LM317 3-TERMINAL ADJUSTABLE REGULATOR www.ti.com SLVS044R – SEPTEMBER 1997 – REVISED APRIL 2007 FEATURES • • Output Voltage Range Adjustable From 1.25 V to 37 V Output Current Greater Than 1.5 A Internal Short-Circuit Current Limiting Thermal Overload Protection Output Safe-Area Compensation KC (TO-220) PACKAGE (TOP VIEW) OUTPUT OUTPUT DCY (SOT-223) PACKAGE (TOP VIEW) • • INPUT OUTPUT INPUT OUTPUT ADJUST KCS (TO-220) PACKAGE (TOP VIEW) OUTPUT • INPUT OUTPUT ADJUST ADJUST OUTPUT KTE PACKAGE (TOP VIEW) KTT (TO-263) PACKAGE (TOP VIEW) INPUT INPUT OUTPUT ADJUST OUTPUT ADJUST DESCRIPTION/ORDERING INFORMATION The LM317 is an adjustable three-terminal positive-voltage regulator capable of supplying more than 1.5 A over an output-voltage range of 1.25 V to 37 V. It is exceptionally easy to use and requires only two external resistors to set the output voltage. Furthermore, both line and load regulation are better than standard fixed regulators. In addition to having higher performance than fixed regulators, this device includes on-chip current limiting, thermal overload protection, and safe operating-area protection. All overload protection remains fully functional, even if the ADJUST terminal is disconnected. The LM317 is versatile in its applications, including uses in programmable output regulation and local on-card regulation. Or, by connecting a fixed resistor between the ADJUST and OUTPUT terminals, the LM317 can function as a precision current regulator. An optional output capacitor can be added to improve transient response. The ADJUST terminal can be bypassed to achieve very high ripple-rejection ratios, which are difficult to achieve with standard three-terminal regulators. ORDERING INFORMATION (1) PACKAGE (2) TA PowerFLEX™ – KTE LM317KTER Tube of 80 LM317DCY Reel of 2500 LM317DCYR TO-220 – KC Tube of 50 LM317KC TO-220, short shoulder – KCS Tube of 20 LM317KCS TO-263 – KTT Reel of 500 LM317KTTR SOT-223 – DCY 0°C to 125°C (1) (2) ORDERABLE PART NUMBER Reel of 2000 TOP-SIDE MARKING LM317 L3 LM317 LM317 For the most current package and ordering information, see the Package Option Addendum at the end of this document, or see the TI web site at www.ti.com. Package drawings, standard packing quantities, thermal data, symbolization, and PCB design guidelines are available at www.ti.com/sc/package. Please be aware that an important notice concerning availability, standard warranty, and use in critical applications of Texas Instruments semiconductor products and disclaimers thereto appears at the end of this data sheet. PowerFLEX, PowerPAD are trademarks of Texas Instruments. PRODUCTION DATA information is current as of publication date. Products conform to specifications per the terms of the Texas Instruments standard warranty. Production processing does not necessarily include testing of all parameters. Copyright © 1997–2007, Texas Instruments Incorporated LM317 3-TERMINAL ADJUSTABLE REGULATOR www.ti.com SLVS044R – SEPTEMBER 1997 – REVISED APRIL 2007 SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM INPUT OUTPUT ADJUST Absolute Maximum Ratings (1) over virtual junction temperature range (unless otherwise noted) MIN VI – VO Input-to-output differential voltage TJ Tstg (1) MAX UNIT 40 