LM20144 4A, PowerWise® Adjustable Frequency Synchronous Buck Regulator General Description Features The LM20144 is a full featured adjustable frequency synchronous buck regulator capable of delivering up to 4A of continuous output current. The current mode control loop can be compensated to be stable with virtually any type of output capacitor. For most cases, compensating the device only requires two external components, providing maximum flexibility and ease of use. The device is optimized to work over the input voltage range of 2.95V to 5.5V making it suited for a wide variety of low voltage systems. The device features internal over voltage protection (OVP) and over current protection (OCP) circuits for increased system reliability. A precision enable pin and integrated UVLO allows the turn-on of the device to be tightly controlled and sequenced. Start-up inrush currents are limited by both an internally fixed and externally adjustable Soft-Start circuit. Fault detection and supply sequencing is possible with the integrated power good circuit. The LM20144 is designed to work well in multi-rail power supply architectures. The output voltage of the device can be configured to track a higher voltage rail using the SS/TRK pin. If the output of the LM20144 is pre-biased at startup it will not sink current to pull the output low until the internal soft-start ramp exceeds the voltage at the feedback pin. The frequency of this device can be adjusted from 500 kHz to 1.5 MHz by connecting an external resistor from the RT pin to ground. The LM20144 is offered in a 16-pin eTSSOP package with an exposed pad that can be soldered to the PCB, eliminating the need for bulky heatsinks. ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ Input voltage range 2.95V to 5.5V Accurate current limit minimizes inductor size 97% peak efficiency Adjustable switching frequency (500 kHz - 1.5 MHz) 32 mΩ integrated FET switches Starts up into pre-biased loads Output voltage tracking Peak current mode control Adjustable output voltage down to 0.8V Adjustable Soft-Start with external capacitor Precision enable pin with hysteresis Integrated OVP, UVLO, power good and thermal shutdown ■ eTSSOP-16 exposed pad package Applications ■ Simple to design, high efficiency point of load regulation from a 5V or 3.3V bus ■ High Performance DSPs, FPGAs, ASICs and microprocessors ■ Broadband, Networking and Optical Communications Infrastructure Typical Application Circuit 30030601 PowerWise® is a registered trademark of National Semiconductor Corporation. © 2008 National Semiconductor Corporation 300306 www.national.com LM20144 4A, PowerWise® Adjustable Frequency Synchronous Buck Regulator January 16, 2008 LM20144 Connection Diagram 30030602 Top View eTSSOP-16 Package Ordering Information Order Number Package Type NSC Package Drawing Package Marking LM20144MH eTSSOP-16 MXA16A 20144MH Supplied As 92 Units of Rail LM20144MHE 250 Units of Tape and Reel LM20144MHX 2500 Units of Tape and Reel Pin Descriptions Pin # Name Description 1 SS/TRK Soft-Start or Tracking control input. An internal 5 µA current source charges an external capacitor to set the Soft-Start ramp rate. If driven by a external source less than 800 mV, this pin overrides the internal reference that sets the output voltage. If left open, an internal 1ms Soft-Start ramp is activated. 2 FB Feedback input to the error amplifier from the regulated output. This pin is connected to the inverting input of the internal transconductance error amplifier. An 800 mV reference connected to the noninverting input of the error amplifier sets the closed loop regulation voltage at the FB pin. 3 PGOOD 4 COMP 5 NC 6,7 PVIN Power good output signal. Open drain output indicating the output voltage is regulating within tolerance. A pull-up resistor of 10 kΩ to 100 kΩ is recommend for most applications. External compensation pin. Connect a resistor and capacitor to this pin to compensate the device. These pins must be connected to GND to ensure proper operation. Input voltage to the power switches inside the device. These pins should be connected together at the device. A low ESR capacitor should be placed near these pins to stabilize the input voltage. 8,9 SW 10,11 PGND 12 EN 13 VCC Internal 2.7V sub-regulator. This pin should be bypassed with a 1 µF ceramic capacitor. 14 AVIN Analog input supply that generates the internal bias. Must be connected to VIN through a low pass RC filter. 15 AGND Quiet analog ground for the internal bias circuitry. 16 RT EP Exposed Pad www.national.com Switch pin. The PWM output of the internal power switches. Power ground pin for the internal power switches. Precision enable input for the device. An external voltage divider can be used to set the device turnon threshold. If not used the EN pin should be connected to PVIN. Frequency adjust pin. Connecting a resistor on this pin to ground will set the oscillator frequency. Exposed metal pad on the underside of the package with a weak electrical connection to ground. It is recommended to connect this pad to the PC board ground plane in order to improve heat dissipation. 