SHARP PC123J00000F

PC123J00000F Series
PC123J00000F
Series
DIP 4pin Reinforced Insulation Type
Photocoupler
■ Description
■ Agency approvals/Compliance
PC123J00000F Series contains an IRED optically
coupled to a phototransistor.
It is packaged in a 4-pin DIP, available in wide-lead
spacing option and SMT gullwing lead-form option.
Input-output isolation voltage(rms) is 5.0kV.
CTR is 50% to 400% at input current of 5mA.
1. Recognized by UL1577 (Double protection isolation),
file No. E64380 (as model No. PC123)
2. Approved by BSI, BS-EN60065, file No. 7087, BSEN60950 file No. 7409, (as model No. PC123)
3. Approved by SEMKO, EN60065, EN60950, (as model No. PC123)
4. Approved by DEMKO, EN60065, EN60950 (as model No. PC123)
5. Approved by NEMKO, EN60065, EN60950, (as model No. PC123)
6. Approved by FIMKO, EN60065, EN60950, (as model No. PC123)
7. Recognized by CSA file No. CA95323 (as model No.
PC123)
8. Approved by VDE (DIN EN60747-5-2(∗)) (as an option), file No. 40008087 (as model No. PC123)
9. Package resin : UL flammability grade (94V - 0)
■ Features
1. 4-pin DIP package
2. Double transfer mold package (Ideal for Flow Soldering)
3. Current transfer ratio (CTR : MIN. 50% at IF=5 mA,
VCE=5V)
4. Several CTR ranks available
5. Reinforced insulation type (Isolation distance : MIN.
0.4mm)
6. Long creepage distance type (wide lead-form type
only : MIN. 8mm)
7. High isolation voltage between input and output
(Viso(rms) : 5.0 kV)
8. Lead-free and RoHS directive compliant
(∗)
DIN EN60747-5-2 : successor standard of DIN VDE0884
■ Applications
1. I/O isolation for MCUs (Micro Controller Units)
2. Noise suppression in switching circuits
3. Signal transmission between circuits of different potentials and impedances
4. Over voltage detection
Notice The content of data sheet is subject to change without prior notice.
In the absence of confirmation by device specification sheets, SHARP takes no responsibility for any defects that may occur in equipment using any SHARP
devices shown in catalogs, data books, etc. Contact SHARP in order to obtain the latest device specification sheets before using any SHARP device.
1
Sheet No.: D2-A02904EN
Date Sep. 1. 2006
© SHARP Corporation
PC123J00000F Series
■ Internal Connection Diagram
1
1
4
2
3
2
3
4
Anode
Cathode
Emitter
Collector
■ Outline Dimensions
(Unit : mm)
1.2±0.3
4.58±0.30
4
PC123
3
Date code
1
4
PC123
4
2
7.62±0.30
3.5±0.5
Epoxy resin
3.0±0.5
3.5±0.5
3.0±0.5
2.7
2.7
±0.5
Epoxy resin
0.26±0.10
4.58±0.30
0.5TYP.
4.58±0.30
7.62±0.30
VDE
idenfication mark
0.26±0.10
0.5±0.1
0.5±0.1
θ
θ
θ
θ
θ : 0 to 13˚
θ : 0 to 13˚
Product mass : approx. 0.23g
Product mass : approx. 0.23g
3. Wide Through-Hole Lead-Form [ex. PC123FJ0000F]
2
4
PC123
±0.25
±0.30
3
1
2.54
0.6
±0.2
Date code
3
4.58
PC123
±0.3
±0.25
4
1.2
1
Factory identification mark
Rank mark
Anode mark
2.54
±0.2
0.6
±0.3
1.2
Date code
2
4. Wide Through-Hole Lead-Form (VDE option) [ex. PC123FYJ000F]
Factory identification mark
Rank mark
Anode mark
±0.1
4.58
6.5±0.3
1.0
±0.30
±0.30
VDE
idenfication mark
±0.30
±0.30
±0.30
7.62
4.58
4.58
2.7MIN.
3.5
3.5
±0.5
7.62
SHARP mark "S"
6.5±0.3
±0.5
1.0
±0.1
4
2.7MIN.
0.5TYP.
