Cycle-by-Cycle Instruction Set Details for the M68HC08 Family of MCUs

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Application Note
AN2627/D
12/2003
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Cycle-by-Cycle Instruction
Set Details for the M68HC08
Family of MCUs
By Jim Sibigtroth
8/16 Bit Systems/Applications Engineering
Austin, Texas
Introduction
This application note provides detailed information, not previously published,
about the cycle-by-cycle behavior of CPU M68HC08 instructions. Although
most applications do not require this level of detail, it can be very useful in
unusual cases where it is important to carefully control the timing of control
sequences or the relative timing of I/O events. This level of detail also helps
users understand exactly how read-modify-write instructions work.
NOTE:
With the exception of mask set errata documents, if any other Motorola
document contains information that conflicts with the information in the device
data sheet, the device data sheet should be considered to have the most
current and correct data.
Cycle Codes
This document uses the shorthand notation that is used to document
cycle-by-cycle details in the HCS08 and HCS12 instruction sets. This
shorthand uses one character to mnemonically represent each bus cycle. For
example, a lowercase p is used to represent a program fetch cycle. In the
HC08 CPU, all bus cycles refer to 8-bit data so all of the mnemonic cycle codes
use lowercase letters. In the HCS12, some bus cycles used uppercase letters
to indicate 16-bit memory accesses. The cycle-by-cycle codes used for the
HC08 CPU are explained in the following paragraphs.
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Program Fetch Cycle – p – Used to fetch the next byte of object code from
program memory. When any HC08 instruction starts, the first byte of object
code for that instruction is already in the CPU’s instruction buffer. Each
instruction includes enough p cycles to replace the number of bytes of object
code for that instruction.
Figure 1 shows the timing diagram for internal clock and bus signals during a
program fetch cycle.
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p
BUSCLK
ADDRESS
R/W
DATA
PROGRAM ADDR
(READ)
OBJECT CODE BYTE FROM
PROGRAM ADDRESS
DATA
Figure 1. Timing Waveforms for a Program Fetch (p) Cycle
For example, when a 2-byte instruction such as ADD (direct addressing mode)
is executed, the opcode ($BB) is already in the CPU’s instruction buffer. The
instruction then performs one p cycle to fetch the low half of the direct address
of the operand, uses this address to read the operand from memory, and then
performs a second p cycle to fetch the opcode of the next instruction.
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Cycle Codes
Byte Read Cycle – r – Used to read one byte of operand data from memory.
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Figure 2 shows the timing diagram for internal clock and bus signals during a
data read cycle. If the operand address corresponds to an input port pin, there
will usually be a simple synchronizer circuit associated with the signal so that
the value on the data bus does not change state for a setup-and-hold time near
the falling edge of the bus clock. Because the internal BUSCLK signal is not
visible outside the MCU, you should think of the read as taking place sometime
during the last half of the BUSCLK cycle.
r
BUSCLK
ADDRESS
R/W
DATA
OPERAND ADDR
(READ)
OPERAND DATA FROM
OPERAND ADDRESS
DATA
Figure 2. Timing Waveforms for a Data Read (r) Cycle
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Byte Write Cycle – w – Used to write one byte of operand data to memory.
Figure 3 shows the timing diagram for internal clock and bus signals during a
data write cycle. The write takes place during the last half of the bus cycle. In
the case where the operand address corresponds to an output port pin, the pin
changes state one propagation delay after the middle of the bus cycle.
w
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BUSCLK
ADDRESS
OPERAND ADDR
R/W
(WRITE)
DATA
WRITE DATA
I/O PIN
NEW DATA
Figure 3. Timing Waveforms for a Write (w) Cycle
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Cycle Codes
Stack Write (Push) Cycle – s – Used to write (push) one byte of data to the
next available location on the system stack. The stack in the M68HC08 builds
from higher addresses to lower addresses, and the stack pointer (SP) always
points to the next available location on the stack.
Figure 4 shows the timing diagram for internal clock and bus signals during a
stack write cycle.
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s
BUSCLK
ADDRESS
SP VALUE
R/W
(WRITE)
DATA
WRITE DATA
CPU DECREMENTS THE
SP VALUE AFTER THE
STACK WRITE
Figure 4. Timing Waveforms for a Stack Write (s) Cycle
For example, a PSHA instruction is a 2-cycle instruction with the shorthand
code ps where the p cycle fetches a byte of object code to make up for the one
byte of object code needed for the PSHA instruction. The s cycle is used to
store the contents of the accumulator at the location pointed-to by SP. Then SP
is decremented to point at the next available location on the stack.
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Stack Read (Pop) Cycle – u – Used to unstack or read (pop) one byte of data
from the system stack. For example a PULA instruction is a 2-cycle instruction
with the shorthand code pu. The p cycle fetches a byte of object code to make
up for the one byte of object code needed for the PULA instruction. The u cycle
is used to get one byte of data from the stack by incrementing SP by one and
then reading the value pointed-to by SP into the accumulator.
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Figure 5 shows the timing diagram for internal clock and bus signals during a
stack read cycle.
u
BUSCLK
ADDRESS
R/W
DATA
SP VALUE +1
CPU INCREMENTS THE
SP VALUE BEFORE THE
STACK READ
(READ)
DATA
Figure 5. Timing Waveforms for a Stack Read (u) Cycle
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Cycle Codes
Vector Fetch Cycle – v – Used to fetch one-half of a 16-bit interrupt or reset
vector from memory. v cycles are always found in pairs to fetch the high and
low bytes of a 16-bit vector, respectively.
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Figure 6 shows the timing diagram for internal clock and bus signals during a
pair of vector fetch cycles. During these two v cycles, the data that is read from
the vector addresses is loaded directly into the program counter high and low
halves (PCH and PCL), respectively. The next cycle after a pair of vector fetch
cycles is always a program fetch cycle (not shown in this figure) using the
address that was loaded into PCH and PCL by the two v cycles.
v
v
BUSCLK
ADDRESS
R/W
DATA
VECTOR ADDR (HI)
VECTOR ADDR (LO)
(READ)
(READ)
PCH
PCL
Figure 6. Timing Waveforms for Two Vector Fetch (v) Cycles
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Dummy (Read) Cycles – d – Used to perform internal operations where no
new information is read or written using system address and data buses. In
these cases, a dummy read cycle is performed using the same address as the
previous bus cycle. The data from a d cycle is ignored.
Figure 7 shows the timing diagram for internal clock and bus signals during a
dummy cycle.
