AD AD9954

400 MSPS 14-Bit, 1.8 V CMOS
Direct Digital Synthesizer
AD9954
Support for 5 V input levels on most digital inputs
PLL REFCLK multiplier (4× to 20×)
Internal oscillator, can be driven by a single crystal
Phase modulation capability
Multichip synchronization
FEATURES
400 MSPS internal clock speed
Integrated 14-bit DAC
Programmable phase/amplitude dithering
32-bit tuning word
Phase noise ≤ –120 dBc/Hz @ 1 kHz offset (DAC output)
Excellent dynamic performance
>80 dB SFDR @ 160 MHz (±100 kHz offset) AOUT
Serial I/O control
Ultrahigh speed analog comparator
Automatic linear and nonlinear frequency sweeping
capability
4 frequency/phase offset profiles
1.8 V power supply
Software and hardware controlled power-down
48-lead TQFP/EP package
Integrated 1024 word × 32-bit RAM
APPLICATIONS
Agile LO frequency synthesis
Programmable clock generator
FM chirp source for radar and scanning systems
Automotive radar
Test and measurement equipment
Acousto-optic device drivers
FUNCTIONAL BLOCK DIAGRAM
DDS CORE
32
M
U
X
DDS
CLOCK
10
14
COS(X)
14
DAC
SYSTEM
CLOCK
MUX
SYNC_IN
θ
OSK
TIMING AND CONTROL LOGIC
PWRDWNCTL
0
SYNC
CONTROL REGISTERS
÷4
COMPARATOR
OSCILLATOR/BUFFER
4×–20×
CLOCK
MULTIPLIER
REFCLK
REFCLK
M
U
X
COMP_IN
COMP_IN
SYSTEM
CLOCK
COMP_OUT
ENABLE
CRYSTAL OUT
PS<1:0>
I/O PORT
03374-0-001
M
U
X
IOUT
IOUT
Z–1
RAM DATA 14
<31:18>
I/O UPDATE
SYNC_CLK
19
14
3
32
32
PHASE
ACUMULATOR
RESET
32
DAC_RSET
PHASE
OFFSET
Z–1
32
32
AD9954
PHASE
ACCUMULATOR
FREQUENCY
TUNING WORD
RAM CONTROL
RAM
DATA
DDS CLOCK
RAM DATA
STATIC RAM
1024 × 32
RAM ADDRESS
DELTA FREQUENCY TUNING WORD
DELTA FREQUENCY RAMP RATE
FREQUENCY
ACCUMULATOR
RESET
Figure 1. 48-LeadTQFP/EP
Rev. 0
Information furnished by Analog Devices is believed to be accurate and reliable.
However, no responsibility is assumed by Analog Devices for its use, nor for any
infringements of patents or other rights of third parties that may result from its use.
Specifications subject to change without notice. No license is granted by implication
or otherwise under any patent or patent rights of Analog Devices. Trademarks and
registered trademarks are the property of their respective owners.
One Technology Way, P.O. Box 9106, Norwood, MA 02062-9106, U.S.A.
Tel: 781.329.4700
www.analog.com
Fax: 781.326.8703
© 2003 Analog Devices, Inc. All rights reserved.
AD9954
TABLE OF CONTENTS
General Description ......................................................................... 3
Serial Port Operation................................................................. 30
AD9954—Electrical Specifications ................................................ 4
Instruction Byte .......................................................................... 32
Absolute Maximum Ratings............................................................ 7
Serial Interface Port Pin Description....................................... 32
Pin Configurations ........................................................................... 8
MSB/LSB Transfers .................................................................... 32
Pin Function Descriptions .............................................................. 9
RAM I/O Via Serial Port ........................................................... 32
Typical Performance Characteristics ........................................... 10
Suggested Application Circuits..................................................... 35
Theory of Operation ...................................................................... 13
Outline Dimensions ....................................................................... 36
Component Blocks ..................................................................... 13
ESD Caution................................................................................ 36
Modes of Operation ................................................................... 22
Ordering Guide .......................................................................... 36
REVISION HISTORY
Revision 0: Initial Version
Rev. 0 | Page 2 of 36
AD9954
GENERAL DESCRIPTION
The AD9954 is a direct digital synthesizer (DDS) featuring a
14-bit DAC operating up to 400 MSPS. The AD9954 uses
advanced DDS technology, coupled with an internal high speed,
high performance DAC to form a digitally programmable,
complete high frequency synthesizer capable of generating a
frequency-agile analog output sinusoidal waveform at up to
200 MHz. The AD9954 is designed to provide fast frequency
hopping and fine tuning resolution (32-bit frequency tuning
word). The frequency tuning and control words are loaded into
the AD9954 via a serial I/O port. The AD9954 includes an
integrated 1024 × 32 static RAM to support flexible frequency
sweep capability in several modes. The AD9954 also supports a
user defined linear sweep mode of operation. The device
includes an on-chip high speed comparator for applications
requiring a square wave output.
The AD9954 is specified to operate over the extended industrial
temperature range of –40°C to +105°C.
Rev. 0 | Page 3 of 36
AD9954
AD9954—ELECTRICAL SPECIFICATIONS
Table 1. Unless otherwise noted, AVDD, DVDD = 1.8 V ± 5%, DVDD_I/O = 3.3 V ± 5%, RSET = 3.92 kΩ, External Reference Clock
Frequency = 20 MHz with REFCLK Multiplier Enabled at 20×. DAC Output Must Be Referenced to AVDD, Not AGND.
Parameter
REF CLOCK INPUT CHARACTERISTICS
Frequency Range
REFCLK Multiplier Disabled
REFCLK Multiplier Enabled at 4×
REFCLK Multiplier Enabled at 20×
Input Capacitance
Input Impedance
Duty Cycle
Duty Cycle with REFCLK Multiplier Enabled
REFCLK Input Power1
DAC OUTPUT CHARACTERISTICS
Resolution
Full Scale Output Current
Gain Error
Output Offset
Differential Nonlinearity
Integral Nonlinearity
Output Capacitance
Residual Phase Noise @ 1 kHz Offset, 40 MHz AOUT
REFCLK Multiplier Enabled @ 20×
REFCLK Multiplier Enabled @ 4×
REFCLK Multiplier Disabled
Voltage Compliance Range
Wideband SFDR
1 MHz to 10 MHz Analog Out
10 MHz to 40 MHz Analog Out
40 MHz to 80 MHz Analog Out
80 MHz to 120 MHz Analog Out
120 MHz to 160 MHz Analog Out
Narrow Band SFDR
40 MHz Analog Out (±1 MHz)
40 MHz Analog Out (±250 kHz)
40 MHz Analog Out (±50 kHz)
40 MHz Analog Out (±10 kHz)
80 MHz Analog Out (±1 MHz)
80 MHz Analog Out (±250 kHz)
80 MHz Analog Out (±50 kHz)
80 MHz Analog Out (±10 kHz)
120 MHz Analog Out (±1 MHz)
120 MHz Analog Out (±250 kHz)
120 MHz Analog Out (±50 kHz)
120 MHz Analog Out (±10 kHz)
160 MHz Analog Out (±1 MHz)
160 MHz Analog Out (±250 kHz)
160 MHz Analog Out (±50 kHz)
160 MHz Analog Out (±10 kHz)
Temp
Test
Level
FULL
FULL
FULL
25°C
25°C
25°C
25°C
FULL
VI
VI
VI
V
V
V
V
IV
Min
Typ
1
20
4
Max
Unit
400
100
20
MHz
MHz
MHz
pF
kΩ
%
%
dBm
3
1.5
50
35
–15
14
10
65
+3
15
+10
0.6
Bits
mA
%FS
µA
LSB
LSB
pF
25°C
25°C
25°C
25°C
25°C
25°C
I
I
V
V
V
25°C
25°C
25°C
25°C
V
V
V
I
25°C
25°C
25°C
25°C
25°C
V
V
V
V
V
73
67
62
58
52
dBc
dBc
dBc
dBc
dBc
25°C
25°C
25°C
25°C
25°C
25°C
25°C
25°C
25°C
25°C
25°C
25°C
25°C
25°C
25°C
25°C
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
87
89
91
93
85
87
89
91
83
85
87
89
81
83
85
87
dBc
dBc
dBc
dBc
dBc
dBc
dBc
dBc
dBc
dBc
dBc
dBc
dBc
dBc
dBc
dBc
Rev. 0 | Page 4 of 36
5
–10
0
1
2
5
–105
–115
–132
AVDD – 0.5
AVDD + 0.5
dBc/Hz
dBc/Hz
dBc/Hz
V
AD9954
Parameter
COMPARATOR INPUT CHARACTERISTICS
Input Capacitance
Input Resistance
Input Current
Hysteresis
COMPARATOR OUTPUT CHARACTERISTICS
Logic 1 Voltage, High Z Load
Logic 0 Voltage, High Z Load
Propagation Delay
Output Duty Cycle Error
Rise/Fall Time, 5 pF Load
Toggle Rate, High Z Load
Output Jitter2
COMPARATOR NARROWBAND SFDR
10 MHz (1 MHz)
10 MHz (250 kHz)
10 MHz (50 kHz)
10 MHz (10 kHz)
70 MHz (1 MHz)
70 MHz (250 kHz)
70 MHz (50 kHz)
70 MHz (10 kHz)
110 MHz (1 MHz)
110 MHz (250 kHz)
110 MHz (50 kHz)
110 MHz (10 kHz)
140 MHz (1 MHz)
140 MHz (250 kHz)
140 MHz (50 kHz)
140 MHz (10 kHz)
160 MHz (1 MHz)
160 MHz (250 kHz)
160 MHz (50 kHz)
160 MHz (10 kHz)
CLOCK GENERATOR OUTPUT JITTER3
5 MHz AOUT
10 MHz AOUT
40 MHz AOUT
80 MHz AOUT
120 MHz AOUT
140 MHz AOUT
160 MHz AOUT
TIMING CHARACTERISTICS
Serial Control Bus
Maximum Frequency
Minimum Clock Pulse Width Low
Minimum Clock Pulse Width High
Maximum Clock Rise/Fall Time
Minimum Data Setup Time DVDD_I/O = 3.3 V
Minimum Data Setup Time DVDD_I/O = 1.8 V
Minimum Data Hold Time
Temp
Test
Level
25°C
25°C
25°C
25°C
V
IV
I
IV
FULL
FULL
25°C
25°C
25°C
25°C
25°C
VI
VI
IV
IV
IV
IV
IV
25°C
25°C
25°C
25°C
25°C
25°C
25°C
25°C
25°C
25°C
25°C
25°C
25°C
25°C
25°C
25°C
25°C
25°C
25°C
25°C
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
80
85
90
95
80
85
90
95
80
85
90
95
80
85
90
95
80
85
90
95
V
V
ns
%
ns
MHz
ps RMS
dBc
dBc
dBc
dBc
dBc
dBc
dBc
dBc
dBc
dBc
dBc
dBc
dBc
dBc
dBc
dBc
dBc
dBc
dBc
dBc
dBc
25°C
25°C
25°C
25°C
25°C
25°C
25°C
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
100
60
50
50
50
50
50
ps RMS
ps RMS
ps RMS
ps RMS
ps RMS
ps RMS
ps RMS
FULL
FULL
FULL
FULL
FULL
FULL
FULL
FULL
IV
IV
IV
IV
IV
IV
IV
IV
25
Mbps
ns
ns
ns
ns
ns
ns
Rev. 0 | Page 5 of 36
Min
Typ
Max
Unit
45
pF
kΩ
µA
mV
3
500
±12
30
1.6
0.4
3
±5
1
200
1
7
7
2
3
5
0
AD9954
Parameter
Maximum Data Valid Time
Wake-Up Time4
Minimum Reset Pulse Width High
I/O UPDATE, PS0, PS1 to SYNCCLK Setup Time DVDD_I/O = 3.3 V
I/O UPDATE, PS0, PS1 to SYNCCLK Setup Time DVDD_I/O = 3.3 V
I/O UPDATE, PS0, PS1 to SYNCCLK Hold Time
Latency
I/O UPDATE to Frequency Change Prop Delay
I/O UPDATE to Phase Offset Change Prop Delay
I/O UPDATE to Amplitude Change Prop Delay
PS0, PS1 to RAM Driven Frequency Change Prop Delay
PS0, PS1 to RAM Driven Phase Change Prop Delay
PS0 to Linear Frequency Sweep Prop Delay
CMOS LOGIC INPUTS
Logic 1 Voltage @ DVDD_I/O (Pin 43) = 1.8 V
Logic 0 Voltage @ DVDD_I/O (Pin 43) = 1.8 V
Logic 1 Voltage @ DVDD_I/O (Pin 43) = 3.3 V
Logic 0 Voltage @ DVDD_I/O (Pin 43) = 3.3 V
Logic 1 Current
Logic 0 Current
Input Capacitance
CMOS LOGIC OUTPUTS (1 mA Load) DVDD_I/O = 1.8 V
Logic 1 Voltage
Logic 0 Voltage
CMOS LOGIC OUTPUTS (1 mA Load) DVDD_I/O = 3.3 V
Logic 1 Voltage
Logic 0 Voltage
POWER CONSUMPTION (AVDD = DVDD = 1.8 V)
Single Tone Mode (Comparator Off)
With RAM or Linear Sweep Enabled
With Comparator Enabled
With RAM and Comparator Enabled
Rapid Power-Down Mode
Full-Sleep Mode
SYNCHRONIZATION FUNCTION6
Maximum SYNC Clock Rate (DVDD_I/O = 1.8 V)
Maximum SYNC Clock Rate (DVDD_I/O = 3.3 V)
SYNC_CLK Alignment Resolution7
Temp
FULL
FULL
FULL
FULL
FULL
FULL
Test
Level
IV
IV
IV
I
I
I
5
4
6
0
Unit
ns
ms
SYSCLK Cycles5
ns
ns
ns
25°C
25°C
25°C
25°C
25°C
25°C
IV
IV
IV
IV
IV
IV
24
24
16
28
28
28
SYSCLK Cycles
SYSCLK Cycles
SYSCLK Cycles
SYSCLK Cycles
SYSCLK Cycles
SYSCLK Cycles
25°C
25°C
25°C
25°C
25°C
25°C
25°C
I
I
I
I
V
1.25
25°C
25°C
I
I
1.35
25°C
25°C
I
I
2.8
25°C
25°C
25°C
25°C
25°C
25°C
I
I
I
I
I
I
25°C
25°C
25°C
VI
VI
V
1
Min
Typ
25
1
Max
0.6
2.2
3
0.8
12
12
2
162
175
180
198
150
20
62.5
100
±1
V
V
V
V
µA
µA
pF
0.4
V
V
0.4
V
V
171
190
190
220
160
27
mW
mW
mW
mW
mW
mW
MHz
MHz
SYSCLK Cycles
To achieve the best possible phase noise, the largest amplitude clock possible should be used. Reducing the clock input amplitude will reduce the phase noise performance of the device.
