AIC1571 5-bit DAC, Synchronous PWM Power Regulator with Dual Linear Controllers FEATURES Provides 3 Regulated Voltages for Microprocessor Core, Clock and GTL Power. Simple Voltage-Mode PWM Control. Dual N-Channel MOSFET Synchronous Driver. Operates from +3.3V, +5V and +12V Inputs. Fast Transient Response. Full 0% to 100% Duty Ratios. ±1.0% Output Voltage for VCORE and ±2.0% Output Voltage Reference for VCLK and VGTL. TTL Compatible 5-bit Digital-to-Analog Core Output Voltage Selection. Range from 1.3V to 3.5V. 0.1V Steps from 2.1V to 3.5V. 0.05V Steps from 1.3V to 2.05V. Adjustable Current Limit without External Sense Resistor. Microprocessor Core Voltage Protection against Shorted MOSFET. Power Good Output Voltage Monitor. Over-Voltage and Over-Current Fault Monitors. 200KHz Free-Running Oscillator Programmable up to 350KHz. DESCRIPTION The AIC1571 combines a synchronous voltage mode controller with two linear controllers as well as the monitoring and protection functions in this chip. The PWM controller regulates the microprocessor core voltage with a synchronous rectified buck converter. One linear controller regulates power for the GTL bus and the other linear controller provides power for the clock driver circuit or memory (1.8V) An integrated 5 bit D/A converter that adjusts the core PWM output voltage from 2.1V to 3.5V in 0.1V increments and from 1.3V to 2.05V in 0.05V increments. The linear regulator uses an internal driver device to provide 2.5V±2.5%. The linear controller drives with an external N-channel MOSEFET to provide 1.5V±2.5%. This chip monitors all the output voltages. Power Good signal is issued when the core voltage is APPLICATIONS within ±10% of the DAC setting and the other levels Full Motherboard Power Regulation for Computers. Power Integrations for 3 Output Power System. are above their under-voltage levels. Over-voltage protection for the core output uses the lower Nchannel MOSFET to prevent output voltage above 115% of the DAC setting. The PWM over-current function monitors the output current by using the voltage drop across the upper MOSFET’s RDS(on), eliminating the need for a current sensing resistor. Analog Integrations Corporation 4F, 9, Industry E. 9th Rd, Science Based Industrial Park, Hsinchu Taiwan, ROC DS-1571-00 Oct 9, 00 TEL: 886-3-5772500 FAX: 886-3-5772510 www.analog.com.tw 1 AIC1571 ORDERING INFORMATION ORDER NUMBER AIC1571-CX PACKAGING TYPE S: SMALL OUTLINE AIC1571CS (SO24) PIN CONFIGURATION VCC 1 24 UGATE VID4 2 23 PHASE VID3 3 22 LGATE VID2 4 21 PGND VID1 5 20 OCSET VID0 6 19 VSEN PGOOD 7 FAULT 8 SS 9 16 FB3 RT 10 15 GATE3 FB2 11 VIN2 12 18 FB1 17 COMP1 14 GND 13 GATE2 ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATINGS Supply Voltage, VCC ...............…………….....………….........…..……..................... +15V PGOOD, FAULT and GATE Voltage Input, Output , or I/O Voltage .....…….....………..….... GND -0.3V to VCC +0.3V ......…...……………………..……............ GND -0.3V to 7V Recommended Operating Conditions Supply Voltage; VCC ……...............…................... +12V±10% Ambient temperature Range ……..……………................. 0°C~70°C Junction Temperature Range ……......……….................. 0°C~100°C Thermal Information Thermal Resistance, θJA SOIC package …………………………………..…............... 100°C/W 2 SOIC package (with 3in of copper) …...……….......…......... 90°C/W Maximum Junction Temperature (Plastic Package) ………………..……...... 150°C Maximum Storage Temperature Range …………………………….... -65°C ~ 150°C Maximum Lead Temperature (Soldering 10 sec) ………………………..…... 300°C TEST CIRCUIT Refer to APPLICATION CIRCUIT. 