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d
BUSCLK
ADDRESS
SAME AS PREV ADDR
R/W
(READ)
DATA IS NOT USED
DATA
DATA
Figure 7. Timing Waveforms for a Dummy (d) Cycle
Interpreting Cycle-by-Cycle Code Sequences
This section will discuss an example timing diagram of internal bus and control
signals during the execution of a BCLR instruction. After the meaning of the
code letters is understood, you will not need to see cycle-by-cycle details as
timing diagrams. The cycle-by-cycle code sequence for a BCLR 0,opr8a
instruction is prwp. Because there are four code letters, the instruction takes
four bus cycles. Figure 8 shows this 4-cycle sequence for a BCLR instruction
that will generate a falling edge on the port B, bit 0, pin.
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Interpreting Cycle-by-Cycle Code Sequences
“
“
“
8310 11 01
8312 20 FC
“
“ “
“
“
“
loop:
BCLR
BRA
“
TxBit,TxDDR
Bit_0,PortB
loop
“
“
“
;[4] drive PTB0 low
;[3] repeat
“
BCLR Bit_0,PortB
r
w
p
p
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BUSCLK
ADDRESS
$8311
$0001
$0001
$8312
R/W
DATA
$01
(PORTB)
%xxxxxxx1
$20
TxPIN
Figure 8. Timing Details for a BCLR Instruction
The top portion of this figure shows two program listing lines, including the
BCLR instruction. Because the first byte of object code for the next instruction
($20) will be fetched during the BCLR instruction, the BRA instruction line is
also shown. The 4-digit hexadecimal number at the beginning of each of these
lines is the program address for the first byte of object code for the instruction.
In the case of the BCLR 0,oper8a instruction, the opcode is $11 and the $01 is
the low half of the address for the operand.
Remember that when an instruction starts to execute, the first byte of object
code for the instruction is already in the CPU’s instruction buffer because it was
fetched during the previous instruction. So, the first p cycle fetches the second
byte of object code ($01) for the BCLR instruction from address $8311.
Between the first and second cycles of this instruction, the CPU constructs the
address of the operand by using this $01 as the low half of an address in the
range $0000–$00FF. The second cycle of this BCLR instruction (r) reads the
current contents of the port B register from this constructed address ($0001).
Between the second and third cycles, the CPU forces bit 0 of the value that was
read from port B to a 1. During the third cycle (w), the CPU writes this modified
data value back to port B at $0001. During the fourth cycle (p), the CPU reads
the next byte of object code ($20) from address $8312. This is the BRA opcode
and it is loaded into the instruction buffer so that the CPU will be ready to
execute the first cycle of the next instruction immediately following the fourth
cycle of the BCLR instruction.
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Hardware Reset
Resets cause registers and systems inside the MCU to assume default values.
The reset sequence includes several sequential events and tests before the
CPU begins executing instructions. After the hardware reset sequence is
completed, the CPU performs two v cycles to fetch the high byte of the reset
vector from $FFFE and the low byte from $FFFF, respectively. It then performs
one p cycle to pre-load the CPU’s instruction buffer with the opcode of the first
instruction. Execution then continues using the cycle-by-cycle sequences for
each consecutive instruction. There are no gaps between the cycle-by-cycle
sequences for reset, instructions, or interrupts. So if the first instruction of an
application program was an LDA (immediate) instruction, the CPU would
execute the sequence vvp for the reset, immediately followed by pp for the
LDA (immediate) instruction.
Interrupts
Hardware interrupts are an exception to the sequential flow of program
instructions. When an interrupt occurs, the CPU completes the instruction that
is currently being executed and then responds to the interrupt. The interrupt
sequence uses the same 9-cycle sequence as an SWI instruction
(psssssvvp). The first p cycle is a fetch of the program byte that would have
been fetched if the interrupt had not occurred. This data will not be used by the
CPU, but the fetch was already scheduled before the interrupt occurred. The
next five s cycles of the interrupt sequence store (push) the return address low,
return address high, X, A, and CCR onto the stack so the CPU can resume the
interrupted program at the point where it was interrupted (after completing the
interrupt service routine (ISR)). The next two v cycles fetch the high and low
halves of the interrupt vector for the highest priority source that caused the
interrupt. Finally, a p cycle is executed to pre-fill the instruction buffer with the
opcode of the first instruction of the ISR.
Usually, the ISR would end with a 7-cycle RTI instruction (puuuuup), which
recovers the previously saved CPU state and resumes execution of the original
program as if the interrupt had not occurred.
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Conditional Branches
Conditional Branches
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Conditional branch instructions execute one of two different sequences
depending upon whether the branch condition was true. In the case of the BRN
instruction, the branch condition is never true. Therefore, the sequence is pdp
where the first p cycle fetches the second byte of object code for the branch
instruction (the offset byte). The next d cycle is a dummy read from the same
address. During the d cycle, the CPU adds the offset to the program counter.
This gets the pointer to the instruction at the branch destination. Because the
BRN instruction never branches, this calculated address is not used. Instead,
the branch is not taken, and the third cycle (p) fetches the opcode of the next
instruction after the BRN instruction.
When the branch condition for a branch instruction is true, the sequence is the
same except the last p cycle fetches the opcode of the instruction at the branch
destination rather than the opcode of the instruction immediately after the
conditional branch instruction.
BRSET and BRCLR instructions have a 5-cycle sequence (prpdp). The first p
cycle fetches the low half of the operand’s direct address. The r cycle fetches
the whole 8-bit operand from the direct memory location that contains the bit
that will be tested. The second p cycle is used to fetch the branch offset while
the specified bit is tested in the operand that was just fetched. The next d cycle
is a dummy read from the same address while the CPU is adding the offset to
the program counter to get the pointer to the instruction at the branch
destination. The last p cycle fetches the opcode of the next instruction from
either the destination address or the next address after the offset, depending
on whether the branch condition was true or false, respectively.
Similarly, the last p cycle of a CBEQ or DBNZ instruction fetches the opcode of
the next instruction from either the destination address or the next address after
the offset, depending on whether the branch condition was true or false,
respectively.
Cycle-Timed Code
Although you don’t need to know the cycle-by-cycle details of instructions for
most application programs, there are times when this information is critical. For
example, suppose you want to write a program that transmits or receives serial
data using software and general-purpose I/O pins to create an RS232 serial
communications interface (SCI). In such a case, it may be possible to write a
program that can send or receive at a slightly faster baud rate if you know the
timing of reads and writes at the cycle level instead of the instruction level. For
example, in direct and extended addressing mode variations of STA
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instructions, the write takes place in the next-to-last cycle of the instruction, but
in the indexed addressing mode variations, the write occurs in the last cycle of
the instruction. The position of the read cycle in LDA instructions is similar.