Represents the cycle-to-cycle residual jitter from the comparator alone.
3
Represents the cycle-to-cycle residual jitter from the DDS core driving the comparator.
4
Wake-up time refers to the recovery from analog power-down modes (see section on Power-Down Modes of Operation). The longest time required is for the reference
clock multiplier PLL to relock to the reference. The wake-up time assumes there is no capacitor on DAC_BP and that the recommended PLL loop filter values are used.
5
SYSCLK cycle refers to the actual clock frequency used on-chip by the DDS. If the reference clock multiplier is used to multiply the external reference clock frequency,
the SYSCLK frequency is the external frequency multiplied by the reference clock multiplication factor. If the reference clock multiplier is not used, the SYSCLK frequency is the same as the external reference clock frequency.
6
SYNC_CLK = ¼ SYSCLK rate. For SYNC_CLK rates ≥ 50 MHz, the high speed sync enable bit, CFR2<11>, should be set.
7
This parameter indicates that the digital synchronization feature cannot overcome phase delays (timing skew) between system clock rising edges. If the system clock
edges are aligned, the synchronization function should not increase the skew between the two edges.
2
Rev. 0 | Page 6 of 36
AD9954
ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATINGS
Table 2.
Table 3. Explanation of Test Levels
Parameter
Maximum Junction Temperature
DVDD_I/O (Pin 43)
AVDD, DVDD
Digital Input Voltage (DVDD_I/O = 3.3 V)
Digital Input Voltage (DVDD_I/O = 1.8 V)
Digital Output Current
Storage Temperature
Operating Temperature
Lead Temperature (10 sec Soldering)
θJA
θJC
Rating
150°C
4V
2V
–0.7 V to +5.25 V
–0.7 V to +2.2 V
5 mA
–65°C to +150°C
–40°C to +105°C
300°C
38°C/W
15°C/W
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
100% Production Tested.
100% Production Tested at 25°C and sample Tested at
Specified Temperatures.
Sample Tested Only.
Parameter is guaranteed by design and characterization
testing.
Parameter is a typical value only.
Devices are 100% production tested at 25°C and
guaranteed by design and characterization testing for
industrial operating temperature range.
Stresses above those listed under Absolute Maximum Ratings
may cause permanent damage to the device. This is a stress rating only and functional operation of the device at these or any
other conditions above those indicated in the operational section of this specification is not implied. Exposure to absolute
maximum rating conditions for extended periods may affect
device reliability.
DIGITAL
INPUTS
COMPARATOR
INPUTS
DAC OUTPUTS
COMPARATOR
OUTPUT
AVDD
DVDD_I/O
IOUT
AVDD
IOUT
INPUT
AVOID OVERDRIVING
DIGITAL INPUTS.
FORWARD BIASING
ESD DIODES MAY
COUPLE DIGITAL NOISE
ONTO POWER PINS.
COMP IN
MUST TERMINATE
OUTPUTS TO AVDD FOR
CURRENT FLOW. DO
NOT EXCEED THE
OUTPUT VOLTAGE
COMPLIANCE RATING.
Figure 2. Equivalent Input and Output Circuits
Rev. 0 | Page 7 of 36
03374-0-032
COMP IN
AD9954
PS1
PS0
OSK
SYNC_CLK
SYNC_IN
DVDD_I/O
DGND
SDIO
SCLK
CS
SDO
IOSYNC
PIN CONFIGURATIONS
48
47
46
45
44
43
42
41
40
39
38
37
1
36
RESET
DVDD
2
35
PWRDWNCTL
DGND
3
34
DVDD
AVDD
4
33
DGND
AGND
5
32
AGND
AVDD
6
31
COMP_IN
AGND
7
30
COMP_IN
OSC/REFCLK
8
29
AVDD
OSC/REFCLK
9
28
COMP_OUT
C R Y S T A L O U T 10
27
AVDD
C L K M O D E S E L E C T 11
26
AGND
L O O P _ F I L T E R 12
25
AVDD
A D 99 54
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
AGND
AVDD
AVDD
IOUT
IOUT
AGND
DACBP
DAC_RSET
AVDD
15
AVDD
14
AGND
13
AGND
TOP V IE W
( N ot t o S c a le )
03374-0-002
I/O UPDATE
Figure 3. 48-Lead EP_TQFP
Note that the exposed paddle on the bottom of the package forms an electrical connection for the DAC and must be attached to
analog ground. Note that Pin 43, DVDD_I/O, can be powered to 1.8 V or 3.3 V. The DVDD pins (Pin 2 and Pin 34) can only be
powered to 1.8 V.
Rev. 0 | Page 8 of 36
AD9954
PIN FUNCTION DESCRIPTIONS
Table 4. Pin Function Descriptions—48-Lead TQFP/EP
Pin No.
1
Mnemonic
I/O UPDATE
I/O
I
2, 34
3, 33, 42
4, 6, 13, 16,
18, 19, 25,
27, 29
5, 7, 14, 15,
17, 22, 26,
32
8
DVDD
DGND
AVDD
I
I
I
Description
The rising edge transfers the contents of the internal buffer memory to the I/O registers. This pin
must be set up and held around the SYNC_CLK output signal.
Digital Power Supply Pins (1.8 V).
Digital Power Ground Pins.
Analog Power Supply Pins (1.8 V).
AGND
I
Analog Power Ground Pins.
OSC/REFCLK
I
9
OSC/REFCLK
I
10
11
CRYSTAL OUT
CLKMODESELECT
O
I
12
LOOP_FILTER
I
20
21
23
24
IOUT
IOUT
DACBP
DAC_RSET
O
O
I
I
28
30
31
35
36
COMP_OUT
COMP_IN
COMP_IN
PWRDWNCTL
RESET
O
I
I
I
I
37
IOSYNC
I
38
SDO
O
39
40
41
CS
SCLK
SDIO
I
I
I/O
43
44
DVDD_I/O
SYNC_IN
I
I
45
46
SYNC_CLK
OSK
O
I
47, 48
PS0, PS1
I
<49>
AGND
I
Complementary Reference Clock/Oscillator Input. When the REFCLK port is operated in singleended mode, REFCLKB should be decoupled to AVDD with a 0.1 µF capacitor.
Reference Clock/Oscillator Input. See Clock Input section for details on the OSCILLATOR/REFCLK
operation.
Output of the Oscillator Section.
Control Pin for the Oscillator Section. When high, the oscillator section is enabled. When low, the
oscillator section is bypassed.
This pin provides the connection for the external zero compensation network of the REFCLK
multiplier’s PLL loop filter. The network consists of a 1 kΩ resistor in series with a 0.1 µF capacitor
tied to AVDD.
Complementary DAC Output. Should be biased through a resistor to AVDD, not AGND.
DAC Output. Should be biased through a resistor to AVDD, not AGND.
DAC Biasline Decoupling Pin.
A resistor (3.92 kΩ nominal) connected from AGND to DAC_RSET establishes the reference current
for the DAC.
Comparator Output.
Comparator Input.
Comparator Complementary Input.
Input Pin Used as an External Power-Down Control (see Table 13 for details).
Active High Hardware Reset Pin. Assertion of the RESET pin forces the AD9954 to the initial state,
as described in the I/O port register map.
Asynchronous Active High Reset of the Serial Port Controller. When high, the current I/O
operation is immediately terminated, enabling a new I/O operation to commence once IOSYNC is
returned low. If unused, ground this pin; do not allow this pin to float.
When operating the I/O port as a 3-wire serial port, this pin serves as the serial data output. When
operated as a 2-wire serial port, this pin is unused and can be left unconnected.
This pin functions as an active low chip select that allows multiple devices to share the I/O bus.
This pin functions as the serial data clock for I/O operations.
When operating the I/O port as a 3-wire serial port, this pin serves as the serial data input, only.
When operated as a 2-wire serial port, this pin is the bidirectional serial data pin.
Digital Power Supply (for I/O Cells Only, 3.3 V).
Input signal used to synchronize multiple AD9954s. This input is connected to the SYNC_CLK
output of a master AD9954.
Clock Output Pin that Serves as a Synchronizer for External Hardware.
Input pin used to control the direction of the shaped on-off keying function when programmed
for operation. OSK is synchronous to the SYNC_CLK pin. When OSK is not programmed, this pin
should be tied to DGND.
Input pin used to select one of the four internal profiles. Profile <1:0> are synchronous to the
SYNC_CLK pin. Any change in these inputs transfers the contents of the internal buffer memory
to the I/O registers (sends an internal I/O UPDATE).
The exposed paddle on the bottom of the package is a ground connection for the DAC and must
be attached to AGND in any board layout.
