INFINEON V23833-FX105-B001

Fiber Optics
V23833-Fx105-B001
V23833-Fx105-B002
XFP
1310 nm Small Form Factor Module
10 Gigabit Pluggable Transceiver
Compatible with XFP MSA Rev. 3.1
Preliminary Data Sheet
Features
Standards
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Compatible with IEEE 802.3ae™-2002
Compatible with Fibre Channel 10GFC Draft 3.5
Compatible with ITU-T G.693 11/2001
Compatible with XFP MSA Rev. 3.1
Compatible with Telcordia GR-253-CORE
File: 2115
Optical
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IEEE Ethernet: Serial 1310 nm 10GBASE-LR
T11 Fibre Channel: Serial 1310 nm 1200-SM-LL-L
ITU-T G.693: VSR2000-2R1
Telcordia: SR1
Transmission distance 2 m up to 10 km
Uncooled directly modulated Distributed Feedback (DFB) laser at 1310 nm
According to XFP MSA Rev. 3.1
LC connector, single mode fiber
Full duplex transmission mode
Ordering Information
Part Number
Chassis/Signal Grounding Concept Standard
V23833-F0105-B001
Separated
Ethernet/Fibre Channel
V23833-F9105-B001
Separated
Multi-Protocol
V23833-F0105-B002
Common
Ethernet/Fibre Channel
V23833-F9105-B002
Common
Multi-Protocol
Preliminary Product Information
1
2004-06-04
V23833-Fx105-B001
V23833-Fx105-B002
Applications
Monitoring and Control
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Laser safety shut off
Supply voltage 5 V / 3.3 V / 1.8 V
Transmit power
Received power RSSI
Module temperature
Laser bias current
Tx_DIS
Mod_NR
Mod_DeSel
Interrupt
Mod_ABS
P_Down/RST
Rx_Los
Mechanical
• Color coded blue for 1310 nm
• Belly-to-belly applications
• Latching mechanism with low insertion force
Electrical
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•
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Hot pluggable
Power supply 5 V / 3.3 V / 1.8 V
Total power consumption: < 3.5 W max.
XFI electrical interface
External reference clock (transmit data synchronization B/64)
Management and control via 2-wire interface
30 pin connector, 0.8 mm pitch
Applications
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10GBE, 10GFC, OC-192/STM-64 and G.709 transmission systems for short range
Integration on PCI card, with eventually mid-board mounting
Belly-to-belly for high density applications
Enterprise and campus network applications
Storage applications
Backplane and switch applications
Aggregation point for lower date rate
XFP evaluation kit V23833-F9909-Z001 available upon request
Preliminary Product Information
2
2004-06-04
V23833-Fx105-B001
V23833-Fx105-B002
Pin Configuration
Pin Configuration
1
GND
30
GND
2
VEE5
29
TD+
3
MOD_DESEL
28
TD−
4
INTERRUPT
27
GND
5
TX_DIS
26
GND
6
VCC5
25
REFCLK−
7
GND
24
REFCLK+
8
VCC3
23
GND
9
VCC3
22
VCC2
10
SCL
21
P_DOWN/RST
11
SDA
20
VCC2
12
MOD_ABS
19
GND
13
MOD_NR
18
RD+
14
RX_LOS
17
RD−
15
GND
16
GND
Bottom of Board
(As viewed through top of board)
Figure 1
Top of Board
File: 2304
XFP Transceiver Electrical Pad Layout
Preliminary Product Information
3
2004-06-04
V23833-Fx105-B001
V23833-Fx105-B002
Pin Configuration
Connector Pin Assignments
Pin No.
Signal Name
Pin No.
Signal Name
1
GND
30
GND
2
VEE5
29
TD+
3
MOD_DESEL
28
TD–
4
INTERRUPT
27
GND
5
TX_DIS
26
GND
6
VCC5
25
REFCLK–
7
GND
24
REFCLK+
8
23
GND
9
VCC3
VCC3
22
VCC2
10
SCL
21
P_DOWN
11
SDA
20
VCC2
12
MOD_ABS
19
GND
13
MOD_NR
18
RD+
14
RX_LOS
17
RD–
15
GND
16
GND
Preliminary Product Information
4
2004-06-04
V23833-Fx105-B001
V23833-Fx105-B002
Pin Configuration
Pin Description
Signal Name
Level
I/O
Pin No.