2 AIC1571 ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS fied) PARAMETER (Vcc=12V, TJ=25°°C, Unless otherwise speci- TEST CONDITIONS SYMBOL UGATE, LGATE, GATE2 and GATE3 open ICC MIN. TYP. MAX. UNIT 1.8 5 mA VCC SUPPLY CURRENT Supply Current POWER ON RESET Rising VCC Threshold VOCSET=4.5V VCCTHR 8.6 9.5 10.4 V Falling VCC Threshold VOCSET=4.5V VCCTHF 8.2 9.2 10.2 V Rising VIN2 Under-Voltage Threshold VIN2THR 2.5 2.6 2.7 V VIN2 Under-Voltage Hysteresis VIN2HYS 130 mV Rising VOCSET1 Threshold VOCSETH 1.3 V OSCILLATOR Free Running Frequency RT=Open F Ramp. Amplitude RT=open ∆VOSC 170 200 230 1.3 KHz VP-P REFERENCE AND DAC DAC (VID0~VID4) Input Low Voltage VIDL DAC (VID0~VID4) Input High Voltage VIDH DACOUT Voltage Accuracy VDAC=1.3V~3.5V 0.8 V V 2 -1.0 +1.0 % FB2 Reference Voltage VREF2 1.245 1.270 1.295 V FB3 Reference Voltage VREF3 1.250 1.275 1.300 V 3 AIC1571 ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS PARAMETER (Continued) TEST CONDITIONS SYMBOL MIN. TYP. MAX. UNIT +2.5 % 80 % LINEAR CONTROLLER Regulation 0 < IGATE2/3 < 10mA Under-Voltage Level FB2/3 falling -2.5 FB2/3UV 70 PWM CONTROLLER ERROR AMPLIFIER DC GAIN Gain Bandwidth Product Slew Rate COMP1=10pF 76 dB GBWP 11 MHz SR 6 V/µS PWM CONTROLLER GATE DRIVER Upper Drive Source VCC=12V, VUGATE=11V RUGH 5.2 6.5 Ω Upper Drive Sink VCC=12V, VUGATE =1V RUGL 3.3 5 Ω Lower Drive Source VCC=12V, VLGATE=11V RLGH 4.1 6 Ω Lower Drive Sink VCC=12V, VLGATE=1V RLGL 3 5 Ω VOUT1 Voltage Over-Voltage Trip VSEN Rising OVP 112 115 118 % OCSET Current Source VOCSET=4.5VDC IOCSET 170 200 230 µA FAULT Sourcing Current VFAULT=10V IOVP 10 16 mA 11 µA PROTECTION Soft-Start Current ISS Chip Shutdown Soft Start Threshold 1.0 V POWER GOOD VOUT1 Upper Threshold VSEN Rising 109 110.5 112 % VOUT1 Under-Voltage VSEN Falling 90.5 92 93.5 % VOUT1 Hysteresis (VSEN/DACOUT) Upper and Lower Threshold PGOOD Voltage Low IPGOOD=-4mA 3 VPGOOD % 0.5 V 4 AIC1571 TYPICAL PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS UGATE UGATE LGATE LGATE FIG.1 The gate drive waveforms 60 50 10000 CUGATE=CLGATE=CGATE VCC=12V CGATE=5000pF Resistance (kΩ) 1000 40 ICC (mA) 30 CGATE=2000pF 20 0 100 150 200 250 300 350 100 10 CGATE=660pF 10 RT Pull Down to GND RT Pull Up to +12V 400 Switching Frequency (KHz) FIG. 2 Bias Supply Current VS. Frequency 1 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 Switching Frequency (KHz) FIG. 3 RT Resistance VS. Frequency PGOOD (5V/div) PGOOD (5V/div) PGOOD (5V/div) SS (2V/div) VOUT1 (1V/div) (2V/div) SSSS(2V/div) VOUT2 (1V/div) VOUT3 (1V/div) VOUT2 (1V/div) VOUT3 VOUT3 SS (2V/div) FIG.4-1 Circuit 1---Soft Start Interval with 3 Outputs and PGOOD VOUT1 (1V/div) VOUT1 (1V/div) FIG.4-2 Circuit 2---Soft Start Interval with 3 Outputs and PGOOD 5 AIC1571 TYPICAL PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS (CONTINUED) SS FAULT VDAC=3.5V SS VDAC=2V Over Load Applied VDAC=1.3V Inductor Current 10A/div FIG. 5 Soft Start Initiates PWM Output FIG. 6 Over-Current Operation on Inductor VOUT1 VOUT3 (2mV/div) 2.0VDC 5A to 12A Load Step 1A to 2A Load Step FIG. 7 Transient Response of PWM Output FIG. 8 Transient Response of Linear Controller 90 100 DACOUT=2.0V TA=25°C 80 Power MOSFET : CEB6030L 95 70 90 60 Efficiency (%) Number of Parts 50 40 30 Vo=2.8V 85 80 75 70 10 0 -0.5 -0.4 -0.3 -0.2 -0.1 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 FIG. 9 DACOUT Voltage Accuracy (%) 0.6 0.7 65 Vo=2V VIN=5V 20 Switching Frequency = 200KHz 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 Vo=1.3V 14 16 18 20 FIG.10 Efficiency vs. Load Current (A) 6 AIC1571 TYPICAL PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS 215 0.6 DACOUT Voltage Drift (%) 0.8 Switching Frequency (KHz) 220 210 205 200 195 190 RT=OPEN 180 -20 0 20 40 60 80 0.2 0.0 -0.2 210 9.55 205 9.50 200 195 190 185 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 FIG.12 Temperature Drift of 24 Different Parts SS Charge Current (uA) OCSET Current (µA) DACOUT=2.0V 0.4 -0.6 -20 -10 0 100 FIG.11 Oscillator Frequency vs. Temperature (°C) 9.45 9.40 9.35 9.30 180 -20 0 20 40 60 80 9.25 -20 -10 100 FIG.13 OCSET Current vs.Temperature (°C) 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 FIG.14 SS Current vs. Temperature (°C) 0.3 1.0 DACOUT=2.0V VIN=5V NO LOAD NO LOAD 0.2 Vcore Drift (mV) 0.5 0.0 -0.5 -1.0 0.1 0.0 -0.1 -1.5 -2.0 10 (CONTINUED) -0.4 185 VCORE Drift Voltage (mV) 