LM4876 1.1W Audio Power Amplifier with Shutdown Logic Low General Description Key Specifications The LM4876 is a bridge-connected audio power amplifier capable of delivering typically 1.1W of continuous average power to an 8Ω load with 0.5% (THD) from a 5V power supply. Boomer audio power amplifiers were designed specifically to provide high quality output power with a minimal amount of external components. Since the LM4876 does not require output coupling capacitors, bootstrap capacitors, or snubber networks, it is optionally suited for low-power portable systems. The LM4876 features an externally controlled, low-power consumption shutdown mode, which is achieved by driving pin 1 with logic low. Additionally, the LM4876 features an internal thermal shutdown protection mechanism. The LM4876 is unity-gain stable and can be configured by external gain-setting resistors. n THD at 1 kHz at 1W continuous average output power into 8Ω 0.5% (max) n Output power at 10% THD+N at 1 kHz into 8Ω 1.5W (typ) n Shutdown Current 0.01 µA (typ) Features n No output coupling capacitors, bootstrap capacitors, or snubber circuits are necessary n Small Outline packaging n Unity-gain stable n External gain configuration capability n Pin compatible with LM4861 and LM4871 Applications n n n n Typical Application Mobile Phones Portable Computers Desktop Computers Low Voltage Audio Systems Connection Diagram Small Outline Package DS101299-2 Top View Order Number LM4876M See NS Package Number M08A DS101299-1 FIGURE 1. Typical Audio Amplifier Application Circuit Boomer ® is a registered trademark of National Semiconductor Corporation. © 2000 National Semiconductor Corporation DS101299 www.national.com LM4876 1.1W Audio Power Amplifier with Shutdown Logic Low February 2000 LM4876 Absolute Maximum Ratings (Note 2) Infrared (15 sec.) See AN-450 ″Surface Mounting and their Effects on Product Reliability″ for other methods of soldering surface mount devices. If Military/Aerospace specified devices are required, please contact the National Semiconductor Sales Office/ Distributors for availability and specifications. 6.0V θJC (typ) — M08A 35˚C/W −65˚C to +150˚C θJA (typ) — M08A 140˚C/W Supply Voltage Storage Temperature Input Voltage 220˚C −0.3V to VDD +0.3V Power Dissipation (Note 3) Internally Limited ESD Susceptibility (Note 4) 5000V ESD Susceptibility (Note 5) 250V Junction Temperature Operating Ratings Temperature Range 150˚C TMIN ≤ TA ≤ TMAX Soldering Information Vapor Phase (60 sec.) −40˚C ≤ TA ≤ 85˚C 2.0V ≤ VDD ≤ 5.5V Supply Voltage Small Outline Package 215˚C Electrical Characteristics (Notes 1, 2) The following specifications apply for VDD = 5V unless otherwise specified. Limits apply for TA = 25˚C. LM4876 Symbol Parameter Conditions Typical Limit (Note 6) (Note 7) Units (Limits) VDD Supply Voltage 5.5 V (max) IDD Quiescent Power Supply Current VIN = 0V, Io = 0A 6.5 10.0 mA (max) ISD Shutdown Current VPIN1 = 0V 0.01 2 µA (max) VOS Output Offset Voltage VIN = 0V 5 50 mV (max) Po Output Power THD = 0.5% (max); f = 1 kHz 1.10 1.0 W (min) THD+N = 10%; f = 1 kHz 1.5 W 0.25 % 65 dB 2.0 THD+N Total Harmonic Distortion+Noise Po = 1 Wrms; AVD = 2; 20 Hz ≤ f ≤ 20 kHz PSRR Power Supply Rejection Ratio VDD = 4.9V to 5.1V V (min) Note 1: All voltages are measured with respect to the ground pin, unless otherwise specified. Note 2: Absolute Maximum Ratings indicate limits beyond which damage to the device may occur. Operating Ratings indicate conditions for which the device is functional, but do not guarantee specific performance limits. Electrical Characteristics state DC and AC electrical specifications under particular test conditions which guarantee specific performance limits. This assumes that the device is within the Operating Ratings. Specifications are not guaranteed for parameters where no limit is given, however, the typical value is a good indication of device performance. Note 3: The maximum power dissipation must be derated at elevated temperatures and is dictated by TJMAX, θJA, and the ambient temperature TA. The maximum allowable power dissipation is PDMAX = (TJMAX–TA)/θJA or the number given in Absolute Maximum Ratings, whichever is lower. For the LM4876, TJMAX = 150˚C. The typical junction-to-ambient thermal resistance is 140˚C/W for package number M08A. Note 4: Human body model, 100 pF discharged through a 1.5 kΩ resistor. Note 5: Machine Model, 220 pF–240 pF discharged through all pins. Note 6: Typicals are measured at 25˚C and represent the parametric norm. Note 7: Limits are guaranteed to National’s AOQL (Average Outgoing Quality Level). Electrical Characteristics VDD = 5/3.3/2.6V LM4876 Symbol Parameter Conditions Typical Limit (Note 6) (Note 7) Units (Limits) VIH Shutdown Input Voltage High 1.2 V(min) VIL Shutdown Input Voltage Low 0.4 V(max) www.national.com 2 LM4876 External Components Description (Figure 1) Components Functional Description 1. Ri Inverting input resistance which sets the closed-loop gain in conjunction with Rf. This resistor also forms a high pass filter with Ci at fC= 1/(2π RiCi). 