground. The
PSoC only handles signals of positive polarity with respect
to VSS chip ground. A virtual analog ground (AGND) is
generated on the chip to provide a reference point for
signals that swing both positive and negative relative to
AGND. This virtual ground needs to be between VSS and
VDD, and far enough from each supply rail so the signals
relative to it will not be clipped by the supply. PSoC 1 parts
have several internally generated options and an option to
use an externally generated signal as a virtual ground
reference.
Three reference voltages dictate the range of the DACs,
ADCs, and other analog components. These references,
AGND (Analog Ground), RefHi (Reference High), and
RefLo (Reference Low) are generated based on either an
internal bandgap reference, supply voltages (VSS and
VDD), or external reference voltage.
An internal bandgap reference generates a stable 1.3 V
VREF. This reference is referred to as the BandGap.
Several of the reference options use the BandGap
reference to generate the AGND, RefHi, and RefLo
signals. The relationship between these signals is as
follows; RefLo < AGND < RefHi. The equations are used
to calculate RefHi and RefLo based on AGND and VREF.
VREF is derived from the BandGap, VDD (chip power), or an
external reference signal.
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RefLo
A simplified schematic of the reference (AGND, RefHi,
RefLo) generation circuit is shown Figure 21.
Figure 21. Block Diagram of Reference System
Vdd
Vbandgap
P2[4]
Vdd/2
x1
x1.6
x2
Σ
RefHi
8.1K
8.1K
AGND
P2[4] (External Cap)
Vbandgap
x1
Σ
RefLo
P2[6]
Vss
If you use the RefHi and RefLo equations and understand
the simple reference schematic, you can calculate the
reference voltages for each of the settings. Table 5 shows
each of the calculated reference voltages. Note that not all
options are useful for all supply voltages, because RefLo
and RefHi should always be within the VSS-to-VDD range.
For measurements that are referenced to VSS, the options
where RefLo is equal to VSS will be the best choice. It is
good design practice to ensure that the signal being
measured uses either RefHi, RefLo, or AGND for its
reference.
Document No. 001-74170 Rev. *C
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PSoC 1 Analog Structure and Configuration with PSoC Designer
TM
Table 5. Calculated AGND, RefHi, and RefLo
Ref Mux Option
VDD
(VDD/2)+/- BandGap
(VDD/2)+/-(VDD/2)
RefLo
AGND
RefHi
3.3 V
0.350 V
1.65 V
2.95 V
5.0 V
1.2 V
2.5 V
3.7 V
3.3 V
0.0 V (VSS)
1.65 V
3.3 V (VDD)
5.0 V
0.0 V (VSS)
2.5 V
5.0 V (VDD)
BandGap +/- BandGap
3.0 V to 5.0 V
0.0 V (VSS)
1.30 V
2.60 V
(1.6*BandGap)+/-(1.6*BandGap)
> 4.16 V
0.0 V (VSS)
2.08 V
4.16 V
(2*BandGap) +/- BandGap
> 3.9 V
1.3 V
2.6 V
3.9 V
(2*BandGap) +/- P2[6]
3.0 V to 5.0 V
2.6V – P2[6]
2.6 V
2.6 V + P2[6]
P2[4] +/- BandGap
3.0 V to 5.0 V
P2[4] – 1.3 V
P2[4]
P2[4] + 1.3 V
P2[4] +/- P2[6]
3.0 V to 5.0 V
P2[4] – P2[6]
P2[4]
P2[4] + P2[6]
Figure 22 is a graphical representation of Table 5 to help illustrate the useful input and output range of SC-based user
modules, for supplies of 3.3 V and 5.0 V.
Figure 22. Reference, DAC, and ADC Ranges
5
VDD = 5.0
4
VDD = 3.3
3
Volts
2
1
0
Vdd/2
+/VBG
www.cypress.com
Vdd/2
+/Vdd/2
Vdd/2
+/P2[6]
VBG
+/VBG
P2[4]
+/P2[6]
2*VBG
+/VBG
Document No. 001-74170 Rev. *C
Vdd/2
+/Vdd/2
1.6*VBG
+/1.6*VBG
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PSoC 1 Analog Structure and Configuration with PSoC Designer
TM
The opamps in the reference outputs require a certain amount of headroom, typically 0.3 V from each supply rail. When the