V Operating virtual junction temperature 150 °C Lead temperature 1,6 mm (1/16 in) from case for 10 s 260 °C 150 °C Storage temperature range –65 Stresses beyond those listed under "absolute maximum ratings" may cause permanent damage to the device. These are stress ratings only, and functional operation of the device at these or any other conditions beyond those indicated under "recommended operating conditions" is not implied. Exposure to absolute-maximum-rated conditions for extended periods may affect device reliability. Package Thermal Data (1) (1) (2) 2 PACKAGE BOARD θJA θJC θJP (2) PowerFLEX™ (KTE) High K, JESD 51-5 23°C/W 3°C/W SOT-223 (DCY) High K, JESD 51-7 53°C/W 30.6°C/W TO-220 (KC/KCS) High K, JESD 51-5 19°C/W 17°C/W 3°C/W TO-263 (KTT) High K, JESD 51-5 25.3°C/W 18°C/W 1.94°C/W Maximum power dissipation is a function of TJ(max), θJA, and TA. The maximum allowable power dissipation at any allowable ambient temperature is PD = (TJ(max) – TA)/θJA. Operating at the absolute maximum TJ of 150°C can affect reliability. For packages with exposed thermal pads, such as QFN, PowerPAD™, or PowerFLEX™, θJP is defined as the thermal resistance between the die junction and the bottom of the exposed pad. Submit Documentation Feedback LM317 3-TERMINAL ADJUSTABLE REGULATOR www.ti.com SLVS044R – SEPTEMBER 1997 – REVISED APRIL 2007 Recommended Operating Conditions MIN VI – VO Input-to-output differential voltage IO Output current 3 TJ Operating virtual junction temperature MAX 40 UNIT V 1.5 A 0 125 °C TYP MAX UNIT TJ = 25°C 0.01 0.04 TJ = 0°C to 125°C 0.02 0.07 25 mV 0.1 0.5 %VO Electrical Characteristics over recommended ranges of operating virtual junction temperature (unless otherwise noted) TEST CONDITIONS (1) PARAMETER Line regulation (2) Load regulation VI – VO = 3 V to 40 V IO = 10 mA to 1500 mA CADJ = 10 µF, (3) TJ = 25°C TJ = 0°C to 125°C Thermal regulation 20-ms pulse, MIN VO ≤ 5 V VO ≥ 5 V VO ≤ 5 V 20 70 mV VO ≥ 5 V 0.3 1.5 %VO 0.03 0.07 %VO/W 50 100 µA 0.2 5 µA 1.25 1.3 V TJ = 25°C ADJUST terminal current Change in ADJUST terminal current VI – VO = 2.5 V to 40 V, PD ≤ 20 W, IO = 10 mA to 1500 mA Reference voltage VI – VO = 3 V to 40 V, PD ≤ 20 W, IO = 10 mA to 1500 mA Output-voltage temperature stability TJ = 0°C to 125°C 0.7 Minimum load current to maintain regulation VI – VO = 40 V 3.5 Maximum output current VI – VO ≤ 15 V, PD < PMAX (4) VI – VO ≤ 40 V, PD < PMAX RMS output noise voltage f = 10 Hz to 10 kHz, (% of VO) Ripple rejection VO = 10 V, Long-term stability TJ = 25°C (1) (2) (3) (4) (4), TJ = 25°C 1.2 1.5 2.2 0.15 0.4 TJ = 25°C f = 120 Hz %/V %VO 10 A 0.003 CADJ = 0 µF (3) CADJ = 10 µF (3) %VO 57 62 dB 64 0.3 mA 1 %/1k hr Unless otherwise noted, the following test conditions apply: |VI – VO| = 5 V and IOMAX = 1.5 A, TJ = 0°C to 125°C. Pulse testing techniques are used to maintain the junction temperature as close to the ambient temperature as possible. Line regulation is expressed here as the percentage change in output voltage per 1-V change at the input. CADJ is connected between the ADJUST terminal and GND. Maximum power dissipation is a function of TJ(max), θJA, and TA. The maximum allowable power dissipation at any allowable ambient temperature is PD = (TJ(max) – TA)/θJA. Operating at the absolute maximum TJ of 150°C can affect reliability. Submit Documentation Feedback 3 LM317 3-TERMINAL ADJUSTABLE REGULATOR www.ti.com SLVS044R – SEPTEMBER 1997 – REVISED APRIL 2007 TYPICAL CHARACTERISTICS LOAD REGULATION LOAD REGULATION 1.4 10.01 TA = 25°C TA = –40°C 1.2 10.005 TA = –40°C 1 0.8 TA = 25°C V OUT – V V OUT – V 10 9.995 TA = 125°C 9.99 0.6 0.4 TA = 125°C 0.2 0 9.985 -0.2 VOUT = 10 V Nom VOUT = VREF 9.98 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3 3.2 3.4 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 -0.4 IOUT – A IOUT – A LOAD TRANSIENT RESPONSE 10.4 -1.5 -4 9.4 -4.5 9.2 CADJ = 0 µF 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 -10 -20 9 -30 -5 9.8 -3.5 9.6 -4 9.4 -4.5 -5 9 Tim e – µs Tim e – µs 4 9.2 CADJ = 10 µF Submit Documentation Feedback 70 9.6 -3 60 -3.5 10 50 9.8 -2.5 40 -3 10.2 VOUT 30 10 -2 20 -2.5 10.4 10 10.2 VOUT 10.6 VIN 0 -2 -1 -10 -1.5 10.6 10.8 -20 VIN -0.5 11 -30 -1 10.8 Load Current – A -0.5 Load Current – A 0 11 V OUT Deviation – V 0 LOAD TRANSIENT RESPONSE LM317 3-TERMINAL ADJUSTABLE REGULATOR www.ti.com SLVS044R – SEPTEMBER 1997 – REVISED APRIL 2007 TYPICAL CHARACTERISTICS (continued) LINE REGULATION LINE TRANSIENT RESPONSE 20 1.285 10.10 CADJ = 0 µF 1.28 19 10.08 VOUT V IN Change – V 1.27 V OUT – V TA = –40°C 1.265 TA = 25°C 1.26 TA = 125°C 1.255 18 10.06 17 10.04 VIN 16 10.02 15 10.00 14 9.98 V OUT – V 1.275 1.25 V IN – V 65 55 45 35 25 Tim e – µs RIPPLE REJECTION vs FREQUENCY LINE TRANSIENT RESPONSE 20 -90 10.12 CADJ = 10 µF VOUT 10.10 -80 10.08 -70 10.06 17 10.04 VIN 16 10.02 15 V OUT – V 18 Ripple Rejection – dB 19 V IN = 15 V V OUT = 10 V IOUT = 500 m A TA = 25°C CADJ = 0 µF -60 CADJ = 10 µF -50 -40 -30 10.00 -20 Tim e – µs 65 55 45 35 25 15 5 -5 9.98 -15 14 -25 V IN Change – V 15 5 -5 -25 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 1.24 -15 1.245 -10 100 100 1k 1000 10k 10000 100k 100000 1M 1000000 Frequency – Hz Submit Documentation Feedback 5 LM317 3-TERMINAL ADJUSTABLE REGULATOR www.ti.com SLVS044R – SEPTEMBER 1997 – REVISED APRIL 2007 TYPICAL CHARACTERISTICS (continued) RIPPLE REJECTION vs OUTPUT CURRENT RIPPLE REJECTION vs OUTPUT VOLTAGE -68 -75 -66 -70 -65 Ripple Rejection – dB Ripple Rejection – dB -64 -62 -60 -58 -56 V IN = 15 V V OUT = 10 V f = 120 Hz TA = 25°C -54 -52 -60 -55 -50 V IN – V OUT = 15 V IOUT = 500 m A f = 120 Hz TA = 25°C -45 -40 IOUT – A 1.5 1.4 1.3 1.2 1 1.1 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0 0.1 -50 -35 5 10 15 20 V OUT – V 6 Submit Documentation Feedback 25 30 35 LM317 3-TERMINAL ADJUSTABLE REGULATOR www.ti.com SLVS044R – SEPTEMBER 1997 – REVISED APRIL 2007 APPLICATION INFORMATION D1 (Note E) 1N4002 VI Input Output LM317 R1 240 Ω Adjust Ci (Note A) 0.1 µF VO (Note C) Vref = 1.25 V IAdj D2 (Note E) 1N4002 CO (Note B) 1.0 µF CADJ (Note D) R2 NOTES: A. Ci is not required, but is recommended, particularly if the regulator is not in close proximity to the power-supply filter capacitors. A 0.1-µF disc or 1-µF tantalum provides sufficient bypassing for most applications, especially when adjustment and output capacitors are used. B. CO improves transient response, but is not needed for stability. C. VO is calculated as shown: ǒ VO + V ref 1 ) R2 