2. Ci Input coupling capacitor which blocks the DC voltage at the amplifiers input terminals. Also creates a highpass filter with Ri at fc = 1/(2π RiCi). Refer to the section, Proper Selection of External Components, for an explanation of how to determine the value of Ci. 3. Rf Feedback resistance which sets the closed-loop gain in conjunction with Ri. 4. CS Supply bypass capacitor which provides power supply filtering. Refer to the Power Supply Bypassing section for information concerning proper placement and selection of the supply bypass capacitor. 5. CB Bypass pin capacitor which provides half-supply filtering. Refer to the section, Proper Selection of External Components, for information concerning proper placement and selection of CB. Typical Performance Characteristics THD+N vs Frequency THD+N vs Frequency DS101299-3 THD+N vs Output Power THD+N vs Frequency DS101299-4 THD+N vs Output Power DS101299-6 Output Power vs Supply Voltage DS101299-5 THD+N vs Output Power DS101299-7 Output Power vs Supply Voltage DS101299-8 Output Power vs Supply Voltage DS101299-9 DS101299-10 3 DS101299-11 www.national.com LM4876 Typical Performance Characteristics Output Power vs Load Resistance (Continued) Power Dissipation vs Output Power DS101299-12 Clipping Voltage vs Supply Voltage DS101299-13 Power Supply Rejection Ratio DS101299-14 Frequency Response vs Input Capacitor Size Noise Floor DS101299-15 DS101299-16 Open Loop Frequency Response DS101299-18 www.national.com Power Derating Curve Supply Current vs Supply Voltage DS101299-19 4 DS101299-17 DS101299-20 LM4876 Typical Performance Characteristics (Continued) Supply Current vs Shutdown Voltage LM4876 @ VDD = 5/3.3/2.6Vdc DS101299-23 5 www.national.com LM4876 POWER DISSIPATION Application Information Power dissipation is a major concern when designing a successful amplifier, whether the amplifier is bridged or singleended. A direct consequence of the increased power delivered to the load by a bridge amplifier is an increase in internal power dissipation. Equation 1 states the maximum power dissipation point for a bridge amplifier operating at a given supply voltage and driving a specified output load. PDMAX = 4*(VDD)2/(2π2RL) (1) Demo Board Schematic Since the LM4876 has two operational amplifiers in one package, the maximum internal power dissipation is 4 times that of a single-ended ampifier. Even with this substantial increase in power dissipation, the LM4876 does not require heatsinking under most operating conditions and output loading. From Equation 1, assuming a 5V power supply and an 8Ω load, the maximum power dissipation point is 625 mW. The maximum power dissipation point obtained from Equation 1 must not be greater than the power dissipation that results from Equation 2: PDMAX = (TJMAX–TA)/θJA (2) DS101299-24 BRIDGE CONFIGURATION EXPLANATION As shown in Figure 1, the LM4876 has two operational amplifiers internally, allowing for a few different amplifier configurations. The first amplifier’s gain is externally configurable, while the second amplifier is internally fixed in a unity-gain, inverting configuration. The closed-loop gain of the first amplifier is set by selecting the ratio of Rf to Ri while the second amplifier’s gain is fixed by the two internal 40 kΩ resistors. Figure 1 shows that the output of amplifier one serves as the input to amplifier two which results in both amplifiers producing signals identical in magnitude, but out of phase 180˚. Consequently, the differential gain for the IC is AVD= 2 *(Rf/Ri) By driving the load differentially through outputs Vo1 and Vo2, an amplifier configuration commonly referred to as “bridged mode” is established. Bridged mode operation is different from the classical single-ended amplifier configuration where one side of its load is connected to ground. A bridge amplifier design has a few distinct advantages over the single-ended configuration, as it provides differential drive to the load, thus doubling output swing for a specified supply voltage. Four times the output power is possible as compared to a single-ended amplifier under the same conditions. This increase in attainable output power assumes that the amplifier is not current limited or clipped. In order to choose an amplifier’s closed-loop gain without causing excessive clipping, please refer to the Audio Power Amplifier Design section. A bridge configuration, such as the one used in LM4876, also creates a second advantage over single-ended amplifiers. Since the differential outputs, Vo1 and Vo2, are biased at half-supply, no net DC voltage exists across the load. This eliminates the need