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 FIG.15 Vcore Drift vs. VCC (V) 18 -0.2 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 FIG.16 Vcore Drift vs. VIN (V) 7 AIC1571 BLOCK DIAGRAM PGOOD VSEN FB3 110% + GATE3 + + 0.3V + GATE2 + - 90% 1.26V FB2 VCC VCC VIN2 OCSET INHiBIT POWER ON RESET OCSET + 200µA 115% LUV + OC1 + PHASE VCC VIN2 OV FAULT LOGIC & LATCH VCC OFF SOFT START FAULT 70K 4V 70K 5V GATE CONTROL + PWM COMP + 5 BIT TTL D/A CONVERTER (DAC) 10µA UGATE VCC LGATE ERROR AMP OSCILLATOR 70K PGND GND 70K 70K SS VID0 VID1 VID2 VID3 VID4 FB1 COMP1 RT PIN DESCRIPTIONS Pin 1: Pin 2: Pin 3: Pin 4: Pin 5: Pin 6: VCC: VID4: VID3: VID2: VID1: VID0: The chip power supply pin. It also provides the gate bias charge for all the MOSFETs controlled by the IC. Recommended supply voltage is 12V. 5bit DAC voltage select pin. TTL inputs used to set the internal voltage reference VDAC. When left open, these pins are internally pulled up to 5V and provide logic ones. The level of VDAC sets the converter output voltage as well as the PGOOD and OVP thresholds. Table 1 specifies the VDAC voltage for the 32 combinations of DAC inputs. Pin 7: PGOOD: Power good indicator pin. PGOOD is an open drain output. This pin is pulled low when the converter output is ±10% out of the VDAC reference voltage and the other outputs are below their under-voltage thresholds. The PGOOD output is open for VID codes that inhibit operation. See Table 1. Pin 8: FAULT: This pin is low during normal operation, but it is pulled to VCC in the event of an over-voltage or over-current condition. 8 AIC1571 Pin 9: SS: Soft-start pin. Connect a capacitor from this pin to ground. This capacitor, along with an internal 10µA (typically) current source, sets the soft-start interval of the converter. Pulling this pin low will shut down the IC. Pin 10: RT: Frequency adjustment pin. Connecting a resistor (RT) from this pin to GND, increasing the frequency. Connecting a resistor (RT) from this pin to VCC, decreasing the frequency by the following figure (Fig.3). Pin 11: FB2: Connect this pin to a resistor divider to set the linear controller output voltage. Pin 12: VIN2: This pin is used to monitor the 3.3V supply. If, following a startup cycle, the voltage drops below 2.6V (typically), the chip shuts down. A new soft-start cycle is initiated upon return of the 3.3V supply above the undervoltage threshold. Pin 13: GATE2: Linear Controller output drive pin. This pin can drive either a Darlington NPN transistor or a Nchannel MOSFET. Pin 14: GND: Signal GND for IC. All voltage levels are measured with respect to this pin. Pin 15: GATE3: Linear Controller output drive pin. This pin can drive either a Darlington NPN transistor or a Nchannel MOSFET. Pin 16: FB3: Negative feedback pin for the linear controller error amplifier connect this pin to a resistor divider to set the linear controller output voltage. Pin 17: COMP1: External compensation pin. This pin is connected to error amplifier output and PWM comparator. An RC network is connected to FB1 in to compensate the voltage control feedback loop of the converter. Pin 18: FB1: The error amplifier inverting input pin. the FB1 pin and COMP1 pin are used to compensate the voltage-control feedback loop. Pin 19: VSEN: Converter output voltage sense pin. Connect this pin to the converter output. The PGOOD and OVP comparator circuits use this signal to report output voltage status and for over-voltage protection function. Pin 20: OCSET: Current limit sense pin. Connect a resistor ROCSET from this pin to the drain of the external highside N-MOSFET. ROCSET, an internal 200µA current source (IOCSET), and the upper NMOSFET on-resistance (RDS(ON)) set the over-current trip point according to the following equation: IPEAK = Pin 21: PGND: IOCSET × ROCSET RDS(ON) Driver power GND pin. PGND should be connected to a low impedance ground plane in close to lower N-MOSFET source. Pin 22: LGATE: Lower N-MOSFET gate drive pin. Pin 23: PHASE: Over-current detection pin. Connect the PHASE pin to source of the external high-side NMOSFET. This pin detects the voltage drop across the highside N-MOSFET RDS(ON) for over-current protection. Pin 24: UGATE: External high-side N-MOSFET gate drive pin. Connect UGATE to gate of the external high-side N-MOSFET. 