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To demonstrate how you would use the detailed cycle-by-cycle information, we
will study an example routine. The program segment in Listing 1 is the working
portion of a software SCI transmit routine. A general-purpose I/O pin at bit
number TxBit, in the I/O port corresponding to the data direction register
TxDDR, will be used as our TxD pin. The port bit corresponding to this pin was
previously written to 0 and the associated pullup was enabled (or an external
pullup resistor is connected). When the DDR bit is 0, the pin behaves as a
high-impedance input that is pulled high. When the DDR bit is set to 1, the pin
behaves as an output pin that is driven low. The 8-bit data value was previously
pushed onto the stack, and because another value was also previously
pushed, the data will be at 3,SP after the PSHX at putbyte3:
"
"
"
putbyte3: pshx
lda
sec
bra
PutLoop:
ror
bcc
outHi:
bclr
bra
outLow:
bset
bra
outDelay: dbnzx
pulx
pshx
dbnza
"
"
"
#10
outLow
3,SP
outLow
TxBit,TxDDR
outDelay
TxBit,TxDDR
outDelay
*
PutLoop
"
;store delay counter
;start, 8 data, stop = 10 loops
;becomes stop bit after 9 RORs
;[3] Tx a low for start bit
;[5]
;[3]
;[4]
;[3]
;[4]
;[3]
;[3]
;[2]
;[2]
;[3]
LSB to C-bit, Tx that level
if C=0 Tx low, else Tx a hi
PTA0 input pulls up to high
go to time 1 bit delay
PTA0 output makes pin drive low
time 1 bit delay (match time)
loop 3~ * (value in X)
repeat for start, 8 data, stop
"
Listing 1. Partial Code Listing for SCI Transmit Routine
We will map out the cycle-by-cycle operation of this routine starting from the
bra outLow instruction above PutLoop: until the program has generated the
start bit and the first data bit of the transmit value. We will assume that the first
data bit is a 1 so we can easily see the bit time boundaries. We also assume
the I/O pin associated with TxBit was acting as an input and was pulled up
before starting this routine.
Listing 2 shows the instructions in the order that they would be executed
(starting from the bra outLow instruction just above the PutLoop: label in
Listing 1). This listing shows instructions in execution order so some
instructions and sequences are repeated (such as the DBNZX instruction that
is used to form a bit-time delay). For this example, we will assume X is 2 at the
start of the routine to simplify our drawings. In the actual SCI transmit routine,
X would be set to make the delay for a bit time equal to the appropriate length
for the desired baud rate and bus speed.
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Cycle-Timed Code
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Listing 2 also shows the cycle-by-cycle details for each instruction. For
example, the outLow: bset TxBit,TxDDR instruction is made up of the
4-cycle sequence prwp. The first p cycle fetches the direct address for the
BSET instruction. The second cycle is a byte read of the operand (the current
contents of the TxDDR register). Between the second and third cycles of the
BSET instruction, the CPU sets the TxBit in this value. The third cycle is a write
of the modified value back to the TxDDR register. And finally, the last cycle is
a program fetch to refill the instruction buffer in preparation for the next
instruction.
From Listing 2, we can see that the transmit data pin will go low during the third
cycle of the outLow: bset TxBit,TxDDR instruction, and the start bit will
end exactly 28 cycles later in the third cycle of the outHi: bclr
TxBit,TxDDR instruction. We can also see that the transmit data pin will go
low again at the end of the LSB data bit exactly 28 cycles later during the
outLow: bset TxBit,TxDDR instruction at the bottom of Listing 2.
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_______________________________
_ p _
bra
outLow
_ d _
_ p ___________________________
_ p outLow:
bset TxBit,TxDDR
_ r _
_ w _ ------------------------- <-beginning of start bit
_ p ___________________________
_ p _
bra
outDelay
_ d _
_ p ___________________________
_ p outDelay: dbnzx *
_ d _
_ p ___________________________
_ p outDelay: dbnzx *
_ d _
_ p ___________________________
_ p _
pulx
_ u ___________________________
_ p _
pshx
_ s ___________________________
_ p _
dbnza PutLoop
_ d _
_ p ___________________________
_ p PutLoop: ror
3,SP
_ p _
_ p _
_ r _
_ w ___________________________
_ p _
bcc
outLow
_ d _
_ p ___________________________
_ p outHi:
bclr TxBit,TxDDR
_ r _
_ w _ ------------------------- <-end of start bit
_ p ___________________________
_ p _
bra
outDelay
_ d _
_ p ___________________________
_ p outDelay: dbnzx *
_ d _
_ p ___________________________
_ p outDelay: dbnzx *
_ d _
_ p ___________________________
_ p _
pulx
_ u ___________________________
_ p _
pshx
_ s ___________________________
_ p _
dbnza PutLoop
_ d _
_ p ___________________________
_ p PutLoop: ror
3,SP
_ p _
_ p _
_ r _
_ w ___________________________
_ p _
bcc
outLow
_ d _
_ p ___________________________
_ p outLow:
bset TxBit,TxDDR
_ r _
_ w _ ------------------------- <- end of LSB (bit-0)
_ p ___________________________
Listing 2. Instruction Order Listing (with Cycle Details)
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Conclusion
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Conclusion
This application note explains the cycle-by-cycle details for each addressing
mode of each instruction that is included in the instruction set summary for the
M68HC08 CPU. Cycle-by-cycle details for each addressing mode of each
instruction are provided in a new column near the right side of the instruction
set summary table. A shorthand (code) was used to provide this detailed
information in a compact form where each bus cycle is represented by a single
mnemonic character. The code letters were explained. Several special
operations including reset, interrupts, and branches were also explained using
the same bus cycle codes. Finally, a code example was used to explain how
this cycle-by-cycle information can be used while writing software routines that
can control I/O pins with one-cycle precision.
This application note can also help users understand how the M68HC08 CPU
executes instructions. For example, the cycle-by-cycle detail for a BSET or
BCLR instruction shows that these instructions are read-modify-write
instructions. This means these instructions read the entire 8-bit location,
internally modify the selected bit within that value, and then re-write the
modified value to the memory location. Without this level of detail, it could
appear that the CPU somehow wrote to a single bit without reading or writing
other bits in the memory location.
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Appendix A — Instruction Set Summary
Table 1 provides a summary of the M68HC08 instruction set in all possible
addressing modes. The table shows operand construction, execution time in
internal bus clock cycles, and cycle-by-cycle details for each addressing mode
variation of each instruction.