for an output coupling capacitor which is required in a single supply, single-ended amplifier configuration. Without an output coupling capacitor, the half-supply bias across the load would result in both increased internal IC power dissipation and also possible loudspeaker damage. www.national.com For package M08A, θJA = 140˚C/W, assuming free air operation. TJMAX = 150˚C for the LM4876. The θJA can be decreased by using some form of heat sinking. The resultant θJA will be the summation of the θJC, θCS, and θSA. θJC is the junction to case of the package, θCS is the case to heat sink thermal resistance and θSA is the heat sink to ambient thermal resistance. By adding additional copper area around the LM4876, the θJA can be reduced from its free air value of 140˚C/W for package M08A. Depending on the ambient temperature, TA, and the θJA, Equation 2 can be used to find the maximum internal power dissipation supported by the IC packaging. If the result of Equation 1 is greater than that of Equation 2, then either the supply voltage must be decreased, the load impedance increased, the θJA decreased, or the ambient temperature reduced. For the typical application of a 5V power supply, with an 8Ω load, and no additional heatsinking, the maximum ambient temperature possible without violating the maximum junction temperature is approximately 61˚C provided that device operation is around the maximum power dissipation point and assuming surface mount packaging. Internal power dissipation is a function of output power. If typical operation is not around the maximum power dissipation point, the ambient temperature can be increased. Refer to the Typical Performance Characteristics curves for power dissipation information for different output powers and output loading. POWER SUPPLY BYPASSING As with any amplifier, proper supply bypassing is critical for low noise performance and high power supply rejection. The capacitor location on both the bypass and power supply pins should be as close to the device as possible. Typical applications employ a 5V regulator with 10 µF and a 0.1 µF bypass capacitors which aid in supply stability. This does not eliminate the need for bypassing the supply nodes of the LM4876. The selection of bypass capacitors, especially CB, is dependent upon PSRR requirements, click and pop performance as explained in the section, Proper Selection of External Components, system cost, and size constraints. SHUTDOWN FUNCTION In order to reduce power consumption while not in use, the LM4876 contains a shutdown pin to externally turn off the amplifier’s bias circuitry. This shutdown feature turns the amplifier off when a logic low is placed on the shutdown pin. By switching the shutdown pin to ground, the LM4876 supply 6 DC voltage (nominally 1/2 VDD), the smaller the turn-on pop. Choosing CB equal to 1.0 µF along with a small value of Ci (in the range of 0.1 µF to 0.39 µF), should produce a virtually clickless and popless shutdown function. While the device will function properly, (no oscillations or motorboating), with CB equal to 0.1 µF, the device will be much more susceptible to turn-on clicks and pops. Thus, a value of CB equal to 1.0 µF is recommended in all but the most cost sensitive designs. (Continued) current draw will be minimized in idle mode. While the device will be disabled with shutdown pin voltages less than 0.4 VDC, the idle current may be greater than the typical value of 0.01 µA. In many applications, a microcontroller or microprocessor output is used to control the shutdown circuitry which provides a quick, smooth transition into shutdown. Another solution is to use a single-pole, single-throw switch in conjunction with an external pull-down resistor. When the switch is open, the shutdown pin (1) is connected to ground through the pulldown resistor (RPD) and the part is put into shutdown mode. If the switch is closed, then VDD is applied to the shutdown pin and the LM4876 is enabled. This scheme guarantees that the shutdown pin will not float thus preventing unwanted state changes. If an Active Circuit is used to drive the shutdown pin (1), then the pull-down resistor (RPD-20k) will not be necessary. PROPER SELECTION OF EXTERNAL COMPONENTS Proper selection of external components in applications using integrated power amplifiers is critical to optimize device and system performance. While the LM4876 is tolerant of external component combinations, consideration to component values must be used to maximize overall system quality. The LM4876 is unity-gain stable which gives a designer maximum system flexibility. The LM4876 should be used in low gain configurations to minimize THD+N values, and maximize the signal to noise ratio. Low gain configurations require large input signals to obtain a given output power. Input signals equal to or greater