9 AIC1571 DESCRIPTION The AIC1571 is designed for microprocessor computer applications with 3.3V and 5V power, and 12V bias input. This IC has one PWM controller and two linear controllers. The PWM controller is designed to regulate the microprocessor core voltage (VOUT1) by driving 2 MOSFETs (Q1 and Q2) in a synchronous rectified buck converter configuration. The core voltage is regulated to a level programmed by the 5 bit D/A converter. One integrated linear controller supplies the 2.5V clock power (VOUT2). The other linear controller drive an external MOSFET(Q3) to supply the GTL bus power(VOUT3) The Power-On Reset (POR) function continually monitors the input supply voltage +12V at VCC pin, the 5V input voltage at OCSET pin, and the 3.3V input at VIN2 pin. The POR function initiates soft-start operation after all three input supply voltage exceed their POR thresholds. Soft-Start The POR function initiates the soft-start sequence. Initially, the voltage on SS pin rapidly increases to approximate 1V. Then an internal 10µA current source charges an external capacitor (CSS) on the SS pin to 4V. As the SS pin voltage slews from 1V to 4V, the PWM error amplifier reference input (Non-inverting terminal) and output (COMP1 pin) is clamped to a level proportional to the SS pin voltage. As the SS pin voltage slew from 1V to 4V, the output clamp generates PHASE pulses of increasing width that charge the output capacitors. Additionally both linear regulator’s reference inputs are clamped to a voltage proportional to the SS pin voltage. This method provides a controlled output voltage smooth rise. Fig.4 and Fig.5 show the soft-start sequence for the typical application. The internal oscillator’s triangular waveform is compared to the clamped error amplifier output voltage. As the SS pin voltage increases, the pulse width on PHASE pin increases. The interval of increasing pulse width continues until output reaches sufficient voltage to transfer control to the input reference clamp. Each linear output (VOUT2 and VOUT3) initially follows a ramp. When each output reaches sufficient voltage the input reference clamp slows the rate of output voltage rise. The PGOOD signal toggles ‘high’ when all output voltage levels have exceeded their undervoltage levels. Fault Protection All three outputs are monitored and protected against extreme overload. A sustained overload on any output or over-voltage on PWM output disable all converters and drive the FAULT pin to VCC. 10 AIC1571 OVER CURRENT LATCH LUV S OC1 R 0.2V INHIBIT Q S COUNTER R + FAULT LATCH VCC S SS + POR R Q FAULT 3.6V OV Fig. 17 Simplified Schematic of Fault Logic A simplified schematic is shown in figure 17. An over-voltage detected on VSEN immediately sets the fault latch. A sequence of three overcurrent fault signals also sets the fault latch. An under-voltage event on either linear output (FB2 or FB3) is ignored until the soft-start interval. Cycling the bias input voltage (+12V) off then on reset the counter and the fault latch. Over-Voltage Protection During operation, a short on the upper PWM MOSFET (Q1) causes VOUT1 to increase. When the output exceed the over-voltage threshold of 115% of DACOUT, the FAULT pin is set to fault latch and turns Q2 on as required in order to regulate VOUT1 to 115% of DACOUT. The fault latch raises the FAULT pin close to VCC potential. A separate over-voltage circuit provides protection during the initial application of power. For voltage on VCC pin below the power-on reset (and above 4V), should VSEN exceed 0.7V, the lower MOSFET (Q2) is driven on as needed to regulate VOUT1 to 0.7V. Over-Current Protection All outputs are protected against excessive