Management and Monitoring Ports
MOD_DESEL LVTTL
I
3
Description
Module De-select: when “L” allows
the module to respond to 2-wire
serial interface command. “H” active
INTERRUPT
LVTTL
O
4
Interrupt: indicates presence of an
important condition which can be
read on the 2-wire serial interface.
“H” active
TX_DIS
LVTTL
I
5
Transmitter Disable: transmitter
laser source is turned off. “H” active
SCL
LVTTL
I
10
2-wire Interface Clock
SDA
LVTTL
I
11
2-wire Interface Data
MOD_ABS
LVTTL
O
12
Module Absent: indicating the
modules not present. “H” active
MOD_NR
LVTTL
O
13
Module not ready: module
operational fault
RX_LOS
LVTTL
O
14
Receiver Loss Of Signal Indicator
P_DOWN
LVTTL
I
21
Power Saving Mode: places the
module in the stand-by condition.
Active “H”. During the falling edge
set the module reset
I
28
Transmitter Inverted Data Input
Transmit Functions
TD–
CML
TD+
CML
Receive Functions
RD–
CML
I
29
Transmitter Not-inverted Data Input
O
17
Receiver Data Output Inverted
RD+
CML
O
18
Receiver Data Output Not-inverted
REFCLK+
PECL
I
24
Reference Clock Not-inverted Input
REFCLK–
DC Power
GND
PECL
I
25
Reference Clock Inverted Input
0V
–
1,7,15,16,19,
23,26,27,30
Ground connection for both signal
and chassis on the module
VCC5
VCC3
VCC2
+5 V
I
6
Positive power supply, nominal
+3.3 V
I
8,9
Positive power supply, nominal
+1.8 V
I
20,22
Positive power supply, nominal
Preliminary Product Information
5
2004-06-04
V23833-Fx105-B001
V23833-Fx105-B002
Description
Description
System Block Diagram
XFP Module
Connector
D
C´
C
RX
CDR
A
B´
B
TX
CDR
ASIC/SerDes
Host Board
File: 2306
Figure 2
Optical Interface Standard Specifications
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•
IEEE 802.3ae™-2002 clause 52, 10GBASE-LR
Fibre Channel 10GFC Draft 3.5, 1200-SM-LL-L
ITU-T G.693: VSR2000-2R1
Telcordia: SR1
XFP MSA Rev. 3.1
Fiber Type
Minimum Modal Bandwidth at 1310 nm
(MHz*km)
Operating Range
(meters)1)
B1.1 SMF
10
2 to 10,000
B1.3 SMF
10
2 to 10,000
1)
Operating range as defined by IEEE and Fibre Channel standards. Longer reach possible depending upon link
implementation. A loopback connector is supported.
Electrical Interface Standard Specifications
• IEEE 802.3ae™-2002 clause 45 & 47
• XFP MSA Rev. 3.1
Preliminary Product Information
6
2004-06-04
V23833-Fx105-B001
V23833-Fx105-B002
Description
Environment: Thermal Management Recommendations
Operating air inlet temperature:
0°C - 50°C
Operating Airflow:
200 LFM (1.5 m/s)
Operating Humidity:
85% RH non-condensing
Maximum operating case temperature is 70°C as defined by UL 1950.
Module can withstand and operate within specification with case temperature of 75°C for
up to 96 hrs/yr. Transceiver requires airflow parallel to cooling fins. Maximum airflow
required per XFP MSA is 3 m/s.
Fibers and Connectors
The transceiver LC features a duplex receptacle and is designed for single mode LC
cables, 0° polished end face (PC).
30-pin Connector
The module interface connector is a 30-pin, printed circuit board edge connection with a
0.8 mm pitch. The appropriate mating connector for the customer PCB is a 30-pin SMT,
dual row, right angled, edge connector, 0.8 mm pitch (TycoAmp part number 788862C
or equivalent).
Cage/Heatsink Requirement
The cage/heatsink assembly required to mount the XFP module is defined by the MSA.
