[ /Title (CD74 HC451 4, CD74 HC451 5) /Subject (High Speed CMOS CD54HC4514, CD74HC4514, CD74HC4515 Data sheet acquired from Harris Semiconductor SCHS280C November 1997 - Revised July 2003 High-Speed CMOS Logic 4- to 16-Line Decoder/Demultiplexer with Input Latches Features Description • Multifunction Capability - Binary to 1-of-16 Decoder - 1-to-16 Line Demultiplexer • Fanout (Over Temperature Range) The CD54HC4514, CD74HC4514, and CD74HC4515 are high-speed silicon gate devices consisting of a 4-bit strobed latch and a 4- to 16-line decoder. The selected output is enabled by a low on the enable input (E). A high on E inhibits selection of any output. Demultiplexing is accomplished by using the E input as the data input and the select inputs (A0A3) as addresses. This E input also serves as a chip select when these devices are cascaded. - Standard Outputs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 LSTTL Loads - Bus Driver Outputs . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 LSTTL Loads • Wide Operating Temperature Range . . . -55oC to 125oC When Latch Enable (LE) is high the output follows changes in the inputs (see truth table). When LE is low the output is isolated from changes in the input and remains at the level (high for the 4514, low for the 4515) it had before the latches were enabled. These devices, enhanced versions of the equivalent CMOS types, can drive 10 LSTTL loads. • Balanced Propagation Delay and Transition Times • Significant Power Reduction Compared to LSTTL Logic ICs • HC Types - 2V to 6V Operation - High Noise Immunity: NIL = 30%, NIH = 30% of VCC at VCC = 5V Ordering Information TEMP. RANGE (oC) PACKAGE CD54HC4514F3A -55 to 125 24 Ld CERDIP CD74HC4514E -55 to 125 24 Ld PDIP CD74HC4514EN -55 to 125 24 Ld PDIP CD74HC4514M -55 to 125 24 Ld SOIC CD74HC4514M96 -55 to 125 24 Ld SOIC CD74HC4515E -55 to 125 24 Ld PDIP CD74HC4515EN -55 to 125 24 Ld PDIP PART NUMBER Pinout CD54HC4514 (CERDIP) CD74HC4514, CD74HC4515 (PDIP, SOIC) TOP VIEW LE 1 24 VCC A0 2 23 E A1 3 22 A3 Y7 4 21 A2 CD74HC4515M -55 to 125 24 Ld SOIC Y6 5 20 Y10 CD74HC4515M96 -55 to 125 24 Ld SOIC Y5 6 19 Y11 Y4 7 18 Y8 Y3 8 17 Y9 Y1 9 16 Y14 Y2 10 15 Y15 Y0 11 14 Y12 GND 12 13 Y13 NOTE: When ordering, use the entire part number. The suffix 96 denotes tape and reel. CAUTION: These devices are sensitive to electrostatic discharge. Users should follow proper IC Handling Procedures. Copyright © 2003, Texas Instruments Incorporated 1 CD54HC4514, CD74HC4514, CD74HC4515 Functional Diagram A0 A1 A2 A3 2 3 21 LATCH 4-TO-16 DECODER 22 1 LE 23 HC 4514 11 Y0 9 Y1 10 Y2 8 Y3 7 Y4 6 Y5 5 Y6 4 Y7 18 Y8 17 Y9 20 Y10 19 Y11 14 Y12 13 Y13 16 Y14 15 Y15 HC 4515 Y0 Y1 Y2 Y3 Y4 Y5 Y6 Y7 Y8 Y9 Y10 Y11 Y12 Y13 Y14 Y15 GND = 12 VCC = 24 E DECODE TRUTH TABLE (LE = 1) DECODER INPUTS ENABLE A3 A2 A1 A0 ADDRESSED OUTPUT 4514 = LOGIC 1 (HIGH) 4515 = LOGIC 0 (HIGH) 0 0 0 0 0 Y0 0 0 0 0 1 Y1 0 0 0 1 0 Y2 0 0 0 1 1 Y3 0 0 1 0 0 Y4 0 0 1 0 1 Y5 0 0 1 1 0 Y6 0 0 1 1 1 Y7 0 1 0 0 0 Y8 0 1 0 0 1 Y9 0 1 0 1 0 Y10 0 1 0 1 1 Y11 0 1 1 0 0 Y12 0 1 1 0 1 Y13 0 1 1 1 0 Y14 0 1 1 1 1 Y15 1 X X X X All Outputs = 0, 4514 All Outputs = 1, 4515 X = Don’t Care; Logic 1 = High; Logic 0 = Low 2 CD54HC4514, CD74HC4514, CD74HC4515 Absolute Maximum Ratings Thermal Information DC Supply Voltage, VCC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -0.5V to 7V DC Input Diode Current, IIK For VI < -0.5V or VI > VCC + 0.5V . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .±20mA DC Output Diode Current, IOK For VO < -0.5V or VO > VCC + 0.5V . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .±20mA DC Drain Current, per Output, IO For -0.5V < VO < VCC + 0.5V. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .±25mA DC Output Source or Sink Current per Output Pin, IO For VO > -0.5V or VO < VCC + 0.5V . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .±25mA DC VCC or Ground Current, ICC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .±50mA Thermal Resistance (Typical) θJA (oC/W) E (PDIP) Package (Note 1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 EN (PDIP) Package (Note 1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 M (SOIC) Package (Note 2). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 Maximum Junction Temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150oC Maximum Storage Temperature Range . . . . . . . . . .-65oC to 150oC Maximum Lead Temperature (Soldering 10s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300oC (SOIC - Lead Tips Only) Operating Conditions Temperature Range (TA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -55oC to 125oC Supply Voltage Range, VCC HC Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2V to 6V DC Input or Output Voltage, VI, VO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0V to VCC Input Rise and Fall Time 2V . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1000ns (Max) 4.5V. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 500ns (Max) 6V . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 400ns (Max) CAUTION: Stresses above those listed in “Absolute Maximum Ratings” may cause permanent damage to the device. This is a stress only rating and operation of the device at these or any other conditions above those indicated in the operational sections of this specification is not implied. NOTES: 1. The package thermal impedance is calculated in accordance with JESD 51-3. 2. The package thermal impedance is calculated in accordance with JESD 51-7. DC Electrical Specifications TEST CONDITIONS PARAMETER 25oC -40oC TO 85oC -55oC TO 125oC SYMBOL VI (V) IO (mA) VCC (V) VIH - - 2 1.5 - - 1.5 - 1.5 - V 4.5 3.15 - - 3.15 - 3.15 - V 6 4.2 - - 4.2 - 4.2 - V 2 - - 0.5 - 0.5 - 0.5 V 4.5 - - 1.35 - 1.35 - 1.35 V 6 - - 1.8 - 1.8 - 1.8 V -0.02 2 1.9 - - 1.9 - 1.9 - V -0.02 4.5 4.4 - - 4.4 - 4.4 - V -0.02 6 5.9 - - 5.9 - 5.9 - V - - - - - - - - - V -4 4.5 3.98 - - 3.84 - 3.7 - V -5.2 6 5.48 - - 5.34 - 5.2 - V MIN TYP MAX MIN MAX MIN MAX UNITS HC TYPES High Level Input Voltage Low Level Input Voltage High Level Output