analog ground and reference are derived from external sources, the RefHI and RefLO signals should meet this requirement.
In cases where the reference is the supply rail (for example, VDD/2 +/- VDD /2, RefHI = VDD, RefLO = VSS), the reference output
opamps are switched off and the reference is simply switched directly to the appropriate supply rail.
DAC outputs are scaled to the reference values (RefHi and RefLo), see Figure 22. Ensure that DAC outputs connected to
external loads, use the analog output buffers. The SC blocks are designed to drive only other internal analog blocks.
The analog output buffers in the PSoC are not rail-to-rail, but typically reach 0.4 V from VSS and 0.6 V from VDD, at rated load,
so system designs should accommodate this output swing even if the reference outputs are set to VDD or VSS. Refer to the
device datasheet for the rated load of the analog buffer.
Table 6 provides a summary of each reference option and suggests the selection that can work best for an application.
Table 6. Ground and Reference Selections
Selection
Application
VDD/2 +/- BandGap
Systems using differential sensors or AC coupled measurements where absolute voltages are measured. A
good example is audio signal processing.
VDD /2 +/- VDD /2
Systems using sensors with outputs that are ratiometric to the power supply voltage and need analog-to-digital
converters with input range tracking the supply voltage. VDD connected pressure sensors are a good example.
BandGap +/- BandGap
Systems requiring measurements that are absolute (that is not ratiometric to the supply) effectively use this
selection. Examples include battery measurement or system power supply monitoring.
1.6*BandGap +/1.6*BandGap
This setting is used by systems requiring absolute measurements with wider range than 2*BandGap full scale.
Note that 4.16 volts is very close to 1 mV per bit for 12-bit systems.
2*BandGap +/BandGap
Used for systems with limited range centered at a fixed voltage. Commonly used for resistance and thermistor
temperature measurements as in AN2017.
2*BandGap +/- P2[6]
Used for systems with absolute measurements with user-specific ADC input range, typically with higher
sensitivity around the nominal analog ground. The limit in this case is the build-up of offset voltages in the
reference generation; this limits the minimum value of user-supplied reference to greater than 0.5 V.
P2[4] +/- BandGap
Used for systems with absolute measurements with a user-specific analog ground value. This is typical of
systems where the sensor also outputs a specific reference near mid-supply and this level is an essential part of
system calibration.
P2[4] +/- P2[6]
Used for systems where the user supplies external values for both ground and reference. Typically, this is for
systems where the analog ground is set at a specific offset and the user needs a limited range for ADC inputs
with higher resolution. The resolution limit is set by the offset error contribution in the reference generator.
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Document No. 001-74170 Rev. *C
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PSoC 1 Analog Structure and Configuration With PSoC Designer™
Global Analog Parameters
PSoC Designer has several global settings that affect the
entire design, including most of the analog user modules
such as ADCs, DACs, filters, and amplifiers. These global
settings appear in the PSoC Designer window. The analog
parameters of interest are circled in red shown in
Figure 23 and listed as follows.