Preliminary Product Information
7
2004-06-04
V23833-Fx105-B001
V23833-Fx105-B002
Description
Regulatory Compliance
Feature
Standard
Comments
ESD:
Electrostatic Discharge
to the Electrical Pins
(HBM)
EIA/JESD22-A114-B
(MIL-STD 883D
Method 3015.7)
Class 1a (> 500 V)
Immunity:
Against Electrostatic
Discharge (ESD) to the
Module Receptacle
EN 61000-4-2
IEC 61000-4-2
Discharges ranging from ±2 kV to
±15 kV to the front end / faceplate /
receptacle cause no damage to
module (under recommended
conditions).
Immunity:
Against Radio
Frequency
Electromagnetic Field
EN 61000-4-3
IEC 61000-4-3
With a field strength of 3 V/m, noise
frequency ranges from 10 MHz to
2 GHz. No effect on module
performance between the
specification limits.
Emission:
Electromagnetic
Interference (EMI)
FCC 47 CFR
Part 15, Class B
EN 55022 Class B
CISPR 22
Noise frequency range:
30 MHz to 40 GHz
Radiated emission does not exceed
specified limits when measured
inside a shielding enclosure with
MSA conform cutout.
Preliminary Product Information
8
2004-06-04
V23833-Fx105-B001
V23833-Fx105-B002
Technical Data
Technical Data
Absolute Maximum Ratings
Parameter
Symbol
Limit Values
Unit
min.
max.
–20
85
°C
0
50
°C
0
80
°C
0
6
V
0
4
V
Supply Voltage +1.8 V
TS
TA
TC
V5
V3
Vaps
0
2
V
Static Discharge Voltage, All Pins
STd
–500
500
V
Average Receive Optical Power
RxP max
1.5
dBm
Storage Ambient Temperature1)
Operating Ambient Temperature1) 2)
Operating Case Temperature1) 2)
Supply Voltage +5.0 V
Supply Voltage +3.3 V
1)
2)
Non condensing.
With specified airflow (see “Environment: Thermal Management Recommendations”).
Exceeding any one of these values may permanently destroy the device.
Recommended Operating Conditions
Parameter
Symbol
Values
min.
Operating Case Temperature1) 2) TC
Transceiver Total Power
Consumption
P
Supply Voltage +5.0 V
VCC5
ICC5
VCC3
ICC3
VCC aps
ICC aps
Supply Current +5.0 V
Supply Voltage +3.3 V
Supply Current +3.3 V
Supply Voltage +1.8 V
Supply Current +1.8 V
1)
2)
typ.
0
4.75
3.14
1.71
Unit
max.
70
°C
2.5
3.5
W
5
5.25
V
t.b.d.
mA
3.47
V
t.b.d.
mA
1.89
V
t.b.d.
mA
3.3
1.8
With specified airflow (see “Environment: Thermal Management Recommendations”).
Worst case thermal location (see Figure 15).
Preliminary Product Information
9
2004-06-04
V23833-Fx105-B001
V23833-Fx105-B002
Technical Data
Optical Characteristics
(VCC5 = 4.75 V to 5.25 V, VCC3 = 3.14 V to 3.47 V, VCC aps = 1.71 V to 1.89 V, TC = 0°C to 70°C)
Parameter
Symbol
Values
min.
typ.
Unit
max.
Transmitter
Launch Power in OMA minus
TDP
PO-OMA
–6.2
Average Launch Power
PO-Avg
–8.2
–1
0.5
dBm
Center Wavelength Range
λC-Tx
1290
1310
1330
nm
Spectral Width (–20 dB)
σI
0.5
0.6
nm
Side Mode Suppression Ratio
SMSR
30
Extinction Ratio
ER
3.5
Relative Intensity Noise12OMA
RIN
Optical Modulation Amplitude
(OMA)
OMA
Transmitter and Dispersion
Penalty
TDP
3.2
dB
Average Launch Power of OFF
Transmitter
PO-OFF
–30
dBm
Optical Return Loss Tolerance
ORLT
12
dB
Transmitter Reflectance
REFTx
–12
dB
Eye Mask Definition
dBm
dB
5
dB
–128
dB/Hz
–5.2
dBm
According to IEEE and Fibre Channel
Receiver
Loss Of Signal Hysteresis
PIN-S
PIN
PIN-max
PLOSa
PLOSh
Receiver Reflectance
REFRx
Center Wavelength Range
λC-Rx
Stressed Receiver Sensitivity
1)
Sensitivity in OMA
Average Receive Power
Loss Of Signal Assert Level
1)
1
–10.3
dBm
–12.6
dBm
0.5
dBm
–17
–13
dBm
2
4
dB
–12
dB
1355
nm
1260
Receiver sensitivity, which is defined for an ideal input signal is informative only.
