Freescale Semiconductor Application Note AN2727 Rev. 0, 12/2004 Designing Hardware for the HCS12 D-Family by: Martyn Gallop Applications Engineering Freescale Semiconductor, East Kilbride Introduction This document contains hardware guidelines for designing with the HCS12 D-family of microcontrollers from Freescale Semiconductor. This includes: • Pinout overview • Power supply connections • Control pin connections • I/O connections NOTE Electrical parameters mentioned in this document are subject to change in individual device specifications. Check each application against the latest data sheet for specific target devices. © Freescale Semiconductor, Inc., 2004. All rights reserved. Recommended Documentation Recommended Documentation Other documentation useful for HCS12 D-family hardware design can be found on the external Freescale web site (http://www.freescale.com): Specific Device User Guide. The specific device Voltage Regulator Block User Guide. The Specific device Port Integration Block User Guide. Application Note AN2429 “Interfacing to the HCS12 ATD Module.” Application Note AN2287 “HCS12 External Bus Design.” See also AN2408. Engineering Bulletin EB386 “HCS12 D-family Compatibility Considerations.” Designing Hardware for the HCS12 D-Family, Rev. 0 2 Freescale Semiconductor Recommended Documentation PTA PTB BDLC (J1850) Multiplexed Narrow Bus Internal Logic 2.5V VDD1,2 VSS1,2 PLL 2.5V VDDPLL VSSPLL PB7 PB6 PB5 PB4 PB3 PB2 PB1 PB0 ADDR7 ADDR6 ADDR5 ADDR4 ADDR3 ADDR2 ADDR1 ADDR0 CAN1 CAN2 DATA7 DATA6 DATA5 DATA4 DATA3 DATA2 DATA1 DATA0 CAN3 DATA7 DATA6 DATA5 DATA4 DATA3 DATA2 DATA1 DATA0 Multiplexed Wide Bus DATA15 ADDR15 PA7 DATA14 ADDR14 PA6 DATA13 ADDR13 PA5 DATA12 ADDR12 PA4 DATA11 ADDR11 PA3 DATA10 ADDR10 PA2 ADDR9 PA1 DATA9 ADDR8 PA0 DATA8 CAN0 CAN4 IIC I/O Driver 5V VDDX VSSX ATD Converter 5V & Voltage Regulator Reference PWM VDDA VSSA Voltage Regulator 5V & I/O SPI1 VDDR VSSR Not all functionality shown in this Block diagram is available in all Versions. SPI2 RXB TXB RXCAN TXCAN RXCAN TXCAN RXCAN TXCAN RXCAN TXCAN RXCAN TXCAN SDA SCL KWJ0 KWJ1 KWJ6 KWJ7 PWM0 PWM1 PWM2 PWM3 PWM4 PWM5 PWM6 PWM7 KWP0 KWP1 KWP2 KWP3 KWP4 KWP5 KWP6 KWP7 MISO MOSI SCK SS MISO MOSI SCK SS KWH0 KWH1 KWH2 KWH3 KWH4 KWH5 KWH6 KWH7 DDRK PS0 PS1 PS2 PS3 PS4 PS5 PS6 PS7 PM0 PM1 PM2 PM3 PM4 PM5 PM6 PM7 PJ0 PJ1 PJ6 PJ7 PP0 PP1 PP2 PP3 PP4 PP5 PP6 PP7 PH0 PH1 PH2 PH3 PH4 PH5 PH6 PH7 XADDR14 XADDR15 XADDR16 XADDR17 XADDR18 XADDR19 ECS/ROMONE Signals shown in Bold are not available on the 80 Pin Package DDRB AD1 DDRA PTK SPI0 PTT MISO MOSI SCK SS Multiplexed Address/Data Bus PTS SCI1 PT0 PT1 PT2 PT3 PT4 PT5 PT6 PT7 PTM RXD TXD RXD TXD SCI0 TEST PK0 PK1 PK2 PK3 PK4 PK5 PK7 PTJ Enhanced Capture Timer IOC0 IOC1 IOC2 IOC3 IOC4 IOC5 IOC6 IOC7 PAD08 PAD09 PAD10 PAD11 PAD12 PAD13 PAD14 PAD15 PTP XIRQ IRQ System R/W Integration LSTRB Module ECLK (SIM) MODA MODB NOACC/XCLKS VRH VRL VDDA VSSA PTH PTE PE0 PE1 PE2 PE3 PE4 PE5 PE6 PE7 Periodic Interrupt COP Watchdog Clock Monitor Breakpoints PIX0 PIX1 PIX2 PIX3 PIX4 PIX5 ECS DDRT Clock and Reset Generation Module PLL PPAGE DDRS XFC VDDPLL VSSPLL EXTAL XTAL RESET CPU12 DDRM Single-wire Background Debug Module DDRE BKGD Voltage Regulator AN0 AN1 AN2 AN3 AN4 AN5 AN6 AN7 PAD00 PAD01 PAD02 PAD03 PAD04 PAD05 PAD06 PAD07 DDRJ VDDR VSSR VREGEN VDD1,2 VSS1,2 AN0 AN1 AN2 AN3 AN4 AN5 AN6 AN7 VRH VRL VDDA VSSA DDRP 1K - 4K Byte EEPROM ATD1 DDRH 2K - 14K Byte RAM VRH VRL VDDA VSSA Module to Port Routing ATD0 AD0 32K - 512K Byte Flash EEPROM Designing Hardware for the HCS12 D-Family, Rev. 0 Freescale Semiconductor 3 Pin States Following Reset in Normal Single Chip Mode Pin States Following Reset in Normal Single Chip Mode Typically, I/O pins are configured as inputs following a reset; this is done to avoid conflict with application signals driving I/O pins. Some I/O pins are sampled on reset to determine the reset configuration of the device. These control pins and some GPIO (general purpose input/output) pins have internal pull devices enabled by reset. The following diagrams show the status of each pin when the device comes out of reset in normal single chip mode. Designing Hardware for the HCS12 D-Family, Rev. 0 4 Freescale Semiconductor 112 111 110 109 108 107 106 105 104 103 102 101 100 99 98 97 96 95 94 93 92 91 90 89 88 87 86 85 PP4 PP5 PP6 PP7 PK7 VDDX VSSX PM0 PM1 PM2 PM3 PM4 PM5 PJ6 PJ7 VREGEN PS7 PS6 PS5 PS4 PS3 PS2 PS1 PS0 PM6 PM7 VSSA VRL cn cn cn cn o u s n n n n n n co co q o o o o o o o o n n s v Pin States Following Reset in Normal Single Chip Mode 84 83 82 81 80 79 78 77 76 75 74 73 72 71 70 69 68 67 66 65 64 63 62 61 60 59 58 57 MC9S12DP256 112LQFP VRH VDDA PAD15 PAD07 PAD14 PAD06 PAD13 PAD05 PAD12 PAD04 PAD11 PAD03 PAD10 PAD02 PAD09 PAD01 PAD08 PAD00 VSS2 VDD2 PA7 PA6 PA5 PA4 PA3 PA2 PA1 PA0 v s p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p s t n n n n n n n n PB5 n PB6 n PB7 n PH7 cn PH6 cn PH5 cn PH4 cn eo XCLKS/PE7 dn MODB/PE6 dn MODA/PE5 go ECLK/PE4 VSSR s VDDR u RESET q t VDDPLL XFC q s VSSPLL EXTAL q XTAL r TEST q PH3 cn PH2 cn PH1 cn PH0 cn PE3 o PE2 o PE1 fo PE0 fo 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 PP3 c 1 cn PP2 2 cn PP1 3 cn PP0 4 cn PK3 5 o PK2 6 o PK1 7 o PK0 8 o PT0 9 n PT1 10 n PT2 11 n PT3 12 n VDD1 13 t VSS1 14 s PT4 15 n PT5 16 n PT6 17 n PT7 18 n PK5 19 o PK4 20 o PJ1 21 co PJ0 22 co fo MODC/BKGD 23 PB0 24 n PB1 25 n PB2 26 n PB3 27 n PB4 28 n n o p q r s t u v = Input, high impedance = Input, internal pull-up enabled = Analog input, high impedance, tie to ground if not used = Control, always connect = Connect if using internal oscillator = 0V Always connect to appropriate = 2.5V supply voltages and/or decoupling = 5V supply = ATD reference c d e f g = Pin has key wake-up capability = Internal pull-downs active only during reset = Pin is sampled at reset for oscillator selection = Pin always has internal pull-up = Pin is ECLK output in special modes Figure 1. S12 D-family 112LQFP Pin State Out of Reset in Normal Single Chip Mode Designing Hardware for the HCS12 D-Family, Rev. 0 Freescale Semiconductor 5 MC9S12DP256 80 QFP 60 59 58 57 56 55 54 53 52 51 50 49 48 47 46 45 44 43 42 41 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 VRH VDDA