Voltage CMOS Loads High Level Output Voltage TTL Loads VIL VOH - VIH or VIL - 3 CD54HC4514, CD74HC4514, CD74HC4515 DC Electrical Specifications (Continued) TEST CONDITIONS PARAMETER 25oC -40oC TO 85oC -55oC TO 125oC SYMBOL VI (V) IO (mA) VCC (V) VOL VIH or VIL 0.02 2 - - 0.1 - 0.1 - 0.1 V 0.02 4.5 - - 0.1 - 0.1 - 0.1 V 0.02 6 - - 0.1 - 0.1 - 0.1 V - - - - - - - - - V 4 4.5 - - 0.26 - 0.33 - 0.4 V 5.2 6 - - 0.26 - 0.33 - 0.4 V Low Level Output Voltage CMOS Loads Low Level Output Voltage TTL Loads Input Leakage Current Quiescent Device Current MIN TYP MAX MIN MAX MIN MAX UNITS II VCC or GND - 6 - - ±0.1 - ±1 - ±1 µA ICC VCC or GND 0 6 - - 8 - 80 - 160 µA Prerequisite For Switching Specifications PARAMETER 25oC -40oC TO 85oC -55oC TO 125oC SYMBOL TEST CONDITIONS VCC (V) MIN TYP MAX MIN MAX MIN MAX UNITS tW - 2 75 - - 95 - 110 - ns 4.5 30 - - 19 - 22 - ns 6 35 - - 16 - 19 - ns 2 100 - - 125 - 150 - ns 4.5 20 - - 25 - 30 - ns 6 17 - - 21 - 26 - ns HC TYPES LE Pulse Width Select to LE Set-Up Time Select to LE Hold Time Switching Specifications PARAMETER tSU tH - - 2 0 - - 0 - 0 - ns 4.5 0 - - 0 - 0 - ns 6 0 - - 0 - 0 - ns CL = 50pF, Input tr, tf = 6ns SYMBOL TEST CONDITIONS tPHL, tPLH CL = 50pF -40oC TO 85oC 25oC -55oC TO 125oC VCC (V) MIN TYP MAX MIN MAX MIN MAX UNITS 2 - - 275 - 345 - 415 ns 4.5 - - 55 - 69 - 83 ns CL = 15pF 5 - 23 - - - - - ns CL = 50pF 6 - - 47 - 59 - 71 ns CL = 50pF 2 - - 225 - 280 - 340 ns 4.5 - - 45 - 56 - 68 ns CL = 15pF 5 - 19 - - - - - ns CL = 50pF 6 - - 38 - 48 - 58 ns HC TYPES Propagation Delay Select to Outputs LE to Outputs tPHL, tPLH 4 CD54HC4514, CD74HC4514, CD74HC4515 Switching Specifications PARAMETER E to Outputs Output Transition Time CL = 50pF, Input tr, tf = 6ns (Continued) -40oC TO 85oC 25oC -55oC TO 125oC SYMBOL TEST CONDITIONS VCC (V) MIN TYP MAX MIN MAX MIN MAX UNITS tPHL, tPLH CL = 50pF 2 - - 175 - 220 - 265 ns 4.5 - - 35 - 44 - 53 ns CL = 15pF 5 - 14 - - - - - ns CL = 50pF 6 - - 30 - 37 - 45 ns CL = 50pF 2 - - 75 - 95 - 110 ns 4.5 - - 15 - 19 - 22 ns 6 - - 13 - 16 - 19 ns tTHL, tTLH Input Capacitance CIN CL = 50pF - 10 - 10 - 10 - 10 pF Power Dissipation Capacitance (Notes 3, 4) CPD - 5 - 70 - - - - - pF NOTES: 3. CPD is used to determine the dynamic power consumption, per package. 4. PD = VCC2 fi (CPD + CL) where fi = Input Frequency, CL = Output Load Capacitance, VCC = Supply Voltage. Test Circuits and Waveforms tr = 6ns tfCL trCL CLOCK 90% 10% I tWL + tWH = fCL tf = 6ns VCC 50% 10% tWL VCC 90% 50% 10% INPUT GND 50% 50% GND tTHL tTLH tWH 90% 50% 10% INVERTING OUTPUT NOTE: Outputs should be switching from 10% VCC to 90% VCC in accordance with device truth table. For fMAX, input duty cycle = 50%. tPHL FIGURE 1. HC CLOCK PULSE RISE AND FALL TIMES AND PULSE WIDTH tPLH FIGURE 2. HC TRANSITION TIMES AND PROPAGATION DELAY TIMES, COMBINATION LOGIC tr = 6ns tf = 6ns VCC 90% 50% 10% INPUT GND tTHL tTLH 90% 50% 10% INVERTING OUTPUT tPLH tPHL FIGURE 3. HC TRANSITION TIMES AND PROPAGATION DELAY TIMES, COMBINATION LOGIC 5 CD54HC4514, CD74HC4514, CD74HC4515 