Rev. 0 | Page 9 of 36
AD9954
TYPICAL PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS
REF 0dBm
0
PEAK
1R
LOG
–10
10dB/
MKR1 98.0MHz
–70.68dB
ATTEN 10dB
REF 0dBm
0
PEAK
LOG
–10
10dB/
–20
–30
MARKER
100.000000MHz
–70.68dB
–50
–60
W1 S2
S3 FC –70
AA
–80
–60
W1 S2
S3 FC –70
AA
–80
03374-0-016
1
–90
–100
CENTER 100MHz
#RES BW 3kHz
VBW 3kHz
–90
–100
SPAN 200MHz
SWEEP 55.56 s (401 PTS)
CENTER 100MHz
#RES BW 3kHz
Figure 4. FOUT = 1 MHz FCLK = 400 MSPS, WBSFDR
REF 0dBm
0
PEAK
1R
LOG
10dB/ –10
REF 0dBm
0
PEAK
LOG
10dB/ –10
–20
–20
–30
–30
MARKER
80.000000MHz
–69.12dB
–40
–50
–50
03374-0-017
1
–90
CENTER 100MHz
#RES BW 3kHz
VBW 3kHz
ATTEN 10dB
1R
1
–90
–100
SPAN 200MHz
SWEEP 55.56 s (401 PTS)
CENTER 100MHz
#RES BW 3kHz
Figure 5. FOUT = 10 MHz, FCLK = 400 MSPS, WBSFDR
REF 0dBm
0
PEAK
LOG
–10
10dB/
MKR1 40.0MHz
–56.2dB
ATTEN 10dB
–60
W1 S2
S3 FC –70
AA
–80
–100
SPAN 200MHz
SWEEP 55.56 s (401 PTS)
MARKER
40.000000MHz
–56.2dB
–40
–60
W1 S2
S3 FC –70
AA
–80
VBW 3kHz
Figure 7. FOUT = 80 MHz FCLK = 400 MSPS, WBSFDR
MKR1 80.0MHz
–69.12dB
ATTEN 10dB
1
03374-0-019
–50
MARKER
80.000000MHz
–61.55dB
–40
03374-0-020
–40
VBW 3kHz
SPAN 200MHz
SWEEP 55.56 s (401 PTS)
Figure 8 FOUT = 120 MHz, FCLK = 400 MSPS, WBSFDR
MKR1 0Hz
–68.44dB
REF 0dBm
0
PEAK
LOG
–10
10dB/
1R
–20
–20
–30
–30
–50
1R
–20
–30
–40
MKR1 80.0MHz
–61.55dB
ATTEN 10dB
MARKER
40.000000MHz
–68.44dB
–40
–50
ATTEN 10dB
MKR1 0Hz
–53.17dB
1R
MARKER
80.000000MHz
–53.17dB
1
W1 S2
S3 FC –70
AA
–80
–60
W1 S2
S3 FC –70
AA
–80
03374-0-018
1
–90
–100
CENTER 100MHz
#RES BW 3kHz
VBW 3kHz
SPAN 200MHz
SWEEP 55.56 s (401 PTS)
03374-0-021
–60
–90
–100
CENTER 100MHz
#RES BW 3kHz
Figure 6. FOUT = 40 MHz, FCLK = 400 MSPS, WBSFDR
VBW 3kHz
SPAN 200MHz
SWEEP 55.56 s (401 PTS)
Figure 9. FOUT = 160 MHz, FCLK = 400 MSPS, WBSFDR
Rev. 0 | Page 10 of 36
AD9954
REF –4dBm
0
PEAK
LOG
–10
10dB/
ATTEN 10dB
1
MKR1 1.105MHz
–5.679dBm
REF –4dBm
0
PEAK
LOG
–10
10dB/
–20
–20
–30
–30
MARKER
1.105000MHz
–5.679dBm
–40
–50
–40
–50
03374-0-022
–90
ST
–100
CENTER 1.105MHz
#RES BW 30Hz
VBW 30Hz
SPAN 2MHz
SWEEP 199.2 s (401 PTS)
–90
ST
–100
SPAN 2MHz
SWEEP 199.2 s (401 PTS)
CENTER 80.25MHz
#RES BW 30Hz
Figure 10. FOUT = 1.1 MHz, FCLK = 400 MSPS, NBSFDR, ±1 MHz
REF 0dBm
0
PEAK
LOG
10dB/ –10
Figure 13. FOUT = 80.3 MHz, FCLK = 400 MSPS, NBSFDR, ±1 MHz
MKR1 85kHz
–93.01dB
ATTEN 10dB
REF –4dBm
0
PEAK
LOG
10dB/ –10
1R
–20
ATTEN 10dB
1
MKR1 120.205MHz
–6.825dBm
–20
–30
–30
MARKER
40.000000MHz
–56.2dB
–40
–50
–40
–50
MARKER
120.205000MHz
–6.825dBm
–90
1
–100
CENTER 10MHz
#RES BW 30Hz
VBW 30Hz
–90
ST
–100
CENTER 120.2MHz
#RES BW 30Hz
SPAN 2MHz
SWEEP 199.2 s (401 PTS)
Figure 11. FOUT = 10 MHz, FCLK = 400 MSPS, NBSFDR, ±1 MHz
REF 0dBm
0
PEAK
LOG
–10
10dB/
VBW 30Hz
SPAN 2MHz
SWEEP 199.2 s (401 PTS)
Figure 14. FOUT = 120.2 MHz, FCLK = 400 MSPS, NBSFDR, ±1 MHz
MKR1 39.905MHz
–5.347dBm
ATTEN 10dB
03374-0-026
–60
W1 S2
S3 FC –70
AA
–80
03374-0-023
–60
W1 S2
S3 FC –70
AA
–80
REF –4dBm
0
PEAK
LOG
–10
10dB/
1
–20
–20
–30
–30
MARKER
39.905000MHz
–5.347dBm
–40
ATTEN 10dB
1
MKR1 600kHz
–0.911dB
CENTER
160.5000000MHz
–50
–60
–60
W1 S2
S3 FC –70
AA
–80
03374-0-024
W1 S2
S3 FC –70
AA
–80
–90
–100
CENTER 39.9MHz
#RES BW 30Hz
VBW 30Hz
SPAN 2MHz
SWEEP 199.2 s (401 PTS)
03374-0-027
–50
VBW 30Hz
MARKER
80.301000MHz
–6.318dBm
–60
W1 S2
S3 FC –70
AA
–80
W1 S2
S3 FC –70
AA
–80
–40
MKR1 80.301MHz
–6.318dBm
03374-0-025
–60
1
ATTEN 10dB
–90
ST
–100
CENTER 160.5MHz
#RES BW 30Hz
Figure 12. FOUT = 39.9 MHz, FCLK = 400 MSPS, NBSFDR, ±1 MHz
VBW 30Hz
SPAN 2MHz
SWEEP 199.2 s (401 PTS)
Figure 15. FOUT = 160 MHz, FCLK = 400 MSPS, NBSFDR, ±1 MHz
Rev. 0 | Page 11 of 36
AD9954
t1 = 3.156ns
t2 = 3.04ns
∆t = –116.0PS
1/∆t = –8.621GHz
03374-0-031
1
CH1 200mV Ω
Figure 16. Residual Phase Noise with FOUT = 159.5 MHz. FCLK = 400 MSPS
(Green), 4 × 100 MSPS (Red), and 20 × 20 MSPS (Blue)
Figure 17. Residual Phase Noise with FOUT = 9.5 MHz; FCLK = 400 MSPS (Green),
4 ×100 MSPS (Red), and 20 × 20 MSPS (Blue)
FALL (R1) = 396.4PS
RISE(R2) = 464.3PS
03374-0-030
R1
R2
REF2 200mV 500ns
M 500PS 20.0GS/S IT 10.0PS/PT –100PS
A CH1
708mV
Figure 18. Comparator Rise and Fall Time at 160 MHz
Rev. 0 | Page 12 of 36
M 200PS 20.0GS/S
A CH1
708mV
IT 4.0PS/PT 3.1ns
Figure 19. Residual Peak-to-Peak Jitter of DDS
and Comparator Operating Together at 160 MHz
AD9954
THEORY OF OPERATION
COMPONENT BLOCKS
DDS Core
Clock Input
The output frequency (fO) of the DDS is a function of the frequency of system clock (SYSCLK), the value of the frequency
tuning word (FTW), and the capacity of the accumulator (232, in
this case). The exact relationship is given below with fS defined
as the frequency of SYSCLK.
The AD9954 supports various clock methodologies. Support for
differential or single-ended input clocks, and enabling of an onchip oscillator, and/or a phase-locked loop (PLL) multiplier are
all controlled via user programmable bits. The AD9954 may be
configured in one of six operating modes to generate the system
clock. The modes are configured using the CLKMODESELECT
pin, CFR1<4> and CFR2<7:3>. Connecting the external pin
CLKMODESELECT to Logic High enables the on-chip crystal
oscillator circuit. With the on-chip oscillator enabled, users of
the AD9954 connect an external crystal to the REFCLK and
REFCLKB inputs to produce a low frequency reference clock in
the range of 20 MHz to 30 MHz. The signal generated by the
oscillator is buffered before it is delivered to the rest of the chip.
This buffered signal is available via the CRYSTAL OUT pin. Bit
CFR1<4> can be used to enable or disable the buffer, turning on
or off the system clock. The oscillator itself is not powered
down in order to avoid long startup times associated with turning on a crystal oscillator. Writing CFR2<9> to Logic High
enables the crystal oscillator output buffer. Logic Low at
CFR2<9> disables the oscillator output buffer.
fO = (FTW )( f S )/ 232 with 0 ≤ FTW ≤ 231
( (
fO = f S × 1 – FTW / 232
))
with 231 < FTW < 232 – 1
The value at the output of the phase accumulator is translated to
an amplitude value via the COS(x) functional block and routed
to the DAC.
In certain applications it is desirable to force the output signal to
zero phase. Simply setting the FTW to 0 does not accomplish
this; it only results in the DDS core holding its current phase
value. Thus, a control bit is required to force the phase accumulator output to zero.
At power-up, the clear phase accumulator bit is set to Logic 1,
but the buffer memory for this bit is cleared (Logic 0). Therefore, upon power-up, the phase accumulator will remain clear
until the first I/O UPDATE is issued.
Phase-Locked Loop (PLL)
The PLL allows multiplication of the REFCLK frequency. Control of the PLL is accomplished by programming the 5-bit
REFCLK multiplier portion of Control Function Register No. 2,
Bits <7:3>.
When programmed for values ranging from 0x04 to 0x14
(4 decimal to 20 decimal), the PLL multiplies the REFCLK input
frequency by the corresponding decimal value. However, the
maximum output frequency of the PLL is restricted to
400 MHz. Whenever the PLL value is changed, the user should
be aware that time must be allocated to allow the PLL to lock
(approximately 1 ms).
Connecting CLKMODESELECT to Logic Low disables the onchip oscillator and the oscillator output buffer. With the oscillator disabled, an external oscillator must provide the REFCLK
and/or REFCLKB signals. For differential operation, these pins
are driven with complementary signals. For single-ended operation, a 0.1 µF capacitor should be connected between the
unused pin and the analog power supply. With the capacitor in
place, the clock input pin bias voltage is 1.35 V. In addition, the
PLL may be used to multiply the reference frequency by an
integer value in the range of 4 to 20. Table 5 summarizes the
clock modes of operation. Note the PLL multiplier is controlled
via the CFR2<7:3> bits, independent of the CFR1<4> bit.
The PLL is bypassed by programming a value outside the range
of 4 to 20 (decimal). When bypassed, the PLL is shut down to
conserve power.
Table 5.Clock Input Modes of Operation
CFR1<4>
Low
Low
Low
Low
High
CLKMODESELECT
High
High
Low
Low
X
CFR2<7:3>
3 < M < 21
M < 4 or M > 20
3 < M < 21
M < 4 or M > 20
X
Oscillator Enabled?
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
Rev. 0 | Page 13 of 36
System Clock
FCLK = FOSC × M
FCLK = FOSC
FCLK = FOSC × M
FCLK = FOSC
FCLK = 0
Frequency Range (MHz)
80 < FCLK < 400
20 < FCLK < 30
80 < FCLK < 400
10 < FCLK < 400
N/A
AD9954
DAC Output
The AD9954 incorporates an integrated 14-bit current output
DAC. Unlike most DACs, this output is referenced to AVDD,
not AGND.
Two complementary outputs provide a combined full-scale
output current (IOUT). Differential outputs reduce the amount of
common-mode noise that might be present at the DAC output,
offering the advantage of an increased signal-to-noise ratio. The
full-scale current is controlled by means of an external resistor
(RSET) connected between the DAC_RSET pin and the DAC
ground (AGND_DAC). The full-scale current is proportional to
the resistor value as follows
RSET = 39.19 / IOUT
The maximum full-scale output current of the combined DAC
outputs is 15 mA, but limiting the output to 10 mA provides the
best spurious-free dynamic range (SFDR) performance. The DAC
output compliance range is AVDD + 0.5 V to AVDD – 0.5 V. Voltages developed beyond this range will cause excessive DAC distortion and could potentially damage the DAC output circuitry.
Proper attention should be paid to the load termination to keep the
output voltage within this compliance range.