than 1 Vrms are available from sources such as audio codecs. Please refer to the section, Audio Power Amplifier Design, for a more complete explanation of proper gain selection. Besides gain, one of the major considerations is the closedloop bandwidth of the amplifier. To a large extent, the bandwidth is dictated by the choice of external components shown in Figure 1. The input coupling capacitor, Ci, forms a first order high pass filter which limits low frequency response. This value should be chosen based on needed frequency response for a few distinct reasons. Selection Of Input Capacitor Size Large input capacitors are both expensive and space hungry for portable designs. Clearly, a certain sized capacitor is needed to couple in low frequencies without severe attenuation. But in many cases the speakers used in portable systems, whether internal or external, have little ability to reproduce signals below 100 Hz to 150 Hz. Thus, using a large input capacitor may not increase actual system performance. In addition to system cost and size, click and pop performance is effected by the size of the input coupling capacitor, Ci. A larger input coupling capacitor requires more charge to reach its quiescent DC voltage (nominally 1/2 VDD). This charge comes from the output via the feedback and is apt to create pops upon device enable. Thus, by minimizing the capacitor size based on necessary low frequency response, turn-on pops can be minimized. Besides minimizing the input capacitor size, careful consideration should be paid to the bypass capacitor value. Bypass capacitor, CB, is the most critical component to minimize turn-on pops since it determines how fast the LM4876 turns on. The slower the LM4876’s outputs ramp to their quiescent 7 www.national.com LM4876 Application Information LM4876 Application Information sure that the power supply choice along with the output impedance does not violate the conditions explained in the Power Dissipation section. (Continued) AUDIO POWER AMPLIFIER DESIGN Once the power dissipation equations have been addressed, the required differential gain can be determined from Equation 4. Design a 1W/8Ω Audio Amplifier Given: Power Output Load Impedance Input Level Input Impedance 1 Wrms (4) Rf/Ri = AVD/2 (5) From Equation 4, the minimum AVD is 2.83; use AVD = 3. Since the desired input impedance was 20 kΩ, and with a AVD impedance of 2, a ratio of 1.5:1 of Rf to Ri results in an allocation of Ri = 20 kΩ and Rf = 30 kΩ. The final design step is to address the bandwidth requirements which must be stated as a pair of −3 dB frequency points. Five times away from a −3 dB point is 0.17 dB down from passband response which is better than the required ± 0.25 dB specified. fL = 100 Hz/5 = 20 Hz 8Ω 1 Vrms 20 kΩ Bandwidth 100 Hz–20 kHz ± 0.25 dB A designer must first determine the minimum supply rail to obtain the specified output power. By extrapolating from the Output Power vs Supply Voltage graphs in the Typical Performance Characteristics section, the supply rail can be easily found. A second way to determine the minimum supply rail is to calculate the required Vopeak using Equation 3 and add the output voltage. Using this method, the minimum supply voltage would be (Vopeak + (VODTOP + VODBOT)), where VODBOT and VODTOP are extrapolated from the Dropout Voltage vs Supply Voltage curve in the Typical Performance Characteristics section. fH = 20 kHz * 5 = 100 kHz As stated in the External Components section, Ri in conjunction with Ci create a highpass filter. Ci ≥ 1/(2π*20 kΩ*20 Hz) = 0.397 µF; use 0.39 µF The high frequency pole is determined by the product of the desired frequency pole, fH, and the differential gain, AVD. With a AVD = 3 and fH = 100 kHz, the resulting GBWP = 150 kHz which is much smaller than the LM4876 GBWP of 4 MHz. This figure displays that if a designer has a need to design an amplifier with a higher differential gain, the LM4876 can still be used without running into bandwidth limitations. (3) Using the Output Power vs Supply Voltage graph for an 8Ω load, the minimum supply rail is 4.6V. But since 5V is a standard voltage in most applications, it is chosen for the supply rail. Extra supply voltage creates headroom that allows the LM4876 to reproduce peaks in excess of 1W without producing audible distortion. At this time, the designer must make www.national.com 8 LM4876 1.1W Audio Power Amplifier with Shutdown Logic Low Physical Dimensions inches (millimeters) unless otherwise noted Order Number LM4876M NS Package Number M08A LIFE SUPPORT POLICY NATIONAL’S PRODUCTS ARE NOT AUTHORIZED FOR USE AS CRITICAL COMPONENTS IN LIFE SUPPORT DEVICES OR SYSTEMS WITHOUT THE EXPRESS WRITTEN APPROVAL OF THE PRESIDENT AND GENERAL COUNSEL OF NATIONAL SEMICONDUCTOR CORPORATION. As used herein: 1. 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