2 If Military/Aerospace specified devices are required, please contact the National Semiconductor Sales Office/ Distributors for availability and specifications. Voltages from the indicated pins to GND AVIN, PVIN, EN, PGOOD, SS/ TRK, COMP, FB, SW, RT Storage Temperature Junction Temperature 2.6W 260°C ±2kV Operating Ratings -0.3V to +6V PVIN, AVIN to GND Junction Temperature -65°C to 150°C 150°C 2.95V to 5.5V −40°C to + 125°C Electrical Characteristics Unless otherwise stated, the following conditions apply: AVIN = PVIN = VIN = 5V. Limits in standard type are for TJ = 25°C only, limits in bold face type apply over the junction temperature (TJ) range of -40°C to +125°C. Minimum and Maximum limits are guaranteed through test, design, or statistical correlation. Typical values represent the most likely parametric norm at TJ = 25°C, and are provided for reference purposes only. Symbol VFB ΔVOUT/ΔIOUT ICL Parameter Conditions Feedback pin voltage VIN = 2.95V to 5.5V Load Regulation IOUT = 100 mA to 4A Switch Current Limit Threshold VIN = 3.3V RDS_ON High-Side Switch On Resistance ISW = 3.5A RDS_ON Min Typ Max Units 0.788 0.8 0.812 V 0.08 5.4 %/A 6.0 6.6 A 36 55 mΩ Low-Side Switch On Resistance ISW = 3.5A 32 52 mΩ IQ Operating Quiescent Current Non-switching, VFB = VCOMP 3.5 6 mA ISD Shutdown Quiescent current VEN = 0V VUVLO VIN Under Voltage Lockout Rising VIN VIN Under Voltage Lockout Hysteresis Falling VIN VCC Voltage IVCC = 0 µA ISS Soft-Start Pin Source Current VSS/TRK = 0V VTRACK SS/TRK Accuracy, VSS - VFB VSS/TRK = 0.4V FOSCH Oscillator Frequency RT = 49.9 kΩ 1350 1500 1650 kHz FOSCL Oscillator Frequency RT = 249 kΩ 440 500 kHz DCMAX Maximum Duty Cycle ILOAD = 0A VUVLO_HYS VVcc 90 180 µA 2.45 2.7 2.95 V 45 100 mV 2.45 2.7 2.95 V 2 4.5 7 µA -10 3 15 mV Oscillator TON_TIME Minimum On Time TCL_BLANK Current Sense Blanking Time 560 85 % 100 ns After Rising VSW 80 ns Feedback pin bias current VFB = 0.8V 1 ICOMP_SRC COMP Output Source Current VFB = VCOMP = 0.6V 80 100 µA ICOMP_SNK COMP Output Sink Current VFB = 1.0V, VCOMP = 0.6V 80 100 µA Error Amplifier Transconductance ICOMP = ± 50 µA 450 Error Amplifier and Modulator IFB gm AVOL Error Amplifier Voltage Gain 510 100 600 2000 nA µmho V/V Power Good VOVP VOVP_HYS Over Voltage Protection Rising Threshold With respect to VFB 105 108 With respect to VFB 92 3 Over Voltage Protection Hysteresis 111 % 2 3 % 94 96 % VPGTH PGOOD Rising Threshold VPGHYS PGOOD Falling Hysteresis 2 TPGOOD PGOOD deglitch time 16 µs 1 mA IOL PGOOD Low Sink Current VPGOOD = 0.4V IOH PGOOD High Leakage Current VPGOOD = 5V 3 0.6 5 100 % nA www.national.com LM20144 Power Dissipation (Note 2) Lead Temperature (Soldering, 10 sec) Minimum ESD Rating (Note 3) Absolute Maximum Ratings (Note 1) LM20144 Symbol Parameter Conditions Min Typ Max Units EN Pin turn-on Threshold VEN Rising 1.08 1.18 1.28 V Enable VIH_EN VEN_HYS EN Pin Hysteresis 66 mV Thermal Shutdown 160 °C Thermal Shutdown Hysteresis 10 °C 38 °C/W Thermal Shutdown TSD TSD_HYS Thermal Resistance θJA Junction to Ambient Note 1: Absolute Maximum Ratings indicate limits beyond which damage to the device may occur. Operating Ratings indicate conditions for which the device is intended to be functional, but do not guarantee specific performance limits. For guaranteed specifications and test conditions, see the Electrical Characteristics. Note 2: The maximum allowable power dissipation is a function of the maximum junction temperature, TJ_MAX, the junctions-to-ambient thermal resistance, θJA, and the ambient temperature, TA. The maximum allowable power dissipation at any ambient temperature is calculated using: PD_MAX = (TJ_MAX – TA)/θJA. The maximum power dissipations of 2.6W is determined using TA = 25°C, θJA = 38°C/W, and TJ_MAX = 125°C. Note 3: The human body model is a 100 pF capacitor discharged through a 1.5 kΩ resistor to each pin. Typical Performance Characteristics Unless otherwise specified: CIN = COUT = 100 µF, L = 1.0 µH (Coilcraft MSS1038), VIN = 5V, VOUT = 1.2V, RLOAD = 1.2Ω, fSW = 1 MHz, TA = 25°C for efficiency curves, loop gain plots and waveforms, and TJ = 25°C for all others. Efficiency vs. Load Current (VIN = 5V, fSW = 1 MHz) Efficiency vs. Load Current (VIN = 3.3V, fSW = 1 MHz) 30030631 30030630 Efficiency vs. Load Current (VIN = 3.3V, fSW = 500 kHz) Efficiency vs. Load Current (VIN = 5V, fSW = 500 kHz) 30030649 www.national.com 30030648 4 Low-Side FET Resistance vs. Temperature 30030657 30030658 Error Amplifier Gain vs. Frequency Line Regulation 30030636 30030637 Load Regulation Feedback Pin Voltage vs. Temperature 30030638 30030651 5 www.national.com LM20144 High-Side FET Resistance vs. Temperature LM20144 Switching Frequency vs. Temperature Switching Frequency vs. RT 30030639 30030650 Quiescent Current vs. VIN (Not Switching) Shutdown Current vs. Temperature 30030641 30030640 Enable Threshold vs. Temperature UVLO Threshold vs. Temperature 30030628 www.national.com 30030645 6 LM20144 Peak Current Limit vs. Temperature Peak Current Limit vs. VOUT 30030642 30030654 Peak Current Limit vs. VIN Load Transient Response 30030634 30030655 Line Transient Response Start-Up (Soft-Start) 30030644 30030643 7 www.national.com LM20144 Start-Up (Tracking) Power Down 30030632 30030633 Short Circuit Input Current vs. VIN PGOOD vs. IPGOOD 30030656 www.national.com 30030627 8 LM20144 Block Diagram 30030603 9 www.national.com LM20144 low-side FET turns on allowing the inductor current to ramp down until the next switching cycle. For each sequential overcurrent event, the reference voltage is decremented and PWM pulses are skipped resulting in a current limit that does not aggressively fold back for brief over-current