Comparator
Many applications require a square wave signal rather than a
sine wave. For example, in most clocking applications a high
slew rate helps to reduce phase noise and jitter. To support these
applications, the AD9954 includes an on-chip comparator. The
comparator has a bandwidth greater than 200 MHz and a
common-mode input range of 1.3 V to 1.8 V. By setting the
comparator power-down bit, CFR1<6>, the comparator can be
turned off to save on power consumption.
Linear Sweep Block
Linear sweep is a mode of operation whereby changes from a
start frequency (F0) to a terminal frequency (F1) are not instantaneous but instead are accomplished in a sweep or ramped
fashion. Frequency ramping, whether linear or nonlinear, necessitates that many intermediate frequencies between F0 and F1
will be output in addition to the primary F0 and F1 frequencies.
The linear sweep block is comprised of the falling and rising
delta frequency tuning words, the falling and rising delta frequency ramp rates, and the frequency accumulator. The linear
sweep enable bit CFR1 <21> enables the linear sweep block. In
addition, the linear sweep no dwell bit controls the linear sweep
block’s behavior upon reaching the terminal frequency in a
sweep. The actual method for programming a frequency sweep
is covered in the Modes of Operation section.
Serial IO Port
The AD9954 serial port is a flexible, synchronous serial communications port that allows easy interface to many industry-standard
microcontrollers and microprocessors. The serial I/O port is compatible with most synchronous transfer formats, including both the
Motorola 6905/11 SPI and Intel 8051 SSR protocols.
The interface allows read/write access to all registers that configure
the AD9954. MSB first or LSB first transfer formats are supported.
In addition, the AD9954’s serial interface port can be configured as
a single pin I/O (SDIO), which allows a 2-wire interface or two
unidirectional pins for in/out (SDIO/SDO), which enables a 3-wire
interface. Two optional pins, IOSYNC and CS, enable greater flexibility for system design in the AD9954.
Register Maps and Descriptions
The register maps are listed in Table 7 and Table 8. The appropriate register map depends on the state of the linear sweep
enable bit because certain registers are remapped depending
on which mode the part is operating in. Specifically, Registers
0x07, 0x08, 0x09, and 0x0A act as the RAM segment control
words for each of the RAM profile slices when the linear sweep
enable bit is false. When the linear sweep enable bit is true, 0x07
becomes the negative linear sweep control word and 0x08
becomes the positive linear sweep control word. The 0x09 and
0x0A registers are not used in linear sweep mode. Because the
linear sweep operation takes precedence over RAM operations,
ADI recommends that the RAM enable bit CFR1<31> be set to
zero when the linear sweep enable bit CFR1<21> is true to
conserve power. The serial address numbers associated with
each of the registers are shown in hexadecimal format. Angle
brackets <> are used to reference specific bits or ranges of bits.
For example, <3> designates Bit 3, while <7:3> designates the
range of bits from 7 down to 3, inclusive.
Table 6. Register Mapping Based on Linear Sweep Enable Bit
Linear Sweep Enable Bit
False (CFR1 <21> = 0)
True (CFR1 <21> = 1)
Rev. 0 | Page 14 of 36
Register Map
RAM Segment Control Words Active
Linear Sweep Control Words Active
AD9954
Table 7. Register Map—When Linear Sweep Enable Bit Is False (CFR1<21> = 0).
Note that the RAM enable Bit CFR1<31> only activates the RAM itself not the RAM segment control words.
Register
Name
(Serial
Address)
Bit
Range
<7:0>
Control
Function
Register
No.1
(CFR1)
(0x00)
<15:8>
<23:16>
<31:24>
Control
Function
Register No.
2 (CFR2)
(0x01)
Amplitude
Scale Factor
(ASF)
(0x02)
Amplitude
Ramp Rate
(ARR)
(0x03)
Frequency
Tuning
Word
(FTW0)
(0x04)
Phase
Offset Word
(POW0)
(0x05)
Frequency
Tuning
Word
(FTW1)
(0x06)
<7:0>
<15:8>
<23:16>
<7:0>
<15:8>
(MSB)
Bit 7
Digital
PowerDown
Bit 6
Comp
PowerDown
Bit 5
Bit 4
DAC
PowerDown
Clock Input
PowerDown
Bit 3
External
PowerDown
Mode
Clear
Freq
Accum.
Bit 1
Linear
Sweep No
Dwell
SYNC_CLK
Out
Disable
Not
Used
SDIO
Input
Only
LSB First
Not Used
Not
Used
OSK
Enable
Auto
OSK
Keying
AutoClr
AutoClr
Enable
Clear
Freq.
Phase
SINE
Phase
Accum
Accum
Output
Accum.
Automatic
Software
Linear
Not Used
Not Used
Not Used
Sync
Manual
Sweep
Enable
Sync
Enable
RAM
RAM
Dest. Is
Load ARR
Internal Profile Control <2:0>
Enable
@ I/O UD
Phase
Word
REFCLK Multiplier
0x00 or 0x01, or 0x02 or 0x03: Bypass Multiplier
VCO Range
0x04 to 0x14: 4× to 20× Multiplication
High
Hardware
Speed
Manual
Not Used
Sync
Sync
Enable
Enable
Not Used
Amplitude Scale Factor Register <7:0>
Load SRR
@ I/O UD
Auto Ramp Rate Speed
Control <1:0>
(LSB)
Bit 0
Bit 2
0x00
Charge Pump Current
<1:0>
CRYSTAL
OUT Pin
Active
Default
Value
OR
Profile
0x00
0x00
0x00
0x00
0x00
Not
Used
0x00
0x00
0x00
Amplitude Scale Factor Register <13:8>
0x00
<7:0>
Amplitude Ramp Rate Register <7:0>
<7:0>
<15:8>
<23:16>
Frequency Tuning Word No. 0 <7:0>
Frequency Tuning Word No. 0 <15:8>
Frequency Tuning Word No. 0 <23:16>
<31:24>
Frequency Tuning Word No. 0 <31:24>
<7:0>
Phase Offset Word No. 0 <7:0>
<15:8>
<7:0>
<15:8>
<23:16>
<31:24>
Not Used<1:0>
0x00
0x00
0x00
0x00
0x00
0x00
Phase Offset Word No. 0 <13:8>
Frequency Tuning Word No. 1 <7:0>
Frequency Tuning Word No. 1 <15:8>
Frequency Tuning Word No. 1 <23:16>
Frequency Tuning Word No. 1 <31:24>
Rev. 0 | Page 15 of 36
0x00
0x00
0x00
0x00
AD9954
Register
Name
(Serial
Address)
Bit
Range
<7:0>
RAM
Segment
Control
Word No. 0
(RSCW0)
(0x07)
<15:8>
<23:16>
<31:24>
<39:32>
<7:0>
RAM
Segment
Control
Word No. 1
(RSCW1)
(0x08)
<15:8>
<23:16>
<31:24>
<39:32>
<7:0>
RAM
Segment
Control
Word No. 2
(RSCW2)
(0x09)
<15:8>
<23:16>
<31:24>
<39:32>
<7:0>
RAM
Segment
Control
Word No. 3
(RSCW3)
(0x0A)
<15:8>
<23:16>
<31:24>
<39:32>
RAM (0x0B)
(MSB)
Bit 4
Bit 5
Bit 6
Bit 7
RAM Segment 0 Mode Control <2:0> No Dwell
Active
RAM Segment 0 Beginning Address <5:0>
(LSB)
Bit 0
Bit 1
Bit 2
Bit 3
RAM Segment 0 Beginning Address <9:6>
RAM Segment 0 Final Address <9:8>
RAM Segment 0 Final Address <7:0>
RAM Segment 0 Address Ramp Rate <15:8>
RAM Segment 0 Address Ramp Rate <7:0>
RAM Segment 1 Mode Control
No Dwell
<2:0>
Active
RAM Segment 1 Beginning Address <5:0>
RAM Segment 1 Beginning Address <9:6>
RAM Segment 1 Final Address <9:8>
RAM Segment 1 Final Address <7:0>
RAM Segment 1 Address Ramp Rate <15:8>
RAM Segment 1 Address Ramp Rate <7:0>
No Dwell Active
RAM Segment 2 Mode Control
RAM Segment 2 Beginning
<2:0>
Address <9:6>
RAM Segment 2 Beginning Address <5:0>
RAM Segment 2 Final Address <9:8>
RAM Segment 2 Final Address <7:0>
RAM Segment 2 Address Ramp Rate <15:8>
RAM Segment 2 Address Ramp Rate <7:0>
No Dwell Active
RAM Segment 3 Mode Control
RAM Segment 3 Beginning
<2:0>
Address <9:6>
RAM Segment 3 Beginning Address <5:0>
RAM Segment 3 Final Address <9:8>
RAM Segment 3 Final Address <7:0>
RAM Segment 3 Address Ramp Rate <15:8>
RAM Segment 3 Address Ramp Rate <7:0>
RAM [1023:0] <31:0> (Read Instructions Write Out RAM Signature Register Data)
Rev. 0 | Page 16 of 36
Default
Value
OR
Profile
PS0 = 0
PS1 = 0
PS0 = 0
PS1 = 0
PS0 = 0
PS1 = 0
PS0 = 0
PS1 = 0
PS0 = 0
PS1 = 0
PS0 = 0
PS1 = 1
PS0 = 0
PS1 = 1
PS0 = 0
PS1 = 1
PS0 = 0
PS1 = 1
PS0 = 0
PS1 = 1
PS0 = 1
PS1 = 0
PS0 = 1
PS1 = 0
PS0 = 1
PS1 = 0
PS0 = 1
PS1 = 0
PS0 = 1
PS1 = 0
PS0 = 1
PS1 = 1
PS0 = 1
PS1 = 1
PS0 = 1
PS1 = 1
PS0 = 1
PS1 = 1
PS0 = 1
PS1 = 1
AD9954
Table 8. Register Map–When Linear Sweep Enable Bit Is True (CFR1<21> = 1).
Note that the RAM enable Bit CFR1<31> only activates the RAM itself not the RAM segment control words.
Register
Name
(Serial
Address)
Bit Range
<7:0>
Control
Function
Register No.
1 (CFR1)
(0x00)
<15:8>
<23:16>
<31:24>
Control
Function
Register No.
2 (CFR2)
(0x01)
Amplitude
Scale Factor
(ASF) (0x02)
Amplitude
Ramp Rate
(ARR) (0x03)
Frequency
Tuning
Word
(FTW0)
(0x04)
Phase Offset
Word
(POW0)
(0x05)
Frequency
Tuning
Word
(FTW1)
(0x06)
Negative
Linear
Sweep
Control
Word
(NLSCW)
(0x07)
<7:0>
<15:8>
<23:16>
<7:0>
(0x07)
<15:8>
(MSB)
Bit 7
Digital
PowerDown
Bit 6
Comp
PowerDown
Bit 5
DAC
PowerDown
Bit 4
Clock
Input
Power
Dwn
Enable
SINE
Output
Bit 3
External
PowerDown
Mode
Clear
Freq
Accum.
AutoClr
AutoClr
Freq.
Phase
Accum
Accum
Automatic Software
Linear
Not
Not Used
Sync
Manual
Sweep
Used
Enable
Sync
Enable
RAM
RAM
Dest. Is
Internal Profile Control <2:0>
Enable
Phase
Word
REFCLK Multiplier
0x00 or 0x1 or 0x02 or 0x03: Bypass Multiplier
0x04 to 0x14: 4× to 20× Multiplication
High
Speed
Not Used
Sync
Enable
Not Used
Load SRR
@ I/O UD
Bit 2
SYNC_CLK
Out
Disable
Not
Used
Clear
Phase
Accum.