PAD07 PAD06 PAD05 PAD04 PAD03 PAD02 PAD01 PAD00 VSS2 VDD2 PA7 PA6 PA5 PA4 PA3 PA2 PA1 PA0 v s p p p p p p p p s t n n n n n n n n PB5 n PB6 n PB7 n eo XCLKS/PE7 dn MODB/PE6 dn MODA/PE5 go ECLK/PE4 VSSR s VDDR u RESET q t VDDPLL XFC q s VSSPLL EXTAL q XTAL r TEST q PE3 o PE2 o PE1 fo PE0 fo PP3 cn PP2 cn PP1 cn PP0 cn PT0 n PT1 n PT2 n PT3 n VDD1 t VSS1 s PT4 n PT5 n PT6 n PT7 n fo MODC/BKGD PB0 n PB1 n PB2 n PB3 n PB4 n 80 79 78 77 76 75 74 73 72 71 70 69 68 67 66 65 64 63 62 61 PP4 PP5 PP7 VDDX VSSX PM0 PM1 PM2 PM3 PM4 PM5 PJ6 PJ7 VREGEN PS3 PS2 PS1 PS0 VSSA VRL cn cn cn u s n n n n n n co co q o o o o s v Pin States Following Reset in Normal Single Chip Mode n o p q r s t u v = Input, high impedance = Input, internal pull-up enabled = Analog input, high impedance, tie to ground if not used = Control, always connect = Connect if using internal oscillator = 0V = 2.5V supply Always connect to appropriate = 5V supply voltages and/or decoupling = ATD reference c d e f g = Pin has key wake-up capability = Internal pull-downs active only during reset = Pin is sampled at reset for oscillator selection = Pin always has internal pull-up = Pin is ECLK output in special modes Figure 2. S12 D-family 80QFP Pin State Out of Reset in Normal Single Chip Mode Designing Hardware for the HCS12 D-Family, Rev. 0 6 Freescale Semiconductor Power Supply Considerations Power Supply Considerations There are two power supply voltages: • 2.5V supply for logic, the CPU core, PLL, and oscillator, • 5V supply (VDD5) for the I/O buffers, voltage regulator, and ATD. In some cases, the different supplies may be connected internally on the chip by ESD protection diodes but these connections are not intended for power distribution. Each pair of supply pins must be considered individually and all power supply pins must be connected appropriately on the PCB. The core must not be powered down separately from the I/O. The 5V supply must not be switched off while the core is powered from an external 2.5V supply. When using the internal voltage regulator, the 2.5V supply pins (VDD1, VDD2 and VDDPLL) should not be connected together on the pcb. They should be connected only to appropriate decoupling capacitors. The internal voltage regulator is not designed to supply external circuitry. When using an external voltage regulator, the 2.5V supply pins must be connected on the PCB with decoupling capacitors close to each supply pin pair — take steps to keep the VDDPLL supply clean from noise. The PCB must be carefully laid out to ensure optimal operation of the internal voltage regulator as well as of the MCU itself. In general, it is advisable to route the MCU power and oscillator first. A recommended layout can be found in the Voltage Regulator section of the relevant Device User Guide. Power Supply Layout Guidelines Every supply pair must be decoupled by a ceramic capacitor, preferably surface mount, connected as close as possible to the corresponding pins. Keep the decoupling capacitors on the same side of the PCB as the MCU with no vias in the connections from the decoupling capacitor to the MCU pins. Use low impedance connections to VSS1, VSS2, and VSSR. If not using a full board ground plane, connect the ground pins in a star arrangement with the central point of the ground star at the VSSR pin. Where there is a full board ground plane, connect all VSS supplies directly to the plane, except for VSSPLL and the oscillator circuit ground. Connect VSSPLL directly to VSSR (maintaining the star layout). The example layout in the Device User guides shows a copper fill under the MCU, connecting the grounds, with exclusion slots in the fill. The intent is to provide low impedance connectivity with a star configuration. In general, the oscillator ground return should be considered as a separate ground, routed directly back to VSSPLL and not connected elsewhere to the digital ground. The TEST pin is a static logic input that can also be connected to the oscillator ground to facilitate oscillator layout and minimize the impedance of the oscillator ground. Designing Hardware for the HCS12 D-Family, Rev. 0 Freescale Semiconductor 7 HCS12 Power Supplies HCS12 Power Supplies Vdd1, Vdd2 2.5V supply for MCU core and peripheral logic. If using the internal regulator, connect only to external decoupling capacitors. Vddpll 2.5V supply for oscillator and PLL. If using the internal regulator, connect only to external decoupling capacitor. Vddr Supply for regulator and ports A,B,E,H. Connect to VDD5. Add 10 µF if big loads are switched. Vddx Supply for all other ports. Connect to VDD5. Add 10 µF if big loads are switched. Vdda Supply to ATD, Port ADx and voltage regulator reference. Connect to VDD5. Where possible, avoid connecting external pull devices or logic to VDDA or VSSA tracks. Vrh Reference for ATD. Connect to ATD reference potential. The following constraint must be met to obtain full-scale, full-range ATD results: VSSA ≤ VRL ≤ VIN ≤ VRH ≤ VDDA. If the input level goes outside this range it will be clipped. VRH should always be ≤ VDDA, to maintain conversion accuracy. Avoid tracking the reference voltage through digital supply planes, and do not connect external digital pull devices to VRH or VRL. Designing Hardware for the HCS12 D-Family, Rev. 0 8 Freescale Semiconductor HCS12 Power Supplies In extreme cases, where high frequency system noise is present, low ESR1 series inductors and/or ferrite beads may be necessary on VRH. Series resistance should be avoided, as each ATD reference draws ~375 µA from the reference supply (VRH=5V). Ground The oscillator return should be directly to VSSPLL, which should in turn be connected to all other digital grounds via a low impedance ground plane (preferred) or a ‘star’ configuration centred at VSSR. The oscillator ground should not be otherwise connected to the digital ground. Vssa, Vssr Where ATD accuracy is important, these should star separately from the external voltage regulator or voltage source. VRH 100nF VDD VIN Analog Reference VRL External Voltage Regulator VSS GND VDDA ATD Module ATD I/O VSSA VDDR Star connection point for other digital MCU ground pins Internal Vreg VSSR MCU logic VSS1/2 1. Equivalent series