events, while at the same time providing frequency and voltage foldback protection during hard short circuit conditions. Operation Description GENERAL The LM20144 switching regulator features all of the functions necessary to implement an efficient low voltage buck regulator using a minimum number of external components. This easy to use regulator features two integrated switches and is capable of supplying up to 4A of continuous output current. The regulator utilizes peak current mode control with nonlinear slope compensation to optimize stability and transient response over the entire output voltage range. Peak current mode control also provides inherent line feed-forward, cycleby-cycle current limiting and easy loop compensation. The switching frequency can be varied from 500 kHz to 1.5 MHz. The device can operate at high switching frequency allowing use of a small inductor while still achieving high efficiency. The precision internal voltage reference allows the output to be set as low as 0.8V. Fault protection features include: current limiting, thermal shutdown, over voltage protection, and shutdown capability. The device is available in the eTSSOP-16 package featuring an exposed pad to aid thermal dissipation. The LM20144 can be used in numerous applications to efficiently step-down from a 5V or 3.3V bus. The typical application circuit for the LM20144 is shown in Figure 2 in the design guide. SOFT-START AND VOLTAGE TRACKING The SS/TRK pin is a dual function pin that can be used to set the start up time or track an external voltage source. The start up or Soft-Start time can be adjusted by connecting a capacitor from the SS/TRK pin to ground. The Soft-Start feature allows the regulator output to gradually reach the steady state operating point, thus reducing stresses on the input supply and controlling start up current. If no Soft-Start capacitor is used the device defaults to the internal Soft-Start circuitry resulting in a start up time of approximately 1ms. For applications that require a monotonic start up or utilize the PGOOD pin, an external Soft-Start capacitor is recommended. The SS/TRK pin can also be set to track an external voltage source. The tracking behavior can be adjusted by two external resistors connected to the SS/TRK pin as shown in Figure 7. in the design guide. PRE-BIAS START UP CAPABILITY The LM20144 is in a pre-biased state when the device starts up with an output voltage greater than zero. This often occurs in many multi-rail applications such as when powering an FPGA, ASIC, or DSP. In these applications the output can be pre-biased through parasitic conduction paths from one supply rail to another. Even though the LM20144 is a synchronous converter it will not pull the output low when a prebias condition exists. During start up the LM20144 will not sink current until the Soft-Start voltage exceeds the voltage on the FB pin. Since the device can not sink current it protects the load from damage that might otherwise occur if current is conducted through the parasitic paths of the load. PRECISION ENABLE The enable (EN) pin allows the output of the device to be enabled or disabled with an external control signal. This pin is a precision analog input that enables the device when the voltage exceeds 1.18V (typical). The EN pin has 66 mV of hysteresis and will disable the output when the enable voltage falls below 1.11V (typical). If the EN pin is not used, it should be connected to VIN. Since the enable pin has a precise turnon threshold it can be used along with an external resistor divider network from VIN to configure the device to turn-on at a precise input voltage. The precision enable circuitry will remain active even when the device is disabled. POWER GOOD AND OVER VOLTAGE FAULT HANDLING The LM20144 has built in under and over voltage comparators that control the power switches. Whenever there is an excursion in output voltage above the set OVP threshold, the part will terminate the present on-pulse, turn-on the low-side FET, and pull the PGOOD pin low. The low-side FET will remain on until either the FB voltage falls back into regulation or the zero cross detection is triggered which in turn tri-states the FETs. If the output reaches the UVP threshold the part will continue switching and the PGOOD pin will be asserted and go low. Typical values for the PGOOD resistor are on the order of 100 kΩ or less. To avoid false tripping during transient glitches the PGOOD pin has 16 µs of built in deglitch time to both rising and falling edges. PEAK CURRENT MODE CONTROL In most cases, the peak current mode control architecture used in the LM20144 only requires two external components to achieve a stable design. The compensation can be selected to accommodate any capacitor type or value. The external compensation also allows the user to set the crossover frequency and optimize the transient performance of the device. For duty cycles above 50% all current mode control buck converters require the addition of an artificial ramp to avoid sub-harmonic oscillation. This artificial linear ramp is commonly referred to as slope compensation. What makes the LM20144 unique is the amount of slope compensation will change depending on the output voltage. When operating at high output voltages the device will have more slope compensation than when operating at lower output voltages. This is accomplished