SDIO
Input
Only
LSB First
Not Used
Not Used
Not
Used
Load ARR
@ I/O UD
Output
Shaped
Keying
Enable
Auto
Output
Shaped
Keying
VCO
Range
Hardware
Manual
Sync
Enable
0x00
Charge Pump Current
<1:0>
CRYSTAL
OUT Pin
Active
0x00
0x00
0x00
0x00
Not
Used
0x00
Amplitude Scale Factor Register <7:0>
Auto Ramp Rate
Speed Control <1:0>
Amplitude Scale Factor Register <13:8>
Amplitude Ramp Rate Register <7:0>
<7:0>
<15:8>
<23:16>
Frequency Tuning Word No. 0 <7:0>
Frequency Tuning Word No. 0 <15:8>
Frequency Tuning Word No. 0 <23:16>
<31:24>
Frequency Tuning Word No. 0 <31:24>
<7:0>
Phase Offset Word No. 0 <7:0>
<7:0>
<15:8>
<23:16>
(LSB)
Bit 0
CRYSTAL
OUT Pin
Active
<7:0>
<15:8>
Bit 1
Default
Value
OR
Profile
0x00
Open<1:0>
0x00
0x00
0x00
0x00
0x00
0x00
Phase Offset Word No. 0 <13:8>
Frequency Tuning Word No. 1 <7:0>
Frequency Tuning Word No. 1 <15:8>
Frequency Tuning Word No. 1 <23:16>
<31:24>
Frequency Tuning Word No. 1 <31:24>
<7:0>
<15:8>
<23:16>
<31:24>
Falling Delta Frequency Tuning Word <7:0>
Falling Delta Frequency Tuning Word <15:8>
Falling Delta Frequency Tuning Word <23:16>
Falling Delta Frequency Tuning Word <31:24>
<39:32>
Falling Sweep Ramp Rate Word <7:0>
Rev. 0 | Page 17 of 36
PS0 = 0
PS0 = 0
PS0 = 0
PS0 = 0
PS0 = 0
AD9954
Register
Name
(Serial
Address)
Positive
Linear
Sweep
Control
Word
(PLSCW)
(0x08)
Bit Range
<7:0>
<15:8>
<23:16>
<31:24>
(MSB)
Bit 7
Bit 6
Bit 2
Bit 3
Bit 4
Bit 5
Rising Delta Frequency Tuning Word <7:0>
Rising Delta Frequency Tuning Word <15:8>
Rising Delta Frequency Tuning Word <23:16>
Rising Delta Frequency Tuning Word <31:24>
<39:32>
Bit 1
(LSB)
Bit 0
Rising Sweep Ramp Rate Word <7:0>
Default
Value
OR
Profile
PS0 = 1
PS0 = 1
PS0 = 1
PS0 = 1
PS0 = 1
Control Register Bit Descriptions
Control Function Register No.1 (CFR1)
CFR1<25>: Shaped On-Off Keying Enable Bit
The CFR1 is used to control the various functions, features,
and modes of the AD9954. The functionality of each bit is
detailed below.
CFR1<25> = 0 (default) Shaped on-off keying is
bypassed.
CFR1<31>: RAM Enable Bit
CFR1<25> = 1. Shaped on-off keying is enabled. When enabled,
CFR1<24> controls the mode of operation for this function.
CFR1<31> = 0 (default). When CFR1<31> is inactive, the RAM
is disabled for operation. Either single-tone mode of
operation or linear sweep mode of operation is enabled.
CFR1<24>: Auto Shaped On-Off Keying Enable Bit (Only Valid
When CFR1<25> Is Active High)
CFR1<31> = 1. If CFR1<31> is active, the RAM is
enabled for operation. Access control for normal operation is
controlled via the mode control bits of the RSCW for the current profile.
CFR1<24> = 0 (default). When CFR1<25> is active, a Logic 0
on CFR1<24> enables the manual shaped on-off keying operation. Each amplitude sample sent to the DAC is multiplied by
the amplitude scale factor. See the Shaped On-Off Keying section for details.
CFR1<30>: RAM Destination Bit
CFR1<30> = 0 (default). If CFR1<31> is active, a Logic 0 on the
RAM destination bit (CFR1<30> = 0) configures the AD9954
such that the RAM output drives the phase accumulator (i.e.,
the frequency tuning word). If CFR1<31> is inactive,
CFR1<30> is a Don’t Care.
CFR1<30> = 1. If CFR1<31> is active, a Logic 1 on the RAM
destination bit (CFR1<30> = 1) configures the AD9954 such
that the RAM output drives the phase-offset adder (i.e., sets the
phase offset of the DDS core).
CFR1<24> = 1. When CFR1<25> is active, a Logic 1 on
CFR1<24> enables the auto shaped on-off keying operation.
Toggling the OSK pin high will cause the output scalar to ramp
up from zero scale to the amplitude scale factor at a rate determined by the amplitude ramp rate. Toggling the OSK pin low
will cause the output to ramp down from the amplitude scale
factor to zero scale at the amplitude ramp rate. See the Shaped
On-Off Keying section for details.
CFR1<23>: Automatic Synchronization Enable Bit
CFR1<29:27>: Internal Profile Control Bits
CFR1<23> = 0 (default). The automatic synchronization feature
of multiple AD9954s is inactive.
These bits cause the profile bits to be ignored when the RAM is
being used and puts the AD9954 into an automatic profile loop
sequence that allows the user to implement a frequency/phase
composite sweep that runs without external inputs. See the
Internal Profile Control section for more details.
CFR1<23> = 1. The automatic synchronization feature of multiple AD9954s is active. The device will synchronize its internal
synchronization clock (SYNC_CLK) to align to the signal present on the sync-in input. See the Synchronizing Multiple
AD9954s section for details.
CFR1<26>: Amplitude Ramp Rate Load Control Bit
CFR1<22>: Software Manual Synchronization of Multiple
AD9954
CFR1<26> = 0 (default). The amplitude ramp rate timer is
loaded only upon timeout (timer == 1) and is not loaded due to
an I/O UPDATE input signal.
CFR1<22> = 0 (default). The manual synchronization feature is
inactive.
CFR1<26> = 1. The amplitude ramp rate timer is loaded upon
timeout (timer == 1) or at the time of an I/O UPDATE input signal.
Rev. 0 | Page 18 of 36
AD9954
CFR1<22> = 1. The software controlled manual synchronization feature is executed. The SYNC_CLK rising edge is
advanced by one SYNC_CLK cycle and this bit is cleared. To
advance the rising edge multiple times, this bit needs to be set
for each advance. See the Synchronizing Multiple AD9954s section for details.
CFR1<11>: Clear Frequency Accumulator
CFR1<21>: Linear Frequency Sweep Enable
CFR1<10>: Clear Phase Accumulator
CFR1<21> = 0 (default). The linear frequency sweep capability
of the AD9954 is inactive.
CFR1<10> = 0 (default). The phase accumulator functions as
normal.
CFR1<21> = 1, the linear frequency sweep capability of the
AD9954 is enabled. When enabled, either the rising or falling
delta frequency tuning word is applied to the frequency accumulator at the programmed ramp rate, causing the output frequency to ramp up or ramp down, controlled by the Profile 0
input. See the Linear Sweep Mode section for details.
CFR1<10> = 1. The phase accumulator memory elements are
cleared and held clear until this bit is cleared.
CFR1<20:16>: Not Used
CFR1<11> = 0 (default). The frequency accumulator functions
as normal.
CFR1<11> = 1. The frequency accumulator memory elements
are cleared and held clear until this bit is cleared.
CFR1<9>: SDIO Input Only
CFR1<9> = 0 (default). The SDIO pin has bidirectional operation (2-wire serial programming mode).
CFR1<9> = 1. The serial data I/O pin (SDIO) is configured as
an input only pin (3-wire serial programming mode).
CFR1<15>: Linear Sweep Ramp Rate Load Control Bit
CFR1<15> = 0 (default). The linear sweep ramp rate timer is
loaded only upon timeout (timer = 1) and is not loaded due to
an I/O UPDATE input signal.
CFR1<8>: LSB First
CFR1<15> = 1. The linear sweep ramp rate timer is loaded
upon timeout (timer == 1) or at the time of an I/O UPDATE
input signal.
CFR1<8> = 1.The serial interface accepts serial data in LSB first
format.
CFR1<14>: Auto Clear Frequency Accumulator Bit
CFR1<7> = 0 (default). All digital functions and clocks are active.
CFR1<14> = 0 (default). The current state of the frequency
accumulator remains unchanged when the delta frequency
word is changed.
CFR1<13>: Auto-Clear Phase Accumulator Bit
CFR1<13> = 0 (default), the current state of the phase accumulator remains unchanged when the frequency tuning word is
applied.
CFR1<13> = 1. This bit automatically synchronously clears
(loads 0s into) the phase accumulator for one cycle upon reception of an I/O UPDATE signal.
CFR1<12> = 0 (default). The angle-to-amplitude conversion
logic employs a COSINE function.
CFR1<12> = 1. The angle-to-amplitude conversion logic
employs a SINE function.
CFR1<7>: Digital Power-Down Bit
CFR1<7> = 1. All non-IO digital functionality is suspended,
lowering the power significantly.
CFR1<14> = 1. This bit automatically synchronously clears
(loads 0s into) the frequency accumulator for one cycle upon
reception of an I/O UPDATE signal.
CFR1<12>: Sine/Cosine Select Bit
CFR1<8> = 0 (default). MSB first format is active.
CFR1<6>: Comparator Power-Down Bit
CFR1<6> = 0 (default). The comparator is enabled for operation.
CFR1<6> = 1. The comparator is disabled and is in its lowest
power dissipation state.
CFR1<5>: DAC Power-Down Bit
CFR1<5> = 0 (default). The DAC is enabled for operation.
CFR1<5> = 1. The DAC is disabled and is in its lowest power
dissipation state.
CFR1<4>: Clock Input Power-Down Bit
CFR1<4> = 0 (default). The clock input circuitry is enabled for
operation.
CFR1<4> = 1. The clock input circuitry is disabled and the
device is in its lowest power dissipation state.
Rev. 0 | Page 19 of 36
AD9954
CFR1<3>: External Power-Down Mode
CFR1<3> = 0 (default). The external power-down mode
selected is the rapid recovery power-down mode. In this mode,
when the PWRDWNCTL input pin is high, the digital logic and
the DAC digital logic are powered down. The DAC bias circuitry, comparator, PLL, oscillator, and clock input circuitry are
not powered down.
CFR1<3> = 1. The external power-down mode selected is the
full power-down mode. In this mode, when the PWRDWNCTL
input pin is high, all functions are powered down. This includes
the DAC and PLL, which take a significant amount of time to
power up.
CFR1<2>: Linear Sweep No Dwell Bit
CFR1<2> = 0 (default). The linear sweep no dwell function is
inactive.
CFR1<2> = 1. The linear sweep no dwell function is active. If
CFR1<21>, the linear sweep enable bit, is active and CFR1<2> is
active, the linear sweep no dwell function is activated. See the
Linear Sweep Mode section for details. If CFR1<21> is clear,
this bit is a Don’t Care.
CFR1<1>: SYNC_CLK Disable Bit
CFR2<10> = 1. The hardware manual sync function is enabled.
While this bit is set, a rising edge on the SYNC_IN pin will
cause the device to advance the SYNC_CLK rising edge by one
REFCLK cycle. Unlike the software manual sync enable bit, this
bit does not self-clear. Once the hardware manual sync mode is
enabled, it will stay enabled until this bit is cleared. See the
Synchronizing Multiple AD9954s section for details.
CFR2<9>: CRYSTAL OUT Enable Bit
CFR2<9> = 0 (default). The CRYSTAL OUT pin is inactive.
CFR2<9> = 1. The CRYSTAL OUT pin is active. When active,
the crystal oscillator circuitry output drives the CRYSTAL OUT
pin, which can be connected to other devices to produce a reference frequency. The oscillator will respond to crystals in the
range of 20 MHz to 30 MHz.
CFR2<8>: Not Used
CFR2<7:3>: Reference Clock Multiplier Control Bits
This 5-bit word controls the multiplier value out of the clockmultiplier (PLL) block. Valid values are decimal 4 to 20 (0×04 to
0×14). Values entered outside this range will bypass the clock
multiplier. See the Phase-Locked Loop (PLL) section for details.
CFR2<2>: VCO Range Control Bit
CFR1<1> = 0 (default). The SYNC_CLK pin is active.
CFR1<1> = 1. The SYNC_CLK pin assumes a static Logic 0
state to keep noise generated by the digital circuitry at a minimum. However, the synchronization circuitry remains active
(internally) to maintain normal device timing.
CFR1<0>: Not Used, Leave at 0
Control Function Register No.2 (CFR2)
The CFR2 is used to control the various functions, features, and
modes of the AD9954, primarily related to the analog sections
of the chip.
