Voltage translation How to manage mixed-voltage designs with NXP level translators SECTION 1.0 Why voltage translation matters Table of contents 1.0 Why voltage translation matters 3 2.0 Unidirectional level translators 7 2.1 Low-to-high level translation 7 2.2 High-to-low level translation 10 3.0 Bidirectional level translators with direction pin 12 4.0 Bidirectional level translators with auto direction sensing 14 4.1 Active devices for bidirectional translation with auto direction 14 4.2 Passive devices for bidirectional translation with auto direction 19 5.0 Application-specific level translators 28 5.1 Translators for use with SIM cards 28 5.2I2C muxes and switches that also perform bidirectional translation 30 In recent years, voltage translation has become an important part of electronic design, especially in portable applications. That’s because the latest data and application processors for mobile applications are typically produced in advanced, low-power CMOS process technologies that use a supply voltage of 1.8 V or lower, but the peripherals they connect to, including memories, image sensors, relays, and RF transceivers, are more likely to use older, lower-cost process technologies that operate at higher levels, at or above 3 or 5 V. Voltagelevel translators (Figure 1-1) enable these different devices to work together, without producing damaging current flow or signal loss, so the system operates more efficiently and saves power. AC/DC charger Battery Charger PMU Memory card SIM card Audio RF, GPS, WLAN, BT Cellular & connectity radio Voltage-level translators Blinker black light Voltagelevel translators Voltagelevel translators Processor Flash NFC/RFID MCU, special function µC I2C, MIPI, SPI UART Camera Voltage-level translators Display USB HDMI Keypad Sensor Figure 1-1. Typical portable application with voltage-level translators 2 Voltage translation — How to manage mixed-voltage designs using NXP level translators Voltage translation — How to manage mixed-voltage designs using NXP level translators 3 3.3 V 1.8 V 3.3 V Driver T 3.3 V A quick overview In most mixed-voltage designs, the output voltage level of a driver device needs to be shifted up or down so that the receiver device can interpret it correctly, or vice versa (Figure 1-2). Receiver 1.8 V Driver 1.8 V There are often variations in the logic switching input (VIH and VIL) and the output levels (VOH and VOL) for commonly used logic devices in the range of 3 and 5 V (Figure 1-3). T Receiver Figure 1-2. Shifting the output voltage level up or down 5.0 V 4.5 V 4.0 V VCC VOH 5V 3.6 V 3.5 V VT 2.5 V 1.5 V 1.0 V VIL 1.5 V 0.5 V 0.0 V VOL 1.8 V 2.5 V 2.0 V 1.5 V 0.8 V 2.0 V 1.5 V 1.08 V 0.4 V 0.55 V 5V CMOS 5V TTL/CMOS 3V CMOS 2.0 V 2.0 V 1.5 V 0.4 V 1.8 V 1.5 V 0.8 V Color processor 1.35 V 1.17 V 1.2 V 0.9 V 0.78 V 0.63 V 0.35 V 0.5 V 0.4 V 0.31 V 0.275 V 5V BiCMOS 3V BiCMOS 1.8 V CMOS 1.2 V CMOS 4.5 V 4.0 V VCC VOH 5V 3.0 V 0.5 V 0.47 V Figure 1-5. Low-to-high level translation in a digital camera 2.0 V 2.5 V 1.5 V 1.0 V VIL 1.5 V 0.5 V 0.0 V 3.6 V 3.6 V Vol1 < VII1 VT VOL Devices for level translation and signal switching In situations that need voltage translation and signal switching, a crossbar switch equipped with a diode can be used. 5V 3.5 V 2.5 V SDRAM Some bidirectional translators have a direction pin (DIR) to control the direction of data. Others have DIR and Output Enable (OE) pins for tri-stating the output. Another feature, called autodirection sensing has no DIR pin, and this helps reduce the number of control pins required in the system for data flow. 4.7 V VIH 3.3 V 5V 4.5 V 3.5 V 74AUP1T45 1.8 V 0.825 V Figure 1-3. Switching input and output levels for 3 V and 5 V logic devices 5.0 V 3.3 V 3.4 V 3.4 V 2.5 V 2.0 V Unidirectional and bidirectional devices Devices that translate voltages from low to high levels or from high to low levels also transfer data. The data transfer can work in one direction (unidirectional) or in two directions (bidirectional). Figure 1-5 shows a digital camera that uses the NXP 74AUP1T45, a bidirectional level translator, to translate between the color processor, which uses 1.8 V signals, and the memory subsystem, which uses 3.3 V signals. 3.6 V 4.7 V VIH Configuring the system to translate voltages from high to low or from low to high, according to the recommended guidelines for the input and output voltage levels of each component, makes the system more predictable, improves overall performance, and saves energy. 5V 4.5 V 3.5 V 3.0 V 5V When the driver VOH is less than the receiver VIH, and/or the driver VOL is greater than the receiver VIL, system behavior becomes unpredictable (Figure 1-4). 2.0 V 1.5 V 0.8 V 3.4 V 3.4 V 2.5 V 2.0 V 1.5 V 1.08 V 0.4 V 0.4 V 0.55 V 5V CMOS 5V TTL/CMOS 3V CMOS 2.0 V 1.5 Vol > VIIV 0.8 V 2.0 V 1.5 V 1.8 V 1.35 V 1.17 V 0.9 V VOH < VIH 1.2 V 0.78 V 0.63 V 0.35 V 0.5 V 0.4 V 0.31 V 0.275 V 5V BiCMOS 3V BiCMOS 1.8 V CMOS 1.2 V CMOS 0.825 V 0.5 V 0.47 V Figure 1-4. Incompatible voltages can cause unpredictable system behavior Undefined region: behavior of system is unpredictable 4 Voltage translation — How to manage mixed-voltage designs using NXP level translators Voltage translation — How to manage mixed-voltage designs using NXP level translators 5 SECTION 2.0 Find the right translator for your design Unidirectional level translators NXP offers level translators for specific protocols and translators that work in general-purpose applications. This guide can help you find the right one for your design. Table 1-1 lists the families available from NXP. Active devices include a CMOS output stage with a specific source and sink currents. Passive devices do not have CMOS outputs; the sink and source currents come from the supply voltage. Table 1-1. NXP level translators Type Unidirectional Bidirectional with direction pin Bidirectional with auto direction sensing Drive NXP families Description Active AHC, ALVC, ALVT, AUP, HC, HEF, LV, LVC Suitable for use as low-to-high or high-to-low translators, these are standard logic devices with features like low-threshold inputs, open-drain outputs, TTL inputs, input-clamping diodes, current-limiting resistors, and overvoltage-tolerant inputs. Active ALVC, AUP, AVCnT GTL, LVCnT* These devices perform bidirectional level translation and have a direction pin that sets the direction of the data flow. The AUP, AVC, and LVC families are for general-purpose voltage translation in the range from 0.8 to 5.5 V. GTL level translators are specially designed to support GTL logic, which is widely used on processors. They convert GTL levels to LVTTL levels. Many of NXP’s standard logic devices include features that let them be used as unidirectional translators that perform low-to-high or high-to-low level translation. The relevant product families include AHC, ALVC, ALVT, AUP, HC, HEF, LV, and LVC. This covers devices with features like low-threshold inputs, open-drain outputs, TTL inputs, input-clamping diodes, current-limiting resistors, and overvoltage-tolerant inputs. They are active devices that have a CMOS output stage with specific source and sink currents. 