in the LM20144 by using a non-linear parabolic ramp for the slope compensation. The parabolic slope compensation of the LM20144 is much better than the traditional linear slope compensation because it optimizes the stability of the device over the entire output voltage range. UVLO The LM20144 has a built-in under-voltage lockout protection circuit that keeps the device from switching until the input voltage reaches 2.7V (typical). The UVLO threshold has 45 mV of hysteresis that keeps the device from responding to power-on glitches during start up. If desired the turn-on point of the supply can be changed by using the precision enable pin and a resistor divider network connected to VIN as shown in Figure 6. in the design guide. CURRENT LIMIT The precise current limit of the LM20123 is set at the factory to be within 10% over the entire operating temperature range. This enables the device to operate with smaller inductors that have lower saturation currents. When the peak inductor current reaches the current limit threshold, an over current event is triggered and the internal high-side FET turns off and the www.national.com THERMAL PROTECTION Internal thermal shutdown circuitry is provided to protect the integrated circuit in the event that the maximum junction tem- 10 Several diagrams are shown in Figure 1 illustrating continuous conduction mode (CCM), discontinuous conduction mode, and the boundary condition. It can be seen that in diode emulation mode, whenever the inductor current reaches zero the SW node will become high impedance. Ringing will occur on this pin as a result of the LC tank circuit formed by the inductor and the parasitic capacitance at the node. If this ringing is of concern an additional RC snubber circuit can be added from the switch node to ground. At very light loads, usually below 100 mA, several pulses may be skipped in between switching cycles, effectively reducing the switching frequency and further improving light-load efficiency. LIGHT LOAD OPERATION The LM20144 offers increased efficiency when operating at light loads. Whenever the load current is reduced to a point where the peak to peak inductor ripple current is greater than two times the load current, the part will enter the diode emulation mode preventing significant negative inductor current. The point at which this occurs is the critical conduction boundary and can be calculated by the following equation: 30030605 FIGURE 1. Modes of Operation for LM20144 11 www.national.com LM20144 perature is exceeded. When activated, typically at 160°C, the LM20144 tri-states the power FETs and resets soft start. After the junction cools to approximately 150°C, the part starts up using the normal start up routine. This feature is provided to prevent catastrophic failures from accidental device overheating. LM20144 Design Guide This section walks the designer through the steps necessary to select the external components to build a fully functional power supply. As with any DC-DC converter numerous tradeoffs are possible to optimize the design for efficiency, size, or performance. These will be taken into account and highlighted throughout this discussion. To facilitate component selection discussions the circuit shown in Figure 2 below may be used as a reference. Unless otherwise indicated all formulas assume units of amps (A) for current, farads (F) for capacitance, henries (H) for inductance and volts (V) for voltages. 30030609 FIGURE 3. Switch and Inductor Current Waveforms If needed, slightly smaller value inductors can be used, however, the peak inductor current, IOUT + ΔiL/2, should be kept below the peak current limit of the device. In general, the inductor ripple current, ΔiL, should be greater than 10% of the rated output current to provide adequate current sense information for the current mode control loop. If the ripple current in the inductor is too low, the control loop will not have sufficient current sense information and can be prone to instability. 30030623 FIGURE 2. Typical Application Circuit OUTPUT CAPACITOR SELECTION (COUT) The output capacitor, COUT, filters the inductor ripple current and provides a source of charge for transient load conditions. A wide range of output capacitors may be used with the LM20144 that provide excellent performance. The best performance is typically obtained using ceramic, SP, or OSCON type chemistries. Typical trade-offs are that the ceramic capacitor provides extremely low ESR to reduce the output ripple voltage and noise spikes, while the SP and OSCON capacitors provide a large bulk capacitance in a small volume for transient loading conditions. When selecting the value for the output capacitor the two performance characteristics to consider are the output voltage ripple and transient response. The output voltage ripple can be approximated by using the formula shown below. The first equation to calculate for any buck converter is dutycycle. Ignoring conduction losses associated with the FETs and parasitic resistances it can be approximated by: INDUCTOR SELECTION (L) The inductor value is determined based on the operating frequency, load current, ripple current, and duty cycle. The inductor selected should have a saturation current rating greater than the peak current limit of the device. Keep in mind the specified current limit does not account for delay of the current limit comparator, therefore