±
SLLS410I − JANUARY 2000 − REVISED JANUARY 2004
D RS-232 Bus-Pin ESD Protection Exceeds
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D, DB, DW, OR PW PACKAGE
(TOP VIEW)
±15 kV Using Human-Body Model (HBM)
Meets or Exceeds the Requirements of
TIA/EIA-232-F and ITU v.28 Standards
Operates With 3-V to 5.5-V VCC Supply
Operates Up To 250 kbit/s
Two Drivers and Two Receivers
Low Supply Current . . . 300 µA Typical
External Capacitors . . . 4 × 0.1 µF
Accepts 5-V Logic Input With 3.3-V Supply
Alternative High-Speed Pin-Compatible
Device (1 Mbit/s)
− SNx5C3232
Applications
− Battery-Powered Systems, PDAs,
Notebooks, Laptops, Palmtop PCs, and
Hand-Held Equipment
C1+
V+
C1−
C2+
C2−
V−
DOUT2
RIN2
1
16
2
15
3
14
4
13
5
12
6
11
7
10
8
9
VCC
GND
DOUT1
RIN1
ROUT1
DIN1
DIN2
ROUT2
description/ordering information
ORDERING INFORMATION
ORDERABLE
PART NUMBER
PACKAGE†
TA
SOIC (D)
SOIC (DW)
−0°C to 70°C
SSOP (DB)
TSSOP (PW)
SOIC (D)
SOIC (DW)
−40°C to 85°C
SSOP (DB)
TSSOP (PW)
Tube of 40
MAX3232CD
Reel of 2500
MAX3232CDR
Tube of 40
MAX3232CDW
Reel of 2000
MAX3232CDWR
Tube of 80
MAX3232CDB
Reel of 2000
MAX3232CDBR
Tube of 90
MAX3232CPW
Reel of 2000
MAX3232CPWR
Tube of 40
MAX3232ID
Reel of 2500
MAX3232IDR
Tube of 40
MAX3232IDW
Reel of 2000
MAX3232IDWR
Tube of 80
MAX3232IDB
Reel of 2000
MAX3232IDBR
Tube of 90
MAX3232IPW
Reel of 2000
MAX3232IPWR
TOP-SIDE
MARKING
MAX3232C
MAX3232C
MA3232C
MA3232C
MAX3232I
MAX3232I
MB3232I
MB3232I
† Package drawings, standard packing quantities, thermal data, symbolization, and PCB design guidelines are
available at www.ti.com/sc/package.
Please be aware that an important notice concerning availability, standard warranty, and use in critical applications of
Texas Instruments semiconductor products and disclaimers thereto appears at the end of this data sheet.
Copyright 2004, Texas Instruments Incorporated
!"# $ %&'# "$ (&)*%"# +"#'
+&%#$ %! # $('%%"#$ (' #,' #'!$ '-"$ $#&!'#$
$#"+"+ .""#/ +&%# (%'$$0 +'$ # '%'$$"*/ %*&+'
#'$#0 "** (""!'#'$
POST OFFICE BOX 655303
• DALLAS, TEXAS 75265
1
±
SLLS410I − JANUARY 2000 − REVISED JANUARY 2004
description/ordering information (continued)
The MAX3232 device consists of two line drivers, two line receivers, and a dual charge-pump circuit with
±15-kV ESD protection pin to pin (serial-port connection pins, including GND). The device meets the
requirements of TIA/EIA-232-F and provides the electrical interface between an asynchronous communication
controller and the serial-port connector. The charge pump and four small external capacitors allow operation
from a single 3-V to 5.5-V supply. The devices operate at data signaling rates up to 250 kbit/s and a maximum
of 30-V/µs driver output slew rate.