Test Circuits and Waveforms tfCL trCL CLOCK INPUT (Continued) 90% CLOCK INPUT 50% 10% GND tH(H) tfCL trCL VCC VCC 90% 50% 10% GND tH(H) tH(L) tH(L) VCC DATA INPUT GND tSU(H) tTLH OUTPUT tTHL 90% 50% 10% tSU(L) tTLH 90% tTHL 90% 50% 10% tPLH tPHL OUTPUT tPHL tPLH tREM VCC SET, RESET OR PRESET 50% GND IC 50% GND tSU(H) tSU(L) 90% tREM VCC SET, RESET OR PRESET VCC DATA INPUT 50% 50% GND IC CL 50pF FIGURE 4. HC SETUP TIMES, HOLD TIMES, REMOVAL TIME, AND PROPAGATION DELAY TIMES FOR EDGE TRIGGERED SEQUENTIAL LOGIC CIRCUITS CL 50pF FIGURE 5. HC SETUP TIMES, HOLD TIMES, REMOVAL TIME, AND PROPAGATION DELAY TIMES FOR EDGE TRIGGERED SEQUENTIAL LOGIC CIRCUITS 6 PACKAGE OPTION ADDENDUM www.ti.com 17-Oct-2005 PACKAGING INFORMATION Orderable Device Status (1) Package Type Package Drawing Pins Package Eco Plan (2) Qty 5962-9865501QJA ACTIVE CDIP J 24 1 TBD Call TI Level-NC-NC-NC CD54HC4514F3A ACTIVE CDIP J 24 1 TBD Call TI Level-NC-NC-NC CD74HC4514E ACTIVE PDIP N 24 15 Pb-Free (RoHS) CU NIPDAU Level-NC-NC-NC CD74HC4514EE4 ACTIVE PDIP N 24 15 Pb-Free (RoHS) CU NIPDAU Level-NC-NC-NC CD74HC4514EN ACTIVE PDIP NT 24 15 Pb-Free (RoHS) CU NIPDAU Level-NC-NC-NC CD74HC4514ENE4 ACTIVE PDIP NT 24 15 Pb-Free (RoHS) CU NIPDAU Level-NC-NC-NC CD74HC4514M ACTIVE SOIC DW 24 25 Green (RoHS & no Sb/Br) CU NIPDAU Level-1-260C-UNLIM CD74HC4514M96 ACTIVE SOIC DW 24 2000 Green (RoHS & no Sb/Br) CU NIPDAU Level-1-260C-UNLIM CD74HC4514M96E4 ACTIVE SOIC DW 24 2000 Green (RoHS & no Sb/Br) CU NIPDAU Level-1-260C-UNLIM CD74HC4514ME4 ACTIVE SOIC DW 24 25 Green (RoHS & no Sb/Br) CU NIPDAU Level-1-260C-UNLIM CD74HC4515E ACTIVE PDIP N 24 15 Pb-Free (RoHS) CU NIPDAU Level-NC-NC-NC CD74HC4515EE4 ACTIVE PDIP N 24 15 Pb-Free (RoHS) CU NIPDAU Level-NC-NC-NC CD74HC4515EN ACTIVE PDIP NT 24 15 Pb-Free (RoHS) CU NIPDAU Level-NC-NC-NC CD74HC4515ENE4 ACTIVE PDIP NT 24 15 Pb-Free (RoHS) CU NIPDAU Level-NC-NC-NC CD74HC4515M ACTIVE SOIC DW 24 25 Green (RoHS & no Sb/Br) CU NIPDAU Level-1-260C-UNLIM CD74HC4515M96 ACTIVE SOIC DW 24 2000 Green (RoHS & no Sb/Br) CU NIPDAU Level-1-260C-UNLIM CD74HC4515M96E4 ACTIVE SOIC DW 24 2000 Green (RoHS & no Sb/Br) CU NIPDAU Level-1-260C-UNLIM CD74HC4515ME4 ACTIVE SOIC DW 24 CU NIPDAU Level-1-260C-UNLIM 25 Green (RoHS & no Sb/Br) Lead/Ball Finish MSL Peak Temp (3) (1) The marketing status values are defined as follows: ACTIVE: Product device recommended for new designs. LIFEBUY: TI has announced that the device will be discontinued, and a lifetime-buy period is in effect. NRND: Not recommended for new designs. Device is in production to support existing customers, but TI does not recommend using this part in a new design. PREVIEW: Device has been announced but is not in production. Samples may or may not be available. OBSOLETE: TI has discontinued the production of the device. (2) Eco Plan - The planned eco-friendly classification: Pb-Free (RoHS) or Green (RoHS & no Sb/Br) - please check http://www.ti.com/productcontent for the latest availability information and additional product content details. TBD: The Pb-Free/Green conversion plan has not been defined. Pb-Free (RoHS): TI's terms "Lead-Free" or "Pb-Free" mean semiconductor products that are compatible with the current RoHS requirements for all 6 substances, including the requirement that lead not exceed 0.1% by weight in homogeneous materials. Where designed to be soldered at high temperatures, TI Pb-Free products are suitable for use in specified lead-free processes. Green (RoHS & no Sb/Br): TI defines "Green" to mean Pb-Free (RoHS compatible), and free of Bromine (Br) and Antimony (Sb) based flame retardants (Br or Sb do not exceed 0.1% by weight in homogeneous material) Addendum-Page 1 PACKAGE OPTION ADDENDUM www.ti.com 17-Oct-2005 (3) MSL, Peak Temp. -- The Moisture Sensitivity Level rating according to the JEDEC industry standard classifications, and peak solder temperature. Important Information and Disclaimer:The information provided on this page represents TI's knowledge and belief as of the date that it is provided. TI bases its knowledge and belief on information provided by third parties, and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of such information. Efforts are underway to better integrate information from third parties. TI has taken and continues to take reasonable steps to provide representative and accurate information but may not have conducted destructive testing or chemical analysis on incoming materials and chemicals. TI and TI suppliers consider certain information to be proprietary, and thus CAS numbers and other limited information may not be available for release. In no event shall TI's liability arising out of such information exceed the total purchase price of the TI part(s) at issue in this document sold by TI to Customer on an annual basis. Addendum-Page 2 MECHANICAL DATA MCDI004A – JANUARY 1995 – REVISED NOVEMBER 1997 J (R-GDIP-T**) CERAMIC DUAL-IN-LINE PACKAGE 24 PINS SHOWN B 13 24 C 1 12 0.065 (1,65) 0.045 (1,14) Lens Protrusion (Lens Optional) 0.010 (0.25) MAX 0.175 (4,45) 0.140 (3,56) 0.090 (2,29) 0.060 (1,53) A Seating Plane 0.018 (0,46) MIN 24 PINS ** DIM ”A” ”B” ”C” NARR 0.125 (3,18) MIN 0.022 (0,56) 0.014 (0,36) 0.100 (2,54) 0.012 (0,30) 0.008 (0,20) 28 WIDE NARR 40 32 WIDE NARR WIDE NARR WIDE MAX 0.624(15,85) 0.624(15,85) 0.624(15,85) 0.624(15,85) 0.624(15,85) 0.624(15,85) 0.624(15,85) 0.624(15,85) MIN 0.590(14,99) 0.590(14,99) 0.590(14,99) 0.590(14,99) 0.590(14,99) 0.590(14,99) 0.590(14,99) 0.590(14,99) MAX 1.265(32,13) 1.265(32,13) 1.465(37,21) 1.465(37,21) 1.668(42,37) 1.668(42,37) 2.068(52,53) 2.068(52,53) MIN 1.235(31,37) 1.235(31,37) 1.435(36,45) 1.435(36,45) 1.632(41,45) 1.632(41,45) 2.032(51,61) 2.032(51,61) MAX 0.541(13,74) 0.598(15,19) 0.541(13,74) 0.598(15,19) 0.541(13,74) 0.598(15,19) 0.541(13,74) 0.598(15,19) MIN 0.514(13,06) 0.571(14,50) 0.514(13,06) 0.571(14,50) 0.514(13,06) 0.571(14,50) 0.514(13,06) 0.571(14,50) 4040084/C 10/97 NOTES: A. B. C. D. E. All linear dimensions are in inches (millimeters). This drawing is subject to change without notice. Window (lens) added to this group of packages (24-, 28-, 32-, 40-pin). This package can be hermetically sealed with a ceramic lid using glass frit. Index point is provided on cap for terminal identification. POST OFFICE BOX 655303 • DALLAS, TEXAS 75265 MECHANICAL DATA MPDI004 – OCTOBER 1994 NT (R-PDIP-T**) PLASTIC DUAL-IN-LINE PACKAGE 24 PINS SHOWN PINS ** A 24 28 A MAX 1.260 (32,04) 1.425 (36,20) A MIN 1.230 (31,24) 1.385 (35,18) B MAX 0.310 (7,87) 0.315 (8,00) B MIN 0.290 (7,37) 0.295 (7,49) DIM 24 13 0.280 (7,11) 0.250 (6,35) 1 12 0.070 (1,78) MAX B 0.020 (0,51) MIN 0.200 (5,08) MAX Seating Plane 0.125 (3,18) MIN 0.100 (2,54) 0.021 (0,53) 0.015 (0,38) 0°– 15° 0.010 (0,25) M 0.010 (0,25) NOM 4040050 / B 04/95 NOTES: A. All linear dimensions are in inches (millimeters). B. This drawing is subject to change without notice. POST OFFICE BOX 655303 • DALLAS, TEXAS 75265 MECHANICAL DATA MPDI006B – SEPTEMBER 2001 – REVISED APRIL 2002 N (R–PDIP–T24) PLASTIC DUAL–IN–LINE 1.222 (31,04) MAX 24 13 0.360 (9,14) MAX 1 12 0.070 (1,78) MAX 0.200 (5,08) MAX 0.425 (10,80) MAX 0.020 (0,51) MIN Seating Plane 0.125 (3,18) MIN 0.100 (2,54) 0’–15’ 0.021 (0,53) 0.015 (0,38) 0.010 (0,25) 0.010 (0,25) NOM 4040051–3/D 09/01 NOTES: A. All linear dimensions are in inches (millimeters). B. This drawing is subject to change without notice. C. Falls within JEDEC MS–010 POST OFFICE BOX 655303 • DALLAS, TEXAS 75265 MECHANICAL DATA MPDI008 – OCTOBER 1994 N (R-PDIP-T**) PLASTIC DUAL-IN-LINE PACKAGE 24 PIN SHOWN A 24 13 0.560 (14,22) 0.520 (13,21) 1 12 0.060 (1,52) TYP 0.200 (5,08) MAX 0.610 (15,49) 0.590 (14,99) 0.020 (0,51) MIN Seating Plane 0.100 (2,54) 0.021 (0,53) 0.015 (0,38) 0.125 (3,18) MIN 0.010 (0,25) M PINS ** 0°– 15° 0.010 (0,25) NOM 24 28 32 40 48 52 A MAX 1.270 (32,26) 1.450 (36,83) 1.650 (41,91) 2.090 (53,09) 2.450 (62,23) 2.650 (67,31) A MIN 1.230 (31,24) 1.410 (35,81) 1.610 (40,89) 2.040 (51,82) 2.390 (60,71) 2.590 (65,79) DIM 4040053 / B 04/95 NOTES: A. B. C. D. All linear dimensions are in inches (millimeters). This drawing is subject to change without notice. Falls within JEDEC MS-011 Falls within JEDEC MS-015 (32 pin only) POST OFFICE BOX 655303 • DALLAS, TEXAS 75265 IMPORTANT NOTICE Texas Instruments Incorporated and its subsidiaries (TI) reserve the right to make corrections, modifications, enhancements, improvements, and other changes to its products and services at any time and to discontinue any product or service without notice. Customers should obtain the latest relevant information before placing orders and should verify that such information is current and complete. All products are sold subject to TI’s terms and conditions of sale supplied at the time of order acknowledgment. TI warrants performance of its hardware products to the specifications applicable at the time of sale in accordance with TI’s standard warranty. Testing and other quality control techniques are used to the extent TI deems necessary to support this warranty. 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