R1 Ǔ ) (I Adj R 2) Because IAdj typically is 50 µA, it is negligible in most applications. D. CADJ is used to improve ripple rejection; it prevents amplification of the ripple as the output voltage is adjusted higher. If CADJ is used, it is best to include protection diodes. E. If the input is shorted to ground during a fault condition, protection diodes provide measures to prevent the possibility of external capacitors discharging through low-impedance paths in the IC. By providing low-impedance discharge paths for CO and CADJ, respectively, D1 and D2 prevent the capacitors from discharging into the output of the regulator. Figure 1. Adjustable Voltage Regulator Submit Documentation Feedback 7 LM317 3-TERMINAL ADJUSTABLE REGULATOR www.ti.com SLVS044R – SEPTEMBER 1997 – REVISED APRIL 2007 APPLICATION INFORMATION (continued) LM317 +35 V INPUT OUTPUT VO R1 120 Ω ADJUST −10 V C1 0.1 µF R3 680 Ω R2 3 kΩ VO is calculated as: ǒ Ǔ VO + Vref 1 ) R2 ) R3 ) I Adj(R2 ) R3) – 10 V R1 Since IAdj typically is 50 µA, it is negligible in most applications. Figure 2. 0-V to 30-V Regulator Circuit LM317 VI INPUT VO OUTPUT ADJUST R1 240 Ω D1 1N4002 (see Note A) C1 0.1 µF C3 1 µF R2 5 kΩ C2 10 µF NOTE A: D1 discharges C2 if the output is shorted to ground. Figure 3. Adjustable Regulator Circuit With Improved Ripple Rejection LM317 VI INPUT OUTPUT ADJUST R1 Ilimit + 1.2 R1 Figure 4. Precision Current-Limiter Circuit 8 Submit Documentation Feedback LM317 3-TERMINAL ADJUSTABLE REGULATOR www.ti.com SLVS044R – SEPTEMBER 1997 – REVISED APRIL 2007 APPLICATION INFORMATION (continued) R2 720 Ω R1 240 Ω ADJUST VI INPUT OUTPUT LM317 LM317 INPUT OUTPUT VO R3 120 Ω ADJUST C1 0.1 µF C2 1 µF Output Adjust R4 1 kΩ Figure 5. Tracking Preregulator Circuit LM317 INPUT VI VO OUTPUT ADJUST R1 1.2 kΩ R2 20 kΩ Figure 6. 1.25-V to 20-V Regulator Circuit With Minimum Program Current LM317 VI INPUT OUTPUT ADJUST LM317 VO(1) VI INPUT R1 120 Ω OUTPUT LM317 VO(1) VI ADJUST INPUT OUTPUT VO(1) ADJUST R2 1 kΩ (1) Minimum load current from each output is 10 mA. All output voltages are within 200 mV of each other. Figure 7. Adjusting Multiple On-Card Regulators With a Single Control Submit Documentation Feedback 9 LM317 3-TERMINAL ADJUSTABLE REGULATOR www.ti.com SLVS044R – SEPTEMBER 1997 – REVISED APRIL 2007 APPLICATION INFORMATION (continued) RS 0.2 Ω (see Note A) LM317 INPUT VI OUTPUT R1 240 Ω ADJUST R2 2.4 kΩ NOTE A: RS controls the output impedance of the charger. ZOUT + RS 1 ) R2 R1 The use of RS allows for low charging rates with a fully charged battery. ǒ Ǔ Figure 8. Battery-Charger Circuit LM317 VI INPUT 24 Ω OUTPUT ADJUST Figure 9. 50-mA Constant-Current Battery-Charger Circuit LM317 VI INPUT OUTPUT ADJUST VO = 15 V R1 240 Ω D1 1N4002 R3 50 kΩ R2 2.7 kΩ 2N2905 C1 25 µF Figure 10. Slow Turn-On 15-V Regulator Circuit 10 Submit Documentation Feedback LM317 3-TERMINAL ADJUSTABLE REGULATOR www.ti.com SLVS044R – SEPTEMBER 1997 – REVISED APRIL 2007 APPLICATION INFORMATION (continued) LM317 INPUT VI OUTPUT 480 Ω ADJUST 120 Ω 12 VI(PP) 120 Ω ADJUST INPUT VI 480 Ω 6 VO(PP) 2 W (TYP) OUTPUT LM317 Figure 11. AC Voltage-Regulator Circuit LM317 VI+ INPUT OUTPUT ADJUST R1 240 Ω R2 1.1 kΩ R3 (see Note A) VI− NOTE A: R3 sets the peak current (0.6 