Function Tables
EACH DRIVER
INPUT
DIN
OUTPUT
DOUT
L
H
H
L
H = high level, L = low
level
EACH RECEIVER
INPUT
RIN
OUTPUT
ROUT
L
H
H
L
Open
H
H = high level, L = low
level, Open = input
disconnected
or
connected driver off
logic diagram (positive logic)
11
14
DIN1
DOUT1
10
7
DIN2
DOUT2
12
13
ROUT1
RIN1
9
ROUT2
2
POST OFFICE BOX 655303
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RIN2
• DALLAS, TEXAS 75265
±
SLLS410I − JANUARY 2000 − REVISED JANUARY 2004
absolute maximum ratings over operating free-air temperature range (unless otherwise noted)†
Supply voltage range, VCC (see Note 1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . −0.3 V to 6 V
Positive output supply voltage range, V+ (see Note 1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . −0.3 V to 7 V
Negative output supply voltage range, V− (see Note 1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.3 V to −7 V
Supply voltage difference, V+ − V− (see Note 1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 V
Input voltage range, VI: Drivers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . −0.3 V to 6 V
Receivers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . −25 V to 25 V
Output voltage range, VO: Drivers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . −13.2 V to 13.2 V
Receivers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . −0.3 V to VCC + 0.3 V
Package thermal impedance, θJA (see Notes 2 and 3): D package . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73°C/W
DB package . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82°C/W
DW package . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57°C/W
PW package . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108°C/W
Operating virtual junction temperature, TJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150°C
Storage temperature range, Tstg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . −65°C to 150°C
† Stresses beyond those listed under “absolute maximum ratings” may cause permanent damage to the device. These are stress ratings only, and
functional operation of the device at these or any other conditions beyond those indicated under “recommended operating conditions” is not
implied. Exposure to absolute-maximum-rated conditions for extended periods may affect device reliability.
NOTES: 1. All voltages are with respect to network GND.
2. Maximum power dissipation is a function of TJ(max), θJA, and TA. The maximum allowable power dissipation at any allowable
ambient temperature is PD = (TJ(max) − TA)/θJA. Operating at the absolute maximum TJ of 150°C can affect reliability.
3. The package thermal impedance is calculated in accordance with JESD 51-7.
recommended operating conditions (see Note 4 and Figure 4)
Supply voltage
VIH
Driver high-level input voltage
VIL
Driver low-level input voltage
VCC = 5 V
DIN
Driver input voltage
DIN
VI
Receiver input voltage
TA
Operating free-air temperature
DIN
VCC = 3.3 V
VCC = 5 V
VCC = 3.3 V
MAX3232C
MAX3232I
MIN
NOM
MAX
3
3.3
3.6
4.5
5
5.5
UNIT
V
2
V
2.4
0.8
0
5.5
−25
25
0
70
−40
85
V
V
°C
NOTE 4: Test conditions are C1−C4 = 0.1 µF at VCC = 3.3 V ± 0.3 V; C1 = 0.047 µF, C2−C4 = 0.33 µF at VCC = 5 V ± 0.5 V.
electrical characteristics over recommended ranges of supply voltage and operating free-air
temperature (unless otherwise noted) (see Note 4 and Figure 4)
PARAMETER
TEST CONDITIONS
ICC
MIN
TYP‡
Supply current
No load,
VCC = 3.3 V or 5 V
0.3
‡ All typical values are at VCC = 3.3 V or VCC = 5 V, and TA = 25°C.
NOTE 4: Test conditions are C1−C4 = 0.1 µF at VCC = 3.3 V ± 0.3 V; C1 = 0.047 µF, C2−C4 = 0.33 µF at VCC = 5 V ± 0.5 V.
POST OFFICE BOX 655303
• DALLAS, TEXAS 75265
MAX
1
UNIT
mA
3
±
SLLS410I − JANUARY 2000 − REVISED JANUARY 2004
DRIVER SECTION
electrical characteristics over recommended ranges of supply voltage and operating free-air
temperature (unless otherwise noted) (see Note 4 and Figure 4)
PARAMETER
TEST CONDITIONS
MIN
TYP†
VOH
VOL
High-level output voltage
DOUT at RL = 3 kΩ to GND,
DIN = GND
5
5.4
Low-level output voltage
DOUT at RL = 3 kΩ to GND,
DIN = VCC
−5
−5.4
IIH
IIL
High-level input current
VI = VCC
VI at GND
IOS‡
Low-level input current
Short-circuit output current
VCC = 3.6 V,
VCC = 5.5 V,
VO = 0 V
VO = 0 V
MAX
UNIT
V
V
±0.01
±1
µA
±0.01
±1
µA
±35
±60
mA
ro
Output resistance
VCC, V+, and V− = 0 V,
VO = ±2 V
300
10M
W
† All typical values are at VCC = 3.3 V or VCC = 5 V, and TA = 25°C.