This bit is used to control the range setting on the VCO.
When CFR2<2> == 0 (default), the VCO operates in a range of
100 MHz to 250 MHz. When CFR2<2> == 1, the VCO operates
in a range of 250 MHz to 400 MHz.
CFR2<1:0>: Charge Pump Current Control Bits
These bits are used to control the current setting on the charge
pump. The default setting, CFR2<1:0>, sets the charge pump
current to the default value of 75 µA. For each bit added (01, 10,
11) 25 µA of current is added to the charge pump current:
100 µA, 125 µA, and 150 µA.
Other Register Descriptions
CFR2<15:12>: Not Used
Amplitude Scale Factor (ASF)
CFR2<11>: High Speed Sync Enable Bit
CFR2<11> = 0 (default). The high speed sync enhancement is
off.
CFR2<11> = 1. The high speed sync enhancement is on. This
bit should be set when attempting to use the autosynchronization feature for SYNC_CLK inputs beyond 50 MHz,
(200 MSPS SYSCLK). See the Synchronizing Multiple AD9954s
section for details.
The ASF register stores the 2-bit auto ramp rate speed value and
the 14-bit amplitude scale factor used in the output shaped keying (OSK) operation. In auto OSK operation, ASF <15:14> tells
the OSK block how many amplitude steps to take for each
increment or decrement. ASF<13:0> sets the maximum value
achievable by the OSK internal multiplier. In manual OSK
mode, ASF<15:14> has no effect. ASF <13:0> provide the output
scale factor directly. If the OSK enable bit is cleared, CFR1<25>
= 0, this register has no effect on device operation.
CFR2<10>: Hardware Manual Sync Enable Bit
CFR2<10> = 0 (default). The hardware manual sync function is
off.
Rev. 0 | Page 20 of 36
AD9954
Amplitude Ramp Rate (ARR)
RAM Segment Address Ramp Rate, RSCW<39:24>
The ARR register stores the 8-bit amplitude ramp rate used in
the auto OSK mode. This register programs the rate at which
the amplitude scale factor counter increments or decrements. If
the OSK is set to manual mode, or if OSK enable is cleared, this
register has no effect on device operation.
For RAM modes that step through address values, such as
ramping, this 16-bit word defines the number of SYNC_CLK
cycles the RAM controller dwells at each address. A value of 0 is
invalid. Any other value from 1 to 65535 may be used.
RAM Segment Final Address RSCW<9:8>, RSCW<23:16>
Frequency Tuning Word 0 (FTW0)
The frequency tuning word is a 32-bit register that controls the
rate of accumulation in the phase accumulator of the DDS core.
Its specific role is dependent on the device mode of operation.
Phase Offset Word (POW)
The phase offset word is a 14-bit register that stores a phase
offset value. This offset value is added to the output of the phase
accumulator to offset the current phase of the output signal.
The exact value of phase offset is given by the following formula
POW
Φ = ⎛⎜ 14 ⎞⎟ × 360°
⎝ 2 ⎠
When the RAM enable bit is set, CFR1<31> = 1, and the RAM
destination is cleared, CFR1<30> = 0, the RAM supplies the
phase offset word and this register has no effect on device
operation.
This discontinuous 10-bit sequence defines the final address
value for the given RAM segment. The order in which the bits
are listed is the order in which the bits must be written.
RSCW<23>, even though during the write operation is more
significant than RSCW<9>, is only the third MSB of the final
address value. RSCW<9>, even though it comes later in the
RSCW than RSCW<23>, is the MSB of the final address value.
RAM Segment Beginning Address RSCW<3:0>, <15:10>
This discontinuous 10-bit sequence defines the final address
value for the given RAM segment. The order in which the bits
are listed is the order in which the bits must be written.
RSCW<15>, even though during the write operation is more
significant than RSCW<3>, is only the fifth MSB of the final
address value. RSCW<3>, even though it comes later in the
RSCW than RSCW<15>, is the MSB of the final address value.
RAM Segment Mode Control RSCW<7:5>
Frequency Tuning Word 1 (FTW1)
The frequency tuning word is a 32-bit register that sets the
upper frequency in a linear sweep operation.
Negative and Positive Linear Sweep Control Word (NLSCW,
PLSCW)
Registers 0x07 and 0x08 are multifunctional registers. When the
linear sweep bit CFR1<21> is enabled, Register 0x07 acts as the
negative linear sweep control word (NLSCW) and Register 0x08
acts as the positive linear sweep control word (PLSCW). Each of
the linear sweep control words contains a 32-bit delta frequency
tuning word (FDFTW, RDFTW) and an 8-bit sweep ramp rate
word (FSRRW, RSRRW). The delta frequency tuning words
determine the amount the frequency accumulator will increment or decrement the resultant tuning word. The sweep ramp
rate words determine the rate at which the accumulator will
increment or decrement, in number of synchronization clock
cycles.
RAM Segment Control Words (RSCW0, RSCW1, RSCW2,
RSCW3)
When the Linear Sweep Enable bit CFR1<21> is clear,
Registers 0x07, 0x08, 0x09, and 0x0A act as the RAM segment
control words for each of the RAM segments. Each of the RAM
segment control words is comprised of a RAM segment address
ramp rate, a final address value, a beginning address value, a
RAM segment mode control, and a No-Dwell Bit.
This 3-bit sequence determines the RAM segment’s mode of
operation. There are only five possible RAM modes, so only
values of 0–5 are valid. See Table 9 to determine the bit combination for various RAM modes.
RAM Segment No-Dwell Bit RSCW<4>
This bit sets the No-Dwell feature of sweeping profiles. In profiles that sweep from a defined beginning to a defined end, the
RAM controller can either dwell at the final address until the
next profile is selected or, when this bit is set, the RAM controller will return to the beginning address and dwell there until the
next profile is selected.
RAM
The AD9954 incorporates a 1024 × 32 block of SRAM. The
RAM is a bidirectional single-port. Both read and write operations from and to the RAM are valid, but they cannot occur
simultaneously. Write operations from the serial I/O port have
precedence, and if an attempt to write to RAM is made during a
read operation, the read operation will be halted. The RAM is
controlled in multiple ways, dictated by the modes of operation
described in the RAM Segment Control Word <7:5> as well as
data in the control function register. Read/write control for the
RAM will be described for each mode supported.
When the RAM enable bit (CFR1<31>) is set, the RAM output
optionally drives the input to the phase accumulator or the
phase offset adder, depending on the state of the RAM destina-
Rev. 0 | Page 21 of 36
AD9954
tion bit (CFR1<30>). If CFR1<30> is a Logic 1, the RAM output
is connected to the phase offset adder and supplies the phase
offset control word(s) for the device. When CFR1<30> is Logic
0 (default condition), the RAM output is connected to the input
of the phase accumulator and supplies the frequency tuning
word(s) for the device. When the RAM output drives the phase
accumulator, the phase offset word (POW, Address 0x05) drives
the phase-offset adder. Similarly, when the RAM output drives
the phase offset adder, the frequency tuning word (FTW,
Address 0x04) drives the phase accumulator. When CFR1<31>
is Logic 0, the RAM is inactive unless being written to via the
serial port. The power-up state of the AD9954 is single-tone
mode, in which the RAM enable bit is inactive. The RAM is
segmented into four unique slices controlled by the Profile<1:0>
input pins.
All RAM writes/reads, unless otherwise specified, are controlled
by the Profile<1:0> input pins and the respective RAM segment
control word. The RAM can be written to during normal operation, but any I/O operation that commands the RAM to be written immediately suspends read operation from the RAM, causing
the current mode of operation to be nonfunctional. This excludes
single-tone mode, as the RAM is not read in this mode.
Writing the RAM is accomplished as follows. After configuring
the desired RAM segment control words, the desired RAM
segment must be selected via the profile select pins PS<1:0>.
During the instruction byte, write the address for the RAM,
0x0B. The serial port and RAM controller will work in conjunction to determine the width of the profile and the serial port
will accept the defined number of 32-bit words sequentially
from the beginning address to the ending address. Consider the
following example:
•
The RAM Segment Control Word 1 lists the beginning
RAM address at 256 and the ending address at 511.
•
PS0 = 1 and PS1 = 0.
•
The instruction byte is 10001001.
The RAM controller would configure the serial port to expect
256 32-bit words. The first 32 bits would be parsed as a word
and sent to RAM Address 256. The next 32 bits would be parsed
and sent to 257, and so forth, all the way through until the 256
word was sent (grand total of 8192 data bits in this operation).
MODES OF OPERATION
Single-Tone Mode
In single-tone mode, the DDS core uses a single tuning word.
Whatever value is stored in FTW0 is supplied to the phase
accumulator. This value can only be changed manually, which is
done by writing a new value to FTW0 and by issuing an I/O
UPDATE. Phase adjustment is possible through the phase
offset register.
RAM Controlled Modes of Operation
Direct Switch Mode
Direct switch mode enables FSK or PSK modulation. The
AD9954 is programmed for direct switch mode by writing the
RAM enable bit true and programming the RAM segment
mode control bits of each desired profile to Logic 000(b). This
mode simply reads the RAM contents at the RAM segment
beginning address for the current profile. No address ramping is
enabled in direct switch mode.
To perform 4-tone FSK, the user programs each RAM segment
control word for direct switch mode and a unique beginning
address value. In addition, the RAM enable bit is written true,
which enables the RAM, and the RAM destination bit is written
false, setting the RAM output to be the frequency tuning word.
The Profile<1:0> inputs are the 4-tone FSK data inputs. When
the profile is changed, the frequency tuning word stored in the
new profile is loaded into the phase accumulator and used to
increment the currently stored value in a phase continuous
fashion. The phase offset word drives the phase-offset adder.
Two-tone FSK is accomplished by using only one profile pin for
data.
Programming the AD9954 for PSK modulation is similar to
FSK except the RAM destination bit is set to a Logic 1, enabling
the RAM output to drive the phase offset adder. The FTW0
drives the input to the phase accumulator. Toggling the profile
pins changes (modulates) the current phase value. The upper
14 bits of the RAM drive the phase adder (<31:18>).
Bits <17:0> of the RAM output are unused when the RAM destination bit is set. The no dwell bit is a Don’t Care in direct
switch mode.
Ramp-Up Mode
Ramp-up mode, in conjunction with the segmented RAM capability, allows up to four different “sweep profiles” to be programmed into the AD9954. The AD9954 is programmed for
ramp-up mode by writing the RAM enable bit true and programming the RAM mode control bits of each profile to be
used to Logic 001(b). As in all modes that enable the memory,
the RAM destination bit controls whether the RAM output
drives the phase accumulator or the phase offset adder.
Upon starting a sweep (via an I/O UPDATE or change in profile
bits), the RAM address generator loads the RAM segment beginning address bits of the current RSCW, driving the RAM
output from this address, and the ramp rate timer loads the
RAM segment address ramp rate bits. When the ramp rate timer
finishes a cycle, the RAM address generator increments to the
next address, the timer reloads the ramp rate bits and begins a
new countdown cycle. This sequence continues until the RAM
address generator has incremented to an address equal to the
RAM segment final address bits of the current RSCW.
Rev. 0 | Page 22 of 36
AD9954
If the no dwell bit is clear when the RAM address generator
equals the final address, the generator stops incrementing as the
terminal frequency has been reached. The sweep is complete
and does not restart until an I/O UPDATE or change in profile
is detected to enable another sweep from the beginning to the
final RAM address as described above.
If the no dwell bit is set when the RAM address generator
equals the final address, after the next ramp rate timer cycle, the
phase accumulator is cleared. The phase accumulator remains
cleared until another sweep is initiated via an I/O UPDATE
input or change in profile.
Another application for ramp-up mode is nonsymmetrical FSK
modulation. With the RAM configured for two segments, using
the Profile<0> bit as the data input allows nonsymmetrical
ramped FSK.
Bidirectional Ramp Mode
Bidirectional ramp mode allows the AD9954 to offer a symmetrical sweep between two frequencies using the Profile<0> signal
as the control input. The AD9954 is programmed for bidirectional ramp mode by writing the RAM enable bit true and the
RAM mode control bits of RSCW0 to Logic 010(b). In bidirectional ramp mode, the Profile<1> input is ignored and the Profile<0> input is the ramp direction indicator. In this mode, the
memory is not segmented and uses only a single beginning and
final address. The address registers that affect the control of the
RAM are located in the RSCW associated with Profile 0.