resistance. Designing Hardware for the HCS12 D-Family, Rev. 0 Freescale Semiconductor 9 Pin Considerations Collection – Control Pin Considerations Collection – Control There are several control pins on the device that require special consideration at the design stage: TEST Pin This pin should always be grounded in an application. This is a digital input and presents a static load; it can, therefore, be connected to the oscillator ground return without concern. RESET Pin This is an open-drain, active-low, bidirectional control pin. It requires an external pull-up. On assertion of any reset, the MCU releases internal control of the reset pin after 128 SYSCLK cycles, and then samples the reset pin after a further 64 SYSCLK cycles. If the pin reads low, the MCU determines that this was an external reset request and takes the external/POR reset vector. If it reads high, the MCU tests the internal reset sources and takes the appropriate reset vector. If the time constant of external devices connected to the reset pin is too long, an internally generated reset may be detected as an external reset. If the desired application reset behavior is the same for all reset sources, this is not an issue; however, some applications may require different behavior for different reset sources. To guarantee that the internal reset vectors (COP and CM) can be recognized by the reset logic then the rise time for the reset pin to reach 3.25V (a guaranteed input logic 1 for VDD5 = 5V) must be less than 64 oscillator (SYSCLK) cycles AND less than 11 µs (64 fSCM cycles @ 5.5 MHz). There is no LVR1 support on the HCS12 D-family. It is recommended to use an external LVR circuit to hold the device in reset if the VVD5 supply drops below 4.5V. Port E.7 : XCLKS Pin This is a GPIO pin that is also used to control the oscillator configuration on reset. The XCLKS state is latched at the rising edge of reset, so it important that the logic state of this pin be clearly defined on release of reset. If the input is a logic low, the oscillator is configured for an external clock drive on EXTAL or as a Pierce Oscillator (not available on MC9S12D256x K36N and K79X masks). If this input is a logic high, a Colpitts oscillator circuit is configured on EXTAL and XTAL. 1. Low voltage reset. Designing Hardware for the HCS12 D-Family, Rev. 0 10 Freescale Semiconductor Pin Considerations Collection – Control CAUTION Take care reading the documentation when determining the polarity of the XCLKS pin. It is possible for different HCS12 families to have alternative polarity on this pin for oscillator selection. The block user guide for the oscillator refers to the XCLKS signal; this is an active high signal. On the D-family, the pin is XCLKS, an active low input, which must be pulled low to assert the XCLKS signal to the oscillator module. The logic level must be clearly defined at reset to select the oscillator configuration appropriate to the external oscillator component layout. This is a common cause of unexpected behavior of the oscillator, especially where the application also uses Port E.7 as GPIO following reset. As this is an input with a pull-up device during reset, if the pin is left floating the default configuration is for a Colpitts oscillator circuit on EXTAL and XTAL; however, it is recommended to tie this pin externally in electrically noisy environments. Port E.6 : MODB and Port E.5: MODA These are GPIO pins that are also used to select the MCU operating mode on reset. The states of these pins are latched to the MODA and MODB bits at the rising edge of RESET, to configure the operating mode of the device. These pins should = 0V at reset to select single chip mode. They have internal pull-downs, active only when reset is low; so, if left floating, the default configuration is for single chip mode; however, it is recommended to tie them externally in electrically noisy environments. Port E.4 : ECLK In all modes except normal single chip mode, this pin defaults to ECLK (the bus clock). The ECLK signal can be useful for debugging (ECLK output can also be enabled in normal single chip mode). Consider adding a test point on this signal, but be aware that it is a relatively high frequency clock line. CAUTION Take care when using Port E.4 as a GPIO in single chip mode. The reset default of this pin is as an input in normal single chip mode and to output (with the bus clock on it) in special single chip mode. Special single chip mode is enabled whenever a debug cable is connected and a reset performed. Port E.1 : IRQ PE1 is a general purpose input pin and optional maskable interrupt request input that can provide a means of applying asynchronous interrupt requests. This will wake up the MCU from STOP or WAIT mode. By default this interrupt input is active low level sensitive but can be configured in software to falling edge sensitive. Designing Hardware for the HCS12 D-Family, Rev. 0 Freescale Semiconductor 11 Pin Considerations Collection – Control Port E.0 : XIRQ PE0 is a general purpose input pin and optional non-maskable interrupt request input that can provide a means of applying asynchronous interrupt requests. This will wake up the MCU from STOP or WAIT mode. This interrupt input is active low level sensitive. CAUTION If an application requires STOP mode, this pin must be used with care (whether it is the source of the wake from STOP signal or not). Behavior of the STOP instruction is directly linked to the XIRQ functionality. The X bit in the CPU condition codes register masks the XIRQ interrupt (preventing the interrupt vector from being taken) but it does not prevent the XIRQ pin from waking the MCU from STOP mode. As XIRQ is level sensitive, while this pin is low the MCU will not enter STOP mode. BKGD / MODC The BKGD/TAGHI/MODC pin is used as a pseudo open-drain pin for the background debug communication link. The state of this pin is copied to the MODC bit at the rising edge of RESET. This pin controls whether the device enters special mode on release of reset. Internally, it has a permanently enabled weak pull-up, to ensure that it enters normal mode if not connected. This pull-up may not be strong enough to ensure adequate rise times for BDM communication