the current limit in the application may be higher than the specified value. To optimize the performance and prevent the device from entering current limit at maximum load, the inductance is typically selected such that the ripple current, ΔiL, is less than 30% of the rated output current. Figure 3, shown below illustrates the switch and inductor ripple current waveforms. Once the input voltage, output voltage, operating frequency, and desired ripple current are known, the minimum value for the inductor can be calculated by the formula shown below: www.national.com Where, ΔVOUT (V) is the amount of peak to peak voltage ripple at the power supply output, RESR (Ω) is the series resistance of the output capacitor, fSW(Hz) is the switching frequency, and COUT (F) is the output capacitance used in the design. The amount of output ripple that can be tolerated is application specific; however a general recommendation is to keep the output ripple less than 1% of the rated output voltage. Keep in mind ceramic capacitors are sometimes preferred because they have very low ESR; however, depending on package and voltage rating of the capacitor the value of the capacitance can drop significantly with applied voltage. The output capacitor selection will also affect the output voltage droop during a load transient. The peak droop on the output voltage during a load transient is dependent on many factors; however, an approximation of the transient droop ignoring loop bandwidth can be obtained using the following equation. 12 Where, fSW is the switching frequency in kHz, and RT is the frequency adjust resistor in kΩ. Please refer to the curve Oscillator Frequency verses RT in the typical performance characteristics section If the RT resistor is omitted, the device will not operate. INPUT CAPACITOR SELECTION (CIN) Good quality input capacitors are necessary to limit the ripple voltage at the VIN pin while supplying most of the switch current during the on-time. In general it is recommended to use a ceramic capacitor for the input as they provide both a low impedance and small footprint. One important note is to use a good dielectric for the ceramic capacitor such as X5R or X7R. These provide better over temperature performance and also minimize the DC voltage derating that occurs on Y5V capacitors. For most applications, a 22 µF, X5R, 6.3V input capacitor is sufficient; however, additional capacitance may be required if the connection to the input supply is far from the PVIN pins. The input capacitor should be placed as close as possible PVIN and PGND pins of the device. Non-ceramic input capacitors should be selected for RMS current rating and minimum ripple voltage. A good approximation for the required ripple current rating is given by the relationship: LOOP COMPENSATION (RC1, CC1) The purpose of loop compensation is to meet static and dynamic performance requirements while maintaining adequate stability. Optimal loop compensation depends on the output capacitor, inductor, load, and the device itself. Table 2 below gives values for the compensation network that will result in a stable system when using a 100 µF, 6.3V ceramic X5R output capacitor and 1 µH inductor. TABLE 2. Recommended Compensation for COUT = 100 µF, L = 1 µH & fSW = 1 MHz As indicated by the RMS ripple current equation, highest requirement for RMS current rating occurs at 50% duty cycle. For this case, the RMS ripple current rating of the input capacitor should be greater than half the output current. For best performance, low ESR ceramic capacitors should be placed in parallel with higher capacitance capacitors to provide the best input filtering for the device. SETTING THE OUTPUT VOLTAGE (RFB1, RFB2) The resistors RFB1 and RFB2 are selected to set the output voltage for the device. Table 1, shown below, provides suggestions for RFB1 and RFB2 for common output voltages. RFB2(kΩ) VOUT short open 0.8 4.99 10 1.2 8.87 10.2 1.5 12.7 10.2 1.8 21.5 10.2 2.5 31.6 10.2 3.3 VOUT CC1 (nF) RC1 (kΩ) 5.00 3.30 4.7 17.8 5.00 2.50 4.7 12.7 5.00 1.80 4.7 8.25 5.00 1.50 4.7 5.9 5.00 1.20 4.7 3.92 5.00 0.80 4.7 1.24 3.30 1.80 4.7 10 3.30 1.50 4.7 7.15 3.30 1.20 4.7 4.87 3.30 0.80 4.7 1.24 If the desired solution differs from the table above the loop transfer function should be analyzed to optimize the loop compensation. The overall loop transfer function is the product of the power stage and the feedback network transfer functions. For stability purposes, the objective is to have a loop gain slope that is -20db/decade from a very low frequency to beyond the crossover frequency. Figure 4, shown below, shows the transfer functions for power stage, feedback/compensation network, and the resulting closed loop system for the LM20144. TABLE 1. Suggested Values for RFB1 and RFB2 RFB1(kΩ) VIN If different output voltages are required, RFB2 should be selected to be between 4.99 kΩ to 49.9 kΩ and RFB1 can be calculated using the equation below. ADJUSTING THE OPERATING FREQUENCY (RT) The operating frequency of the LM20144 can be adjusted by connecting a resistor from the RT pin to ground. The equation 13 www.national.com LM20144 shown below can be used to calculate the value of RT for a given operating frequency. Where, COUT (F) is the minimum required output capacitance, L (H) is the value of the inductor, VDROOP (V) is the output voltage drop ignoring loop bandwidth