2.1 Low-to-high level translation Logic devices equipped with low-threshold inputs or open-drain outputs can be used for lowto-high level translation. Devices with low-threshold inputs CMOS devices with input switching thresholds lower than the typical values can be used for lowto-high translation. Several NXP families are equipped with low-threshold inputs (Figure 2-1). Active NTB, PCA Passive CBTD, CBTLVD, GTL, NTS, NVT The NVT SIM card level shifters contain an LDO that can deliver two different voltages, from a typical mobile phone battery voltage, and convert the data, RSTn and CLKn signals between a SIM card and a host microcontroller. P1 Active NVT level shifters for SIM cards These multiplexers and switches split the I2C-bus into several branches, so the I2C master can select and address multiple identical devices without address conflicts. They also permit a single master to interface with multiple devices with different power-supply voltages. N1 Passive PCA muxes and switches for I2C Applicationspecific These devices perform bidirectional level translation without a direction pin. The NTB and NTS translators integrate one-shot edge accelerators and are suitable for use with open-drain outputs. The NTB and PCA families support buffered outputs. The NTS and NTB families have integrated pull-ups, and are a good choice for applications that use interfaces based on I2C, SMBus, SPI, or UARTs. CBTD and CBTLVD devices are bus switches that also perform level translation. *n = 1, 2, 4, 8, or 16 channels The rest of this guide provides details and recommendations for each type. VCC D1 P2 To logic circuit ESD protection GND Figure 2-1. Simplified CMOS input with lower-than-typical threshold values 6 Voltage translation — How to manage mixed-voltage designs using NXP level translators Voltage translation — How to manage mixed-voltage designs using NXP level translators 7 Table 2-1. Select NXP logic devices with low-threshold inputs and open-drain outputs (continued) VDD The combination of N1 sizing and the drop across diode D1 determines the input threshold. Also, the P2 PMOS reduces cross-bar current through the inverter. Level shifter with open-drain output The AHC(T) and HCT series operate in the 5 V range and can be used to interface with 3.3 V outputs. The AUP1T and NX3 series operate in the 3.6 V range and can be used to interface with 1.8 V outputs. Input Devices with open-drain outputs In devices equipped with an open-drain output, the output can be pulled up to a voltage level matching the input requirements of the device it is driving. A pull-up resistor is used on the output for level translation (Figure 2-2). Pull-up resistor (R) Type number Format Description 74AUP1G06 Open-drain outputs Single low-power inverter 74LV03 Open-drain outputs Quad 2-input NAND gate 74AUP1T34 Lowthreshold inputs Low-power dual-supply translating buffer 74LVC38 Open-drain outputs Quad 2-input NAND gate 74LVC2G06 Open-drain outputs Dual inverter 74LVC1G07 Open-drain outputs Non-inverting buffer 74LVC2G07 Open-drain outputs Dual non-inverting buffer 74LVC3G07 Open-drain outputs Triple non-inverting buffer 74LVC1G38 Open-drain outputs Single 2-input NAND gate 74LVC2G38 Open-drain outputs Dual 2-input NAND gate 74AHC1G07 Open-drain outputs Type number Format Description VCC (V) 74AUP1T57 Lowthreshold inputs Low-power configurable gate with voltage-level translator 2.3 to 3.6 74AUP1T58 Lowthreshold inputs Low-power configurable gate with voltage-level translator 2.3 to 3.6 Lowthreshold inputs Low-power configurable gate with voltage-level translator 2.3 to 3.6 Lowthreshold inputs Low-power configurable gate with voltage-level translator 2.3 to 3.6 Open-drain outputs Single low-power buffer 0.8 to 3.6 Open-drain outputs Single 2-input NAND gate Open-drain outputs Dual 2-input NAND gate 74AUP1T97 74AUP1T98 74AUP1G07 74AUP1G38 74AUP2G38 8 0.8 to 3.6 0.8 to 3.6 VIN (V) 0 to 3.6 0 to 3.6 0 to 3.6 0 to 3.6 0 to 3.6 0 to 3.6 0 to 3.6 Voltage translation — How to manage mixed-voltage designs using NXP level translators VOUT (V) 0 to VCC (active) 0 to 3.6 (power-down) 70 0 to VCC (active) 0 to 3.6 (power-down) 70 0 to VCC (active) 0 to 3.6 (power-down) 70 0 to VCC (active) 0 to 3.6 (power-down) 70 0 to 3.6 (active) 0 to 3.6 (power-down) 70 0 to 3.6 (active) 0 to 3.6 (power-down) 70 0 to 3.6 (active) 0 to 3.6 (power-down) 70 Ch. 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Tamb (°C) 74AHCT1G07 -40 to +125 -40 to +125 -40 to +125 XSON6, TSSOP6 XSON6, TSSOP6 XSON6, TSSOP6 XSON6, -40 to +125 TSSOP5, X2SON5 XSON6, -40 to +125 TSSOP5, X2SON5 XSON6, -40 to +125 TSSOP5, X2SON5 0 to 3.6 0 to 3.6 (active) 0 to 3.6 (power-down) 1 to 5.5 1.1 to 3.6 0 to VCC 0 to VCC Ch. 70 1 XSON6, -40 to +125 TSSOP5, X2SON5 30 4 -40 to +125 SO14 1 TSSOP5, -40 to +125 XSON6, X2SON5 Tamb (°C) Package 1.2 to 5.5 0 to 5.5 175 4 DHVQFN14, SO14, -40 to +125 SSOP14, TSSOP14 1.65 to 5.5 0 to 5.5 0 to VCC (active) 0 to 5.5 (power-down) 175 2 XSON6, -40 to +125 TSOP6, TSSOP6 1.65 to 5.5 0 to 5.5 0 to 5.5 (active) 0 to 5.5 (power-down) 175 1 XSON6, TSOP5, -40 to +125 TSSOP5, X2SON5 1.65 to 5.5 0 to 5.5 0 to 5.5 (active) 0 to 5.5 (power-down) 175 2 XSON6, -40 to +125 TSOP6, TSSOP6 0 to 5.5 0 to 5.5 (active) 0 to 5.5 (power-down) 3 VSSOP8, TSSOP8, -40 to +125 XSON8, XQFN8U 1.65 to 5.5 0 to 5.5 0 to 5.5 (active) 0 to 5.5 (power-down) 175 1 XSON6, TSSOP5, -40 to +125 X2SON5, XSON6 0.8 to 3.6 0 to 3.6 0 to 3.6 (active) 0 to 3.6 (power-down) 70 1 -40 to +125 Single buffer 2 to 5.5 0 to 5.5 0 to VCC (active) 0 to 6 (power-down) 60 1 -40 to +125 TSSOP5 Open-drain outputs; TTL inputs Single buffer 4.5 to 5.5 0 to 5.5 0 to VCC (active) 0 to 6 (power-down) 60 1 -40 to +125 TSSOP5 74AHC1G09 Open-drain outputs 2-input AND gate 2 to 5.5 0 to 5.5 0 to VCC (active) 0 to 6 (power-down) 60 1 -40 to +125 74HC3G07 Open-drain outputs Triple buffer 2 to 6 0 to 6 0 to VCC 36 3 TSSOP8, -40 to +125 VSSOP8, XSON8 74HCT3G07 Open-drain outputs Triple buffer 4.5 to 5.5 0 to 5.5 0 to VCC 36 3 TSSOP8, -40 to +125 VSSOP8, XSON8 74HC3G06 Open-drain outputs Triple buffer 2 to 6 0 to 6 0 to VCC 36 3 TSSOP8, -40 to +125 VSSOP8, XSON8 74HCT3G06 Open-drain outputs Triple buffer 4.5 to 5.5 0 to 5.5 0 to VCC 36 3 TSSOP8, -40 to +125 VSSOP8, XSON8 74HC03 Open-drain outputs Quad 2-input NAND gate 3 DIP14, SO14, -40 to +125 SSOP14, TSSOP14 Package XSON6, -40 to +125 TSSOP6 0.8 to 3.6 fMAX (MHz) 0 to VCC (active) 0 to 5.5 (power-down) Table 2-1. Select NXP logic devices with low-threshold inputs and open-drain outputs fMAX (MHz) VOUT (V) 0 to VCC(Y) Figure 2-2. Open-drain output and pull-up resistor for level translation One thing to keep in mind, though, is that using pull-up resistors with open-drain outputs causes the device to consume more quiescent current, as the external pull-up resistor consumes more power. Also, output rise and fall times depend on the value of pull-up resistor used. VIN (V) 0 to 3.6 GND As an example, the 74AUP1G07, a low-power buffer with an open-drain output, can be used to translate from 1.8 to 3.6 V. Using an input and supply level of 1.8 V, the open-drain output can be pulled up to 3.6 V to drive the next stage with a Vih of 3.5 V. Similarly, the 74LVC1G07, a 3 V buffer with an open-drain output can be used to translate from 3 to 5 V. Using an input and supply voltage of 3 V, the open-drain output can be pulled up to 5 V. VCC (V) 1.65 to 5.5 2 to 6 0 to 6 0 to VCC 175 36 VSSOP8, TSSOP8, XSON8, XQFN8 TSOP5, TSSOP5 For the complete portfolio, visit nxp.com/logic Voltage translation — How to manage mixed-voltage designs using NXP level translators 9 2.2 High-to-low level translation This category includes devices with overvoltage-tolerant inputs and devices with input-clamping diodes and current-limiting resistors. When a driver is operating at a supply voltage higher than that of the receiver, the output voltage level of the driver must be lowered to match the input switching thresholds of the receiver (Figure 2-3). This protects the inputs of the receiver from over- and undervoltage conditions, and from overcurrent conditions. The output impedance of the driver should be matched to the impedance of the cable/trace so that there are no reflections from the receiver side. Integrated ESD protection also helps to suppress the unwanted transients due to overvoltage on the trace. Overvoltage-tolerant CMOS input GND Connector Input buffer Cable Devices with overvoltage-tolerant inputs Newer ESD structures eliminate the diode to VCC and use a grounded NMOS (Figure 2-5). Without the diode, any voltage within the limits of the manufacturing process can be applied to the input without opening a current path to VCC. As a result, logic levels that exceed the device’s power supply can be GND ESD protection VCC Clamping diode VCC = 15 V Figure 2-5. Diode-free ESD protection with an overvoltagetolerant input GND VCC (V) Output drive capability (mA) tpd (ns) Rth(j-a) (K/W) Ψth(j-top) (K/W) Tamb (°C) Description 74AHC157 Overvoltagetolerant inputs Quad 2-input multiplexer 2.0 to 5.5 ±8 3.2 58 30 -40 to +125 DHVQFN16, SO16, TSSOP16 74AUP2G157 Overvoltagetolerant inputs Single 2-input multiplexer 1.1 to 3.6 1.9/-1.9 3.4 206 51 -40 to +125 VSSOP8, XSON8, XQFN8U 74LV00 Current-limiting resistors Quad 2-input NAND gate 1.0 to 5.5 ±12 7 61 32 DHVQFN14, -40 to +125 SO14, SSOP14, TSSOP14, DIP14 74LV03 Current-limiting resistors Quad 2-input NAND gate; open-drain 1.0 to 5.5 ±12 8 127 13 -40 to +125 SO14 74HC02 Current-limiting resistors Quad 2-input NOR gate 2.0 to 6.0 ±5.2 7 61 32 DHVQFN14, -40 to +125 SO14, SSOP14, TSSOP14, DIP14 74ALVC74 Overvoltagetolerant inputs Dual D-type flip-flop with set and reset; positive-edge trigger 1.65 to 3.6 ±24 2.3 61 32 -40 to +85 74AHC1G86 Overvoltagetolerant inputs 2-input EXCLUSIVEOR gate 2.0 to 5.5 ±8 3.4 250 69 -40 to +125 TSOP5, TSSOP5 74ALVT162244 Overvoltagetolerant inputs 16-bit buffer/line driver with bus hold and 30 Ω termination resistors (3-state) 2.3 to 3.6 ±12 2.2 104 23 -40 to +85 TSSOP48, SSOP48 74HEF4104BP Overvoltagetolerant inputs Quad low-to-high voltage translator (3-state) 3.0 to 15.0 CMOS ±2.4 -40 to +85 DIP16, SO16 RCL IIK Figure 2-4. Using current-limiting resistors to enable high-to-low level translation ESD protection Format Input buffer ESD protection GND Type number Device A IIK is found in the limiting values table of the datasheet Input buffer Table 2-2. Select NXP logic devices with overvoltage-tolerant inputs or current-limiting resistors Devices with input-clamping diodes and current-limiting resistors On some logic devices, the inputs have input clamping diodes to VCC and to GND (Figure 2-4). The input clamping diodes serve as overvoltage and ESD protection. When using CMOS devices that have currentlimiting resistors at the inputs, the input voltage can exceed maximum specified values as long as the maximum current rating is observed. RCC (min) = VCC = 3 V Since devices with overvoltage-tolerant inputs can tolerate a VIN higher than VCC, and outputs swing to VCC only, they make good choices for high-to-low level translation. The NXP LVC, LVT, ALVT, and AHC(T) families have inputs that are overvoltage-tolerant to 5.5 V, as long as input and output current ratings are observed. The inputs of AUP and AVC devices are tolerant to 3.6 V, making them suitable for designs that use a mix of 1.8 and 3.3 V devices. Figure 2-3. High-to-low level translation 15 V - (5.0 V = 0.7 V) Overvoltage-tolerant CMOS input applied to the inputs without impacting the application. VCC = 3V Output buffer In some cases, especially in industrial and automotive applications, the logic device may need to interface with voltages far above the normal 5 V limit. In these cases, choose logic devices with input-clamping diodes and use currentlimiting resistors. NXP’s LV, HC, and HEF families have inputclamping diodes to VCC and can be used with current-limiting resistors for high-to-low level translation. Package DHVQFN14, SO14, TSSOP14 For the complete portfolio, visit nxp.com/logic 10 Voltage translation — How to manage mixed-voltage designs using NXP level translators Voltage translation — How to manage mixed-voltage designs using NXP level translators 11 SECTION 3.0 Bidirectional level translators with direction pin Voltage translators that are equipped with two supply voltages, each supporting a different voltage range, can be used to translate from low to high or from high to low, and are typically available in versions that support either unidirectional or bidirectional level translation. The devices in this section use the DIR pin to control the direction of translation, from the A to the B port or from the B to the A port. Integrated IOFF circuitry eliminates damaging backflow current when outputs are disabled during suspend or power-down mode. They are active translators, meaning they have a CMOS output stage with specific source and sink currents. Bidirectional translators equipped with a direction pin are available with the NXP AUP, AVC, LVC, and ALVC families. These families support mixed-voltage designs ranging from 0.8 to 5.5 V. The output signals of one device can be translated from high to low or from low to high as needed to match the input thresholds. There are versions for unidirectional and bidirectional level translation. Options include formats of 1, 2, 4, 8, or 16 bits, covering the translation range of 0.8 to 3.6 V and 1.2 to 5.5 V. The result is complete coverage for designs that use supply voltages of 1.2, 1.8, 2.5, 3.3, and 5.0 V. Bus-hold circuit Products with an “H” in the type designation have a bus-hold circuit (Figure 3-1) that ensures a defined logic level when inputs are floating. This prevents the input voltage from floating near the threshold voltage, which can damage the device. Q1 VCC Q3 D3 Input Internal circuit D1 Q2 Q4 Active bus-hold circuitry in the LVC and AVC families prevents floating inputs by holding unused data inputs at a valid logic level. The bus-hold circuit acts as an input latch, retaining the last data driven if inputs are tri-stated or held in high impedance. When power is initially applied the logic state of the bus-hold latch is not guaranteed; it may power-up high or low. If a default logic state is required, external resistors will also be required, and these should be sized to overdrive the input’s bus-hold current to avoid contention issues. Details on the use of bus-hold circuits can be found in product data sheets and in application note AN240. GTL-to-LVTTL level translators and transceivers Gunning transceiver logic (GTL) is a type of logic signaling used to drive electronic backplane buses. Defined by the JEDEC standard JESD 8-3, GTL has a voltage swing between 0.4 and 1.5 V — much lower than that used in TTL and CMOS logic — and performs symmetrical parallel resistive termination. GTL is often found in front-side buses based on the Intel architecture. For GTL signals to be compatible with the rest of the system, GTL levels need to be translated to low-voltage TTL (LVTTL). NXP offers a complete range of dedicated translators and transceivers for the GTL format. Table 3-1. Select NXP devices for GTL-to-LVTTL translation Type number Description Operating range (V) LVTTL 5 V tolerance Package name GTL2005 4-bit GTL/GTL+ to LVTTL/TTL bidirectional nonlatched translator 3.0 to 3.6 Yes TSSOP14 GTL2006 13-bit GTL–/GTL/GTL+ to LVTTL translator 3.0 to 3.6 No TSSOP28 GTL2007 12-bit GTL to LVTTL translator 3.0 to 3.6 No TSSOP28 GTL2008 12-bit GTL to LVTTL translator with high impedance LVTTL and GTL outputs 3.0 to 3.6 No TSSOP28 GTL2012 2-bit LVTTL to GTL transceiver 3.0 to 3.6 Yes (Input only) TSSOP8, VSSOP8 GTL2014 4-bit LVTTL to GTL transceiver 3.0 to 3.6 Yes (Input only) TSSOP14 GTL2018 8-bit LVTTL to GTL transceiver 3.0 to 3.6 Yes (Input only) TSSOP24 GTL2034 4-bit GTL to GTL buffer 3.0 to 3.6 No TSSOP14 GTL2107 12-bit GTL-/GTL/GTL+ to LVTTL translator 3.0 to 3.6 No TSSOP28 For the complete portfolio, visit nxp.com/logic D4 GND Figure 3-1. Bus-hold circuit of newer CMOS families 12 Voltage translation — How to manage mixed-voltage designs using NXP level translators Voltage translation — How to manage mixed-voltage designs using NXP level translators 13 SECTION 4.0 Bidirectional level translators with auto direction sensing 3.3 V 10 k 1.2 V 10 k 10 k VCC (B) 10 k VCC (A) SDA SDAB SDAA SDA SCL SCLB SCLA SCL PCA9517A Bus master 400 kHz Slave 400 kHz These are dual-supply translators that use the DIR and OE pins to tri-state the output. They automatically sense the direction of the data flow. This eliminates the need for an external direction pin and the associated control logic. Auto-direction sensing makes these devices especially suited for applications where the microcontroller doesn’t have enough GPIO to change the direction of data flow, since the translators can be added to the design without external GPIO extenders or multiplexers on the PCB. Figure 4-1. Typical application of