Upon entering this mode (via an I/O UPDATE or changing
Profile<0>), the RAM address generator loads the RAM segment beginning address bits of RSCW0 and the ramp rate timer
loads the RAM segment address ramp rate bits. The RAM
drives data from the beginning address, and the ramp rate timer
begins to count down to 1. While operating in this mode, toggling the Profile<0> pin does not cause the device to generate
an internal I/O UPDATE. When the Profile<0> pin is acting as
the ramp direction indicator, any transfer of data from the I/O
buffers to the internal registers can only be initiated by a rising
edge on the I/O UPDATE pin.
RAM address control now is a function of the Profile<0> input.
When the Profile<0> bit is a Logic 1, the RAM address generator increments to the next address when the ramp rate timer
completes a cycle (and reloads to start the timer again). As in
the ramp-up mode, this sequence continues until the RAM
address generator has incremented to an address equal to the
final address as long as the Profile<0> input remains high. If the
Profile<0> input goes low, the RAM address generator immediately decrements and the ramp rate timer is reloaded. The RAM
address generator will continue to decrement at the ramp rate
period until the RAM address is equal to the beginning address
as long as the Profile<0> input remains low.
The sequence of ramping up and down is controlled via the
Profile<0> input signal for as long as the part is programmed
into this mode. The no dwell bit is a Don’t Care in this mode as
is all data in the RAM segment control words associated with
Profiles 1, 2, and 3. Only the information in the RAM segment
control word for Profile 0 is used to control the RAM in the
bidirectional ramp mode.
Continuous Bidirectional Ramp Mode
Continuous bidirectional ramp mode allows the AD9954 to
offer an automatic symmetrical sweep between two frequencies.
The AD9954 is programmed for continuous bidirectional ramp
mode by writing the RAM enable bit true and the RAM mode
control bits of each profile to be used to Logic 011(b).
Upon entering this mode (via an I/O UPDATE or changing
Profile<1:0>), the RAM address generator loads the RAM segment beginning address bits of the current RSCW and the ramp
rate timer loads the RAM segment address ramp rate bits. The
RAM drives data from the beginning address, and the ramp rate
timer begins to count down to 1. When the ramp rate timer
completes a cycle, the RAM address generator increments to the
next address, and the timer reloads the ramp rate bits and continues counting down. This sequence continues until the RAM
address generator has incremented to an address equal to the
RAM segment final address bits of the current RSCW. Upon
reaching this terminal address, the RAM address generator will
decrement in value at the ramp rate until it reaches the RAM
segment beginning address. Upon reaching the beginning address, the entire sequence repeats.
The entire sequence repeats for as long as the part is programmed for this mode. The no dwell bit is a Don’t Care in this
mode. In general, this mode is identical in control to the bidirectional ramp mode except the ramp up and down is automatic
(no external control via the Profile<0> input) and switching
profiles is valid. Once in this mode, the address generator ramps
from the beginning address to the final address, then back to
the beginning address at the rate programmed into the ramp
rate register. This mode enables generation of an automatic saw
tooth sweep characteristic.
Continuous Recirculate Mode
Continuous recirculate mode allows the AD9954 to offer
an automatic, continuous unidirectional sweep between two
frequencies. The AD9954 is programmed for continuous
recirculate mode by writing the RAM enable bit true and the RAM
mode control bits of each profile to be used to Logic 100(b).
Upon entering this mode (via an I/O UPDATE or changing
Profile<1:0>), the RAM address generator loads the RAM segment beginning address bits of the current RSCW and the ramp
rate timer loads the RAM segment address ramp rate bits. The
RAM drives data from the beginning address, and the ramp rate
timer begins to count down to 1. When the ramp rate timer
Rev. 0 | Page 23 of 36
AD9954
completes a cycle, the RAM address generator increments to the
next address, and the timer reloads the ramp rate bits and continues counting down. This sequence continues until the RAM
address generator has incremented to an address equal to the
RAM segment final address bits of the current RSCW. Upon
reaching this terminal address, the RAM address generator
reloads the RAM segment beginning address bits and the
sequence repeats.
The sequence of circulating through the specified RAM
addresses repeats for as long as the part is programmed for this
mode. The no dwell bit is a Don’t Care in this mode.
RAM Controlled Modes of Operation Notes and Summary
Notes:
1)
The user must ensure that the beginning address is lower
than the final address.
2)
Changing profiles or issuing an I/O UPDATE automatically
terminates the current sweep and starts the next sweep.
3)
Setting the RAM destination bit true such that the RAM
output drives the phase offset adder is valid. While the
above discussion describes a frequency sweep, a phase
sweep operation is also available.
When any of the CFR1<29:27> bits are active, the
internal profile control mode is engaged. Internal profile control
is only valid when the device is operating in RAM mode. There
is no internal profile control for linear sweeping operations.
When the internal profile control mode is engaged, the RAM
segment mode control bits are Don’t Care and the device operates all profiles as if these mode control bits were programmed
for ramp-up mode. Switching between profiles occurs when the
RAM address generator has exhausted the memory contents for
the current profile.
Table 10. Internal Profile Control
CFR1<29:27>
(Binary)
000
001
010
011
100
101
110
The AD9954 offers five modes of RAM controlled operation
(see Table 9).
111
Mode Description
Internal Control Inactive
Internal Control Active, Single Burst, Activate
Profile 0, Then 1, Then Stop
Internal Control Active, Single Burst, Activate
Profile 0, Then 1, Then 2, Then Stop
Internal Control Active, Single Burst, Activate
Profile 0, Then 1, Then 2, Then 3, Then Stop
Internal Control Active, Continuous, Activate
Profile 0, Then 1, Then Loop Starting 0
Internal Control Active, Continuous, Activate
Profile 0, Then 1, Then 2, Then Loop Starting 0
Internal Control Active, Continuous, Activate
Profile 0, Then 1, Then 2, Then 3, Then Loop
Starting 0
Invalid
Table 9. RAM Modes of Operation
RSCW<7:5>
(Binary)
000
Mode
Direct Switch
001
Ramp Up
010
Bidirectional
Ramp
011
Continuous
Bidirectional
Ramp
Continuous
Recirculate
Open
100
101, 110, 111
Notes
No Sweeping, Profiles
Valid, No Dwell Invalid
Sweeping, Profiles Valid,
No Dwell Valid
Sweeping, Profile <0> Is a
Direction Control Bit, No
Dwell Invalid
Sweeping, Profiles Valid,
No Dwell Invalid
Sweeping, Profiles Valid,
No Dwell Invalid
Invalid Mode—Default To
Direct Switch
Internal Profile Control
The AD9954 offers a mode in which a composite frequency
sweep can be built, for which the timing control is software
programmable. The internal profile control capability disengages the Profile<1:0> pins and enables the AD9954 to take
control of switching between profiles. Modes are defined that
allow continuous or single burst profile switches for three combinations of profile selection bits. These are listed in Table 10.
A single burst mode is one in which the composite sweep is
executed once. For example, assume the device is programmed
for ramp-up mode and the CFR1<29:27> bits are written to
Logic 010(b). Upon receiving an I/O UPDATE, the internal
control logic signals the device to begin executing the ramp-up
mode sequence for Profile 0. Upon reaching the RAM segment
final address value for Profile 0, the device automatically
switches to Profile 1 and begins executing that ramp-up
sequence. Upon reaching the RAM segment final address value
for Profile 1, the device automatically switches to Profile 2 and
begins executing that ramp-up sequence. When the RAM segment final address value for Profile 2 is reached, the sequence is
over and the composite sweep has completed. Issuing another
I/O UPDATE restarts the burst process.
A continuous internal profile control mode is one in which the
composite sweep is continuously executed for as long as the
device is programmed into that mode. Using the example above,
except programming the CFR1<29:27> bits to Logic 101(b), the
operation would be identical until the RAM segment final
address value for Profile 2 is reached. At this point, instead of
stopping the sequence, it repeats, starting with Profile 0.
Rev. 0 | Page 24 of 36
AD9954
Linear Sweep Mode
The AD9954 is placed in linear sweep mode by setting the linear sweep enable bit CR1<21>. When in linear sweep mode, the
AD9954 output frequency will ramp up from a starting frequency, programmed by FTW0 to a finishing frequency FTW1,
or down from FTW1 to FTW0. The delta frequency tuning
words and the ramp rate word determine the rate at which this
ramping takes place. The linear sweep no-dwell bit CFR1<2>
controls the behavior of the device upon reaching the terminal
frequency. The 32-bit rising delta frequency tuning word
(RDFTW) increments the frequency accumulator when ramping up from FTW0 to FTW1. The 8-bit rising sweep ramp rate
word (RSRRW) controls the rate at which the frequency accumulator is incremented. The 32-bit falling delta frequency tuning word (FDFTW) decrements the accumulator when ramping
down from FTW1 to FTW0. The 8-bit falling sweep ramp rate
word (FSRRW) determines the rate at which the accumulator is
decremented.
The PS<0> pin controls the direction of the sweep, rising to
FTW1 or falling to FTW0. Upon reaching the destination frequency, the AD9954 linear sweep function will either hold at the
destination frequency until the state on the PS<0> pin is
changed or immediately return to the initial frequency, FTW0,
depending on the state of the linear sweep no-dwell bit
CFR1<02>. While operating in linear sweep mode, toggling the
Profile<0> pin does not cause the device to generate an internal
I/O UPDATE. When the PS<0> pin is acting as the sweep direction indicator, any transfer of data from the I/O buffers to the
internal registers can only be initiated by a rising edge on the
I/O UPDATE pin.
The linear sweep function of the AD9954 requires the lowest
frequency to be loaded into the FTW0 register and the highest
frequency into the FTW1 register. For piece-wise, nonlinear
frequency transitions, it is necessary to reprogram the registers
while the frequency transition is in progress to affect the desired
response. Figure 20 demonstrates a typical frequency ramping
operation. After a reset, the device will initially be in single tone
mode. The programming steps to operate in linear sweep mode
are
0)
Profile inputs at 00.
1)
Set the linear sweep enable bit (CFR1<21> = 1) and
set or clear the linear sweep no-dwell bit (CFR1<2> =
{0,1}) as desired.
2)
Program the rising and falling delta frequency tuning
words and ramp rate values.
3)
Program the lower and higher output frequencies into
the FTW0 and FTW1 registers, respectively.
4)
Apply an I/O UPDATE to move this data into the registers (the output frequency will be FTW0).
5)
Change the PS<0> input as desired to sweep between
the lower to higher frequency and back.
Figure 20 shows that the device initially powers up in single
tone mode. The profile inputs are low, which places the FTW0
input to the phase accumulator. The user then configures the
device as desired by writing the rising and falling delta
frequency tuning words and ramp rates, as well as the linear
sweep enable bit, via the serial port (Point A in Figure 20). In this
example, the linear sweep no-dwell bit is cleared (CFR1<2> = 0).
General Operation of Linear Sweep Capability
In linear sweep mode, the PS<1> pin must be tied to Logic 0.
With linear sweep mode active, when the PS<0> pin transitions
from low to high, the RDFTW is applied to the input of the
frequency accumulator and the RSRR register is loaded into the
sweep rate timer. The sweep rate timer counts down from an
initial value to one, at which point the frequency accumulator is
allowed to accumulate the input. This accumulation of the
RDFTW at the rate given by the ramp rate (RSRR) continues
until the output of the frequency adder is equal to the FTW1
register value. At this time the accumulation is stopped, causing
the AD9954 to output the frequency given by the FTW1. The
output remains at FTW1 for as long as the PS<0> pin remains
at Logic 1.
When the PS<0> pin transitions from high to low, the
negated FDFTW is applied to the input of the frequency accumulator and the FSRR register is loaded into the sweep rate
timer. Each time the timer counts down to one, the frequency
accumulator is allowed to accumulate the input. This accumulation of the negated FDFTW at the rate given by the ramp rate
(FSRR) continues until the output of the frequency adder is
equal to the FTW0 register value. At this time the accumulation
is stopped, causing the AD9954 to output the frequency given
by the FTW0. The output remains at FTW0 for as long as the
PS<0> pin remains at Logic 0.