considerations, ΔIOUTSTEP (A) is the load step change, RESR (Ω) is the output capacitor ESR, VIN (V) is the input voltage, and VOUT (V) is the set regulator output voltage. Both the tolerance and voltage coefficient of the capacitor needs to be examined when designing for a specific output ripple or transient drop target. LM20144 A higher crossover frequency can be obtained, usually at the expense of phase margin, by lowering the value of CC1 and recalculating the value of RC1. Likewise, increaseing CC1 and recalculating RC1 will provide additional phase margin at a lower crossover frequency. As with any attempt to compensate the LM20144 the stability of the system should be verified for desired transient droop and settling time. If the output filter zero, fZ(FIL) approaches the crossover frequency (FC), an additional capacitor (CC2) should be placed at the COMP pin to ground. This capacitor adds a pole to cancel the output filter zero assuring the crossover frequency will occur before the double pole at fSW/2 degrades the phase margin. The output filter zero is set by the output capacitor value and ESR as shown in the equation below. If needed, the value for CC2 should be calculated using the equation shown below. 30030613 FIGURE 4. LM20144 Loop Compensation Where RESR is the output capacitor series resistance and RC1 is the calculated compensation resistance. The power stage transfer function is dictated by the modulator, output LC filter, and load; while the feedback transfer function is set by the feedback resistor ratio, error amp gain, and external compensation network. To achieve a -20dB/decade slope, the error amplifier zero, located at fZ(EA), should positioned to cancel the output filter pole (fP(FIL)). An additional error amp pole, located at fP2(EA), can be added to cancel the output filter zero at fZ(FIL). Cancellation of the output filter zero is recommended if larger value, non-ceramic output capacitors are used. Compensation of the LM20144 is achieved by adding an RC network as shown in Figure 5 below. AVIN FILTERING COMPONENTS (CF and RF) To prevent high frequency noise spikes from disturbing the sensitive analog circuitry connected to the AVIN and AGND pins, a high frequency RC filter is required between PVIN and AVIN. These components are shown in Figure 2. as CF and RF. The required value for RF is 1Ω. CF must be used. Recommended value of CF is 1.0 µF. The filter capacitor, CF should be placed as close to the IC as possible with a direct connection from AVIN to AGND. A good quality X5R or X7R ceramic capacitor should be used for CF. SUB-REGULATOR BYPASS CAPACITOR (CVCC) The capacitor at the VCC pin provides noise filtering and stability for the internal sub-regulator. The recommended value of CVCC should be no smaller than 1 µF and no greater than 10 µF. The capacitor should be a good quality ceramic X5R or X7R capacitor. In general, a 1 µF ceramic capacitor is recommended for most applications. SETTING THE START UP TIME (CSS) The addition of a capacitor connected from the SS pin to ground sets the time at which the output voltage will reach the final regulated value. Larger values for CSS will result in longer start up times. Table 3, shown below provides a list of soft start capacitors and the corresponding typical start up times. 30030614 FIGURE 5. Compensation Network for LM20144 TABLE 3. Start Up Times for Different Soft-Start Capacitors A good starting value for CC1 for most applications is 4.7 nF. Once the value of CC1 is chosen the value of RC should be calculated using the equation below to cancel the output filter pole (fP(FIL)) as shown in Figure 4. www.national.com 14 Start Up Time (ms) CSS (nF) 1 none 5 33 10 68 15 100 20 120 TRACKING AN EXTERNAL SUPPLY By using a properly chosen resistor divider network connected to the SS/TRK pin, as shown in Figure 7, the output of the LM20144 can be configured to track an external voltage source to obtain a simultaneous or ratiometric start up. As shown above, the start up time is influenced by the value of the Soft-Start capacitor CSS(F) and the 5 µA Soft-Start pin current ISS(A). that may be found in the electrical characteristics table. While the Soft-Start capacitor can be sized to meet many start up requirements, there are limitations to its size. The SoftStart time can never be faster than 1 ms due to the internal default 1 ms start up time. When the device is enabled there is an approximate time interval of 50 µs when the Soft-Start capacitor will be discharged just prior to the Soft-Start ramp. If the enable pin is rapidly pulsed or the Soft-Start capacitor is large there may not be enough time for CSS to completely discharge resulting in start up times less than predicted. To aid in discharging the Soft-Start capacitor during long disable periods an external 1 MΩ resistor from SS/TRK to ground can be used without greatly affecting the start-up time. 30030620 FIGURE 7. Tracking an External Supply Since the Soft-Start charging current ISS is always present on the SS/TRK pin, the size of R2 should be less than 10 kΩ to minimize the errors in the tracking output. Once a value for R2 is selected the value for R1 can be calculated using appropriate equation in Figure 8, to give the desired start up. Figure 8 shows two common start up sequences; the top waveform shows a simultaneous start up while the waveform at the bottom illustrates a ratiometric start up. USING PRECISION ENABLE AND POWER GOOD The precision enable (EN) and power good (PGOOD) pins of the LM20144 can be used to address many sequencing requirements. The turn-on of the LM20144 can be controlled with the precision enable pin by using two external resistors as shown in Figure 6. 