over-current. The PWM controller uses upper MOSFET’s on-resistance, RDS(ON) to monitor the current for protection against shorted outputs. Both the linear regulator and controller monitor FB2 and FB3 for under-voltage to pro- tect against excessive current. When the voltage across Q1 (ID•RDS(ON)) exceeds the level (200µA•ROCSET), this signal inhibit all outputs. Discharge soft-start capacitor (Css) with 10µA current sink, and increments the counter. Css recharges and initiates a softstart cycle again until the counter increments to 3. This sets the fault latch to disable all outputs. Fig. 6 illustrates the over-current protection until an over load on OUT1. Should excessive current cause FB2 or FB3 to fall below the linear under-voltage threshold, the LUV signal sets the over-current latch if Css is fully charged. Cycling the bias input power off then on reset the counter and the fault latch. The over-current function for PWM controller will trip at a peak inductor current (IPEAK) determined by: IPEAK = IOCSET × ROCSET RDS(ON) The OC trip point varies with MOSFET’s temperature. To avoid over-current tripping in the normal operating load range, determine the ROCSET resistor from the equation above with: 1. The maximum RDS(ON) at the highest junction. 2. The minimum IOCSET from the specification 11 AIC1571 table. 3. Determine IPEAK > IOUT(MAX) + (inductor ripple current) /2. PWM OUT1 Voltage Program The output voltage of the PWM converter is programmed to discrete levels between 1.3V to 3.5V. The VID pins program an internal voltage reference (DACOUT) through a TTL compatible 5 bit digital to analog converter. The VID pins can be left open for a logic 1 input, because they are internally pulled up to 5V by a 70kΩ resistor. Changing the VID inputs during operation is not recommended. All VID pin combinations resulting in an INHIBIT disable the IC and the open collector at the PGOOD pin. Shutdown Holding the SS pin low with an open drain or collector signal turns off all three regulators. The VID codes resulting in an INHIBIT as shown in Table 1 also shut down the IC. Table 1 VOUT1 Voltage Program (0=connected to GND, 1=open or connected to 5V) VID4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 PIN NAME VID3 VID2 VID1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 VID0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 For all package version PIN NAME DACOUT VOLTAGE VID4 VID3 VID2 VID1 1.30V 1 1 1 1 1.35V 1 1 1 1 1.40V 1 1 1 0 1.45V 1 1 1 0 1.50V 1 1 0 1 1.55V 1 1 0 1 1.60V 1 1 0 0 1.65V 1 1 0 0 1.70V 1 0 1 1 1.75V 1 0 1 1 1.80 V 1 0 1 0 1.85 V 1 0 1 0 1.90 V 1 0 0 1 1.95 V 1 0 0 1 2.00 V 1 0 0 0 2.05 V 1 0 0 0 Layout Considerations Any inductance in the switched current path generates a large voltage spike during the VID0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 DACOUT VOLTAGE INHIBIT 2.1 V 2.2 V 2.3 V 2.4 V 2.5 V 2.6 V 2.7 V 2.8 V 2.9 V 3.0 V 3.1 V 3.2 V 3.3 V 3.4 V 3.5 V switching interval. The voltage spikes can degrade efficiency, radiate noise into the circuit, and lead to device over-voltage stress. Careful 12 AIC1571 connected to the groundside of the output capacitors. Under no circumstances should GND be returned to a ground inside the CIN, Q1, Q2 loop. The GND and PGND pins should be shorted right at the IC. This help to minimize internal ground disturbances in the IC and prevents differences in ground potential from disrupting internal circuit operation. component selection and tight layout of critical components, and short, wide metal trace minimize the voltage spike. 1) A ground plane should be used. Locate the input capacitors (CIN) close to the power switches. Minimize the loop formed by CIN, the upper MOSFET (Q1) and the lower MOSFET (Q2) as possible. Connections should be as wide as short as possible to minimize loop inductance. 