with all development tools. If BDM support is required it is recommended to fit an external pull-up resistor. See BKGD Pull-up Value. Easy access to the RESET, BKGD, 0V and VDD5 signals can facilitate debugging. It is highly recommended to include a standard 6-pin header in all design layouts to support in-system debug and reprogramming; the header need not be populated for production. See Standard Serial Debug Interface Connection. XFC To use the PLL, an appropriate filter network should be fitted between the XFC pin and VDDPLL. See HCS12 PLL. Fitting PLL filter components to all designs, whether they use the PLL or not, can be a good idea where BDM tools capable of high speed programming are being used. Designing Hardware for the HCS12 D-Family, Rev. 0 12 Freescale Semiconductor Implementing a Standard Serial Debug Interface for the Background Debug Module (BDM) Implementing a Standard Serial Debug Interface for the Background Debug Module (BDM) The BDM module is a single-wire debug interface supported on HCS12 MCUs. Bidirectional communication is via a single pin on the MCU (the BKGD pin). Typically, a BDM interface cable will connect to four signals: BKGD, RESET, VSS, and VDD5. Standard Serial Debug Interface Connection 0.023” square posts 0.100” spacing BKGD 1 3 5 2 VSS 4 RESET 6 VDD5 Top view Vdd (pin 6) is optional to power the BDM tool BDM tool can be RS-232, LPT, Ethernet, or USB interface Figure 3. Connector Pinout Although a debug cable may derive power from a source other than the target board, the target VDD5 and GND signals may be required with some cables to provide a reference level for the cable’s I/O buffers, so routing these supplies to the connector is always recommended. BKGD Pull-up Value The MCU BDM module generates ‘speed up’ pulses, so the value of the pull-up is almost irrelevant from the point of view of the MCU, and the specific value of the pull-up required on the BKGD pin is really a debug tool consideration rather than an MCU one. By default, the BDM module is clocked from the external oscillator clock (EXTAL); however, some BDM programming utilities may select the PLL as the clock source for the BDM. Aim for t = R*C of about 20% of the maximum BDM speed with the BDM speed = 1/16 of the maximum expected BDM module clock. So, for a 25 MHz bus => 1 µs bit time => at 100 pF (nominal load) => R = 200 ns / 100 ps = 2 kΩ. This simplifies to R = 32 x 109 / BDM module clock frequency. For example, for 16 MHz, R = 2 kΩ. Although a low impedance may not be necessary for communication at the application’s target bus speed, using a lower impedance value may be advantageous in electrically noisy environments. However, the resistor value should always be >> ~ 600 Ω, to ensure that a low state will be detected. The drive capability of the BDM tool used must also be considered — it must be able to drive the selected resistor and line capacitance low. Check any concerns with the BDM cable supplier. Designing Hardware for the HCS12 D-Family, Rev. 0 Freescale Semiconductor 13 HCS12 PLL HCS12 PLL PLL Filter Circuit The HCS12 PLL allows programmable bus frequencies to be generated from the oscillator clock. With the PLL disabled: ECLK (bus) freq = Oscillator (Crystal) Freq § 2 With the PLL enabled: ( SYNR + 1 ) ECLK (bus) freq = Oscillator (Crystal) Freq ¥ -------------------------------------( REFDIV + 1 ) The PLL on the HCS12 requires a three-component passive filter to be connected to the XFC pin, as in Figure 4. The values of the filter components are application specific. The equations for calculating the filter are contained in the device user guide, but it is simpler to use the PLL filter calculator from Freescale. VDDPLL Cs CP MCU RS XFC Figure 4. XFC Circuit If, for some reason, it is decided not to fit a filter network, the XFC pin should be connected via a pull-up resistor (1k to 5k) to VDDPLL. CAUTION Never connect XFC to VSSPLL. If the application does not use the PLL, the software should clear the PLLON bit to disable the PLL following reset. Designing Hardware for the HCS12 D-Family, Rev. 0 14 Freescale Semiconductor Oscillator Options Oscillator Options On the HCS12 D-family there are three oscillator options: • Low power, amplitude controlled Colpitts configuration. • Full swing (2.5V) Pierce configuration (not available on MC9S12D256x K36N and K79X masks). • External clock source – Uses the same MCU configuration as the Pierce option. – The oscillator is a 2.5 V module so an external clock should be ~2.5 V pk-pk. – When implementing a clock with a 5V ‘canned’ oscillator, add a 50% potential divider to reduce the clock to 2.5 V. On the D-family, a 5 V level on Port E.7 (/XCLKS) at reset will select the Colpitts oscillator option and, as this pin defaults to having an internal pull-up enabled, the Colpitts configuration is the default if this pin is unconnected. CAUTION The polarity of this signal can be different on other HCS12 families – check with the individual data sheet. S12Dx Oscillator Options — Technical Comparison The following table compares features of the low power, amplitude controlled Colpitts oscillator and the full swing, high drive Pierce oscillator: Feature Colpitts Pierce Oscillator range 500 kHz–16 MHz 500 kHz–40 MHz Amplitude control yes no DC-bias cut cap may be required not required Biasing resistor not required required Damping resistor not required probably required Quartz stress minimal damping dependent. EM emission very low medium–high EM susceptibility medium low Current (16 MHz) 170 µA 1100 µA Current (4 MHz) 100 µA 780 µA Start time (16 MHz) 1.5 ms 1 ms Start time (4 MHz) 3 ms 1 ms (no damp.) Margin (16 Mhz) 300–360 Ω 1.6 kΩ Margin (4 Mhz) 2–2.5 kΩ >> 2 kΩ Designing Hardware for the HCS12 D-Family, Rev. 0 Freescale Semiconductor 15 Oscillator Options Start-up time and margin are typical values, measured on carefully laid out PCBs. The current values have been simulated for typical conditions. The use of a fundamental resonator or crystal is always recommended in preference to an overtone resonator or crystal. If Colpitts mode is selected, only fundamental mode crystals or resonators may be used. If Pierce mode is selected, fundamental mode crystals or