6.5±0.3
±0.5
6.5±0.3
3
SHARP mark "S"
2.54±0.25
2
Factory identification mark
2.54±0.25
0.6±0.2
Date code
1
Rank mark
Anode mark
Factory identification mark
0.6±0.2
Anode mark
1.2±0.3
2. Through-Hole (VDE option) [ex. PC123YJ0000F]
Rank mark
4.58±0.30
1. Through-Hole [ex. PC123J00000F]
Epoxy resin
Epoxy resin
±0.10
±0.10
0.26
0.26
±0.50
10.16
±0.50
±0.1
10.16
0.5
Product mass : approx. 0.23g
±0.1
0.5
Product mass : approx. 0.23g
Sheet No.: D2-A02904EN
2
PC123J00000F Series
(Unit : mm)
3
Factory identification mark
Date code
4
1
PC123
4
2
4.58±0.30
0.6±0.2
1.2±0.3
4.58±0.30
PC123
2.54±0.25
4
1
2
Rank mark
Anode mark
Factory identification mark
Date code
0.6±0.2
1.2±0.3
Rank mark
Anode mark
6. SMT Gullwing Lead-Form (VDE option) [ex. PC123PYJ000F]
2.54±0.25
5. SMT Gullwing Lead-Form [ex. PC123PJ0000F]
3
SHARP mark "S"
6.5±0.3
±0.3
VDE
idenfication mark
6.5
4.58±0.30
7.62±0.30
0.26
3.5±0.5
0.35±0.25
4.58±0.30
2.54±0.25
1.0+0.4
−0.0
Epoxy resin
1.0+0.4
−0.0
±0.10
3.5±0.5
0.26±0.10
0.35±0.25
7.62±0.30
2.54±0.25
1.0+0.4
−0.0
Epoxy resin
1.0+0.4
−0.0
10.0+0.0
−0.5
10.0+0.0
−0.5
Product mass : approx. 0.22g
Product mass : approx. 0.22g
7. Wide SMT Gullwing Lead-Form [ex. PC123FPJ000F]
8. Wide SMT Gullwing Lead-Form (VDE option) [ex. PC123ZYJ000F]
Rank mark
Factory identification mark
SHARP mark "S"
VDE
idenfication mark
6.5
2.54±0.25
4.58±0.30
7.62±0.30
0.5±0.1
±0.25
0.75
12.0MAX
3.5±0.5
10.16
3
±0.3
0.25±0.25
0.75
0.6
3.5±0.5
0.26±0.10
0.25
±0.25
Epoxy resin
±0.50
PC123
4
4.58±0.30
7.62±0.30
±0.25
2
4
0.26±0.10
3
1.0
6.5±0.3
±0.2
1.2±0.3
4.58±0.30
PC123
Date code
1
±0.1
1.0±0.1
2
4
2.54±0.25
0.6±0.2
1.2±0.3
Date code
1
Factory identification mark
Anode mark
4.58±0.30
Rank mark
Anode mark
Epoxy resin
±0.25
0.75
±0.50
10.16
0.5±0.1
±0.25
0.75
12.0MAX
Product mass : approx. 0.22g
Product mass : approx. 0.22g
Sheet No.: D2-A02904EN
3
PC123J00000F Series
Date code (2 digit)
A.D.
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
1st digit
Year of production
A.D
Mark
2002
A
2003
B
2004
C
2005
D
2006
E
2007
F
2008
H
2009
J
2010
K
2011
L
2012
M
··
N
·
2nd digit
Month of production
Month
Mark
January
1
February
2
March
3
April
4
May
5
June
6
July
7
August
8
September
9
October
O
November
N
December
D
Mark
P
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
A
B
C
··
·
repeats in a 20 year cycle
Factory identification mark and Plating material
Factory identification Mark
Country of origin
Plating material
Japan
SnCu (Cu : TYP. 2%)
Indonesia
SnBi (Bi : TYP. 2%)
no mark
SnCu (Cu : TYP. 2%)*
or
China
SnCu (Cu : TYP. 2%)
* Up to Date code "T4" (April 2005), SnBi (Bi : TYP. 2%).
** This factory making is for identification purpose only.
Please contact the local SHARP sales representative to see the actual status of the production.