ADC
ADC
ADC
ADC
ADC
ADC
ADC
ADC
#opr8i
opr8a
opr16a
oprx16,X
oprx8,X
,X
oprx16,SP
oprx8,SP
ADD
ADD
ADD
ADD
ADD
ADD
ADD
ADD
#opr8i
opr8a
opr16a
oprx16,X
oprx8,X
,X
oprx16,SP
oprx8,SP
Operation
Add with Carry
A ← (A) + (M) + (C)
Add without Carry
A ← (A) + (M)
Object Code
IMM
DIR
EXT
IX2
IX1
IX
SP2
SP1
A9
B9
C9
D9
E9
F9
9E D9
9E E9
ii
dd
hh ll
ee ff
ff
IMM
DIR
EXT
IX2
IX1
IX
SP2
SP1
AB
BB
CB
DB
EB
FB
9E DB
9E EB
ii
dd
hh ll
ee ff
ff
ee ff
ff
ee ff
ff
Cycles
Source
Form
Address
Mode
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Table 1. Instruction Set Summary (Sheet 1 of 9)
Cyc-by-Cyc
Details
Affect
on CCR
V11H INZC
2
3
4
4
3
2
5
4
pp
prp
pprp
pppr
ppr
pr
ppppr
pppr
↕ 1 1 ↕ – ↕ ↕ ↕
2
3
4
4
3
2
5
4
pp
prp
pprp
pppr
ppr
pr
ppppr
pppr
↕ 1 1 ↕ – ↕ ↕ ↕
AIS #opr8i
Add Immediate Value (Signed) to
Stack Pointer
SP ← (SP) + (M)
IMM
A7 ii
2
pp
– 1 1 – – – – –
AIX #opr8i
Add Immediate Value (Signed) to
Index Register (H:X)
H:X ← (H:X) + (M)
IMM
AF ii
2
pp
– 1 1 – – – – –
Logical AND
A ← (A) & (M)
IMM
DIR
EXT
IX2
IX1
IX
SP2
SP1
A4
B4
C4
D4
E4
F4
9E D4
9E E4
2
3
4
4
3
2
5
4
pp
prp
pprp
pppr
ppr
pr
ppppr
pppr
0 1 1 – – ↕ ↕ –
DIR
INH
INH
IX1
IX
SP1
38 dd
48
58
68 ff
78
9E 68 ff
4
1
1
4
3
5
prwp
p
p
pprw
prw
ppprw
↕ 1 1 – – ↕ ↕ ↕
AND
AND
AND
AND
AND
AND
AND
AND
#opr8i
opr8a
opr16a
oprx16,X
oprx8,X
,X
oprx16,SP
oprx8,SP
ASL opr8a
ASLA
ASLX
ASL oprx8,X
ASL ,X
ASL oprx8,SP
16
Arithmetic Shift Left
C
0
b7
(Same as LSL)
b0
ii
dd
hh ll
ee ff
ff
ee ff
ff
Cycle-by-Cycle Instruction Set Details for the M68HC08 Family of MCUs
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Appendix A — Instruction Set Summary
ASR opr8a
ASRA
ASRX
ASR oprx8,X
ASR ,X
ASR oprx8,SP
Object Code
Cyc-by-Cyc
Details
Affect
on CCR
V11H INZC
DIR
INH
INH
IX1
IX
SP1
37 dd
47
57
67 ff
77
9E 67 ff
4
1
1
4
3
5
prwp
p
p
pprw
prw
ppprw
↕ 1 1 – – ↕ ↕ ↕
Branch if Carry Bit Clear
(if C = 0)
REL
24 rr
3
pdp
– 1 1 – – – – –
BCLR n,opr8a
Clear Bit n in Memory
(Mn ← 0)
DIR (b0)
DIR (b1)
DIR (b2)
DIR (b3)
DIR (b4)
DIR (b5)
DIR (b6)
DIR (b7)
11
13
15
17
19
1B
1D
1F
dd
dd
dd
dd
dd
dd
dd
dd
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
prwp
prwp
prwp
prwp
prwp
prwp
prwp
prwp
– 1 1 – – – – –
BCS rel
Branch if Carry Bit Set (if C = 1)
(Same as BLO)
REL
25 rr
3
pdp
– 1 1 – – – – –
BEQ rel
Branch if Equal (if Z = 1)
REL
27 rr
3
pdp
– 1 1 – – – – –
BGE rel
Branch if Greater Than or Equal To
(if N ⊕ V = 0) (Signed)
REL
90 rr
3
pdp
– 1 1 – – – – –
BGT rel
Branch if Greater Than (if Z | (N ⊕ V) = 0)
(Signed)
REL
92 rr
3
pdp
– 1 1 – – – – –
BHCC rel
Branch if Half Carry Bit Clear (if H = 0)
REL
28 rr
3
pdp
– 1 1 – – – – –
BHCS rel
Branch if Half Carry Bit Set (if H = 1)
REL
29 rr
3
pdp
– 1 1 – – – – –
BHI rel
Branch if Higher (if C | Z = 0)
REL
22 rr
3
pdp
– 1 1 – – – – –
BHS rel
Branch if Higher or Same (if C = 0)
(Same as BCC)
REL
24 rr
3
pdp
– 1 1 – – – – –
BIH rel
Branch if IRQ Pin High (if IRQ pin = 1)
REL
2F rr
3
pdp
– 1 1 – – – – –
BIL rel
Branch if IRQ Pin Low (if IRQ pin = 0)
REL
2E rr
3
pdp
– 1 1 – – – – –
Bit Test
(A) & (M)
(CCR Updated but Operands Not Changed)
IMM
DIR
EXT
IX2
IX1
IX
SP2
SP1
2
3
4
4
3
2
5
4
pp
prp
pprp
pppr
ppr
pr
ppppr
pppr
0 1 1 – – ↕ ↕ –
BCC rel
Freescale Semiconductor, Inc...