A for a 1-Ω resistor). Figure 12. Current-Limited 6-V Charger Circuit Submit Documentation Feedback 11 LM317 3-TERMINAL ADJUSTABLE REGULATOR www.ti.com SLVS044R – SEPTEMBER 1997 – REVISED APRIL 2007 APPLICATION INFORMATION (continued) LM317 VI INPUT 0.2 Ω OUTPUT ADJUST LM317 INPUT 0.2 Ω OUTPUT ADJUST 4.5 V to 25 V LM317 INPUT 0.2 Ω OUTPUT ADJUST 5 kΩ 100 Ω 5 kΩ _ TL080 + 2N2905 150 Ω 200 pF 1.5 kΩ Figure 13. Adjustable 4-A Regulator Circuit TIP73 2N2905 VI 500 Ω 5 kΩ 22 Ω LM317 INPUT VO OUTPUT ADJUST 120 Ω 10 µF 10 µF (see Note B) 1N4002 See Note A NOTES: A. The minimum load current is 30 mA. B. This optional capacitor improves ripple rejection. Figure 14. High-Current Adjustable Regulator Circuit 12 Submit Documentation Feedback 47 µF PACKAGE OPTION ADDENDUM www.ti.com 20-Apr-2007 PACKAGING INFORMATION Orderable Device Status (1) Package Type Package Drawing Pins Package Eco Plan (2) Qty LM317DCY ACTIVE SOT-223 DCY 4 80 Green (RoHS & no Sb/Br) CU SN Level-2-260C-1YEAR LM317DCYG3 ACTIVE SOT-223 DCY 4 80 Green (RoHS & no Sb/Br) CU SN Level-2-260C-1YEAR LM317DCYR ACTIVE SOT-223 DCY 4 2500 Green (RoHS & no Sb/Br) CU SN Level-2-260C-1YEAR LM317DCYRG3 ACTIVE SOT-223 DCY 4 2500 Green (RoHS & no Sb/Br) CU SN Level-2-260C-1YEAR LM317KC NRND TO-220 KC 3 50 Pb-Free (RoHS) CU SN N / A for Pkg Type LM317KCE3 NRND TO-220 KC 3 50 Pb-Free (RoHS) CU SN N / A for Pkg Type LM317KCS ACTIVE TO-220 KCS 3 50 Pb-Free (RoHS) CU SN N / A for Pkg Type Lead/Ball Finish MSL Peak Temp (3) LM317KTER NRND PFM KTE 3 2000 TBD CU SN Level-3-240C-168 HR LM317KTTR ACTIVE DDPAK/ TO-263 KTT 3 500 Green (RoHS & no Sb/Br) CU SN Level-3-245C-168 HR LM317KTTRG3 ACTIVE DDPAK/ TO-263 KTT 3 500 Green (RoHS & no Sb/Br) CU SN Level-3-245C-168 HR (1) The marketing status values are defined as follows: ACTIVE: Product device recommended for new designs. LIFEBUY: TI has announced that the device will be discontinued, and a lifetime-buy period is in effect. NRND: Not recommended for new designs. Device is in production to support existing customers, but TI does not recommend using this part in a new design. PREVIEW: Device has been announced but is not in production. Samples may or may not be available. OBSOLETE: TI has discontinued the production of the device. (2) Eco Plan - The planned eco-friendly classification: Pb-Free (RoHS), Pb-Free (RoHS Exempt), or Green (RoHS & no Sb/Br) - please check http://www.ti.com/productcontent for the latest availability information and additional product content details. TBD: The Pb-Free/Green conversion plan has not been defined. Pb-Free (RoHS): TI's terms "Lead-Free" or "Pb-Free" mean semiconductor products that are compatible with the current RoHS requirements for all 6 substances, including the requirement that lead not exceed 0.1% by weight in homogeneous materials. Where designed to be soldered at high temperatures, TI Pb-Free products are suitable for use in specified lead-free processes. Pb-Free (RoHS Exempt): This component has a RoHS exemption for either 1) lead-based flip-chip solder bumps used between the die and package, or 2) lead-based die adhesive used between the die and leadframe. The component is otherwise considered Pb-Free (RoHS compatible) as defined above. Green (RoHS & no