Rank mark
Refer to the Model Line-up table
Sheet No.: D2-A02904EN
4
PC123J00000F Series
■ Absolute Maximum Ratings
Output
Input
Parameter
Symbol
Forward current
IF
*1
Peak forward current
IFM
Reverse voltage
VR
Power dissipation
P
Collector-emitter voltage VCEO
Emitter-collector voltage VECO
IC
Collector current
Collector power dissipation
PC
Ptot
Total power dissipation
*2
Isolation voltage
Viso (rms)
Topr
Operating temperature
Tstg
Storage temperature
*3
Soldering temperature
Tsol
Rating
50
1
6
70
70
6
50
150
200
5.0
−30 to +100
−55 to +125
260
(Ta=25˚C)
Unit
mA
A
V
mW
V
V
mA
mW
mW
kV
˚C
˚C
˚C
*1 Pulse width≤100µs, Duty ratio : 0.001
*2 40 to 60%RH, AC for 1 minute, f = 60Hz
*3 For 10s
■ Electro-optical Characteristics
Input
Output
Transfer
characteristics
Parameter
Symbol
Forward voltage
VF
IR
Reverse current
Terminal capacitance
Ct
Collector dark current
ICEO
Collector-emitter breakdown voltage BVCEO
Emitter-collector breakdown voltage BVECO
Collector current
IC
Collector-emitter saturation voltage VCE (sat)
Isolation resistance
RISO
Cf
Floating capacitance
fc
Cut-off frequency
tr
Rise time
Response time
tf
Fall time
Conditions
IF=20mA
VR=4V
V=0, f=1kHz
VCE=50V, IF=0
IC=0.1mA, IF=0
IE=10µA, IF=0
IF=5mA, VCE=5V
IF=20mA, IC=1mA
DC500V, 40 to 60%RH
V=0, f=1MHz
VCE=5V, IC=2mA, RL=100Ω, −3dB
VCE=2V, IC=2mA, RL=100Ω
MIN.
−
−
−
−
70
6
2.5
−
5×1010
−
−
−
−
TYP.
1.2
−
30
−
−
−
−
0.1
1×1011
0.6
80
4
3
MAX.
1.4
10
250
100
−
−
20
0.2
−
1.0
−
18
18
(Ta=25˚C)
Unit
V
µA
pF
nA
V
nA
mA
V
Ω
pF
kHz
µs
µs
Sheet No.: D2-A02904EN
5
PC123J00000F Series
■ Model Line-up
Lead Form
Package
DIN EN60747-5-2
Model No.
Lead Form
−−−−−−
PC123J00000F
PC123AJ0000F
PC123BJ0000F
PC123CJ0000F
PC123SJ0000F
SMT Gullwing
Package
DIN EN60747-5-2
Model No.
Wide Through-Hole
Sleeve
IC [mA]
Rank mark
(IF=5mA, VCE=5V, Ta=25˚C)
100pcs/sleeve
Approved
−−−−−−
Approved
PC123FJ0000F PC123FYJ000F with or without 2.5 to 20.0
PC123YJ0000F
A
PC123F1J000F PC123FY1J00F
PC123Y1J000F
2.5 to 7.5
B
PC123F2J000F PC123FY2J00F
PC123Y2J000F
5.0 to 12.5
No mark
PC123F5J000F PC123FY5J00F
PC123Y5J000F
10.0 to 20.0
S
PC123YSJ000F PC123FSJ000F PC123FY8J00F
5.0 to 10.0
Through-Hole
−−−−−−
PC123PJ0000F
PC123P1J000F
PC123P2J000F
PC123P5J000F
PC123PSJ000F
Wide SMT Gullwing
Taping
IC [mA]
Rank mark
(IF=5mA, VCE=5V, Ta=25˚C)
2 000pcs/reel
Approved
−−−−−−
Approved
PC123PYJ000F PC123FPJ000F PC123ZYJ000F with or without 2.5 to 20.0
A
PC123PY1J00F PC123FP1J00F PC123ZY1J00F
2.5 to 7.5
B
5.0 to 12.5
PC123PY2J00F PC123FP2J00F PC123ZY2J00F
No mark
10.0 to 20.0
PC123PY5J00F PC123FP5J00F PC123ZY5J00F
S
5.0 to 10.0
PC123PY8J00F PC123FP8J00F PC123ZY8J00F
Please contact a local SHARP sales representative to inquire about production status.