Analog Power
Ref Mux
AGndBypass
Opamp Bias
A_Buf_Power
each PSoC 1 family gives a detailed description of each
bit in the ABF_CR, ABF_CR0, and BDG_TR registers.
An a l o g P o w e r
The analog power parameter sets the initial state of the
analog SC, CT, and reference buffer power levels. It acts
as a master switch to turn ON or OFF all analog blocks
including the reference buffers. Each analog SC and CT
block has its own power control that allows for four power
settings: Off, Low, Medium, and High. All user modules
that use at least one analog block include an API function
that allows you to select the power level, such as “Start”
and/or “SetPower”. The correct power level is dependent
on the user module and the analog clock frequency used
with the module. Table 7 is a valid list of settings for the
analog Power parameter.
Table 7. Analog Power Settings
Figure 23. PSoC Designer Global Resources
Analog Power Option
CT Block
Power
SC Block
Power
Ref
Power
All Off
Off
Off
Off
SC Off / Ref Low
On
Off
Low
SC Off / Ref Med
On
Off
Med
SC Off / Ref High
On
Off
High
SC On / Ref Low
On
On
Low
SC On / Ref Med
On
On
Med
SC On / Ref High
On
On
High
For each of the two 'ON' cases, select reference drive
levels of high, medium, and low to choose the current
drive capability for the internal reference buffers. You need
to select a good balance between performance and power
consumption.
The analog global parameter settings are a way to set the
initial conditions for PSoC analog parameters. Most of
these settings are set once during power-up, and never
changed, however some applications may need these
parameters to be changed during runtime. At that time,
these parameters can be changed individually by register
writes. The ARF_CR register controls the Analog Power,
Ref Mux, and Opamp bias control. ABF_CR0 controls the
analog output buffer power (A_Buff_Power). To enable the
AGND Bypass mode, use the BDG_TR register. (The
AGND Bypass is discussed later in this document.)
Because most registers control more than one function,
take care to modify only the bits for the function you want
to modify. The TRM (Technical Reference Manual) for
www.cypress.com
This selection affects the total power consumption of the
PSoC. Each user module using the reference and the
opamp block associated with it adds slightly to the power
consumed by the device. Because the internal reference is
used as an integral part of most switched capacitor
circuits, the current drive capability has an impact on the
speed at which the switched capacitor block operates. In
general, higher settings for this parameter allow switched
capacitor circuits to operate at higher clock rates, at the
expense of higher power consumption. To estimate the
current (and power) consumption per opamp block, see
the applicable table in the datasheet for the part.
A_ B u f _ P ow e r
The A_Buf_Power parameter allows
power level for the analog output
connected to the analog column bus.
used to buffer internal analog signals
pins on the PSoC. This power setting
Document No. 001-74170 Rev. *C
you to select the
buffers that are
These buffers are
that drive external
has little effect on
21
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PSoC 1 Analog Structure and Configuration With PSoC Designer™
the buffer frequency response but improves stability when
driving capacitive loads. The “High” setting is
recommended when the load capacitance is greater than
100 pF. When the load capacitance is 100 pF or less, it is
best to use the “Low” setting to save power. Maximum
load capacitance is about 200 pF.
AG n d B y p a s s
Some PSoC devices have the capability to provide an
external analog ground (AGND) bypass capacitor to pin
P2[4]. This reduces the switching noise to some extent
that is present on the internal AGND. This feature is
enabled by setting the AGNDBypass parameter to
Enable. The GPIO pin P2[4] also has to be configured
properly. The GPIO’s Select option should be set to
ExternalAGND in the Pinout window as shown in
Figure 24. Typical values for the external bypass capacitor
are between 0.01 µF and 10 µF, and normally should not
exceed 10 µF. The recommended value is 1 µF.
Figure 24. AGND Configuration
Figure 25. Typical AGND Noise with capacitor connected
to P2[4], capacitor values in µF
nV/rtHz
10000
Cbypass (uF)
0
0.01
0.1
1.0
10
1000
100
0.001
0.01
0.1 Freq (kHz)
1
10
100
Opamp Bias
The Op-Amp bias parameter adjusts the bias of all the
opamps in the continuous time and switch capacitor
analog blocks. Performance of the internal opamps is
tailored based upon the application under development by
selecting high or low bias conditions for the analog section
of the PSoC. Selecting high bias causes the opamp to
consume more current but also increases its bandwidth
and switching speed, lowering its output impedance. The
total opamp power consumption is a function of both the
global “Op-Amp Bias” parameter and the individual power
settings. To estimate the current (and power) consumption
per opamp block, including the effect from high or low
selection of opamp bias, refer to the applicable table in the
datasheet for the part. To estimate the effect on AC
opamp parameters, refer to the applicable AC Operational
Amplifier Specifications in the device datasheet. Table 8
shows minimum GBW for the analog block amplifiers with
different power settings.
Table 8. Opamp GBW With Respect to Power and Bias
Settings
Figure 25 shows typical noise without a bypass capacitor
and a range of capacitors between 0.01 µF and 10 µF.
Note that as the capacitor value increases, the cutoff
frequency decreases.
Individual
Opamp Power
Setting
Opamp Bias
Gain Bandwidth
Product (Min)
Low
Low
0.75 MHz
Medium
High
3.1 MHz
High
High
5.4 MHz
Ref Mux
The Ref Mux parameter is probably the most important
setting among the global analog settings as discussed
previously. It determines the range and (potential)
accuracy of any component that uses an analog SC block
such as an ADC or DAC. Values specified with the Ref
Mux parameter are in pairs and consist of [AGND level ±
full scale]. See section Internal Reference Structure for
www.cypress.com
Document No. 001-74170 Rev. *C
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PSoC 1 Analog Structure and Configuration With PSoC Designer™
more information. The reference chosen controls the
maximum voltage that should be input to a switched
capacitor circuit and output from a switched capacitor
circuit. Both the analog ground (AGND) level and the
peak-to-peak voltage are selected using this parameter.
See Figure 26 for Ref Mux menu options.
Figure 26. Reference Selection Options