Operation
Cycles
Source
Form
Address
Mode
Table 1. Instruction Set Summary (Sheet 2 of 9)
BIT
BIT
BIT
BIT
BIT
BIT
BIT
BIT
#opr8i
opr8a
opr16a
oprx16,X
oprx8,X
,X
oprx16,SP
oprx8,SP
Arithmetic Shift Right
C
b7
b0
A5
B5
C5
D5
E5
F5
9E D5
9E E5
ii
dd
hh ll
ee ff
ff
ee ff
ff
BLE rel
Branch if Less Than or Equal To
(if Z | (N ⊕ V) = 1) (Signed)
REL
93 rr
3
pdp
– 1 1 – – – – –
BLO rel
Branch if Lower (if C = 1) (Same as BCS)
REL
25 rr
3
pdp
– 1 1 – – – – –
BLS rel
Branch if Lower or Same (if C | Z = 1)
REL
23 rr
3
pdp
– 1 1 – – – – –
BLT rel
Branch if Less Than (if N ⊕ V = 1) (Signed)
REL
91 rr
3
pdp
– 1 1 – – – – –
Cycle-by-Cycle Instruction Set Details for the M68HC08 Family of MCUs
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Operation
Object Code
Cycles
Source
Form
Address
Mode
Table 1. Instruction Set Summary (Sheet 3 of 9)
Cyc-by-Cyc
Details
Affect
on CCR
V11H INZC
BMC rel
Branch if Interrupt Mask Clear (if I = 0)
REL
2C rr
3
pdp
– 1 1 – – – – –
BMI rel
Branch if Minus (if N = 1)
REL
2B rr
3
pdp
– 1 1 – – – – –
BMS rel
Branch if Interrupt Mask Set (if I = 1)
REL
2D rr
3
pdp
– 1 1 – – – – –
BNE rel
Branch if Not Equal (if Z = 0)
REL
26 rr
3
pdp
– 1 1 – – – – –
BPL rel
Branch if Plus (if N = 0)
REL
2A rr
3
pdp
– 1 1 – – – – –
BRA rel
Branch Always (if I = 1)
REL
20 rr
3
pdp
– 1 1 – – – – –
BRCLR n,opr8a,rel
DIR (b0)
DIR (b1)
DIR (b2)
DIR (b3)
Branch if Bit n in Memory Clear (if (Mn) = 0)
DIR (b4)
DIR (b5)
DIR (b6)
DIR (b7)
01
03
05
07
09
0B
0D
0F
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
prpdp
prpdp
prpdp
prpdp
prpdp
prpdp
prpdp
prpdp
– 1 1 – – – – ↕
BRN rel
Branch Never (if I = 0)
REL
21 rr
3
pdp
– 1 1 – – – – –
Branch if Bit n in Memory Set (if (Mn) = 1)
DIR (b0)
DIR (b1)
DIR (b2)
DIR (b3)
DIR (b4)
DIR (b5)
DIR (b6)
DIR (b7)
00
02
04
06
08
0A
0C
0E
dd
dd
dd
dd
dd
dd
dd
dd
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
prpdp
prpdp
prpdp
prpdp
prpdp
prpdp
prpdp
prpdp
– 1 1 – – – – ↕
BSET n,opr8a
Set Bit n in Memory (Mn ← 1)
DIR (b0)
DIR (b1)
DIR (b2)
DIR (b3)
DIR (b4)
DIR (b5)
DIR (b6)
DIR (b7)
10
12
14
16
18
1A
1C
1E
dd
dd
dd
dd
dd
dd
dd
dd
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
prwp
prwp
prwp
prwp
prwp
prwp
prwp
prwp
– 1 1 – – – – –
BSR rel
Branch to Subroutine
PC ← (PC) + $0002
push (PCL); SP ← (SP) – $0001
push (PCH); SP ← (SP) – $0001
PC ← (PC) + rel
REL
AD rr
4
pssp
– 1 1 – – – – –
5
4
4
5
4
6
pprdp
ppdp
ppdp
pprdp
prdp
ppprdp
– 1 1 – – – – –
BRSET n,opr8a,rel
DIR
IMM
IMM
IX1+
IX+
SP1
rr
rr
rr
rr
rr
rr
rr
rr
rr
rr
rr
rr
rr
rr
rr
rr
CBEQ opr8a,rel
CBEQA #opr8i,rel
CBEQX #opr8i,rel
CBEQ oprx8,X+,rel
CBEQ ,X+,rel
CBEQ oprx8,SP,rel
Compare and...
CLC
Clear Carry Bit (C ← 0)
INH
98
1
p
– 1 1 – – – – 0
CLI
Clear Interrupt Mask Bit (I ← 0)
INH
9A
2
pd
– 1 1 – 0 – – –
18
Branch if (A) = (M)
Branch if (A) = (M)
Branch if (X) = (M)
Branch if (A) = (M)
Branch if (A) = (M)
Branch if (A) = (M)
dd
dd
dd
dd
dd
dd
dd
dd
31
41
51
61
71
9E 61
dd
ii
ii
ff
rr
ff
rr
rr
rr
rr
rr
Cycle-by-Cycle Instruction Set Details for the M68HC08 Family of MCUs
For More Information On This Product,
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Appendix A — Instruction Set Summary
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CLR opr8a
CLRA
CLRX
CLRH
CLR oprx8,X
CLR ,X
CLR oprx8,SP
CMP
CMP
CMP
CMP
CMP
CMP
CMP
CMP
#opr8i
opr8a
opr16a
oprx16,X
oprx8,X
,X
oprx16,SP
oprx8,SP
Operation
Clear
M ← $00
A ← $00
X ← $00
H ← $00
M ← $00
M ← $00
M ← $00
Compare Accumulator with Memory
A–M
(CCR Updated But Operands Not Changed)
Object Code
pwp
p
p
p
ppw
pw
pppw
0 1 1 – – 0 1 –
IMM
DIR
EXT
IX2
IX1
IX
SP2
SP1
A1
B1
C1
D1
E1
F1
9E D1
9E E1
2
3
4
4
3
2
5
4
pp
prp
pprp
pppr
ppr
pr
ppppr
pppr
↕ 1 1 – – ↕ ↕ ↕
33 dd
43
53
63 ff
73
9E 63 ff
4
1
1
4
3
5
prwp
p
p
pprw
prw
ppprw
0 1 1 – – ↕ ↕ 1
3
4
ppp
prrp
↕ 1 1 – – ↕ ↕ ↕
2
3
4
4
3
2
5
4
pp
prp
pprp
pppr
ppr
pr
ppppr
pppr
↕ 1 1 – – ↕ ↕ ↕
2
pp
U 1 1 – – ↕ ↕ ↕