Sheet No.: D2-A02904EN
6
PC123J00000F Series
Fig.2 Diode Power Dissipation vs.
Ambient Temperature
Fig.1 Forward Current vs. Ambient
Temperature
100
Diode power dissipation P (mW)
Forward current IF (mA)
50
40
30
20
10
0
−30
0
25
50 55
75
100
80
70
60
40
20
0
−30
125
0
Fig.3 Collector Power Dissipation vs.
Ambient Temperature
200
150
100
50
0
−30
100
125
0
25
50
75
100
200
150
100
50
0
−30
125
0
25
50
Fig.5 Peak Forward Current vs. Duty Ratio
Forward current IF (mA)
50˚C
1 000
100
10−1
125
Ta=75˚C
Pulse width≤100µs
Ta=25˚C
10−2
100
Fig.6 Forward Current vs. Forward Voltage
10 000
10−3
75
Ambient temperature Ta (˚C)
Ambient temperature Ta (˚C)
10
75
250
Total Power dissipation Ptot (mW)
Collector power dissipation PC (mW)
50 55
Fig.4 Total Power Dissipation vs. Ambient
Temperature
250
Peak forward current IFM (mA)
25
Ambient temperature Ta (˚C)
Ambient temperature Ta (˚C)
−25˚C
10
1
1
Duty ratio
25˚C
0˚C
100
0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
Forward voltage VF (V)
Sheet No.: D2-A02904EN
7
PC123J00000F Series
Fig.7 Current Transfer Ratio vs. Forward
Current
Fig.8 Collector Current vs. Collector-emitter
Voltage
300
VCE=5V
Ta=25˚C
250
54
Collector current IC (mA)
Current transfer ratio CTR (%)
Ta=25˚C
60
200
150
100
PC (MAX.)
48
42
36
30
mA
30
I F=
24
18
mA
20
I F=
IF=10mA
12
50
IF=5mA
6
0
0
0.1
1
10
100
0
Forward current IF (mA)
Collector-emitter saturation voltage VCE (sat) (V)
Relative current transfer ratio (%)
50
25
50
75
5
6
7
8
10
0.12
0.10
0.08
0.06
0.04
0.02
0.00
−30
100
0
20
40
60
80
100
Ambient temperature Ta (˚C)
Fig.11 Collector Dark Current vs. Ambient
Temperature
Fig.12 Response Time vs. Load Resistance
1 000
VCE=50V
VCE=2V
IC=2mA
Ta=25˚C
−6
10
100
−7
Response time (µs)
Collector dark current ICEO (A)
9
IF=20mA
IC=1mA
0.14
Ambient temperature Ta (˚C)
10−5
4
0.16
IF=5mA
VCE=5V
0
3
Fig.10 Collector - emitter Saturation Voltage
vs. Ambient Temperature
100
0
−30
2
Collector-emitter voltage VCE (V)
Fig.9 Relative Current Transfer Ratio vs.
Ambient Temperature
150
1
10
10−8
10−9
tr
tf
10
td
1
ts
10−10
10−11
−30
0
20
40
60
80
0.1
0.01
100
0.1
1
10
100
Load resistance (kΩ)
Ambient temperature Ta (˚C)
Sheet No.: D2-A02904EN
8
PC123J00000F Series
Fig.13 Test Circuit for Response Time
Fig.14 Frequency Response
5
VCC
0
Output
RL
RD
Output
10%
Voltage gain Av (dB)
Input
VCE=5V
IC=2mA
Ta=25˚C
Input
90%
VCE
td
ts
tr
tf
Please refer to the conditions in Fig.12.
−5
−10
RL=10kΩ
1kΩ
100Ω
−15
−20
0.1
1
10
100
1 000
Frequency (kHz)
Collector-emitter saturation voltage VCE (sat) (V)
Fig.15 Collector-emitter Saturation Voltage
vs. Forward Current
Ta=25˚C
5.0
IC=0.5mA
1mA
3mA
5mA
7mA
4.5
4.0
3.5
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
Forward current IF (mA)
Remarks : Please be aware that all data in the graph are just for reference and not for guarantee.