Reference Mux: Because the Reference Mux is
global, all analog SC block-based components should
share the same setting. Verify that all analog
components are compatible with the selected Ref Mux
setting.

Interrupts: Most of the ADCs require some
processing in the ISR (Interrupt Service Routine).
Verify that the specific ADC interrupt and the global
interrupts are enabled.

CPU Overhead: ADCs that process the results in the
ISR can consume a large percentage of the total CPU
cycles when operating at high speeds. If other
components also require interrupts, you may need to
reduce the sample rate.
Summary
Analog voltage measurement and signal processing
applications in PSoC 1 require the use of a precision
ground and voltage references. Selecting the correct
analog ground and voltage reference is essential in
establishing accurate system performance. PSoC 1 offers
considerable flexibility in setting references.
Troubleshooting Incorrect ADC
Operation
Understanding the basic PSoC 1 analog architecture can
help you understand the global analog parameters and the
individual analog user module parameters. The global Ref
Mux setting and how the references are generated is
probably the most important part of the architecture.
Although the broad range of reference settings may seem
confusing at first, they provide one of the most flexible
analog systems in a mixed signal microcontroller available
in the market today.
A number of configuration mistakes can cause the ADC to
not work as intended or not work at all. Here is a list of
these issues and how to fix them:
About the Author

Clock Selection: Most ADCs have both digital and
analog switch capacitor blocks. Verify that the same
clock is selected for both analog and digital blocks.

Clock Range: There are minimum and maximum
clock rates for each of the analog user modules that
are based on the analog SC blocks. Verify that the
selected clock is within the specified clock range.
Remember that the actual SC clock frequency is one
forth the input clock frequency.

Clock Phase: When a signal flows from one SC
block-based user module to another, the clock phases
may need to be reversed. Most user-modules that use
a SC block will have a ClockPhase parameter. Make
sure a signal path that goes through two or more SC
blocks alternate between Normal and Swapped.

Power Settings: Power settings for user modules that
contain SC blocks need to be set relative to the speed
of the analog clock. For high clock rates, the power
setting of the SC blocks also need to be set high.
www.cypress.com
Name:
Mark Hastings
Title:
Applications Engineer MTS
Background:
Mark
Hastings
graduated
from
Washington State University in 1984
with a BSEE degree. For most of the
last twenty-seven years he has been
involved in embedded and mixed
signal designs.
Contact:
[email protected]
Document No. 001-74170 Rev. *C
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PSoC 1 Analog Structure and Configuration With PSoC Designer™
Document History
Document Title: PSoC® 1 Analog Structure and Configuration with PSoC Designer™ - AN74170
Document Number: 001-74170
Revision
ECN
Orig. of
Change
Submission
Date
Description of Change
**
3489527
MEH
01/12/2012
New application note.
*A
3825139
MEH
11/29/2012
Updated to new template.
*B
4294355
ASRI
03/18/2014
Updated Software Version as “PSoC Designer™ 5.4 or later” in page 1.
*C
4620460
VVSK
01/12/2015
Updated PSoC 1 Architecture:
®
Updated Analog Connectivity to GPIO Pins:
Updated description.
Updated Figure 15 (Updated caption only).
Updated to new template.
Completing Sunset Review.
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Document No. 001-74170 Rev. *C
24
®
PSoC 1 Analog Structure and Configuration With PSoC Designer™
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