resonators may be used. Overtone crystals or resonators may be used after careful component selection. It is recommended that the suitability of a crystal or resonator for use in a particular application be confirmed with the crystal or resonator manufacturer. The values of the load capacitors are specific to the crystal (and its use with the HCS12 oscillator). Load capacitor values should be confirmed with the crystal or resonator manufacturer. Common Oscillator layout considerations Good practice is important when laying out a PCB for any oscillator configuration and it is a good idea to lay out the oscillator first in any design. The PCB layout is equally as critical when using a ceramic resonator as when using a quartz crystal. Keep the oscillator components on the same side of the PCB as the MCU and as close to the MCU as possible (allowing for the fan-out of any I/O used on the oscillator side of the MCU). Keep the oscillator tracks on the same side of the PCB as the oscillator — avoid vias in the oscillator circuit. Avoid routing other signals on any layers in the region of the oscillator components or tracks. Place an exclusion zone on all layers around the oscillator. Remove sections of ground or power planes under oscillator components and tracks (to minimize parasitic loading). Include a 100 nF decoupling capacitor close to the VDDPLL/VSSPLL pins. Avoid vias in the oscillator signal and VxxPLL supply tracks from the decoupling capacitor. Treat the ground signal for the oscillator as a separate ground, connecting to the main digital ground at one point only, close by VSSR. Where the main digital ground is implemented with a ground plane, it is recommended to keep the oscillator / PLL ground separate from the ground plane. Routing the oscillator ground via the TEST pin can simplify the layout; this also surrounds the oscillator circuit with a ground ring, which helps to minimize cross-talk and defines an exclusion zone for nonoscillator signals, and reduces the oscillator ground impedance. The TEST pin is a static digital input that will not disturb the oscillator ground. Keep the adjacent RESET signal clean. Where it is connected off the board or to a long track in a noisy environment, consider adding some series resistance. Avoid routing signals under the PLL components or tracks, to minimize cross talk. Designing Hardware for the HCS12 D-Family, Rev. 0 16 Freescale Semiconductor Oscillator Options If a PCB is designed to allow both external circuit configurations, it should be optimized for Colpitts mode. These guidelines are valid for single sided, double sided, and multi-layer boards. On boards with multiple layers, it may be possible to locate the oscillator closer to the MCU by fanning out the adjacent I/O underneath the MCU. Moving the PLL filter components to the back of the board will also help simplify the tracking adjacent to the oscillator. Designing Hardware for the HCS12 D-Family, Rev. 0 Freescale Semiconductor 17 S12 CRG — Pierce Oscillator S12 CRG — Pierce Oscillator 500 kHz to 40 MHz crystal / resonator (not available on MC9S12D256x K36N and K79X masks). On the D-family, pull XCLKS pin low at reset. This is also the configuration to select for using an external 2.5 V oscillator (square wave). C1 EXTAL RB MCU Crystal or ceramic resonator RS* XTAL C2 VSSPLL * RS can be zero (shorted) when used with higher frequency crystals. Refer to manufacturer’s data. Figure 5. Pierce Oscillator Configuration RB is required to bias the oscillator into its correct operating region. 1 MΩ is a reasonable value for RB. Values for RS, C1 and C2 should be confirmed with the crystal or resonator manufacturer. Additional Pierce Oscillator layout considerations A key requirement for the Pierce configuration is to minimize the parasitic loading between the EXTAL and XTAL tracks. Keep the EXTAL track as short as possible and tracked away from the XTAL track. Designing Hardware for the HCS12 D-Family, Rev. 0 18 Freescale Semiconductor S12 CRG — Pierce Oscillator S12 Pierce Oscillator Layout Example Designing Hardware for the HCS12 D-Family, Rev. 0 Freescale Semiconductor 19 S12 CRG — Colpitts Oscillator S12 CRG — Colpitts Oscillator 500 kHz to 16 MHz low power oscillator: 1 V pk-pk with DC offset. On the D-family, pull XCLKS pin high at reset. Cdc* EXTAL MCU C1 Crystal or ceramic resonator XTAL C2 * Possible d.c. blocking capacitor (Cdc) needed for some vendors’ crystals to eliminate 1.1V DC bias. Check with crystal manufacturer. Figure 6. Colpitts Oscillator Configuration Values for CDC, C1 and C2 should be confirmed with the crystal or resonator manufacturer. Additional Colpitts Oscillator Layout Considerations A key consideration for the Colpitts configuration is to minimize the parasitic loading of the EXTAL track to ground. Keep the EXTAL track as short as possible and tracked away from other signals, especially ground. Designing Hardware for the HCS12 D-Family, Rev. 0 20 Freescale Semiconductor S12 CRG — Colpitts Oscillator S12 Colpitts Oscillator Layout Example Designing Hardware for the HCS12 D-Family, Rev. 0 Freescale Semiconductor 21 Pin Considerations — General Purpose I/O Pin Considerations — General Purpose I/O The functionality of each pin is described in the appropriate device user guide. The detailed functionality of the GPIO is described in the appropriate Port Integration Module (PIM) block user guide. Designing Hardware for the HCS12 D-Family, Rev. 0 22 Freescale Semiconductor Pin Considerations — General Purpose I/O HCS12 Core I/O Ports Ports A, B and K can be used as GPIO. In expanded modes these ports form the expanded address and data bus. Registers for these ports are located in HCS12 core. Much of Port E can be used for GPIO. In expanded mode, Port E pins support bus control signals. A number of Port E pins have additional control and configuration functions. XIRQ (Port E.0) supports a level sensitive, non-maskable interrupt vector. It also can wake the device from STOP or WAIT without generating an interrupt vector if the X flag in the CCR is = 1. IRQ (Port E.1) supports a level-sensitive or falling-edge-sensitive, maskable interrupt vector. Functions related to Port E are configured in the