Sheet No.: D2-A02904EN
9
PC123J00000F Series
■ Design Considerations
● Design guide
While operating at IF<1.0mA, CTR variation may increase.
Please make design considering this fact.
This product is not designed against irradiation and incorporates non-coherent IRED.
● Degradation
In general, the emission of the IRED used in photocouplers will degrade over time.
In the case of long term operation, please take the general IRED degradation (50% degradation over 5years)
into the design consideration.
● Recommended Foot Print (reference)
SMT Gullwing lead-form
Wide SMT Gullwing lead-form
10.2
1.7
1.7
2.54
2.54
8.2
2.2
2.2
(Unit : mm)
✩ For additional design assistance, please review our corresponding Optoelectronic Application Notes.
Sheet No.: D2-A02904EN
10
PC123J00000F Series
■ Manufacturing Guidelines
● Soldering Method
Reflow Soldering:
Reflow soldering should follow the temperature profile shown below.
Soldering should not exceed the curve of temperature profile and time.
Please don't solder more than twice.
(˚C)
300
Terminal : 260˚C peak
( package surface : 250˚C peak)
200
Reflow
220˚C or more, 60s or less
Preheat
150 to 180˚C, 120s or less
100
0
0
1
2
3
4
(min)
Flow Soldering :
Due to SHARP's double transfer mold construction submersion in flow solder bath is allowed under the below
listed guidelines.
Flow soldering should be completed below 270˚C and within 10s.
Preheating is within the bounds of 100 to 150˚C and 30 to 80s.
Please don't solder more than twice.
Hand soldering
Hand soldering should be completed within 3s when the point of solder iron is below 400˚C.
Please don't solder more than twice.
Other notices
Please test the soldering method in actual condition and make sure the soldering works fine, since the impact
on the junction between the device and PCB varies depending on the tooling and soldering conditions.
Sheet No.: D2-A02904EN
11
PC123J00000F Series
● Cleaning instructions
Solvent cleaning:
Solvent temperature should be 45˚C or below Immersion time should be 3minutes or less
Ultrasonic cleaning:
The impact on the device varies depending on the size of the cleaning bath, ultrasonic output, cleaning time,
size of PCB and mounting method of the device.
Therefore, please make sure the device withstands the ultrasonic cleaning in actual conditions in advance of
mass production.
Recommended solvent materials:
Ethyl alcohol, Methyl alcohol and Isopropyl alcohol
In case the other type of solvent materials are intended to be used, please make sure they work fine in actual using conditions since some materials may erode the packaging resin.
● Presence of ODC
This product shall not contain the following materials.
And they are not used in the production process for this product.
Regulation substances : CFCs, Halon, Carbon tetrachloride, 1.1.1-Trichloroethane (Methylchloroform)
Specific brominated flame retardants such as the PBB and PBDE are not used in this product at all.
This product shall not contain the following materials banned in the RoHS Directive.
•Lead, Mercury, Cadmium, Hexavalent chromium, Polybrominated biphenyls (PBB), Polybrominated
diphenyl ethers (PBDE).
Sheet No.: D2-A02904EN
12
PC123J00000F Series
■ Package specification
● Sleeve package
1. Through-Hole
Package materials
Sleeve : HIPS (with anti-static material)
Stopper : Styrene-Elastomer
Package method
MAX. 100pcs of products shall be packaged in a sleeve. Both ends shall be closed by tabbed and tabless
stoppers.
The product shall be arranged in the sleeve with its anode mark on the tabless stopper side.
MAX. 20 sleeves in one case.
Sleeve outline dimensions
12.0
±2
5.8
10.8
520
6.7
(Unit : mm)
2. Wide Through-Hole
Package materials
Sleeve : HIPS (with anti-static material)
Stopper : Styrene-Elastomer
Package method
MAX. 100pcs of products shall be packaged in a sleeve. Both ends shall be closed by tabbed and tabless
stoppers.
The product shall be arranged in the sleeve with its anode mark on the tabless stopper side.
MAX. 20 sleeves in one case.
Sleeve outline dimensions
15.0
±2
5.9
10.8
520
6.35
(Unit : mm)
Sheet No.: D2-A02904EN
13
PC123J00000F Series
● Tape and Reel package
1. SMT Gullwing
Package materials
Carrier tape : PS
Cover tape : PET (three layer system)
Reel : PS
Carrier tape structure and Dimensions
D
F
J
G
I
H
X.