5
3
3
5
4
6
pprwp
pdp
pdp
pprwp
prwp
ppprwp
– 1 1 – – – – –
CPHX #opr
CPHX opr
Compare Index Register (H:X) with Memory
(H:X) – (M:M + $0001)
(CCR Updated But Operands Not Changed)
IMM
DIR
Compare X (Index Register Low) with
Memory
X–M
(CCR Updated But Operands Not Changed)
IMM
DIR
EXT
IX2
IX1
IX
SP2
SP1
A3
B3
C3
D3
E3
F3
9E D3
9E E3
Decimal Adjust Accumulator
After ADD or ADC of BCD Values
INH
72
DBNZ opr8a,rel
DBNZA rel
DBNZX rel
DBNZ oprx8,X,rel
DBNZ ,X,rel
DBNZ oprx8,SP,rel
DIR
INH
Decrement A, X, or M and Branch if Not Zero
INH
(if (result) ≠ 0)
IX1
DBNZX Affects X Not H
IX
SP1
3B
4B
5B
6B
7B
9E 6B
DEC opr8a
DECA
DECX
DEC oprx8,X
DEC ,X
DEC oprx8,SP
Decrement
Divide
A ← (H:A)÷(X); H ← Remainder
ii
dd
hh ll
ee ff
ff
ee ff
ff
65 ii jj
75 dd
DAA
DIV
V11H INZC
3
1
1
1
3
2
4
DIR
INH
INH
IX1
IX
SP1
M ← (M) – $01
A ← (A) – $01
X ← (X) – $01
M ← (M) – $01
M ← (M) – $01
M ← (M) – $01
Affect
on CCR
3F dd
4F
5F
8C
6F ff
7F
9E 6F ff
Complement
M ← (M)= $FF – (M)
(One’s Complement) A ← (A) = $FF – (A)
X ← (X) = $FF – (X)
M ← (M) = $FF – (M)
M ← (M) = $FF – (M)
M ← (M) = $FF – (M)
#opr8i
opr8a
opr16a
oprx16,X
oprx8,X
,X
oprx16,SP
oprx8,SP
Cyc-by-Cyc
Details
DIR
INH
INH
INH
IX1
IX
SP1
COM opr8a
COMA
COMX
COM oprx8,X
COM ,X
COM oprx8,SP
CPX
CPX
CPX
CPX
CPX
CPX
CPX
CPX
Cycles
Source
Form
Address
Mode
Table 1. Instruction Set Summary (Sheet 4 of 9)
ii
dd
hh ll
ee ff
ff
ee ff
ff
dd rr
rr
rr
ff rr
rr
ff rr
DIR
INH
INH
IX1
IX
SP1
3A dd
4A
5A
6A ff
7A
9E 6A ff
4
1
1
4
3
5
prwp
p
p
pprw
prw
ppprw
↕ 1 1 – – ↕ ↕ –
INH
52
7
pdpdddd
– 1 1 – – – ↕ ↕
Cycle-by-Cycle Instruction Set Details for the M68HC08 Family of MCUs
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EOR
EOR
EOR
EOR
EOR
EOR
EOR
EOR
#opr8i
opr8a
opr16a
oprx16,X
oprx8,X
,X
oprx16,SP
oprx8,SP
INC opr8a
INCA
INCX
INC oprx8,X
INC ,X
INC oprx8,SP
Operation
Exclusive OR Memory with Accumulator
A ← (A ⊕ M)
Increment
M ← (M) + $01
A ← (A) + $01
X ← (X) + $01
M ← (M) + $01
M ← (M) + $01
M ← (M) + $01
Object Code
IMM
DIR
EXT
IX2
IX1
IX
SP2
SP1
A8
B8
C8
D8
E8
F8
9E D8
9E E8
DIR
INH
INH
IX1
IX
SP1
Cycles
Source
Form
Address
Mode
Table 1. Instruction Set Summary (Sheet 5 of 9)
Cyc-by-Cyc
Details
Affect
on CCR
V11H INZC
2
3
4
4
3
2
5
4
pp
prp
pprp
pppr
ppr
pr
ppppr
pppr
0 1 1 – – ↕ ↕ –
3C dd
4C
5C
6C ff
7C
9E 6C ff
4
1
1
4
3
5
prwp
p
p
pprw
prw
ppprw
↕ 1 1 – – ↕ ↕ –
BC
CC
DC
EC
FC
dd
hh ll
ee ff
ff
2
3
4
3
2
pp
ppp
ppdp
pdp
pp
– 1 1 – – – – –
ii
dd
hh ll
ee ff
ff
ee ff
ff
JMP
JMP
JMP
JMP
JMP
opr8a
opr16a
oprx16,X
oprx8,X
,X
Jump
PC ← Jump Address
DIR
EXT
IX2
IX1
IX
JSR
JSR
JSR
JSR
JSR
opr8a
opr16a
oprx16,X
oprx8,X
,X
Jump to Subroutine
PC ← (PC) + n (n = 1, 2, or 3)
Push (PCL); SP ← (SP) – $0001
Push (PCH); SP ← (SP) – $0001
PC ← Unconditional Address
DIR
EXT
IX2
IX1
IX
BD
CD
DD
ED
FD
dd
hh ll
ee ff
ff
4
5
6
5
4
pssp
ppssp
ppssdp
pssdp
pssp
– 1 1 – – – – –
LDA
LDA
LDA
LDA
LDA
LDA
LDA
LDA
#opr8i
opr8a
opr16a
oprx16,X
oprx8,X
,X
oprx16,SP
oprx8,SP
Load Accumulator from Memory
A ← (M)
IMM
DIR
EXT
IX2
IX1
IX
SP2
SP1
A6
B6
C6
D6
E6
F6
9E D6
9E E6
ii
dd
hh ll
ee ff
ff
pp
prp
pprp
pppr
ppr
pr
ppppr
pppr
0 1 1 – – ↕ ↕ –
ee ff
ff
2
3
4
4
3
2
5
4
45 ii jj
55 dd
3
4
ppp
prrp
0 1 1 – – ↕ ↕ –
2
3
4
4
3
2
5
4
pp
prp
pprp
pppr
ppr
pr
ppppr
pppr
0 1 1 – – ↕ ↕ –
4
1
1
4
3
5
prwp
p
p
pprw
prw
ppprw
↕ 1 1 – – ↕ ↕ ↕
LDHX #opr
LDHX opr
LDX
LDX
LDX
LDX
LDX
LDX
LDX
LDX
#opr8i
opr8a
opr16a
oprx16,X
oprx8,X
,X
oprx16,SP
oprx8,SP
LSL opr8a
LSLA
LSLX
LSL oprx8,X
LSL ,X
LSL oprx8,SP
20
Load Index Register (H:X)
H:X ← (M:M + $0001)
IMM
DIR
Load X (Index Register Low) from Memory
X ← (M)
IMM
DIR
EXT
IX2
IX1
IX
SP2
SP1
AE
BE
CE
DE
EE
FE
9E DE
9E EE
DIR
INH
INH
IX1
IX
SP1
38 dd
48
58
68 ff
78
9E 68 ff
Logical Shift Left
C
0
b7
(Same as ASL)
b0
ii
dd
hh ll
ee ff
ff
ee ff
ff
Cycle-by-Cycle Instruction Set Details for the M68HC08 Family of MCUs
For More Information On This Product,