Preliminary Product Information
10
2004-06-04
V23833-Fx105-B001
V23833-Fx105-B002
Technical Data
Electrical DC Characteristics
(VCC5 = 4.75 V to 5.25 V, VCC3 = 3.14 V to 3.47 V, VCC aps = 1.71 V to 1.89 V, TC = 0°C to 70°C)
Parameter
Symbol
Values
min.
typ.
Unit
max.
3.3 V CMOS I/O DC Characteristics
(Management, Logic and Monitoring Ports)
External Pull-up Resistor for
Open Drain
Rpullup
10
22
kΩ
Output High Voltage1)
Voh
Vol
Vih
Vil
Ipd
2.4
3.5
V
0.4
V
2
V
0.8
V
10
µA
Vin_diff
400
2000
mV
p-p
Differential Input Amplitude
(pk-pk)4)
TD+/–
240
1640
mV
p-p diff
Differential Output Amplitude
(pk-pk)5)
RD+/–
680
1700
mV
p-p diff
Output Low Voltage1)
Input High Voltage
Input Low Voltage
Input Pull-up Current2)
0
–10
0
LVPECL I/O Characteristics
(REFCLK+/–)
Differential Input Voltage
(pk-pk)3)
XFI I/O DC Characteristics
(TD+/–; RD+/–)
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
Rpull-up = 10 kΩ to 3.3 V.
Vin = 3.3 V.
AC coupled in transceiver.
AC coupled input at host board.
AC coupled output at host board.
Preliminary Product Information
11
2004-06-04
V23833-Fx105-B001
V23833-Fx105-B002
Technical Data
Electrical AC Characteristics
(VCC5 = 4.75 V to 5.25 V, VCC3 = 3.14 V to 3.47 V, VCC aps = 1.71 V to 1.89 V, TC = 0°C to 70°C)
Parameter
Symbol
Values
Unit
min.
typ.
max.
10.3125
10.75
Gbit/s
500
ppm
120
Ω
XFI Input AC Characteristics
(TD+/–)
Baud Rate
TD+/–
9.95
Baud Rate Tolerance
TDtol
–500
Differential Input Impedance
ZIN
80
Differential Return Loss1)
|S11|
8
Input Differential Skew
Total Jitter
2)
3)
Deterministic Jitter3)
TSKEWIN
100
dB
t.b.d.
ps
TJTD
0.61
UI pp
TJTD
0.2
UI pp
10.75
Gbit/s
100
ppm
XFI Output AC Characteristics
(RD+/–)
Baud Rate
RD+/–
9.95
Baud Rate Tolerance
RDtol
–100
Rise and Fall Times4)
tr , tf
24
Output Differential Skew
TSKEWOUT
Output Differential Impedance
ZOUT
ps
t.b.d.
80
Differential Output Return Loss1) |S22|
10.3125
100
ps
120
8
Ω
dB
Total Jitter5)
TJRD
0.34
UI
Deterministic Jitter5)
DJRD
0.18
UI
LVPECL Input AC Characteristics
(REFCLK+/–)
REFCLK+/– Frequency6)
REFCLK+/– Frequency7)
REFCLK+/– Frequency
Tolerance
REFCLK+/– Duty Cycle
REFCLK+/– Rise and Fall Time4)
Preliminary Product Information
fREF
fREF
fTOLREF
tW
tr , tf
12
164.1328
MHz
164.3554
MHz
–100
100
ppm
40
60
%
200
1250
ps
2004-06-04
V23833-Fx105-B001
V23833-Fx105-B002
Technical Data
Electrical AC Characteristics (cont’d)
(VCC5 = 4.75 V to 5.25 V, VCC3 = 3.14 V to 3.47 V, VCC aps = 1.71 V to 1.89 V, TC = 0°C to 70°C)
Parameter
Symbol
Values
min.
typ.
Unit
max.