PCA level-shifting bus buffer Level translators with auto direction sensing are available in active and passive formats. The active devices PCA devices can be used to extend or isolate the bus, and can be configured to use the internal current have a CMOS output stage with a specific source and sink. The passive devices do not have CMOS outputs; the sink and source currents come from the supply voltage. source to replace a pull-up resistor. See NXP application note AN10418. EN Bus B Bus A Table 4-1. Select PCA devices for I2C applications 4.1 Active devices for bidirectional level translation with auto direction PCA series: Level-translating buffers for I2C applications Systems that use I2C (and SMBus or similar) devices operating at different voltage levels may need to be attached to a common bus. PCA series devices translate between 1 and 5 V, allowing devices specified for different voltages to be connected to the same bus. For example, a 5 V I2C master on one segment of the bus can communicate with a 1.8 V (non 5 V-tolerant) SMBus device on a different segment. PCA devices use channel pass gates to limit the high voltage for the device output. This makes it possible for each pair to use a different bus voltage. The I2C device maintains its functions and operating mode during the level shift, and the dual supply pins can be powered up in any sequence. When any of the supply pins are unpowered, the 5 V-tolerant I/O are high-impedance. Some PCA devices are specifically designed for level-shifting applications. They are bidirectional and require no direction control. The level-shifting bus buffers support two I2C (or SMBus) branches of up to 400 pF (Figure 4-1). They can be used to extend the bus to support loads larger than the 400 pF maximum. The bus can be extended with more devices or longer bus lengths, or both. There will be a delay equal to TPROP between the external devices. PCA devices are multi-master capable and support arbitration and bus contention on any segment. 14 Voltage translation — How to manage mixed-voltage designs using NXP level translators Type number Description VCC(A) (V) VCC(B) (V) Channels A-side offset B-side offset Package name PCA9507 2.7 V-to-5.5 V level shifter 2.7 to 5.5 2.7 to 5.5 2 Normal Static offset SO8, TSSOP8 PCA9508 0.9 V-to-5.5 V level shifter with offset free hot-swap 0.9 to 5.5 2.7 to 5.5 2 Normal Static offset SO8, TSSOP8 PCA9509 1.0 V-to-5.5 V level shifter 1.1 to (VCC(B) - 1) 3.0 to 5.5 2 Static offset Normal SO8, TSSOP8, XQFN8 PCA9517A 0.9 V-to-5.5 V level shifter 0.9 to 5.5 2.7 to 5.5 2 Normal Static offset SO8, TSSOP8, HWSON8 PCA9519 1.1 V-to-5.5 V quad level shifter 1.1 to (VCC(B) - 1) 3.0 to 5.5 4 Static offset Normal TSSOP20, HVQFN24 PCA9527 3.0 V-to-5.5 V level shifter 2.7 to 5.5 2.7 to 3.6 3 Normal Static offset TSSOP10 PCA9617A 0.8 V-to-5.5 V level shifter 0.8 to 5.5 2.2 to 5.5 2 Normal Static offset TSSOP8, HWSON8 PCA9521/22 1.8 V to 10 V level shifter 1.8 to 10 1.8 to 10 2 Incremental offset Incremental offset SO8, TSSOP8 For the complete portfolio, visit www.nxp.com/logic NTB level shifters: Bidirectional level translation with auto-direction sensing NTB level shifters (Figure 4-2) are ideal for use as push-pull or CMOS-type drivers that drive long-trace, capacitive, or high-impedance loads in applications that use SPI, Secure Digital, or UART interfaces. Voltage translation — How to manage mixed-voltage designs using NXP level translators 15 NTB0104 1.8 V 0.1 µF One shot 0.1 µF VCC MOSI A1 2 A2 3 A3 4 (A) 1 VCC VCC (A) = 3.3 V One shot T1 T1 (B) 14 MOSI 13 B1 12 B2 11 B3 Output B-port 4k Output B-port 4k MISO MISO SPI bus VCC (A) = 3.3 V 3.3 V CLK CS A4 5 N.C 6 CLK GND(1) 7 8 GND OE SPI peripheral One shot CS 10 B4 9 N.C. One shot T2 T2 Figure 4-4. Active one-shot and weak buffer structures in NTB I/O channel Terminal 1 index area 3.3 V Output Signal 3.3 V Output Signal 1.8 V Input Signal 1.8 V Input Signal GPIO/OE Figure 4-2. Four-channel NTB0104 used in SPI level-shifting application Figure 4-3 shows the architecture of one I/O channel of an NTB level translator. The translator incorporates a weak buffer with one-shot circuitry to improve switching speeds for rising and falling edges. When the A port is connected to a system driver and driven high, the weak 4 kΩ buffer drives the B port high in conjunction with the upper one shot, which becomes active when it senses a rising edge. The B port is driven high by both the buffer and the T1 PMOS, which lowers the output impedance seen on the B port while the one-shot circuit is active. On the falling edge, the lower one-shot is triggered and the buffer, along with the T2 NMOS, lowers the output impedance seen on the B port while the one-shot circuit is operating and the output is driven low. Figure 4-4 shows the active circuitry in the NTB I/O channel during translations from low to high and high to low. The weak buffer is shown in blue and the active one-shot circuit is in green. Figure 4-5 gives the input and output waveforms with edge acceleration. 16 VCC (B) VCC (A) Time - ns One shot Figure 4-5. Input and output waveforms with edge acceleration T1 The one-shot circuits in NTB devices reduce the output impedance during low-to-high and high-tolow transitions so that the propagation delays can be minimized with faster edges. Once the transition is complete, the one-shot circuit times out and port B is held high or low by the weak buffer and the integrated 4 kΩ pull-up resistor. NTB is a weak buffered device since the buffer is strong enough to hold the output port high or low in static state but is weak enough to be overridden by an external driver when the direction is changed. 4kΩ One shot A Time - ns T2 B T3 One shot 4kΩ Input driver requirements The input driver should have at least ±2 mA drive current capability to drive the I/O of NTB devices. Input current versus input voltage graph for NTB devices is shown in Figure 4-6. II T4 One shot VT /4k VI Figure 4-3. Architecture of single NTB I/O cell Voltage translation — How to manage mixed-voltage designs using NXP level translators VT : supply voltage of the external driver -(VD - VT) /4k VD : input threshold voltage of the NTB0104 (typically VCCI /2) Figure 4-6. Typical input current versus input voltage (NTB) Voltage translation — How to manage mixed-voltage designs using NXP level translators 17 Since NTB buffers are designed for driving high-impedance loads, it is important to carefully select the external pull-up or pull-down resistors if they are used in the application. For any external pull-up or pulldown resistor used with the NTB resistor, a resistor divider network is formed with a 4 kΩ buffer. The value of the external resistor should be large enough (typically greater than 50 kΩ) so that there is little change on VOH or VOL levels. For example, the value of VOL can be determined from the following equation, when a 50 kΩ external pullup is used: VOL = 4k/50k + 4k x VCCO = 0.075 x VCCO During output transitions, the typical output impedance is 70 Ω at VCCO equals 1.2 to 1.8 V, 50 Ω at VCCO equals 1.8 to 3.3 V and 40 Ω at VCCO equals 3.3 to 5.0 V. When the circuits are active, a resulting high AC drive is realized by turning on T1 and the rising-edge speeds up. The output port is maintained at a high signal level through this 4 kΩ internal resistor. During low-to-high transitions, one-shot circuits turn on the PMOS transistors T1 for a short time, accelerating the output edges. However, the one-shot circuits are turned off when output voltage reaches approximately 95% of the steady-state value. For high-to-low output transitions, the one-shot turns off when output voltage reaches approximately 5% of the steadystate value. Output-enable (OE) control NTB level translators offer a maximum power consumption of 5 µA when OE is high. When the OE is low, the NTB translator buffer will be disabled and the outputs are put into high impedance for increased power savings. The /OE pin is referenced to VCC(A) voltage supply and when outputs are