core Port E Assignment Register (PEAR). Pull-up control bits for the core I/O ports are in the core Pull-up Control Register (PUCR). Not all pins on Port E have pull devices. HCS12 Analog Ports Ports AD0 and AD1 have analog and digital input functionality. Registers for these ports are located in the two 8-channel analog to digital modules, ATD0 and ATD1. An Input Enable Mask Register (ATDxDIEN) allows each digital input buffer to be enabled / disabled on a per pin basis. This means that reading the digital port will not affect pins assigned as analog inputs. There are no internal pull devices available on these ports. If the ATD module is not enabled, the status of the ATD input stage will depend solely on the status of the ATDxDIENx bits. • With the ATDxDIENx bit = 0, the digital input stage is disabled. Unconnected input will have no effect. • With ATDxDIEN = 1, the digital input stage is connected to the pin and an external pull device or drive should be connected. For electrically noisy environments, it is advisable to connect any unused ATD inputs to ground. Analog conversion sequences can convert from one to eight channels at a time starting at any one of the channels. An analysis of the ATD sources to be converted may help utilize the flexibility of the ATD control and conversion structure. Sources with similar requirements can then be grouped onto adjacent ATD inputs, and the ATD configured appropriately for each conversion sequence. The ATD converter’s accuracy is limited by the accuracy of the reference potentials. Noise on the reference potentials will result in noise on the digital output data stream; the reference potential lines do not reject reference noise. Ideally the reference supply and ground should be routed separately back the external 5V voltage source. The reference pins must have a low AC impedance path back to the source. They are practically a static load, and a good bypass capacitor (10 nF or larger) will suffice in most cases. In extreme cases, where high frequency noise is present, series inductors and/or ferrite beads may be necessary, but the ESR should be kept low. Series resistance is undesirable since each enabled ATD module will draw ~ 375 µA from the reference. A potential drop across any series resistance will result in gain and offset errors in the Designing Hardware for the HCS12 D-Family, Rev. 0 Freescale Semiconductor 23 Pin Considerations — General Purpose I/O digital data output stream, unless the reference potential is sensed at the reference input pin and any potential drop compensated for. Due to the sample-and-hold mechanism of the HCS12 ATD, charge-sharing between the external and the internal capacitances can cause a small voltage drop. Each analog input should have a capacitor, with good high frequency characteristics, between the input pin and VSSA. The size of the external source capacitance will be application dependent; a basic guideline for minimizing the effect of this charge sharing is to keep the external capacitor greater than Cf as defined in the Electrical Characteristics section of the specific device user guide. • For a maximum 10-bit sampling error of the input voltage ≤ 1 LSB, the external filter capacitor (Cf) should be ≥ 1024 * (CINS-CINN) or ≥ 12 nF. • For an 8-bit conversion, 1 LSB is four times larger, so the minimum source capacitance for ≤ 1 LSB error is 256 * (CINS-CINN) or ≥ 3 nF. The source impedance of the signal driver must also be considered when choosing the capacitor size. Optimizing the source impedance may be a compromise: • External source impedance combined with the input capacitor will create a low-pass anti-aliasing filter, which can be used to attenuate unwanted frequency components and noise. Higher source impedance can result in rolling off of higher frequency components of interest in the input signals. • Higher source impedance reduces current injection when the input exceeds the rail voltages. • Lower source impedance avoids and reduces the error generated by input leakage (Iin). The maximum external source impedance of an analog signal is limited by the leakage into the pin. A basic guideline for minimizing the effect of input leakage is as described in the data sheets. When VREF = VRH-VRL = 5.12 V, one 8-bit count = 20 mV and one 10-bit count = 5 mV • For a maximum 10-bit error of < 1/2 LSB, RS should be ≤ 2.5 kΩ (= 2.5 mV / 1 µA) • For a maximum 8-bit error of < 1/2 LSB, RS should be ≤ 10 kΩ (= 10mV / 1 µA) See Application Note AN2429 for further details and considerations on interfacing to the ATD ports. Port Integration Module (PIM) GPIO Ports Ports H, J, P, M, and S support hardware interrupt functionality and alternative peripheral functionality. Registers for these ports are located in the Port Integration Module (PIM). The PIM automatically switches control of each I/O as appropriate when a peripheral function is enabled for a specific pin. Each PIM port pin can be configured on a pin-by-pin basis for: • I/P or O/P function. • Internal pull-up / pull-down. Approximately 100 µA load when driven by an external source • Full or reduced drive strength. Useful for controlling EMC on SPI lines and PWM, for example. Ports H, J and P can also be configured on a pin-by-pin basis for: • Edge sensitive interrupt inputs with glitch filtering. These can be used to wake the device from low power modes. Designing Hardware for the HCS12 D-Family, Rev. 0 24 Freescale Semiconductor Pin Considerations — General Purpose I/O A useful feature of the PIM is that when an interrupt is enabled on one of the ports the appropriate pull device for the selected edge polarity is enabled: • falling edge = pull-up enabled • rising edge = pull-down enabled Ports M and S can also be configured on a pin-by-pin basis for • Open drain for wired-or connections. Useful for connecting multiple communications peripherals to the same bus. All GP I/O pins default to input on assertion of reset. Some are high impedance with no pull devices enabled, and some have pull-ups enabled. This is reflected in the default value of the associated Data Direction Registers (xDDR). To achieve minimum STOP / WAIT IDD, internal I/O pull devices should be configured by the