2
3.3 V CMOS I/O AC Characteristics for I C Signals
(SDA; SCL)
SCL Clock Frequency
SCL Period Low
SCL Period High
Bus Free Time8)
Start Condition Setup Time
Stop Condition Setup Time
Start Condition Hold Time
Data Hold Time
Data Setup Time
SDA and SCL Rise and Fall
Time
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
fSCL
tLOW
tHIGH
tBUF
tSU_START
tSU_STOP
tH_START
tH_DATA
tSU_DATA
tr , tf
0
400
kHz
1.3
µs
0.6
µs
1.3
µs
0.6
µs
0.6
µs
0.6
µs
0
µs
100
ns
300
ns
100 MHz - 5.5 GHz above 5.5 GHz see XFP MSA 3.1.
Not defined at crossing point.
Per XFP MSA 3.1 table 17, 1 UI = 96.97 ps.
20%, 80%.
Per XFP MSA 3.1 table 19, 1 UI = 96.97 ps.
10 GBE data rate.
10 GFC data rate.
Between stop and start condition.
Preliminary Product Information
13
2004-06-04
V23833-Fx105-B001
V23833-Fx105-B002
Technical Data
Timing Parameters for XFP Management
Parameter
Symbol
Values
min.
Unit
max.
TX_DIS Assert Time1)
t_off
10
µs
TX_DIS Negate Time2)
t_on
2
ms
Time to Initialize3)
t_init
300
ms
INTERRUPT Assert Delay4)
Interrupt_on
200
ms
INTERRUPT Negate Delay5)
Interrupt_off
500
µs
P_DOWN/RST Assert Delay6)
P_Down/RST_on
100
µs
MOD_NR Assert Delay7)
Mod_nr_on
1
ms
MOD_NR Negate Delay8)
Mod_nr_off
1
ms
P_DOWN Reset Time9)
10
RX_LOS Assert Delay10)
RX_LOS Negate Delay
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
9)
10)
11)
11)
µs
t_loss_on
100
µs
t_loss_off
100
µs
Rising edge of TX_DIS to fall of output signal below 10% of nominal.
Falling edge of TX_DIS to rise of output signal above 90% of nominal.
From power on or hot plug after supply or from falling edge of P_DOWN/RST.
From occurrence of the condition triggering INTERRUPT.
From clear on read INTERRUPT flags.
From power down initiation.
From occurrence of fault to assertion of MOD_NR.
From clearance of signal to negation of MOD_NR.
Min. length of P_DOWN assert to initiate reset.
From occurrence of loss of signal to assertion of RX_LOS.
From occurrence of presence of signal to negation of RX_LOS.
Preliminary Product Information
14
2004-06-04
V23833-Fx105-B001
V23833-Fx105-B002
Eye Safety
Eye Safety
This laser based single mode transceiver is a Class 1 product. It complies with IEC
60825-1/A2: 2001 and FDA performance standards for laser products (21 CFR 1040.10
and 1040.11) except for deviations pursuant to Laser Notice 50, dated July 26, 2001.
CLASS 1 LASER PRODUCT
To meet laser safety requirements the transceiver shall be operated within the Absolute
Maximum Ratings.
Note: All adjustments have been made at the factory prior to shipment of the devices.
No maintenance or alteration to the device is required.
Tampering with or modifying the performance of the device will result in voided
product warranty.
Failure to adhere to the above restrictions could result in a modification that is
considered an act of “manufacturing”, and will require, under law, recertification of
the modified product with the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (ref. 21 CFR
1040.10 (i)).
Laser Emission Data
Wavelength
1310 nm
Maximum total output power
(as defined by IEC: 7 mm aperture at 14 mm distance)
15.6 mW / 11.9 dBm
Beam divergence (full angle) / NA (half angle)
11° / 0.1 rad
FDA
IEC
Complies with 21 CFR
1040.10 and 1040.11
Class 1 Laser Product
File: 1401
Figure 3
Required Labels
Laser
Emission
Tx
Top view
Rx
File: 1333
Figure 4
Laser Emission
Preliminary Product Information
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2004-06-04
V23833-Fx105-B001
V23833-Fx105-B002
Application Notes
Application Notes
Host Board Layouts
Dimensions in mm
Figure 5
File: 2508
XFP Host Board Mechanical Layout
Detail Z see Figure 6.