‡ Short-circuit durations should be controlled to prevent exceeding the device absolute power dissipation ratings, and not more than one output
should be shorted at a time.
NOTE 4: Test conditions are C1−C4 = 0.1 µF at VCC = 3.3 V ± 0.3 V; C1 = 0.047 µF, C2−C4 = 0.33 µF at VCC = 5 V ± 0.5 V.
switching characteristics over recommended ranges of supply voltage and operating free-air
temperature (unless otherwise noted) (see Note 4 and Figure 4)
PARAMETER
TEST CONDITIONS
Maximum data rate
CL = 1000 pF,
One DOUT switching,
RL = 3 kΩ,
See Figure 1
tsk(p)
Pulse skew§
CL = 150 pF to 2500 pF
RL = 3 kΩ to 7 kΩ,
See Figure 2
SR(tr)
Slew rate, transition region
(see Figure 1)
RL = 3 kΩ to 7 kΩ,
VCC = 3.3 V
MIN
TYP†
150
250
kbit/s
300
ns
CL = 150 pF to 1000 pF
6
30
CL = 150 pF to 2500 pF
4
30
† All typical values are at VCC = 3.3 V or VCC = 5 V, and TA = 25°C.
§ Pulse skew is defined as |tPLH − tPHL| of each channel of the same device.
NOTE 4: Test conditions are C1−C4 = 0.1 µF at VCC = 3.3 V ± 0.3 V; C1 = 0.047 µF, C2−C4 = 0.33 µF at VCC = 5 V ± 0.5 V.
4
POST OFFICE BOX 655303
MAX
• DALLAS, TEXAS 75265
UNIT
V/µs
±
SLLS410I − JANUARY 2000 − REVISED JANUARY 2004
RECEIVER SECTION
electrical characteristics over recommended ranges of supply voltage and operating free-air
temperature (unless otherwise noted) (see Note 4 and Figure 4)
PARAMETER
VOH
VOL
TEST CONDITIONS
High-level output voltage
MIN
IOH = −1 mA
IOL = 1.6 mA
Low-level output voltage
VIT+
Positive-going input threshold voltage
VCC = 3.3 V
VCC = 5 V
VIT−
Negative-going input threshold voltage
VCC = 3.3 V
VCC = 5 V
Vhys
ri
Input hysteresis (VIT+ − VIT−)
VCC−0.6 V
TYP†
MAX
UNIT
VCC−0.1 V
V
0.4
1.5
2.4
1.8
2.4
0.6
1.2
0.8
1.5
V
V
V
0.3
V
VI = ±3 V to ±25 V
3
5
† All typical values are at VCC = 3.3 V or VCC = 5 V, and TA = 25°C.
NOTE 4: Test conditions are C1−C4 = 0.1 µF at VCC = 3.3 V ± 0.3 V; C1 = 0.047 µF, C2−C4 = 0.33 µF at VCC = 5 V ± 0.5 V.
Input resistance
7
kW
switching characteristics over recommended ranges of supply voltage and operating free-air
temperature (unless otherwise noted) (see Note 4 and Figure 3)
PARAMETER
TEST CONDITIONS
tPLH
tPHL
Propagation delay time, low- to high-level output
tsk(p)
Pulse skew‡
CL= 150 pF
Propagation delay time, high- to low-level output
MIN
TYP†
MAX
UNIT
300
ns
300
ns
300
ns
† All typical values are at VCC = 3.3 V or VCC = 5 V, and TA = 25°C.
‡ Pulse skew is defined as |tPLH − tPHL| of each channel of the same device.