5) The wiring traces from the control IC to the MOSFET gate and source should be sized to carry 1A current. Locate COUT2 close to the AIC1571 IC. 2) The connection between Q1, Q2 and output inductor should be as wide as short as practical. Since this connection has fast voltage transitions will easily induce EMI. 6) The Vcc pin should be decoupled directly to GND by a 1uF ceramic capacitor, trace lengths should be as short as possible. 3) The output capacitor (COUT) should be located as close the load as possible. Because minimize the transient load magnitude for high slew rate requires low inductance and resistance in circuit board 4) The AIC1571 is best placed over a quiet ground plane area. The GND pin should be + +12V VCC +3.3VIN GND VIN2 OCSET GATE3 UGATE +5VIN + Q3 + Q1 VOUT3 CIN PHASE + LOUT COUT3 VOUT + LGATE COUT Q2 Q4 GATE2 PGND SS VOUT2 Css + COUT2 Power Plane Layer Circuit Plane Layer Via Connection to Ground Plane Fig. 18 Printed circuit board power planes and islands A multi-layer printed circuit board is recommended. Figure 18 shows the connections of the critical components in the converter. The CIN and COUT could each represent numerous physical capacitors. Dedicate one solid layer for a ground plane and make all critical component ground connections with vias to this layer. 13 AIC1571 PWM Output Capacitors The load transient for the microprocessor core requires high quality capacitors to supply the high slew rate (di/dt) current demand. The ESR (equivalent series resistance) and ESL (equivalent series inductance) parameters rather than actual capacitance determine the buck capacitor values. For a given transient load magnitude, the output voltage transient change due to the output capacitor can be note by the following equation: ∆VOUT = ESR × ∆IOUT + ESL × ∆IOUT , where ∆T Peak current in the inductor will be equal to the maximum output load current plus half of inductor ripple current. The ripple current is approximately equal to: IRIPPLE = (VIN − VOUT) × VOUT ; f × L × VIN f = AIC1571 oscillator frequency. The inductor must be able to withstand peak current without saturation, and the copper resistance in the winding should be kept as low as possible to minimize resistive power loss ∆IOUT is transient load current step. After the initial transient, the ESL dependent term drops off. Because the strong relationship between output capacitor ESR and output load transient, the output capacitor is usually chosen for ESR, not for capacitance value. A capacitor with suitable ESR will usually have a larger capacitance value than is needed for energy storage. A common way to lower ESR and raise ripple current capability is to parallel several capacitors. In most case, multiple electrolytic capacitors of small case size are better than a single large case capacitor. Output Inductor Selection Inductor value and type should be chosen based on output slew rate requirement, output ripple requirement and expected peak current. Inductor value is primarily controlled by the required current response time. The AIC1571 will provide either 0% or 100% duty cycle in response to a load transient. The response time to a transient is different for the application of load and remove of load. L × ∆IOUT L × ∆IOUT , tFALL = . VIN − VOUT VOUT Where ∆IOUT is transient load current step. tRISE = In a typical 5V input, 2V output application, a 3µH inductor has a 1A/µS rise time, resulting in a 5µS delay in responding to a 5A load current step. To optimize performance, different combinations of input and output voltage and expected loads may require different inductor value. A smaller value of inductor will improve the transient response at the expense of increase output ripple voltage and inductor core saturation rating. Input Capacitor Selection Most of the input supply current is supplied by the input bypass capacitor, the resulting RMS current flow in the input capacitor will heat it up. Use a mix of input bulk capacitors to control the voltage overshoot across the upper MOSFET. The ceramic capacitance for the high frequency decoupling should be placed very close to the upper MOSFET to