disabled, the one-shot and 4 kΩ buffer are also disabled for both the A and B ports. In this state, output leakage IOZ will be less than ±2 µA. If the application does not require output-enable control, the OE pin should be tied to VCC(A) supply and must never be left floating. A floating OE results in excessive quiescent current consumed by the device, which increases the total power consumption. Unwanted output oscillations may also result due to indeterminate logic level at /OE pin. 4.2 Passive devices for bidirectional level translation with auto direction NTS level shifters: Bidirectional level translation with autodirection sensing and open-drain outputs NTS level shifters are switch-type translators suitable for open-drain drivers. They are FET-based devices that use an N-channel pass-gate transistor that ties the two ports together (Figure 4-7), and do not need an extra input signal to change the direction of data from port A to B or from port B to A. Description NTB0101 1-bit dual-supply level translator with auto-direction sensing (3-state) NTB0102 NTB0104 NTBA104 2-bit dual-supply level translator with auto-direction sensing (3-state) 4-bit dual-supply level translator with auto-direction sensing (3-state) 4-bit dual-supply level translator with auto-direction sensing (3-state) VCC(A) (V) 1.2 to 3.6 1.2 to 3.6 1.2 to 3.6 1.2 to 3.6 VCC(B) (V) 1.65 to 5.5 1.65 to 5.5 1.65 to 5.5 1.65 to 5.5 ±0.02 ±0.02 ±0.02 ±0.02 3.8 3.8 3.8 3.8 Number of bits 1 2 TSSOP8, -40 to +125 XSON8, XQFN10 4 DHVQFN14, -40 to +125 XQFN12, XQFN16 Figure 4-7. Architecture of single I/O channel in NTS level shifter 3.0 V Bside C2 0.1 µF GPIO VCCA DAT0 DAT0A DAT1 DAT1A DAT2 DAT2A DAT3 DAT3A OE NTS0104 GND VCCA VCCB DAT0B DAT0 DAT1B DAT1 DAT2B DAT2 DAT3B DAT3 VCCB SD/SDIO Card connector C4 0.1 µF NTS0102 OE CMD CMDA CLK CLKA GND CLKin WP B VCC (B) OE XSON6, -40 to +125 TSSOP6 4 T3 A C1 0.1 µF Package DHVQFN14, -40 to +125 XQFN12, WLCSP 10kΩ 1.8 V A side C4 0.1 µF Tamb (°C) 10kΩ VCC (A) Processor SD/SDIO MMC tpd (ns) T2 One shot One shot Gate bias makes NTS translators ideal for interfacing devices or systems operating at disparate voltage levels, while also allowing for simple interfacing with open-drain drivers, as is required in I2C, 1-wire, and SD/MMC-card interface applications. Figure 4-8 shows the application of two- and four-channel NTS level shifters in an SD-card reference design. Table 4-2 Select NTB level shifters for bidirectional translation Output drive capability (mA) VCC (B) T1 The combination of an N-channel pass FET, integrated 10 kΩ pull-up resistors, and edge-rate acceleration circuits The outputs of NTB devices are tri-stated in case any of the two power supplies is 0 V. This feature, called VCC isolation, means that if VCC(B) or VCC(A) equals 0 V, the I/O of A and B ports are in high impedance. These devices are fully specified for partial power-down applications using IOFF. The IOFF circuitry disables the output, preventing the presence of damaging backflow current when the device is powered down. Type number VCC (A) CDMB CMD CLKB CLK VSS1 VSS1 74AUP1G04 74AUP1G14 CD GND WP (Physical) CD (Physical) WP/CD (Physical) GND GND For the complete portfolio, visit www.nxp.com/logic 18 Voltage translation — How to manage mixed-voltage designs using NXP level translators Figure 4-8. NTS level shifter in SD-card reference design Voltage translation — How to manage mixed-voltage designs using NXP level translators 19 The N-channel pass-gate transistor is used to open and close the connection between the A and B ports. When a driver connected to A or B port is low, the opposite port is, in turn, pulled low by the N2 passgate transistor. The gate bias voltage of the pass-gate transistor (T3) is set at approximately one threshold voltage above the VCC level of the low-voltage side. During a low-to-high transition, the output one-shot accelerates the output transition by switching on the PMOS transistors (T1, T2), bypassing the 10 kΩ pull-up resistors, and increasing current drive capability. The one-shot is activated once the input transition reaches approximately VCCI/2, and is de-activated approximately 50 ns after the output reaches VCCO/2. During the acceleration time, the driver output resistance is between approximately 50 and 70 Ω. To avoid signal contention and minimize dynamic ICC, the user should wait for the one-shot circuit to turn off before applying a signal in the opposite direction. The pass-gate transistor T3 is on when VGS is greater than VT. When one side of T3 is held low by an external driver, with the input to T3 at 0 V, T3 will be on and the output of T3 will be held to nearly 0 V due to the on-state resistance of T3. As the input voltage rises due to a rising edge, the output voltage of T3 tracks the input until the input voltage reaches VGATE minus VT and T3 turns off. After T3 stops conducting, the input and output ports continue to rise to their respective supply voltages due to the internal pull-up resistors. In the second case, both ports start with high levels since the integrated pull-up resistors tie the inputs to the respective supply voltages, VCC(A) and VCC(B). When the input ports are pulled low by external drivers, T3 starts to conduct when VGS is greater than VT and output starts tracking the input. The source current needed for this operation must be provided by the external driver connected to the A or B port. To achieve faster data rates through the device, NTS translators include rising edge-rate acceleration circuitry to provide stronger AC-drive by bypassing the integrated 10 kΩ pull-up resistors through a lowimpedance path during low-to-high signal transitions. A one-shot circuit with associated T1/T2 PMOS transistors is used to increase switching speeds for the rising-edge input signals. When a rising edge is detected by the one-shot circuit, the T1/T2 PMOS transistors turn on momentarily to rapidly drive the port high, effectively lowering the output impedance seen on that port and speeding up the rising-edge inputs. Input driver requirements Since NTS level shifters are switch-type level shifters, properties of the input driver directly affect the output signal. The external open-drain or push-pull driver applied to an I/O determines the static current sinking capability of the system; the maximum data rate high-to-low output transition time (tTHL) and the propagation delay (tPHL) depend on the output impedance and the edge rate of the external driver. The limits provided in the datasheet for these parameters assume use of a driver with output impedance below 50 Ω. Output load considerations The maximum lumped capacitive load that can be driven depends on the one-shot pulse duration. In cases with very heavy capacitive loading, there is a risk that the output will not reach the positive rail within the one-shot pulse duration. Capacitive loads up to 150 pF can be driven without any issues using NTS level shifters. Figure 4-9 shows the yellow input waveform and purple output waveform for an NTS0102 driving a load of 70 pF and 50 Ω. A supply voltage of 1.8 V is used for the VCC(A) rail and a supply voltage of 3.3 V is used for the VCC(B) rail. A 1.8 V input signal with a 50 kHz frequency is used, and output swings up to approximately 3.24 V. 20 Voltage translation — How to manage mixed-voltage designs using NXP level translators Figure 4-9. NTS0102 driving a load of 70 pF and 50 Ω To avoid excessive capacitive loading and to ensure correct triggering of the one-shot, it’s recommended to use short trace lengths and low-capacitance connectors on NTS0102 PCB layouts. To ensure lowimpedance termination, and avoid output signal oscillations and one-shot re-triggering, the length of the PCB trace should be such that the round-trip delay of any reflection is within the one-shot pulse duration (approximately 50 ns). Power-up considerations During operation, VCC(A) must never be higher than VCC(B). However, during power-up, having VCC(A) greater than VCC(B) does not damage the