NOTE 4: Test conditions are C1−C4 = 0.1 µF at VCC = 3.3 V ± 0.3 V; C1 = 0.047 µF, C2−C4 = 0.33 µF at VCC = 5 V ± 0.5 V.
PARAMETER MEASUREMENT INFORMATION
3V
Input
Generator
(see Note B)
1.5 V
RS-232
Output
50 Ω
RL
1.5 V
0V
tTHL
CL
(see Note A)
Output
tTLH
3V
−3 V
TEST CIRCUIT
SR(tr) +
t
THL
6V
or t
3V
−3 V
VOH
VOL
VOLTAGE WAVEFORMS
TLH
NOTES: A. CL includes probe and jig capacitance.
B. The pulse generator has the following characteristics: PRR = 250 kbit/s, ZO = 50 Ω, 50% duty cycle, tr ≤ 10 ns, tf ≤ 10 ns.
Figure 1. Driver Slew Rate
POST OFFICE BOX 655303
• DALLAS, TEXAS 75265
5
±
SLLS410I − JANUARY 2000 − REVISED JANUARY 2004
PARAMETER MEASUREMENT INFORMATION
3V
Generator
(see Note B)
RS-232
Output
50 Ω
RL
1.5 V
Input
1.5 V
0V
CL
(see Note A)
tPHL
tPLH
VOH
50%
50%
Output
VOL
TEST CIRCUIT
VOLTAGE WAVEFORMS
NOTES: A. CL includes probe and jig capacitance.
B. The pulse generator has the following characteristics: PRR = 250 kbit/s, ZO = 50 Ω, 50% duty cycle, tr ≤ 10 ns, tf ≤ 10 ns.
Figure 2. Driver Pulse Skew
3V
Input
1.5 V
1.5 V
−3 V
Output
Generator
(see Note B)
50 Ω
tPHL
CL
(see Note A)
tPLH
VOH
50%
Output
50%
VOL
TEST CIRCUIT
VOLTAGE WAVEFORMS
NOTES: A. CL includes probe and jig capacitance.
B. The pulse generator has the following characteristics: ZO = 50 Ω, 50% duty cycle, tr ≤ 10 ns, tf ≤ 10 ns.
Figure 3. Receiver Propagation Delay Times
6
POST OFFICE BOX 655303
• DALLAS, TEXAS 75265
±
SLLS410I − JANUARY 2000 − REVISED JANUARY 2004
APPLICATION INFORMATION
1
+ CBYPASS
− = 0.1µF
+
C1
−
VCC 16
C1+
2
†+
C3
−
3
4
V+
GND
14
DOUT1
C1−
13
C2+
+
C2
15
RIN1
5 kΩ
−
5 C2−
12
6
C4
DOUT2
RIN2
−
V−
11
ROUT1
DIN1
+
7
10
8
9
DIN2
ROUT2
5 kΩ
† C3 can be connected to VCC or GND.
NOTES: A. Resistor values shown are nominal.
B. Nonpolarized ceramic capacitors are acceptable. If polarized tantalum or electrolytic capacitors are used, they should be
connected as shown.