suppress the voltage induced in the parasitic circuit impedance. The buck capacitors to supply the RMS current is approximate equal to: 1 VIN × D IRMS = (1− D) × D × I OUT + ×ç ÷ 12 f ×L 2 2 , where D = VOUT VIN The capacitor voltage rating should be at least 1.25 times greater than the maximum input voltage. PWM MOSFET Selection In high current PWM application, the MOSFET power dissipation, package type and heatsink are the dominant design factors. The conduction loss is the only component of power dissipation for the lower MOSFET, since it turns on into near zero voltage. The upper MOSFET has conduction loss and switching loss. The gate charge losses are proportional to the switching frequency and are dissipated by the AIC1571. However, the gate charge increases the switching interval, tSW which increase the upper MOSFET switching losses. Ensure that both MOSFETs are within their maximum junction temperature at high ambient temperature by calculating the temperature rise according to package thermal resistance specifications. 14 AIC1571 PUPPER = IOUT 2 × RDS(ON) × D + IOUT × VIN × tSW × f 2 PLOWER = IOUT 2 × RDS(ON) × (1 − D) The equations above do not model power loss due to the reverse recovery of the lower MOSFET’s body diode. The RDS(ON) is different for the two previous equations even if the type devices is used for both. This is because the gate drive applied to the upper MOSFET is different than the lower MOSFET. Logic level MOSFETs should be selected based on on-resistance considerations, RDS(ON) should be chosen base on input and output voltage, allowable power dissipation and maximum required output current. Power dissipation should be calculated based primarily on required efficiency or allowable thermal dissipation. conducting during the dead time between the turn off of the lower MOSFET and the turn on of the upper MOSFET. The diode’s rated reverse breakdown voltage must be greater than twice the maximum input voltage. Linear Controller MOSFET Selection The power dissipated in a linear regulator is : PLINEAR = IOUT × (VIN2 − VOUT) Select a package and heatsink that maintains junction temperature below the maximum rating while operation at the highest expected ambient temperature. Linear Output Capacitor The output capacitors for the linear controller provide dynamic load current. The linear controller uses dominant pole compensation integrated in the error amplifier and is insensitive to output capacitor selection. COUT2 and COUT3 should be selected for transient load regulation. Rectifier Schottky diode is a clamp that prevent the loss parasitic MOSFET body diode from 15 AIC1571 APPLICATION CIRCUIT C18 1000pF +12VIN R15 VCC 10 1 20 C16 2.2µF 24 23 +3.3VIN VIN2 Q3 20N03HL GATE3 VOUT3 1.5V R11 FB3 OCSET 2.2K UGATE + C15 1µF Q1 PHASE L2 22 LGATE Q2 21 19 PGND +5VIN GND VOUT1 + C24-36 15 16 1µH C1-C7 6 x 1000µF 3.5µH 12 1.87K R12 10K + C45-46 4 x 1000µF L1 R2 D5820 R4 5K 7 x 1000µF VSEN C40 0.68µF R8 2.2K Q4 20N03HL GATE2 VOUT2 1.8V R11 + FB2 18 13 FB1 R10 160K C41 10pF 11 C42 4.2K R12 10K C47-48 2 x 1000µF 17 5 VID1 4 VID2 7 3 VID3 9 2 VID4 FAULT 8 SS C48 40nF VID0 10 PGOOD 2.2nF COMP1 6 RT R9 732K 14 Circuit 1 Motherboard Power application Circuit 16 AIC1571 C18 +12VIN R15 VCC 10 1000pF R2 2.2K 1 20 C16 2.2µF 24 23 VIN2 +3.3VIN Q3 20N03H GATE3 L1 OCSET C15 1µF Q1 UGATE PHASE 12 R11 1.5V C43-46 2 x 1000µF FB3 C1-C7 6 x1000µF L2 22 LGATE Q2 15 21 16 1µH GND VOUT1 3.5µH + R4 5K D5820 VOUT3 + +5VIN C24-36 7 x1000µF PGND 1.87K + 19 R12 10K VSEN C40 0.68µF R8 2.2K SS 18 9 C48 FB1 40nF R9 732K R10 160K C41 10pF C42 RT 10 FAULT 8 PGOOD 7 17 13 VID0 6 VID1 5 VID2 4 VID3 3 VID4 2 11 2.2nF COMP GATE2 Q4 20N03HL FB2 + R14 10K C47 1000µF VOUT2 1.27V 14 Circuit 2 Power Integration for 3-Output Power System 17 AIC1571 PHYSICAL DIMENSIONS 24 LEAD PLASTIC SO (300 mil) (unit: mm) D E H e B A SYMBOL MIN MAX A 2.35 2.65 A1 0.10 0.30 B 0.33 0.51 C 0.23 0.32 D 15.20 15.60 E 7.40 7.60 e A1 C L 1.27(TYP) H 10.00 10.65 L 0.40 1.27 18