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Appendix A — Instruction Set Summary
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LSR opr8a
LSRA
LSRX
LSR oprx8,X
LSR ,X
LSR oprx8,SP
Operation
Logical Shift Right
0
C
b7
b0
DIR
INH
INH
IX1
IX
SP1
Object Code
Cycles
Source
Form
Address
Mode
Table 1. Instruction Set Summary (Sheet 6 of 9)
Cyc-by-Cyc
Details
Affect
on CCR
V11H INZC
34 dd
44
54
64 ff
74
9E 64 ff
4
1
1
4
3
5
prwp
p
p
pprw
prw
ppprw
↕ 1 1 – – 0 ↕ ↕
5
4
4
4
prpwp
prwp
ppwp
prwp
0 1 1 – – ↕ ↕ –
MOV opr8a,opr8a
MOV opr8a,X+
MOV #opr8i,opr8a
MOV ,X+,opr8a
Move
(M)destination ← (M)source
In IX+/DIR and DIR/IX+ Modes,
H:X ← (H:X) + $0001
DIR/DIR
DIR/IX+
IMM/DIR
IX+/DIR
4E
5E
6E
7E
MUL
Unsigned multiply
X:A ← (X) × (A)
INH
42
5
ppddd
– 1 1 0 – – – 0
NEG opr8a
NEGA
NEGX
NEG oprx8,X
NEG ,X
NEG oprx8,SP
Negate
M ← – (M) = $00 – (M)
(Two’s Complement) A ← – (A) = $00 – (A)
X ← – (X) = $00 – (X)
M ← – (M) = $00 – (M)
M ← – (M) = $00 – (M)
M ← – (M) = $00 – (M)
DIR
INH
INH
IX1
IX
SP1
30 dd
40
50
60 ff
70
9E 60 ff
4
1
1
4
3
5
prwp
p
p
pprw
prw
ppprw
↕ 1 1 – – ↕ ↕ ↕
NOP
No Operation — Uses 1 Bus Cycle
INH
9D
1
p
– 1 1 – – – – –
NSA
Nibble Swap Accumulator
A ← (A[3:0]:A[7:4])
INH
62
3
ppd
– 1 1 – – – – –
Inclusive OR Accumulator and Memory
A ← (A) | (M)
IMM
DIR
EXT
IX2
IX1
IX
SP2
SP1
AA
BA
CA
DA
EA
FA
9E DA
9E EA
2
3
4
4
3
2
5
4
pp
prp
pprp
pppr
ppr
pr
ppppr
pppr
0 1 1 – – ↕ ↕ –
ORA
ORA
ORA
ORA
ORA
ORA
ORA
ORA
#opr8i
opr8a
opr16a
oprx16,X
oprx8,X
,X
oprx16,SP
oprx8,SP
dd dd
dd
ii dd
dd
ii
dd
hh ll
ee ff
ff
ee ff
ff
PSHA
Push Accumulator onto Stack
Push (A); SP ← (SP) – $0001
INH
87
2
ps
– 1 1 – – – – –
PSHH
Push H (Index Register High) onto Stack
Push (H); SP ← (SP) – $0001
INH
8B
2
ps
– 1 1 – – – – –
PSHX
Push X (Index Register Low) onto Stack
Push (X); SP ← (SP) – $0001
INH
89
2
ps
– 1 1 – – – – –
PULA
Pull Accumulator from Stack
SP ← (SP + $0001); Pull (A)
INH
86
2
pu
– 1 1 – – – – –
PULH
Pull H (Index Register High) from Stack
SP ← (SP + $0001); Pull (H)
INH
8A
2
pu
– 1 1 – – – – –
PULX
Pull X (Index Register Low) from Stack
SP ← (SP + $0001); Pull (X)
INH
88
2
pu
– 1 1 – – – – –
Cycle-by-Cycle Instruction Set Details for the M68HC08 Family of MCUs
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Operation
ROL opr8a
ROLA
ROLX
ROL oprx8,X
ROL ,X
ROL oprx8,SP
Rotate Left through Carry
ROR opr8a
RORA
RORX
ROR oprx8,X
ROR ,X
ROR oprx8,SP
Rotate Right through Carry
C
b7
b0
C
b7
b0
Object Code
Cycles
Source
Form
Address
Mode
Table 1. Instruction Set Summary (Sheet 7 of 9)
Cyc-by-Cyc
Details
Affect
on CCR
V11H INZC
DIR
INH
INH
IX1
IX
SP1
39 dd
49
59
69 ff
79
9E 69 ff
4
1
1
4
3
5
prwp
p
p
pprw
prw
ppprw
↕ 1 1 – – ↕ ↕ ↕
DIR
INH
INH
IX1
IX
SP1
36 dd
46
56
66 ff
76
9E 66 ff
4
1
1
4
3
5
prwp
p
p
pprw
prw
ppprw
↕ 1 1 – – ↕ ↕ ↕
RSP
Reset Stack Pointer (Low Byte)
SPL ← $FF
(High Byte Not Affected)
INH
9C
1
p
– 1 1 – – – – –
RTI
Return from Interrupt
SP ← (SP) + $0001;
SP ← (SP) + $0001;
SP ← (SP) + $0001;
SP ← (SP) + $0001;
SP ← (SP) + $0001;
INH
80
7
puuuuup
↕ 1 1 ↕ ↕ ↕ ↕ ↕
RTS
Return from Subroutine
SP ← SP + $0001; Pull (PCH)
SP ← SP + $0001; Pull (PCL)
INH
81
4
puup
– 1 1 – – – – –
Subtract with Carry
A ← (A) – (M) – (C)
IMM
DIR
EXT
IX2
IX1
IX
SP2
SP1
A2
B2
C2
D2
E2
F2
9E D2
9E E2
2
3
4
4
3
2
5
4
pp
prp
pprp
pppr
ppr
pr
ppppr
pppr
↕ 1 1 – – ↕ ↕ ↕
SBC
SBC
SBC
SBC
SBC
SBC
SBC
SBC
#opr8i
opr8a
opr16a
oprx16,X
oprx8,X
,X
oprx16,SP
oprx8,SP
Pull (CCR)
Pull (A)
Pull (X)
Pull (PCH)
Pull (PCL)
ii
dd
hh ll
ee ff
ff
ee ff
ff
SEC
Set Carry Bit
(C ← 1)
INH
99
1
p
– 1 1 – – – – 1
SEI
Set Interrupt Mask Bit
(I ← 1)
INH
9B
2
pd
– 1 1 – 1 – – –
Store Accumulator in Memory
M ← (A)
DIR
EXT
IX2
IX1
IX
SP2
SP1
B7
C7
D7
E7
F7
9E D7
9E E7
3
4
4
3
2
5
4
pwp
ppwp
pppw
ppw
pw
ppppw
pppw
0 1 1 – – ↕ ↕ –
STA
STA
STA
STA
STA
STA
STA
opr8a
opr16a
oprx16,X
oprx8,X
,X
oprx16,SP
oprx8,SP
dd
hh ll
ee ff
ff
ee ff
ff
STHX opr
Store H:X (Index Reg.)