VCC vs CAPACITOR VALUES
VCC
C1
C2, C3, C4
3.3 V ± 0.3 V
5 V ± 0.5 V
3 V to 5.5 V
0.1 µF
0.047 µF
0.1 µF
0.1 µF
0.33 µF
0.47 µF
Figure 4. Typical Operating Circuit and Capacitor Values
POST OFFICE BOX 655303
• DALLAS, TEXAS 75265
7
PACKAGE OPTION ADDENDUM
www.ti.com
4-Mar-2005
PACKAGING INFORMATION
Orderable Device
Status (1)
Package
Type
Package
Drawing
Pins Package Eco Plan (2)
Qty
Lead/Ball Finish
MSL Peak Temp (3)
MAX3232CD
ACTIVE
SOIC
D
16
40
Pb-Free
(RoHS)
CU NIPDAU
Level-2-260C-1 YEAR/
Level-1-235C-UNLIM
MAX3232CDB
ACTIVE
SSOP
DB
16
80
Pb-Free
(RoHS)
CU NIPDAU
Level-2-260C-1 YEAR/
Level-1-235C-UNLIM
MAX3232CDBR
ACTIVE
SSOP
DB
16
2000
Pb-Free
(RoHS)
CU NIPDAU
Level-2-260C-1 YEAR/
Level-1-235C-UNLIM
MAX3232CDR
ACTIVE
SOIC
D
16
2500
Pb-Free
(RoHS)
CU NIPDAU
Level-2-260C-1 YEAR/
Level-1-235C-UNLIM
MAX3232CDW
ACTIVE
SOIC
DW
16
40
Pb-Free
(RoHS)
CU NIPDAU
Level-2-250C-1 YEAR/
Level-1-235C-UNLIM
MAX3232CDWR
ACTIVE
SOIC
DW
16
2000
Pb-Free
(RoHS)
CU NIPDAU
Level-2-250C-1 YEAR/
Level-1-235C-UNLIM
MAX3232CPW
ACTIVE
TSSOP
PW
16
90
Pb-Free
(RoHS)
CU NIPDAU
Level-1-250C-UNLIM
MAX3232CPWR
ACTIVE
TSSOP
PW
16
2000
Pb-Free
(RoHS)
CU NIPDAU
Level-1-250C-UNLIM
MAX3232ID
ACTIVE
SOIC
D
16
40
Pb-Free
(RoHS)
CU NIPDAU
Level-2-260C-1 YEAR/
Level-1-235C-UNLIM
MAX3232IDB
ACTIVE
SSOP
DB
16
80
Pb-Free
(RoHS)
CU NIPDAU
Level-2-260C-1 YEAR/
Level-1-235C-UNLIM
MAX3232IDBR
ACTIVE
SSOP
DB
16
2000
Pb-Free
(RoHS)
CU NIPDAU
Level-2-260C-1 YEAR/
Level-1-235C-UNLIM
MAX3232IDR
ACTIVE
SOIC
D
16
2500
Pb-Free
(RoHS)
CU NIPDAU
Level-2-260C-1 YEAR/
Level-1-235C-UNLIM
MAX3232IDW
ACTIVE
SOIC
DW
16
40
Pb-Free
(RoHS)
CU NIPDAU
Level-2-250C-1 YEAR/
Level-1-235C-UNLIM
MAX3232IDWR
ACTIVE
SOIC
DW
16
2000
Pb-Free
(RoHS)
CU NIPDAU
Level-2-250C-1 YEAR/
Level-1-235C-UNLIM
MAX3232IPW
ACTIVE
TSSOP
PW
16
90
Pb-Free
(RoHS)
CU NIPDAU
Level-1-250C-UNLIM
MAX3232IPWR
ACTIVE
TSSOP
PW
16
2000
Pb-Free
(RoHS)
CU NIPDAU
Level-1-250C-UNLIM
(1)
The marketing status values are defined as follows:
ACTIVE: Product device recommended for new designs.
LIFEBUY: TI has announced that the device will be discontinued, and a lifetime-buy period is in effect.
NRND: Not recommended for new designs. Device is in production to support existing customers, but TI does not recommend using this part in
a new design.
PREVIEW: Device has been announced but is not in production. Samples may or may not be available.
OBSOLETE: TI has discontinued the production of the device.
(2)
Eco Plan - May not be currently available - please check http://www.ti.com/productcontent for the latest availability information and additional
product content details.
None: Not yet available Lead (Pb-Free).
Pb-Free (RoHS): TI's terms "Lead-Free" or "Pb-Free" mean semiconductor products that are compatible with the current RoHS requirements
for all 6 substances, including the requirement that lead not exceed 0.1% by weight in homogeneous materials. Where designed to be soldered
at high temperatures, TI Pb-Free products are suitable for use in specified lead-free processes.
Green (RoHS & no Sb/Br): TI defines "Green" to mean "Pb-Free" and in addition, uses package materials that do not contain halogens,
including bromine (Br) or antimony (Sb) above 0.1% of total product weight.
(3)
MSL, Peak Temp. -- The Moisture Sensitivity Level rating according to the JEDECindustry standard classifications, and peak solder
temperature.