application software so as not to conflict with external pin loads. PTI 0 1 PAD PT 0 1 DDR 0 1 data out output enable Module module enable Figure 7. Illustration of Typical PIM GPIO Pin Functionality Designing Hardware for the HCS12 D-Family, Rev. 0 Freescale Semiconductor 25 MC9S12DP256 MODRR Routing options MC9S12DP256 MODRR Routing options The PIM module on the D-family can re-route the I/O connectivity for a number of communications peripherals depending on the value contained in the Module Routing Register (MODRR). This is primarily intended to allow increased peripheral flexibility when using the 80-pin package, but can be used with the 112-pin package to optimize PCB layout. MISO MODRR[4] SPI 0 PS4 MOSI PS5 SCLK PS6 SS CAN 2 CAN 1 MODRR[1:0] CAN 0 PS7 RxCAN PM5 RxCAN PM2 TxCAN PM3 RxCAN PM0 TxCAN MODRR[3:2] CAN 3 PM4 TxCAN PM1 CAN 4 RxCAN PJ6 TxCAN PJ7 RxCAN PM6 TxCAN PM7 Horizontal lines indicate default routing MODRR[5] SPI 1 MISO MOSI SCLK SS PP0 PP1 PP2 PP3 PH0 PH1 PH2 PH3 MODRR[6] SPI 2 MISO MOSI SCLK SS PP4 PP5 PP7 PP6 Note the swapped pin order here PH4 PH5 PH6 PH7 Designing Hardware for the HCS12 D-Family, Rev. 0 26 Freescale Semiconductor Managing Unused Pins Managing Unused Pins If a general purpose input does not have a pull device enabled or is not driven externally, as the input approaches mid-rail (i.e. ~ 2.5 V), a ‘cross-over current’ of ~ 2.5 mA can flow in the I/O stage. This ‘crossover current’ is on a the main I/O drive supply. This is not a concern for the device itself but can directly impact the power supply demand and low power mode currents. ATD inputs have a slightly different input stage and can be left open-circuit, although it is preferable to ground unused analog inputs to minimize pick-up of unwanted noise. CAUTION Leaving unused GPIO undefined is a common cause of unexpectedly high levels of STOP or WAIT IDD. This is not always obvious on every device or assembled module as this is dependent on small variations in the manufacturing process, operating temperature and voltage. Consequently, this is often not detected during development or qualification, but shows up in the application production test or in use where a greater number and range of operating conditions is encountered. NOTE HCS12 devices are often available in different packages (mostly 112-pin LQFP and 80-pin QFP). When using a lower pin count variant, it is important to be aware that the I/O available on the largest pin count device is still present but unbonded and must be configured for low power modes. Either enable the internal pull devices or configure as outputs. There are two approaches to managing unused GPIO: configuring them as inputs, and configuring them as outputs; a combination of the two may be appropriate. In the event of code runaway, a GPIO port could be reconfigured unintentionally; protective software can reduce the impact of this, for either configuration. Unused GPIO Configured as Outputs This is a good solution as the pins will have a low impedance to rail. To minimize the impact of the ports being accidentally reconfigured as inputs, enable the internal pull-down resistors (these will only be active when configured as inputs). Unused GPIO Configured as Inputs Tie unused inputs to the supply rails, preferably with pull devices. (Where there is no internal pull device, an external pull device will be required.). In some cases, it may be an application requirement for unused inputs to be defined during reset; in this case, all unused pins that default to high impedance must be pulled externally to a supply rail. Several optional strategies for tying input pins are discussed below. Consideration should be given to the the possibility of I/O conflict occurring, if unused input ports are reconfigured unintentionally as outputs, where: • two ports are connected together and might be driven with opposing polarities, Designing Hardware for the HCS12 D-Family, Rev. 0 Freescale Semiconductor 27 Output Drive Currents or • a port is connected directly to a supply rail and might be driven to the opposite polarity from the supply rail. In either case, the maximum IDD specification for the pin will be exceeded, and the MCU will be damaged. To minimize the impact of the ports being reconfigured accidentally as outputs, configure for reduced drive output, and ensure that the port data registers match the polarity of the pull device(s) / supply rail connection. There are several possible strategies: 1. Minimum risk, highest cost: pull each unused input pin to a supply rail with an individual pull resistor. This ensures no possibility of I/O conflict, as described above. 2. Highest risk, lowest cost: tie each unused input pin directly to a supply rail. This offers the highest risk of unintentional conflict with a supply rail. 3. High risk, low cost: common up all unused inputs to a single pull resistor to a supply rail. This offers the highest risk of unintentional conflict with another I/O pin. 4. Medium risk, medium cost: a better compromise of cost versus risk is to connect all unused inputs on each I/O port together and connect them to a separate pull resistor per I/O port. NOTE Some external peripherals tristate their outputs when disabled (including SPI interface lines). Where this is the case, Stop and Wait IDD can be minimized by enabling the internal pull devices on appropriate inputs while the external peripheral is disabled. Output Drive Currents The D-family has an “Instantaneous Maximum current single pin limit for all digital I/O” of ± 25 mA. If the current on a pin exceeds 25 mA peak at any time, the I/O structure may become may become damaged or suffer degradation. It is strongly recommended to stay well below the 25 mA limit, to avoid peaks exceeding this limit during switching. The device maximum I/O current is limited by its power dissipation and will be application dependent. The PIO = ΣRDSON x IIO2 term in the data sheet power dissipation calculation indicates the heating effect of the I/O current. Ensure that the total I/O power dissipation plus the internal device dissipation combined does not cause the device junction temperature to exceed the appropriate limit (for C, V or M specification) in