device, so either power supply can be ramped up first. There is no special power-up sequencing required. The NTS0102 includes circuitry that disables all output ports when either VCC(A) or VCC(B) is switched off. Enable and disable operation An OE input is used to disable the device. Setting OE to low causes all I/O to assume the high-impedance off-state. The disable time (tdis with no external load) indicates the delay from when OE goes low and when outputs actually become disabled. The enable time (ten) indicates the amount of time the user must allow for one one-shot circuitry to become operational after OE is taken high. To ensure the highimpedance off-state during power-up or power-down, pin OE should be tied to GND through a pull-down resistor. The minimum value of the resistor is determined by the current-sourcing capability of the driver. Voltage translation — How to manage mixed-voltage designs using NXP level translators 21 Pull-up or pull-down resistors on I/O lines Each A port I/O has an internal 10 kΩ pull-up resistor to VCC(A), and each B port I/O has an internal 10 kΩ pull-up resistor to VCC(B). If a smaller value of pull-up resistor is required, an external resistor must be added parallel to the internal 10 kΩ. This will affect the VOL level. When OE goes low the internal pull-ups of the NTS0102 are disabled. NTSX level shifters: Bidirectional level translation with auto-direction sensing, open-drain outputs, and dual-edge accelerators NTSX level shifters are similar to NTS devices but VCC (A) Output load considerations The maximum lumped capacitive load that can be driven depends on the one-shot pulse duration and has been tuned to 600 pF. In cases with higher capacitive loading, there is a risk that the output does not reach the positive rail within the one-shot pulse duration. To avoid excessive capacitive loading and ensure correct triggering of the one-shot, use short trace lengths and low-capacitance connectors on NTSX2102 PCB layouts. The length of the PCB trace should be such that the round-trip delay of any reflection is within the one-shot pulse duration. Such a length ensures low impedance termination and avoids output signal oscillations and one-shot retriggering. VCC (B) T1 One shot One shot T3 T2 One shot One shot T4 VCC (A) VCC (B) T5 A T6 Output enable (OE) An OE input is used to disable the device. Setting OE to low causes all I/O to assume the high-impedance off-state. One of the advantages of NTSX translators is that either VCC(A) or VCC(B) can be powered up first. Defining the OE pin reduces dissipation during power-up. The OE pin can be connected via a pull-down resistor to GND or, if the application allows, hardwired to VCC(A). If the OE pin is hardwired to B Figure 4-10. Architecture of NTSX2102 I/O channel use a modified architecture that enables use at higher capacitive loads (typically up to 600 pF). Figure 4-10 gives the architecture of a single NTSX I/O channel. VCC(A), either supply can be powered up or down first. If a pull-down is used, the following sequences are recommended. For power-up 1. Apply power to either supply pin 2. Apply power to the other supply pin 3. Enable the device by driving OE high 4 There are two N-channel pass-gate transistors that tie the ports together. There is an output edge-rate accelerator that detects and accelerates rising and falling edges on the I/O pins (Figure 4-11). 3 VI (An) (V) 2 1 0 Table 4-3 Select NTS and NTSX level shifters for bidirectional translation 4 During an input transition, a one-shot accelerates the output transition by switching on the PMOS transistors (T1, T3) for a low-to-high transition. Alternatively, the one-shot switches on the NMOS transistors (T2, T4) for a high-to-low transition (Figure 4-12). Once activated, the one-shot is deactivated after approximately 25 ns. During the acceleration time, the driver output resistance is between approximately 10 and 35 Ω. To avoid signal contention, the application must not exceed the maximum data rate or must wait for the oneshot circuit to turn off before applying a signal in the opposite direction. Input driver requirements Because the NTSX2102 is a switch-type translator, properties of the input driver directly affect the output signal. The external open-drain driver applied to an I/O determines the static current sinking capability of the system. The maximum data rate, output transition times (tTHL, tTLH), and propagation delays (tPHL, tPLH) depend on the output impedance and the edge-rate of the external driver. 22 For power-down 1. Disable the device by driving OE low 2. Remove power from either supply pin 3. Remove power from the other supply pin 3 VO (Bn) (V) 2 1 Type number Description NTS0101 1-bit dual-supply level translator with autodirection sensing (3-state) NTS0102 2-bit dual-supply level translator with autodirection sensing (3-state) 1.65 to 3.6 2.3 to 5.5 -0.02 NTS0103 3-bit dual-supply level translator with autodirection sensing (3-state) 1.65 to 3.6 2.3 to 5.5 NTS0104 4-bit dual-supply level translator with autodirection sensing (3-state) 1.65 to 3.6 2.3 to 5.5 NTSX2101 2-bit dual-supply level translator with autodirection sensing (3-state) 1.65 to 5.5 1.65 to 5.5 0 0 20 40 60 80 VCC(A) (V) VCC(B) (V) 1.65 to 3.6 2.3 to 5.5 Output drive tpd Number capability (mA) (ns) of bits Tamb (°C) Package 1 -40 to +125 XSON6, TSSOP6 4.4 2 TSSOP8, XSON8, -40 to +125 XQFN8, XQFN10 -0.02 4.4 2 -40 to +125 XQFN10 -0.02 4.4 4 -40 to +125 DHVQFN14, XQFN12, TSSOP14, WLCSP 6 2 2 -40 to +125 XSON8, XQFN8 -0.02 4.4 100 T (ns) Figure 4-11. Input and output waveforms showing edge-rate acceleration 80 60 One shot time (ns) For the complete portfolio, visit www.nxp.com/logic 40 20 NVT level shifters: Bidirectional level translation with auto-direction sensing, open-drain outputs, no external pull-ups 0 1 2 3 4 V (V) 5 6 NVT level shifters perform bidirectional translation using an array of matching N-channel pass transistors with their gates tied together internally at the enable (EN) pin (Figure 4-13). Figure 4-12. One-shot pulse time versus VCCO Voltage translation — How to manage mixed-voltage designs using NXP level translators Voltage translation — How to manage mixed-voltage designs using NXP level translators 23 When the Bn port is driven or pulled high, the voltage on the An port is limited to VCC(A). When the An port is driven or pulled high, the Bn port is pulled to VCC(B) by the pull-up resistors. VCC(A) is set equal to the I/O voltage level of the CPU and VCC(B) is set equal to the I/O voltage level of the peripheral device. This enables seamless translation between high and low levels without the need for directional control. Open-drain peripheral high-voltage I/O bus VCC (B) = 3.3 V When EN is connected through a 200 kΩ pull-up resistor to a high-voltage VCC(B), and the An and Bn I/O are connected, the translator switch is on, allowing bidirectional data flow between ports. When EN is pulled low, the transistor switch is off and a high-impedance or disconnect state exists between ports. In this way, these translators protect new, lower-voltage devices from the overvoltage and ESD conditions applied by older, high-voltage devices, and make easy work of translating the VIH and VOH switching levels. 