Addendum-Page 1
PACKAGE OPTION ADDENDUM
www.ti.com
4-Mar-2005
Important Information and Disclaimer:The information provided on this page represents TI's knowledge and belief as of the date that it is
provided. TI bases its knowledge and belief on information provided by third parties, and makes no representation or warranty as to the
accuracy of such information. Efforts are underway to better integrate information from third parties. TI has taken and continues to take
reasonable steps to provide representative and accurate information but may not have conducted destructive testing or chemical analysis on
incoming materials and chemicals. TI and TI suppliers consider certain information to be proprietary, and thus CAS numbers and other limited
information may not be available for release.
In no event shall TI's liability arising out of such information exceed the total purchase price of the TI part(s) at issue in this document sold by TI
to Customer on an annual basis.
Addendum-Page 2
MECHANICAL DATA
MSSO002E – JANUARY 1995 – REVISED DECEMBER 2001
DB (R-PDSO-G**)
PLASTIC SMALL-OUTLINE
28 PINS SHOWN
0,38
0,22
0,65
28
0,15 M
15
0,25
0,09
8,20
7,40
5,60
5,00
Gage Plane
1
14
0,25
A
0°–ā8°
0,95
0,55
Seating Plane
2,00 MAX
0,10
0,05 MIN
PINS **
14
16
20
24
28
30
38
A MAX
6,50
6,50
7,50
8,50
10,50
10,50
12,90
A MIN
5,90
5,90
6,90
7,90
9,90
9,90
12,30
DIM
4040065 /E 12/01
NOTES: A.
B.
C.
D.
All linear dimensions are in millimeters.
This drawing is subject to change without notice.
Body dimensions do not include mold flash or protrusion not to exceed 0,15.
Falls within JEDEC MO-150
POST OFFICE BOX 655303
• DALLAS, TEXAS 75265
MECHANICAL DATA
MTSS001C – JANUARY 1995 – REVISED FEBRUARY 1999
PW (R-PDSO-G**)
PLASTIC SMALL-OUTLINE PACKAGE
14 PINS SHOWN
0,30
0,19
0,65
14
0,10 M
8
0,15 NOM
4,50
4,30
6,60
6,20
Gage Plane
0,25
1
7
0°– 8°
A
0,75
0,50
Seating Plane
0,15
0,05
1,20 MAX
PINS **
0,10
8
14
16
20
24
28
A MAX
3,10
5,10
5,10
6,60
7,90
9,80
A MIN
2,90
4,90
4,90
6,40
7,70
9,60
DIM
4040064/F 01/97
NOTES: A.
B.
C.
D.
All linear dimensions are in millimeters.
This drawing is subject to change without notice.
Body dimensions do not include mold flash or protrusion not to exceed 0,15.
Falls within JEDEC MO-153
POST OFFICE BOX 655303
• DALLAS, TEXAS 75265
IMPORTANT NOTICE
Texas Instruments Incorporated and its subsidiaries (TI) reserve the right to make corrections, modifications,
enhancements, improvements, and other changes to its products and services at any time and to discontinue
any product or service without notice. Customers should obtain the latest relevant information before placing
orders and should verify that such information is current and complete. All products are sold subject to TI’s terms
and conditions of sale supplied at the time of order acknowledgment.
TI warrants performance of its hardware products to the specifications applicable at the time of sale in
accordance with TI’s standard warranty. Testing and other quality control techniques are used to the extent TI
deems necessary to support this warranty. Except where mandated by government requirements, testing of all
parameters of each product is not necessarily performed.
TI assumes no liability for applications assistance or customer product design. Customers are responsible for
their products and applications using TI components. To minimize the risks associated with customer products
and applications, customers should provide adequate design and operating safeguards.
TI does not warrant or represent that any license, either express or implied, is granted under any TI patent right,
copyright, mask work right, or other TI intellectual property right relating to any combination, machine, or process
in which TI products or services are used. Information published by TI regarding third-party products or services
does not constitute a license from TI to use such products or services or a warranty or endorsement thereof.
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