the application environment. In production, I/O limits are tested by holding each pin at the VOL and VOH limit and measuring that the I/O current exceeds the IOL and IOH spec limits respectively (actually a measure of RDSON). From the VOHL specification it can be seen that in the conduction range the I/O driver has a maximum RDSON = 0.8 V / 10 mA = 80 Ω (at the maximum temperature specified for the device). Typically, RDSON will be lower than this; it will also be reduced at lower temperatures. Designing Hardware for the HCS12 D-Family, Rev. 0 28 Freescale Semiconductor I/O Injection Currents When driving high impedance loads such as logic devices the voltage dropped across the output RDSON will be low, and the VOH and VOL levels will be much closer to the appropriate supply rail voltages. I/O Injection Currents All digital I/O pins are internally connected to VSSX/VDDX, VSSR/VDDR, or VSSA/VDDA via protection diodes. Taking an input pin above VDD5 or below VSS by greater than a diode drop will cause current to flow to or from the internal device supply rails, via the protection diodes. This is known as “current injection” and is valid as long as the application limits the injected current to within specified limits. Continuous (IICS) Up to ± 2.5 mA per pin. MCU functionality is not guaranteed if any single pin exceeds this value. Device Total (IICP) The sum of the injected currents on all pins = Σ⏐IICP⏐. Maximum = 25 mA. Instantaneous Maximum (ID, IDL) Short duration injection current maximum ± 25 mA (on any single pin). MCU functionality is not guaranteed but the device will not be damaged. The IICP limit must be respected. Keep current injection on any individual input less than IICS (2.5 mA) and the total device current injection less than IICP (25 mA). If any pin transient exceeds IICS, MCU functionality is not be guaranteed but, as long as the individual pin current and the total device current remains less than 25 mA, the device will not be damaged. NOTE The power supply must maintain regulation within operating VDD or VDDX range during instantaneous and operating maximum current conditions. If positive injection current (Vin > VDD or Vin > VDDX) is greater than IDD or IDDX, the injection current may flow out of VDD/VDDX and could result in external power supply going out of regulation. Make sure that the external VDD/VDDX load will shunt current greater than maximum injection current. This will be the greatest risk when the MCU is not consuming power. Examples are: when no system clock is present, as in STOP mode; when the clock rate is very low, which would reduce overall power consumption. Analog Input Considerations In addition to the above constraints, current injection on ATD inputs may cause additional error in conversions of adjacent pins. A portion of the injected current will also be picked up by the adjacent Designing Hardware for the HCS12 D-Family, Rev. 0 Freescale Semiconductor 29 Connecting Capacitors Directly to Output Pins channels (coupling ratio K), generating an error voltage proportional to the source resistance of the input being converted. The additional input voltage error on the converted channel can be calculated as V ERR = K * RS * IINJ, with IINJ being the sum of the currents injected into the two pins adjacent to the converted channel. There are two coupling ratios specified: • Kp = 10-4 for positive current injection, where the input is taken above VDDA • Kn = 10-2 for negative current injection, where the input is taken below VSSA. Connecting Capacitors Directly to Output Pins 1. Avoid connecting capacitors directly to output pins as in Figure X in an attempt to prevent system noise reaching the MCU pin. The capacitor will appear as low impedance to transitions of the output, resulting in fast rising pulses of current and EMC noise. A simple solution is to add some series resistance to the MCU side of the filter. This will increase the rise time of the signal on the capacitor (due to the time constant of the increased effective O/P impedance and the filter capacitor) and reduce the EMC generated. 2. Connecting a large capacitor directly to an output pin (to create a long time delay, for example) can result in exceeding the max IDD spec for the pin and damage to the MCU. Ensure that there is enough series resistance from the MCU to any capacitor to limit the peak current to << 25 mA. MCU Output pin Low pass filter intended to keep application noise from reaching the MCU 80-Pin Package Considerations The DB128 80QFP pinout differs from all other 80-pin variants. Designing Hardware for the HCS12 D-Family, Rev. 0 30 Freescale Semiconductor 80 79 78 77 76 75 74 73 72 71 70 69 68 67 66 65 64 63 62 61 PP4 PP5 PP7 VDDX VSSX PM0 PM1 PM2 PM3 PM4 PM5 PJ6 PJ7 VREGEN PS3/TXD1 PS2/RXD1 PS1/TXD0 PS0/RXD0 VSSA VRL Connecting Capacitors Directly to Output Pins 80 79 78 77 76 75 74 73 72 71 70 69 68 67 66 65 64 63 62 61 PP4 PP5 PP7 VDDX VSSX PM2 PM3 PM4 PM5 VREGEN PS7 PS6 PS5 PS4 PS1 PS0 PM6 PM7 VSSA VRL Pin Out All D-Family Members except DB128 Pin Out 9S12DB128 in 80 Pin With the exception of the D32, the 80-pin variant uses the same die as the 112-pin variant. This is not a direct consideration at the hardware design stage as such; however, the application software must configure undefined inputs on port lines that are not bonded out on the 80-pin device, to avoid unexpected I/O IDD. Details of this can be found in the “80-pin Package Pitfalls” section at the end of Engineering Bulletin EB386. Designing Hardware for the HCS12 D-Family, Rev. 0 Freescale Semiconductor 31 How to Reach Us: Home Page: www.freescale.com E-mail: [email protected] USA/Europe or Locations Not Listed: Freescale Semiconductor Technical Information Center, CH370 1300 N. Alma School Road Chandler, Arizona 85224 +1-800-521-6274 or +1-480-768-2130 [email protected] Europe, Middle East, and Africa: Freescale Halbleiter Deutschland GmbH Technical Information Center Schatzbogen 7 81829 Muenchen, Germany +44 1296 380 456 (English) +46 8 52200080 (English) +49 89 92103 559 (German) +33 1 69 35 48 48 (French) [email protected] Japan: Freescale Semiconductor Japan Ltd. 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