MA
H
A
B
C
E
Dimensions List
A
B
16.0±0.3
7.5±0.1
H
I
±0.1
10.4
0.40±0.05
5˚
K
C
1.75±0.10
J
4.2±0.1
D
8.0±0.1
K
5.1±0.1
E
2.0±0.1
(Unit : mm)
F
G
+0.1
4.0±0.1
φ1.5−0.0
Reel structure and Dimensions
e
d
c
g
Dimensions List
a
b
φ330
17.5±1.5
e
f
φ23±1
2.0±0.5
f
a
b
(Unit : mm)
c
d
φ100±1 φ13.0±0.5
g
2.0±0.5
Direction of product insertion
Pull-out direction
[Packing : 2 000pcs/reel]
Sheet No.: D2-A02904EN
14
PC123J00000F Series
2. Wide SMT Gullwing
Package materials
Carrier tape : PS
Cover tape : PET (three layer system)
Reel : PS
Carrier tape structure and Dimensions
F
D
G
E
I
J
5˚
M
.
AX
H
H
A
B
C
K
Dimensions List
A
B
24.0±0.3
11.5±0.1
H
I
12.4±0.1 0.40±0.05
C
1.75±0.10
J
4.1±0.1
D
8.0±0.1
K
5.1±0.1
E
2.0±0.1
(Unit : mm)
F
G
+0.1
4.0±0.1
φ1.5−0.0
Reel structure and Dimensions
e
d
c
g
Dimensions List
a
b
φ330
25.5±1.5
e
f
φ23±1
2.0±0.5
f
a
b
(Unit : mm)
c
d
±1
φ100
φ13.0±0.5
g
2.0±0.5
Direction of product insertion
Pull-out direction
[Packing : 2 000pcs/reel]
Sheet No.: D2-A02904EN
15
PC123J00000F Series
■ Important Notices
with equipment that requires higher reliability such as:
--- Transportation control and safety equipment (i.e.,
aircraft, trains, automobiles, etc.)
--- Traffic signals
--- Gas leakage sensor breakers
--- Alarm equipment
--- Various safety devices, etc.
(iii) SHARP devices shall not be used for or in connection with equipment that requires an extremely high level of reliability and safety such as:
--- Space applications
--- Telecommunication equipment [trunk lines]
--- Nuclear power control equipment
--- Medical and other life support equipment (e.g.,
scuba).
· The circuit application examples in this publication are
provided to explain representative applications of
SHARP devices and are not intended to guarantee any
circuit design or license any intellectual property rights.
SHARP takes no responsibility for any problems related to any intellectual property right of a third party resulting from the use of SHARP's devices.
· Contact SHARP in order to obtain the latest device
specification sheets before using any SHARP device.
SHARP reserves the right to make changes in the specifications, characteristics, data, materials, structure,
and other contents described herein at any time without
notice in order to improve design or reliability. Manufacturing locations are also subject to change without notice.
· If the SHARP devices listed in this publication fall within the scope of strategic products described in the Foreign Exchange and Foreign Trade Law of Japan, it is
necessary to obtain approval to export such SHARP devices.
· Observe the following points when using any devices
in this publication. SHARP takes no responsibility for
damage caused by improper use of the devices which
does not meet the conditions and absolute maximum
ratings to be used specified in the relevant specification
sheet nor meet the following conditions:
(i) The devices in this publication are designed for use
in general electronic equipment designs such as:
--- Personal computers
--- Office automation equipment
--- Telecommunication equipment [terminal]
--- Test and measurement equipment
--- Industrial control
--- Audio visual equipment
--- Consumer electronics
(ii) Measures such as fail-safe function and redundant
design should be taken to ensure reliability and safety
when SHARP devices are used for or in connection
· This publication is the proprietary product of SHARP
and is copyrighted, with all rights reserved. Under the
copyright laws, no part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, for any purpose, in whole or in
part, without the express written permission of SHARP.
Express written permission is also required before any
use of this publication may be made by a third party.
· Contact and consult with a SHARP representative if
there are any questions about the contents of this publication.
[E180]
Sheet No.: D2-A02904EN
16