200 k 1k VREFB 0.1 µF 1k B1 1k B2 1k BN B3 (drain) EN NVT20xx VCC (A) = 1.2 V (gate) Reference transistors GND Pass transistors and a low level on the other. (source) VREFA A1 A2 A3 Bidirectional level translation with open-drain I/O For bidirectional level translation, the drivers on both sides of the translator either must be open-drain outputs or must be controlled to prevent contention between a high level on an output driver on one side AN Open-drain GPU low-voltage I/O bus Figure 4-13. Typical NVT20xx device schematic A similar method, but with different characteristics for RON, CIO, and ESD protection, is used by two other level translators – the PCA9306, a 2-bit dual-supply level translator with auto-direction sensing (which is the same as the NVT2002 but with support for the SMBus and a wider range of packages), and the GTL2005, a 4-bit GTL-to-LVTTL bidirectional non-latched translator (see section 3). Basic operation One of the Field-Effect Transistors (FETs) is used as a reference transistor, and the remainder as pass transistors. The low side (A1 to An) is the FET source, while the high side (B1 to Bn) is the FET drain. On the low side, the voltage of the reference transistor is the limit for the remaining pass transistors. The gate of the reference transistor should be tied to its drain to ensure that the FETs operate within the saturation region. Using an open-drain device means there has to be pull-up resistors on the B side, and the resistors have to be sized so as not to overload the output drivers. With the NVT20xx and PCA9306, if VCC(B) minus VCC(A) is greater than 1 V, then pull-up resistors are not required on the A side. If, however, VCC(B) minus VCC(A) is less than 1 V, then pull-up resistors must be used on the A side to bring the An outputs to VCC(A). Note that if pull-up resistors are required on both the A and B sides, then the equivalent pull-up resistor value becomes the parallel combination of the two resistors when the pass transistor is on. A similar situation exists with the GTL2000, GTL2002, GTL2003, and GTL2010. If VCC(B) minus VCC(A) is greater than or equal to 1.5 V, then pull-up resistors are not required on the A/S side. If, however, the difference is less than 1.5 V, then pull-up resistors must be used on both the A/S and B/D sides, and the equivalent pull-up resistor value becomes the parallel combination of the two resistors when the pass transistor is on. Unidirectional level translation and push-pull I/O The translators support unidirectional level translation (low to high or high to low) with push-pull or totempole I/O, but the I/O must be the only driver on the bus during translation. Using this configuration for bidirectional push-pull control requires a direction control bit to determine which I/O is acting on the bus and prevent bus contention. Details for unidirectional translation are given in application note AN11127. The reference transistor and one resistor are used to set VBIAS and the gate voltage (VG) for all the pass transistors. The gate voltage is VCC(A) plus the gate-to-source voltage (VGS). VGS can vary from 0.6 to 1.0 V. The pass transistors on the low side are limited to VCC(A). When either an An or Bn port is driven low, the FET is turned on and a low-resistance path exists between the An and Bn port. The low on-state resistance (RON) of the pass transistor allows connections to be made with minimal propagation delay. 24 Voltage translation — How to manage mixed-voltage designs using NXP level translators Voltage translation — How to manage mixed-voltage designs using NXP level translators 25 Type number Description NVT2001 1-bit dual-supply level translator with auto-direction sensing VCC(A) (V) VCC(B) (V) 1.0 to 3.6 Number of bits Package 1 TSSOP8, XSON8U, XSON6 1.0 to 5.5 NVT2002* 2-bit dual-supply level translator with auto-direction sensing 1.0 to 3.6 1.8 to 5.5 2 TSSOP8, XSON8, XQFN10, XQFN8 NVT2003 3-bit dual-supply level translator with auto-direction sensing 1.0 to 3.6 1.8 to 5.5 3 TSSOP10 NVT2004 4-bit dual-supply level translator with auto-direction sensing 1.0 to 3.6 1.8 to 5.5 4 HXSON12 NVT2006 6-bit dual-supply level translator with auto-direction sensing 1.0 to 3.6 1.8 to 5.5 6 DHVQFN16, HVQFN16, TSSOP16 NVT2008 8-bit dual-supply level translator with auto-direction sensing 1.0 to 3.6 1.8 to 5.5 8 DHVQFN20, TSSOP20 10 DHVQFN24, HVQFN24, TSSOP24 NVT2010 10-bit dual-supply level translator with auto-direction sensing 1.0 to 3.6 1.8 to 5.5 CBTD and CBTLVD bus switches: Devices that perform signal switching and level translation In designs that require voltage translation and signal switching, a crossbar switch equipped with a diode can be used. Bus switches are natural translators. The switch function turns the signal on or off and, as a result, the output voltage, also called the pass voltage (VPASS), is lower than the VCC. A bus switch placed between a 5 V memory and a 3 V CPU, for example, can perform double duty, providing signal switching as well as level translation (Figure 4-14). There is no capacitive isolation between inputs and outputs when the switches are off. The drive capability of bus switches depends on the load connected and the output drive of the driver. The NXP CBT product family includes a number of bus switches. The CBTD series adds a diode to the lower gate voltage and, as a result, typically has a VPASS that is 1 V lower than the CBT series. This makes the CBTD series a good choice for applications that need switching between 3 V devices and/or translation from 5.0 to 3.3 V. voltage would approximately 2.7 V. Note that the voltage at switch input (VIN) is higher than VPASS and could be up to 7 V. Under the same conditions, but with a smaller switch current, such as 100 µA, VPASS would be closer to 3 V. VCC = 5 V CBTD3384 CBT3384 OE 3 V CPU 5 V CPU 3V 5V 3 V MEMORY 5 V I/O 3V 1.85 (1) 20 µA 2.0 1.80 (2) Vpass (V) 100 µA (3) Vpass (V) (4) 2.0 1.75 1.70 2 mA 1.65 2.0 4 mA 1.60 2.0 1.55 4.4 4.8 5.2 3.0 5.6 3.2 3.4 3.6 VCC (V) VCC (V) Figure 4-16. CBTLVD pass voltage versus supply voltage Figure 4-15. CBTD pass voltage versus supply voltage * The PCA9306 is the same as the NVT2002 but with more package options (SO8, VSSOP8) For the complete portfolio, visit nxp.com/logic Figure 4-15 gives results from a CBTD3306, a dual bus switch with level shifting. Assuming a switch current of 6 mA and an operating temperature of 25 °C, when VCC is 5 V, the output/pass 1.90 2.0 Table 4-4. Select NVT bidirectional translators The CBTD3306 can also be used for 3 V signal switching when VCC is in the range of 4.5 to 5.5 V. For example, assuming a typical RON of 17 Ω and a switch current of 15 mA, when VCC is 4.5 V, and the input voltage is 2.4 V, the switch output will be 2.145 V. CBTD data sheets provide further details. CBTLVD devices are low-voltage variants of the CBTD series. They are suitable for translating signals from 3.3 to 1.8 V. Figure 4-16 gives results from a CBTLVD3244, an 8-bit level-shifting bus switch with 4-bit output enables, when the input voltage is greater than VPASS, up to 4.6 V. Table 4-5. Select CBTD and CBTLVD bus switches for voltage translation VCC (V) VPASS (V) Logic switching levels RON (Ω) f(-3dB) (MHz) tpd (ns) Tamb (°C) Package 20-bit bus-switch level translator 4.5 to 5.5 3.3 TTL 7 300 0.25 -40 to +85 TSSOP48, SSOP48 CBTD16211 24-bit bus-switch level translator 4.5 to 5.5 3.3 TTL 7 300 0.25 -40 to +85 TSSOP56, SSOP56 CBTD3306 Dual bus-switch level translator 4.5 to 5.5 3.3 TTL 7 300 0.25 -40 to +85 SO8, XQFN8U, XSON8, TSSOP8 CBTD3384 10-bit bus-switch level translator 4.5 to 5.5 3.3 TTL 7 300 0.25 -40 to +85 SO24, SSOP24, TSSOP24 CBTD3861 10-bit bus-switch level translator 4.5 to 5.5 3.3 TTL 7 300 0.25 -40 to +85 DHVQFN24, SSOP24, TSSOP24 CBTLVD3244 Octal bus switch level translator 3.0 to 3.6 1.8 CMOS / LVTTL 7 400 0.2 DHVQFN20, -40 to +125 SSOP20, TSSOP20 CBTLVD3245 Octal bus-switch level translator 3.0 to 3.6 1.8 CMOS / LVTTL 7 400 0.2 DHVQFN20, -40 to +125 SSOP20, TSSOP20 CBTLVD3384 10-bit bus-switch level translator 3.0 to 3.6 1.8 CMOS / LVTTL 7 400 0.2 DHVQFN24, -40 to +125 SSOP24, TSSOP24 CBTLVD3861 10-bit bus-switch level translator 3.0 to 3.6 1.8 CMOS / LVTTL 7 400 0.2 DHVQFN24, -40 to +125 SSOP24, TSSOP24 Type number Description CBTD16210 5V Figure 4-14. Sample application with CPU and memory For the complete portfolio, visit nxp.com/logic 26 Voltage translation — How to manage mixed-voltage designs using NXP level translators Voltage translation — How to manage mixed-voltage designs using NXP level translators 27 SECTION 5.0 Application-specific level translators This section discusses level translators that make it easier to work with SIM cards and special translators for the I2C-bus. The NVT4555 has greater than ± 8 kV contact IEC 61000-4-2 