30030626 FIGURE 6. Sequencing LM20144 with Precision Enable The value for resistor RB can be selected by the user to control the current through the divider. Typically this resistor will be selected to be between 10 kΩ and 1 MΩ. Once the value for RB is chosen the resistor RA can be solved using the equation below to set the desired turn-on voltage. 30030621 When designing for a specific turn-on threshold (VTO) the tolerance on the input supply, enable threshold (VIH_EN), and external resistors needs to be considered to insure proper turn-on of the device. The LM20144 features an open drain power good (PGOOD) pin to sequence external supplies or loads and to provide fault detection. This pin requires an external resistor (RPG) to pull PGOOD high while when the output is within the PGOOD tolerance window. Typical values for this resistor range from 10 kΩ to 100 kΩ. FIGURE 8. Common Start Up Sequences A simultaneous start up is preferred when powering most FPGAs, DSPs, or other microprocessors. In these systems the higher voltage, VOUT1, usually powers the I/O, and the lower voltage, VOUT2, powers the core. A simultaneous start up provides a more robust power up for these applications since it avoids turning on any parasitic conduction paths that may exist between the core and the I/O pins of the processor. 15 www.national.com LM20144 If different start up times are needed the equation shown below can be used to calculate the start up time. LM20144 The second most common power on behavior is known as a ratiometric start up. This start up is preferred in applications where both supplies need to be at the final value at the same time. Similar to the Soft-Start function, the fastest start up possible is 1ms regardless of the rise time of the tracking voltage. When using the track feature the final voltage seen by the SS/ TRACK pin should exceed 1V to provide sufficient overdrive and transient immunity. PCB LAYOUT CONSIDERATIONS PC board layout is an important part of DC-DC converter design. Poor board layout can disrupt the performance of a DCDC converter and surrounding circuitry by contributing to EMI, ground bounce, and resistive voltage loss in the traces. These can send erroneous signals to the DC-DC converter resulting in poor regulation or instability. Good layout can be implemented by following a few simple design rules. 1. Minimize area of switched current loops. In a buck regulator there are two loops where currents are switched very fast. The first loop starts from the input capacitor, to the regulator VIN pin, to the regulator SW pin, to the inductor then out to the output capacitor and load. The second loop starts from the output capacitor ground, to the regulator PGND pins, to the inductor and then out to the load (see Figure 10). To minimize both loop areas the input capacitor should be placed as close as possible to the PVIN pin. Grounding for both the input and output capacitor should consist of a small localized top side plane that connects to PGND and the die attach pad (DAP). The inductor should be placed as close as possible to the SW pin and output capacitor. 2. Minimize the copper area of the switch node. Since the LM20144 has the SW pins on opposite sides of the package it is recommended to via these pins down to the bottom or internal layer with 2 to 4 vias on each SW pin. The SW pins should be directly connected with a trace that runs across the bottom of the package. To minimize IR losses this trace should be no smaller that 50 mils wide, but no larger than 100 mils wide to keep the copper area to a minimum. In general the SW pins should not be connected on the top layer since it could block the ground return path for the power ground. The inductor should be placed as close as possible to one of the SW pins to further minimize the copper area of the switch node. 3. Have a single point ground for all device analog grounds located under the DAP. The ground connections for the compensation, feedback, and Soft-Start components should be connected together then routed to the AGND pin of the device. The AGND pin should connect to PGND under the DAP. This prevents any switched or load currents from flowing in the analog ground plane. If not properly handled poor grounding can result in degraded load regulation or erratic switching behavior. 4. Minimize trace length to the FB pin. Since the feedback node can be high impedance the trace from the output resistor divider to FB pin should be as short as possible. This is most important when high value resistors are used to set the output voltage. The feedback trace should be routed away from the SW pin and inductor to avoid contaminating the feedback signal with switch noise. 5. Make input and output bus connections as wide as possible. This reduces any voltage drops on the input or output of the converter and can improve efficiency. If voltage accuracy at the load is important make sure feedback voltage sense is made at the load. Doing so will correct for voltage drops at the load and provide the best output accuracy. 