(M:M + $0001) ← (H:X)
DIR
35 dd
4
pwwp
0 1 1 – – ↕ ↕ –
STOP
Enable Interrupts: Stop Processing
Refer to MCU Documentation
I bit ← 0; Stop Processing
INH
8E
1
p
– 1 1 – 0 – – –
22
Cycle-by-Cycle Instruction Set Details for the M68HC08 Family of MCUs
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Appendix A — Instruction Set Summary
Freescale Semiconductor, Inc...
STX
STX
STX
STX
STX
STX
STX
opr8a
opr16a
oprx16,X
oprx8,X
,X
oprx16,SP
oprx8,SP
SUB
SUB
SUB
SUB
SUB
SUB
SUB
SUB
#opr8i
opr8a
opr16a
oprx16,X
oprx8,X
,X
oprx16,SP
oprx8,SP
Operation
Object Code
DIR
EXT
IX2
IX1
IX
SP2
SP1
BF
CF
DF
EF
FF
9E DF
9E EF
dd
hh ll
ee ff
ff
IMM
DIR
EXT
IX2
IX1
IX
SP2
SP1
A0
B0
C0
D0
E0
F0
9E D0
9E E0
ii
dd
hh ll
ee ff
ff
SWI
Software Interrupt
PC ← (PC) + $0001
Push (PCL); SP ← (SP) – $0001
Push (PCH); SP ← (SP) – $0001
Push (X); SP ← (SP) – $0001
Push (A); SP ← (SP) – $0001
Push (CCR); SP ← (SP) – $0001
I ← 1;
PCH ← Interrupt Vector High Byte
PCL ← Interrupt Vector Low Byte
INH
TAP
Transfer Accumulator to CCR
CCR ← (A)
TAX
TPA
TST opr8a
TSTA
TSTX
TST oprx8,X
TST ,X
TST oprx8,SP
Cycles
Source
Form
Address
Mode
Table 1. Instruction Set Summary (Sheet 8 of 9)
Cyc-by-Cyc
Details
Affect
on CCR
V11H INZC
3
4
4
3
2
5
4
pwp
ppwp
pppw
ppw
pw
ppppw
pppw
0 1 1 – – ↕ ↕ –
2
3
4
4
3
2
5
4
pp
prp
pprp
pppr
ppr
pr
ppppr
pppr
↕ 1 1 – – ↕ ↕ ↕
83
9
psssssvvp
– 1 1 – 1 – – –
INH
84
2
pd
↕ 1 1 ↕ ↕ ↕ ↕ ↕
Transfer Accumulator to X (Index Register
Low)
X ← (A)
INH
97
1
p
– 1 1 – – – – –
Transfer CCR to Accumulator
A ← (CCR)
INH
85
1
p
– 1 1 – – – – –
DIR
INH
INH
IX1
IX
SP1
3D dd
4D
5D
6D ff
7D
9E 6D ff
3
1
1
3
2
4
prp
p
p
ppr
pr
pppr
0 1 1 – – ↕ ↕ –
Store X (Low 8 Bits of Index Register)
in Memory
M ← (X)
Subtract
A ← (A) – (M)
Test for Negative or Zero
(M) – $00
(A) – $00
(X) – $00
(M) – $00
(M) – $00
(M) – $00
ee ff
ff
ee ff
ff
TSX
Transfer SP to Index Reg.
H:X ← (SP) + $0001
INH
95
2
pp
– 1 1 – – – – –
TXA
Transfer X (Index Reg. Low) to Accumulator
A ← (X)
INH
9F
1
p
– 1 1 – – – – –
Cycle-by-Cycle Instruction Set Details for the M68HC08 Family of MCUs
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Freescale Semiconductor, Inc.
AN2627/D
Freescale Semiconductor, Inc...
Operation
Object Code
Cycles
Source
Form
Address
Mode
Table 1. Instruction Set Summary (Sheet 9 of 9)
Affect
on CCR
Cyc-by-Cyc
Details
V11H INZC
TXS
Transfer Index Reg. to SP
SP ← (H:X) – $0001
INH
94
2
pp
– 1 1 – – – – –
WAIT
Enable Interrupts; Wait for Interrupt
I bit ← 0; Halt CPU
INH
8F
1
p
– 1 1 – 0 – – –
Object Code:
dd
Direct address of operand
ee ff High and low bytes of offset in indexed, 16-bit offset
addressing
ff
Offset byte in indexed, 8-bit offset addressing
hh ll High and low bytes of operand address in extended
addressing
ii
Immediate operand byte
ii jj 16-bit immediate operand for H:X
rr
Relative program counter offset byte
Addressing Modes:
DIR Direct addressing mode
EXT Extended addressing mode
IMM Immediate addressing mode
INH Inherent addressing mode
IX
Indexed, no offset addressing mode
IX1
Indexed, 8-bit offset addressing mode
IX2
Indexed, 16-bit offset addressing mode
IX+
Indexed, no offset, post increment addressing mode
IX1+ Indexed, 8-bit offset, post increment addressing mode
REL Relative addressing mode
SP1 Stack pointer, 8-bit offset addressing mode
SP2 Stack pointer 16-bit offset addressing mode
CCR Bits, Effects:
V
Overflow bit
H
Half-carry bit
I
Interrupt mask
N
Negative bit
Z
Zero bit
C
Carry/borrow bit
↕
Set or cleared
–
Not affected
U
Undefined
24
Operation Symbols:
A
Accumulator
CCR Condition code register
H
Index register high byte
M
Memory location
n
Any bit
opr
Operand (one or two bytes)
PC
Program counter
PCH Program counter high byte
PCL Program counter low byte
rel
Relative program counter offset byte
SP
Stack pointer
X
Index register low byte
&
Logical AND
|
Logical OR
⊕
Logical EXCLUSIVE OR
()
Contents of
–( )
Negation (two’s complement)
#
Immediate value
«
Sign extend
←
Loaded with
?
If
:
Concatenated with
Cycle-by-Cycle Codes:
d
Dummy duplicate of the previous p, r, or s cycle.
d is always a read cycle so sd is a stack write
followed by a read of the address pointed-to by the
updated stack pointer
p
Program fetch; read from next consecutive
location in program memory
r
Read 8-bit operand
s
Push (write) one byte onto stack
u
Pop (read) one byte from stack
v
Read vector from $FFxx (high byte first)
w
Write 8-bit operand
Cycle-by-Cycle Instruction Set Details for the M68HC08 Family of MCUs
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Cycle-by-Cycle Instruction Set Details for the M68HC08 Family of MCUs
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AN2627/D
26
Cycle-by-Cycle Instruction Set Details for the M68HC08 Family of MCUs
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Cycle-by-Cycle Instruction Set Details for the M68HC08 Family of MCUs
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