ESD protection for the SIM pins and standard ± 2 kV contact for all other pins. NVT4556 WLCSP bidirectional SIM Card level translator with I2C-bus control and supply voltage LDO Similar to the NVT4555, the NVT4556 is an interface between the host processor and its SIM card (Figure 5-2). It provides I2C-bus control of SIM card functions and protocols. It complies with the ETSA, IMT-2000, and ISO 7816 SIM requirements for the power supply and for handling the ISO 7816-3 shutdown sequence. VBAT (2.5 V to 5.25 V) 5.1 Translators for use with SIM cards 1 μF NVT4555 WLCSP bidirectional SIM card interface level translator and supply voltage LDO The NVT455 interfaces between the host processor of a smartphone and its SIM card (Figure 5-1). Available in a tiny wafer-level chipscale package (WLCSP), it combines robust performance with the smallest available footprint. The device complies with the SIM power supply, includes EMI and ESD protection, and handles the shutdown sequence specified by the ISO 7816-3 specification. VCC (1.1 V to 3.6 V) VBAT (2.5 V to 5.25 V) 100 nF SCL SDA HOST processor (1.8 V or 3 V 50 mA max.) I2C interface LDO regulator VSIM 4.7 μF NVT4555 SIM card NVT4556 RST_SIM RST_HOST/EN CLK_HOST IO_HOST Level translator CLK_SIM IO_SIM 1 μF 100 nF (1.8 V or 2.95 V 50 mA max.) LDO regulator HOST processor VSIM Figure 5-2. NVT4556 interfacing with a typical SIM card 4.7 μF NVT4555 NVT4555 RST_HOST CLK_HOST IO_HOST SIM card RST_SIM Level translator CLK_SIM IO_SIM Figure 5-1. NVT4555 interfacing with a typical SIM card The internal low-dropout (LDO) regulator supplies power to the SIM card using a high power supply rejection ratio (PSSR) at a very low dropout voltage (VBAT-VSIM). The NVT455 provides two levels of fixed voltage regulation, at 1.8 or 2.95 V, selectable using the CTRL pin. The NVT4556 has an LDO that supports the two voltages typically used by the battery of a mobile phone (1.8 or 3 V), and includes three level translators for converting the data, RSTn, and CLKn signals. It can be used to support a second and third SIM card u sing a single low-voltage host SIM port, thus reducing the number of GPIO required in the system. The VCC pin provides power to the host-side I/O and doubles as an enable pin, so it can be connected to a GPIO that matches the host-side voltage. The total current draw from the VCC pin is only 100 μA maximum. The NVT4556 uses the I2C-bus interface to enable normal operation and to select 1.8 or 3 V for the SIM card power supply. The NVT4556 can also disable the LDO functionality while maintaining the level translator paths, so a system-controlled regulator can be used with the SIM card power supply. The NVT4556 has greater than ± 8 kV contact IEC 61000-4-2 ESD protection for the SIM pins and standard ± 2 kV contact for all other pins. Using the ISO 7816-3 shutdown sequence for the SIM card signals ensures the card is properly disabled and, during hot swap, the shutdown sequence helps avoid data corruption and improper writes. 28 Voltage translation — How to manage mixed-voltage designs using NXP level translators Voltage translation — How to manage mixed-voltage designs using NXP level translators 29 5.2 I2C muxes and switches that also perform bidirectional translation PCA954x bidirectional translating muxes and switches Some specialized devices only have one I2C or SMBus address. When several identical devices are needed in the same system, devices can’t be accessed individually. Multiplexers and switches split the I2C-bus into several branches and allow the I2C master to select and address one of multiple identical devices without address conflicts. Many I2C peripheral devices operate at different voltage levels due to the analog nature of the sensors. This would normally require a separate master for each different power supply. Multiplexers and switches permit a single master to interface with multiple peripheral devices that use different power supply voltages. The PCA954x are I2C multiplexers and switches that also perform bidirectional translation (Figure 5-3). 5V 5V Master 5V Slave 5V MUX or switch SD0 SD1 SC0 SC1 Switch control logic VSS VDD SCL SDA Power-on reset Input filter I2C-bus control Figure 5-4. PCA9540B block diagram The PCA9540B (Figure 5-4) serves as an example for the entire family. 3.3 V 3.3 V PCA954x Slave Figure 5-3. Sample application using a PCA954x mux/switch The upstream SCL/SDA pair fans out to downstream pairs or channels controlled by FET switches. The number of downstream pairs depends on the device. The I2C signals on the upstream channel are passed on to all the downstream channels, without amplification. The I2C-bus limit of 400 pF must be observed for the upstream channel and for all active downstream channels. Pull-up resistors are required on all upstream and downstream channels. I2C commands from the bus master on the upstream channel or any active downstream channel can turn any channel on or off. The channel status is changed when the stop command is sent. A multiplexer allows only a single downstream channel to be selected at any time, but a switch allows any or all downstream channels to be connected. Since there is direct connection between the upstream and downstream buses, the pull-up resistors on all connected buses are paralleled and there is added capacitance on all connected buses. With a MOSFET pass transistor placed between the upstream and downstream buses, any excursions of the bus voltage on the downstream side are limited by the gate voltage applied to the pass transistors. The downstream bus can only rise to the gate voltage minus the transistor’s threshold voltage. Using the pass transistor’s gate voltage as its power supply lets the PCA954x perform voltage-level translation. The graph in figure 5-5 shows that the I2C voltage can be translated between the various channels of a PCA954x device. 30 Voltage translation — How to manage mixed-voltage designs using NXP level translators Voltage translation — How to manage mixed-voltage designs using NXP level translators 31 5.0 4.0 VO (SW) 3.0 (V) 2.0 Maximum Typical 1.0 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 VDD 4.0 4.5 5.0 Minimum 5.5 (V) Figure 5-5. PCA954x voltage translation For example, assume the upstream channel uses 5 V while the downstream channel uses 3.3 V. If the PCA954x is supplied with 3.3 V, it will clamp the voltage to about 2.3 V so the 5 V will not appear on the 3.3 V side. A pull-up resistor on the 3.3 V side then pulls it all the way up to the 3.3 V rail. In most situations, the design engineer should use the maximum voltage curve since this is the situation found over the entire temperature range. The important thing to note is that the multiplexer/switch should be supplied with the lowest I2C voltage needed to ensure proper level translation. Table 5-1. Select PCA954x I2C muxes and switches Number of addresses Function PCA9540B 1:2 mux 1 No 2.3 to 5.5 PCA9541 2:1 mux, master selector 16 Yes 2.3 to 5.5 PCA9542A 1:2 mux 8 No 2.3 to 5.5 PCA9543A 1:2 switch 4 Yes 2.3 to 5.5 PCA9544A 1:4 mux 8 No 2.3 to 5.5 PCA9545 1:4 switch 4 Yes 2.3 to 5.5 PCA9546A 1:4 switch 8 Yes 2.3 to 5.5 PCA9547 1:8 mux 8 Yes 2.3 to 5.5 PCA9548A 1:8 switch 8 Yes 2.3 to 5.5 For the complete portfolio, visit nxp.com/logic 32 Hardware reset Type number Voltage translation — How to manage mixed-voltage designs using NXP level translators Voltage range (V) www.nxp.com © 2014 NXP Semiconductors N.V. All rights reserved. Reproduction in whole or in part is prohibited without the prior written consent of the copyright owner. The information presented in this document does not form part of any quotation or contract, is believed to be accurate and reliable and may be changed without notice. No liability will be accepted by the publisher for any consequence of its use. Publication thereof does not convey nor imply any license under patent or other industrial or intellectual property rights. Date of release: May 2014 Document order number: 9397 750 17511 Published in the USA