6. Provide adequate device heatsinking. Use as many vias as is possible to connect the DAP to the power plane heatsink. For best results use a 4x4 via array with a minimum via diameter of 12 mils. See the Thermal Considerations section to insure enough copper heatsinking area is used to keep the junction temperature below 125°C. THERMAL CONSIDERATIONS The thermal characteristics of the LM20144 are specified using the parameter θJA, which relates the junction temperature to the ambient temperature. Although the value of θJA is dependant on many variables, it still can be used to approximate the operating junction temperature of the device. To obtain an estimate of the device junction temperature, one may use the following relationship: TJ = PDθJA + TA and PD = PIN x (1 - Efficiency) - 1.1 x IOUT2 x DCR Where: TJ is the junction temperature in °C. PIN is the input power in Watts (PIN = VIN x IIN). θJA is the junction to ambient thermal resistance for the LM20144. TA is the ambient temperature in °C. IOUT is the output load current. DCR is the inductor series resistance. It is important to always keep the operating junction temperature (TJ) below 125°C for reliable operation. If the junction temperature exceeds 160°C the device will cycle in and out of thermal shutdown. If thermal shutdown occurs it is a sign of inadequate heatsinking or excessive power dissipation in the device. Figure 9, shown below, provides a better approximation of the θJA for a given PCB copper area. The PCB heatsink area consists of 2oz. copper located on the bottom layer of the PCB directly under the eTSSOP exposed pad. The bottom copper area is connected to the eTSSOP exposed pad by means of a 4 x 4 array of 12 mil thermal vias. 30030635 FIGURE 9. Thermal Resistance vs PCB Area www.national.com 16 LM20144 30030622 FIGURE 10. Schematic of LM20144 Highlighting Layout Sensitive Nodes 17 www.national.com LM20144 The compensation for these solutions were optimized to work over a wide range of input and output voltages; if a faster transient response is needed reduce the value of CC1 and calculate the new value for RC1 as outline in the design guide. Typical Application Circuits This section provides several application solutions with a bill of materials. All bill of materials reference the below figure. 30030601 FIGURE 11. Bill of Materials (VIN = 5V, VOUT = 3.3V, FSW = 750kHz, IOUTMAX = 4A) Designator Description Part Number Manufacturer Qty U1 Synchronous Buck Regulator LM20144 National Semiconductor 1 CIN 100 µF, 1210, X5R, 6.3V GRM32ER60J107ME20 Murata 1 COUT 100 µF, 1210, X5R, 6.3V GRM32ER60J107ME20 Murata 1 L 1.5 µH, 8.1mΩ MSS1038-152NL Coilcraft 1 RF 1Ω, 0603 CRCW06031R0J-e3 Vishay-Dale 1 CF 100 nF, 0603, X7R, 16V GRM188R71C104KA01 Murata 1 CVCC 1 µF, 0603, X5R, 6.3V GRM188R60J105KA01 Murata 1 RC1 4.99 kΩ, 0603 CRCW06034991F-e3 Vishay-Dale 1 CC1 2.2 nF, 0603, X7R, 25V VJ0603Y222KXXA Vishay-Vitramon 1 CSS 33 nF, 0603, X7R, 25V VJ0603Y333KXXA Vishay-Vitramon 1 RT 150 kΩ, 0603 CRCW06031503F-e3 Vishay-Dale 1 RFB1 31.6 kΩ, 0603 CRCW06033162F-e3 Vishay-Dale 1 RFB2 10.2 kΩ, 0603 CRCW06031022F-e3 Vishay-Dale 1 Bill of Materials (VIN = 3.3V to 5V, VOUT = 1.2V, FSW = 750kHz, IOUTMAX = 4A) Designator Description Part Number Manufacturer Qty U1 Synchronous Buck Regulator LM20144 National Semiconductor 1 CIN 100 µF, 1210, X5R, 6.3V GRM32ER60J107ME20 Murata 1 COUT 100 µF, 1210, X5R, 6.3V GRM32ER60J107ME20 Murata 1 L 1 µH, 6mΩ MSS1038-102NL Coilcraft 1 RF 1Ω, 0603 CRCW06031R0J-e3 Vishay-Dale 1 CF 100 nF, 0603, X7R, 16V GRM188R71C104KA01 Murata 1 CVCC 1 µF, 0603, X5R, 6.3V GRM188R60J105KA01 Murata 1 RC1 3.24 kΩ, 0603 CRCW06033241F-e3 Vishay-Dale 1 CC1 3.3 nF, 0603, X7R, 25V VJ0603Y332KXXA Vishay-Vitramon 1 CSS 33 nF, 0603, X7R, 25V VJ0603Y333KXXA Vishay-Vitramon 1 RT 150 kΩ, 0603 CRCW06031503F-e3 Vishay-Dale 1 RFB1 4.99 kΩ, 0603 CRCW06034991F-e3 Vishay-Dale 1 RFB2 10 kΩ, 0603 CRCW06031002F-e3 Vishay-Dale 1 www.national.com 18 LM20144 Physical Dimensions inches (millimeters) unless otherwise noted 16-Lead eTSSOP Package NS Package Number MXA16A 19 www.national.com LM20144 4A, PowerWise® Adjustable Frequency Synchronous Buck Regulator Notes For more National Semiconductor product information and proven design tools, visit the following Web sites at: Products Design Support Amplifiers www.national.com/amplifiers WEBENCH www.national.com/webench Audio www.national.com/audio Analog University www.national.com/AU Clock Conditioners www.national.com/timing App Notes www.national.com/appnotes Data Converters www.national.com/adc Distributors www.national.com/contacts Displays www.national.com/displays Green Compliance www.national.com/quality/green Ethernet www.national.com/ethernet Packaging www.national.com/packaging Interface www.national.com/interface Quality and Reliability www.national.com/quality LVDS www.national.com/lvds Reference Designs www.national.com/refdesigns Power Management www.national.com/power Feedback www.national.com/feedback Switching Regulators www.national.com/switchers LDOs www.national.com/ldo LED Lighting www.national.com/led PowerWise www.national.com/powerwise Serial Digital Interface (SDI) www.national.com/sdi Temperature Sensors www.national.com/tempsensors Wireless (PLL/VCO) www.national.com/wireless THE CONTENTS OF THIS DOCUMENT ARE PROVIDED IN CONNECTION WITH NATIONAL SEMICONDUCTOR CORPORATION (“NATIONAL”) PRODUCTS. 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