Sb/Br): TI defines "Green" to mean Pb-Free (RoHS compatible), and free of Bromine (Br) and Antimony (Sb) based flame retardants (Br or Sb do not exceed 0.1% by weight in homogeneous material) (3) MSL, Peak Temp. -- The Moisture Sensitivity Level rating according to the JEDEC industry standard classifications, and peak solder temperature. Important Information and Disclaimer:The information provided on this page represents TI's knowledge and belief as of the date that it is provided. TI bases its knowledge and belief on information provided by third parties, and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of such information. Efforts are underway to better integrate information from third parties. TI has taken and continues to take reasonable steps to provide representative and accurate information but may not have conducted destructive testing or chemical analysis on incoming materials and chemicals. TI and TI suppliers consider certain information to be proprietary, and thus CAS numbers and other limited information may not be available for release. In no event shall TI's liability arising out of such information exceed the total purchase price of the TI part(s) at issue in this document sold by TI to Customer on an annual basis. Addendum-Page 1 PACKAGE MATERIALS INFORMATION www.ti.com 30-Apr-2007 TAPE AND REEL INFORMATION Pack Materials-Page 1 PACKAGE MATERIALS INFORMATION www.ti.com Device LM317KTER 30-Apr-2007 Package Pins KTE 3 Site Reel Diameter (mm) Reel Width (mm) A0 (mm) B0 (mm) K0 (mm) P1 (mm) SEM 0 0 9.8 11.0 2.45 12 TAPE AND REEL BOX INFORMATION Device Package Pins Site Length (mm) Width (mm) Height (mm) LM317KTER KTE 3 SEM 333.2 333.2 31.75 Pack Materials-Page 2 W Pin1 (mm) Quadrant 24 NONE MECHANICAL DATA MPDS094A – APRIL 2001 – REVISED JUNE 2002 DCY (R-PDSO-G4) PLASTIC SMALL-OUTLINE 6,70 (0.264) 6,30 (0.248) 3,10 (0.122) 2,90 (0.114) 4 0,10 (0.004) M 3,70 (0.146) 3,30 (0.130) 7,30 (0.287) 6,70 (0.264) Gauge Plane 1 2 0,84 (0.033) 0,66 (0.026) 2,30 (0.091) 4,60 (0.181) 1,80 (0.071) MAX 3 0°–10° 0,10 (0.004) M 0,25 (0.010) 0,75 (0.030) MIN 1,70 (0.067) 1,50 (0.059) 0,35 (0.014) 0,23 (0.009) Seating Plane 0,08 (0.003) 0,10 (0.0040) 0,02 (0.0008) 4202506/B 06/2002 NOTES: A. B. C. D. All linear dimensions are in millimeters (inches). This drawing is subject to change without notice. Body dimensions do not include mold flash or protrusion. Falls within JEDEC TO-261 Variation AA. POST OFFICE BOX 655303 • DALLAS, TEXAS 75265 MECHANICAL DATA MPFM001E – OCTOBER 1994 – REVISED JANUARY 2001 KTE (R-PSFM-G3) PowerFLEX PLASTIC FLANGE-MOUNT 0.375 (9,52) 0.080 (2,03) 0.070 (1,78) 0.365 (9,27) 0.360 (9,14) 0.050 (1,27) 0.040 (1,02) 0.350 (8,89) 0.220 (5,59) NOM 0.010 (0,25) NOM Thermal Tab (See Note C) 0.360 (9,14) 0.350 (8,89) 0.295 (7,49) NOM 0.320 (8,13) 0.310 (7,87) 0.420 (10,67) 0.410 (10,41) 1 3 0.025 (0,63) 0.031 (0,79) 0.100 (2,54) Seating Plane 0.004 (0,10) 0.010 (0,25) M 0.005 (0,13) 0.001 (0,03) 0.200 (5,08) 0.041 (1,04) 0.031 (0,79) 0.010 (0,25) NOM Gage Plane 3°– 6° 0.010 (0,25) 4073375/F 12/00 NOTES: A. B. C. D. E. All linear dimensions are in inches (millimeters). This drawing is subject to change without notice. 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