Preliminary Product Information
16
2004-06-04
V23833-Fx105-B001
V23833-Fx105-B002
Application Notes
Dimensions in mm
Figure 6
File: 2509
XFP Host Board Mechanical Layout, Detail Z
Preliminary Product Information
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2004-06-04
V23833-Fx105-B001
V23833-Fx105-B002
Application Notes
Dimensions in mm
Figure 7
File: 2510
Recommended Single Sided Bezel Design
Dimensions in mm
Figure 8
File: 2511
Recommended Double Sided Mounting Bezel Design
Preliminary Product Information
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V23833-Fx105-B001
V23833-Fx105-B002
Application Notes
Mechanical
File: 2512
Figure 9
PCI Card Application
Preliminary Product Information
19
2004-06-04
V23833-Fx105-B001
V23833-Fx105-B002
Application Notes
Dimensions in mm
Figure 10
File: 2513
XFP Transceiver Connector Illustration
Preliminary Product Information
20
2004-06-04
V23833-Fx105-B001
V23833-Fx105-B002
Application Notes
Top View
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
Toward
ASIC
23
24
25
26
GND
15
RX_LOS
14
MOD_NR
13
MOD_ABS
12
SDA
11
SCL
10
GND
RD−
RD+
GND
VCC2
P_DOWN/RST
VCC3
9
VCC3
8
GND
7
VCC5
6
TX_DIS
5
INTERRUPT
4
MOD_DESEL
3
VEE5
2
GND
1
VCC2
GND
Toward
Bezel
REFCLK+
REFCLK−
GND
27
GND
28
TD−
29
TD+
30
GND
File: 2514
Figure 11
Host PCB XFP Pinout
Preliminary Product Information
21
2004-06-04
V23833-Fx105-B001
V23833-Fx105-B002
Application Notes
Host Board
Host +5 V
4.7 µH
VCC5
1)
Host +3.3 V
4.7 µH
0.1 µF
xx µF
VCC3
1)
0.1 µF
Host +1.8 V
22 µF
4.7 µH
0.1 µF
xx µF
VCC2
XFP Connector
22 µF
0.1 µF
XFP Module
1)
0.1 µF
22 µF
0.1 µF
xx µF
1) Design criterion of the capacitor used is the resonant frequency and its value must
be in the order of the nominal data rate. Use of single layer capacitors recommended.
Short trace lengths are mandatory.
Figure 12
File: 2305
Recommended Host Board Supply Filtering Network
Preliminary Product Information
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2004-06-04
V23833-Fx105-B001
V23833-Fx105-B002
Package Outlines
Package Outlines
Dimensions in mm
Figure 13
File: 2206
Mechanical Dimensions
Revision code
Laser class
Description
Part number
Country of origin
Optional marking
(MS/ES)
Dimensions in mm
Figure 14
WW: week of production
nnnnnnnn: serial number
File: 2402
Label Description
Preliminary Product Information
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2004-06-04
V23833-Fx105-B001
V23833-Fx105-B002
Package Outlines
Dimensions in mm
Figure 15
File: 2207
XFP Temperature Reference Point
Preliminary Product Information
24
2004-06-04
V23833-Fx105-B001
V23833-Fx105-B002
Revision History:
2004-06-04
Previous Version:
none
Page
DS0
Subjects (major changes since last revision)
Edition 2004-06-04
Published by Infineon Technologies AG,
St.-Martin-Strasse 53,
81669 München, Germany
© Infineon Technologies AG 2004.
All Rights Reserved.
Attention please!
The information herein is given to describe certain components and shall not be considered as a guarantee of
characteristics.
Terms of delivery and rights to technical change reserved.
We hereby disclaim any and all warranties, including but not limited to warranties of non-infringement, regarding
circuits, descriptions and charts stated herein.
Information
For further information on technology, delivery terms and conditions and prices please contact your nearest
Infineon Technologies Office (www.infineon.com).
Warnings
Due to technical requirements components may contain dangerous substances. For information on the types in
question please contact your nearest Infineon Technologies Office.
Infineon Technologies Components may only be used in life-support devices or systems with the express written
approval of Infineon Technologies, if a failure of such components can reasonably be expected to cause the failure
of that life-support device or system, or to affect the safety or effectiveness of that device or system. Life support
devices or systems are intended to be implanted in the human body, or to support and/or maintain and sustain
and/or protect human life. If they fail, it is reasonable to assume that the health of the user or other persons may
be endangered.