Rev. 0 | Page 25 of 36
AD9954
FOUT
B
FTW1
A
FTW0
TIME
SINGLE–TONE
MODE
LINEAR SWEEP MODE
PS<0> = 1
PS<0> = 0
03374-0-003
PS<0> = 0
AT POINT A: LOAD RISING RAMP RATE REGISTER, APPLY RISING DFTW.
AT POINT B: LOAD FALLING RAMP RATE REGISTER, APPLY FALLING DFTW.
Figure 20. Linear Sweep Frequency Plan
FOUT
B
B
B
FTW1
A
FTW0
A
A
TIME
PS<0> = 0
03374-0-004
SINGLE–TONE
MODE
PS<0> = 1 PS<0> = 0 PS<0> = 1
PS<0> = 0
PS<0> = 1
LINEAR SWEEP MODE ENABLE–NO DWELL BIT SET
Figure 21. Linear Sweep Using No Dwell Frequency Plan
Linear Sweep No Dwell Feature
The linear sweep function can be operated with a no dwell feature. If the linear sweep no dwell bit is set, CFR1<2> = 1, the
rising sweep is started in an identical manner to the non-no
dwell linear sweep mode. Upon detecting a rising edge on the
PS<0> input pin, the rising sweep action is initiated. The frequency continues to sweep up at the rate set by the rising sweep
ramp rate at the resolution set by the rising delta frequency
tuning word until it reaches the terminal frequency. Upon
reaching the terminal frequency, the output frequency immediately returns to the starting frequency and remains at the starting frequency until the device detects a subsequent rising edge
on the PS<0> pin. Figure 21 is an example of the linear sweep
mode operation when the linear sweep no dwell bit is set. The
points labeled A indicate where a rising edge on PS0 is detected;
the points labeled B indicate where the AD9954 has determined
FOUT has reached the terminal frequency and automatically
returns to the starting frequency. Note that in this mode, each
sweep will require a separate rising edge on the Profile <0> pin.
Linear sweeps using the no-dwell bit can only be swept from
FTW0 to FTW1 using the positive linear sweep control word.
Toggling the PS<0> from 1 to 0 will not initiate a falling sweep
when the no dwell bit is set, nor will it interrupt a positive
sweep already underway.
Rev. 0 | Page 26 of 36
AD9954
Programming the Ramp Rate Timer
Clear and Release Function
The linear sweep ramp rate timer is a loadable down counter
that, when enabled, continuously counts down from the loaded
value to a count of 1. When in a rising transition, the loaded
value is the RSRRW; when in a falling transition, the value is the
FSRRW. When the ramp rate timer equals 1, the proper
RFDTW or FDFTW is loaded and the counter begins counting
down to 1 again. This load and count down operation continues
for as long as the timer is enabled, unless the timer is forced to
load before reaching a count of 1.
The auto clear frequency accumulator bit, when set, clears
and releases the frequency accumulator upon receiving an I/O
UPDATE signal or change in one of the profile pins. The auto
clear phase accumulator, when set, clears and releases the phase
accumulator upon receiving an I/O UPDATE or change on one
of the profile pins. The automatic clearing function is repeated
for every subsequent I/O UPDATE or change on one of the
profile pins until the appropriate auto-clear control bit is
cleared.
The ramp timer can be loaded before reaching a count of 1 by
three methods.
Note that these bits are programmed independently and do not
have to be active at the same time. For example, one accumulator may be using the clear and release function while the other
is continuously cleared.
Method one is by changing the PS<0> input pin. When the
PS<0> input pin changes from a Logic 0 to a Logic 1, the
RSRRW value is loaded into the ramp rate timer, which then
proceeds to count down as normal. When the Profile<0> input
pin changes from a Logic 1 to a Logic 0, the FSRR value is
loaded into the ramp rate timer, which then proceeds to count
down as normal.
The second method in which the sweep ramp rate timer can be
loaded before reaching a count of 1 is if the CFR1<15> bit is set
and an I/O UPDATE is issued. If sweep is enabled and
CFR1<15> is set, the ramp rate timer loads the value determined by the Profile<0> pin every time an I/O UPDATE is
issued. If the Profile<0> pin is low (high), the ramp rate timer
loads the FSRRW (RSRRW).
The last method in which the sweep ramp rate timer can be
loaded before reaching a count of 1 is going from the inactive
linear sweep mode to the active linear sweep mode. That is
when the sweep enable bit is being set. The ramp rate loaded is a
function of the Profile<0> input pin.
Continuous and “Clear and Release” Frequency and Phase
Accumulator Clear Functions
The AD9954 allows for a programmable continuous zeroing of
the frequency sweep logic and the phase accumulator as well as
a clear and release or automatic zeroing function. Each feature is
individually controlled via Bits CFR1. CFR1<14> is the automatic clear frequency accumulator bit and CFR1<13> is the
automatic clear phase accumulator bit. The continuous clear
bits are located in CFR1<11:10>, where CFR1<11> clears the
frequency accumulator and CFR1<10> clears the phase accumulator.
Continuous Clear Bits
The continuous clear bits are simply static control signals that,
when active high, hold the respective accumulator at zero for
the entire time the bit is active. When the bit goes low, inactive,
the respective accumulator is allowed to operate.
Programming AD9954 Features
Phase Offset Control
A 14-bit phase offset (θ) may be added to the output of the
phase accumulator by means of the control registers. This feature provides the user with three different methods of phase
control.
The first method is a static phase adjustment, where a fixed
phase offset is loaded into the appropriate phase offset register
and left unchanged. The result is that the output signal is offset
by a constant angle relative to the nominal signal. This allows
the user to phase align the DDS output with some external signal, if necessary.
The second method of phase control is where the user regularly
updates the phase offset register via the I/O port. By properly
modifying the phase offset as a function of time, the user can
implement a phase modulated output signal. However, both the
speed of the I/O port and the frequency of SYSCLK limit the
rate at which phase modulation can be performed.
The third method of phase control involves the RAM and the
profile input pins. The AD9954 can be configured such that the
RAM drives the phase adjust circuitry. The user can control the
phase offset via the RAM in an identical manner allowed for
frequency sweeping. See the RAM Controlled Modes of Operation and the Linear Sweep Mode sections for details.
Shaped On-Off Keying
The shaped on-off keying function of the AD9954 allows the
user to control the ramp-up and ramp-down time of an on-off
emission from the DAC. This function is used in burst transmissions of digital data to reduce the adverse spectral impact of
short, abrupt bursts of data.
Auto and manual shaped on-off keying modes are supported.
The auto mode generates a linear scale factor at a rate determined by the amplitude ramp rate (ARR) register controlled by
an external pin (OSK). Manual mode allows the user to directly
Rev. 0 | Page 27 of 36
AD9954
control the output amplitude by writing the scale factor value
into the amplitude scale factor (ASF) register.
Table 11. Auto-Scale Factor Internal Step Size
ASF<15:14> (Binary)
00
01
10
11
The shaped on-off keying function may be bypassed (disabled)
by clearing the OSK enable bit (CFR1<25> = 0).
The modes are controlled by two bits located in the most significant byte of the control function register (CFR). CFR1<25>
is the shaped on-off keying enable bit. When CFR1<25> is set,
the output scaling function is enabled; CFR1<25> bypasses the
function. CFR1<24> is the internal shaped on-off keying active
bit. When CFR1<24> is set, internal shaped on-off keying mode
is active; CFR1<24> cleared is external shaped on-off keying
mode active. CFR1<24> is a Don’t Care if the shaped on-off
keying enable bit (CFR1<25>) is cleared. The power up condition is shaped on-off keying disabled (CFR1<25> = 0).
Figure 22 shows the block diagram of the OSK circuitry.
Increment/Decrement Size
1
2
4
8
OSK Ramp Rate Timer
The OSK ramp rate timer is a loadable down counter, which
generates the clock signal to the 14-bit counter that generates
the internal scale factor. The ramp rate timer is loaded with the
value of the ASFR every time the counter reaches 1 (decimal).
This load and countdown operation continues for as long as the
timer is enabled, unless the timer is forced to load before reaching a count of 1.
AUTO Shaped On-Off Keying Mode Operation
If the load OSK timer bit (CFR1<26>) is set, the ramp rate timer
is loaded upon an I/O UPDATE, upon a change in profile input,
or upon reaching a value of 1. The ramp timer can be loaded
before reaching a count of 1 by three methods.
The auto shaped on-off keying mode is active when CFR1<25>
and CFR1<24> are set. When auto shaped on-off keying mode
is enabled, a single scale factor is internally generated and
applied to the multiplier input for scaling the output of the DDS
core block (see Figure 22). The scale factor is the output of a
14-bit counter that increments/decrements at a rate determined
by the contents of the 8-bit output ramp rate register. The scale
factor increases if the OSK pin is high and decreases if the OSK
pin is low. The scale factor is an unsigned value such that all 0s
multiply the DDS core output by 0 (decimal) and 0x3FFF multiplies the DDS core output by 16383 (decimal).
Method one is by changing the OSK input pin. When the OSK
input pin changes state, the ASFR value is loaded into the ramp
rate timer, which then proceeds to count down as normal.
The second method in which the sweep ramp rate timer can be
loaded before reaching a count of 1 is if the load OSK timer bit
(CFR1<26>) is set and an I/O UPDATE (or change in profile) is
issued.
For those users who use the full amplitude (14-bits) but need
fast ramp rates, the internally generated scale factor step size
is controlled via the ASF<15:14> bits. Table 11 describes the
increment/decrement step size of the internally generated scale
factor per the ASF<15:14> bits.
The last method in which the sweep ramp rate timer can be
loaded before reaching a count of 1 is when going from the
inactive auto shaped on-off keying mode to the active auto
shaped on-off keying mode. That is, when the sweep enable bit
is being set.
A special feature of this mode is that the maximum output
amplitude allowed is limited by the contents of the amplitude
scale factor register. This allows the user to ramp to a value less
than full scale.
DDS CORE
0
TO DAC
1
COS(X)
AUTO DESK
EMABLE
CFR1<24>
OSK ENABLE
SYNC_CLK
1
OSK PIN
AMPLITUDE RAMP
RATE REGISTER
(ASF)
0
0
1
AMPLITUDE SCALE
FACTOR REGISTER
(ASF)
OUT
LOAD OSK TIMER
CFR1<26>
HOLD
UP/DN
LOAD
INC/DEC ENABLE
DATA
EN
CLOCK
AUTO SCALE
FACTOR GENERATOR
RAMP RATE TIMER
Figure 22. On-Off Shaped Keying, Block Diagram
Rev. 0 | Page 28 of 36
03374-0-005
CFR<25>
0
AD9954
with SYNC_CLK is used to transfer internal buffer contents
into the control registers of the device. The combination of the
SYNC_CLK and I/O UPDATE pins provide the user with
constant latency relative to SYSCLK and also ensures phase
continuity of the analog output signal when a new tuning word
or phase offset value is asserted. Figure 23 demonstrates an I/O
UPDATE timing cycle and synchronization.
External Shaped On-Off Keying Mode Operation
The external Shaped On-Off Keying mode is enabled by writing
CFR1<25> to a logic 1 AND writing CFR1<24> to a Logic 0.
When configured for external Shaped On-Off Keying, the
content of the ASFR becomes the scale factor for the data path.
The scale factors are synchronized to SYNC_CLK via the I/O
UPDATE functionality.
Synchronization; Register Updates (I/O UPDATE)
Notes to synchronization logic:
Functionality of the SYNC_CLK and I/O UPDATE
1)
The I/O UPDATE signal is edge detected to generate a
single rising edge clock signal that drives the register bank
flops. The I/O UPDATE signal has no constraints on duty
cycle. The minimum low time on I/O UPDATE is one
SYNC_CLK clock cycle.
2)
The I/O UPDATE pin is set up and held around the rising
edge of SYNC_CLK and has zero hold time and 4 ns setup
time.
Data into the AD9954 is synchronous to the SYNC_CLK signal
(supplied externally to the user on the SYNC_CLK pin). The
I/O UPDATE pin is sampled on the rising edge of the
SYNC_CLK.
Internally, SYSCLK is fed to a divide-by-4 frequency divider to
produce the SYNC_CLK signal. The SYNC_CLK signal is provided to the user on the SYNC_CLK pin. This enables synchronization of external hardware with the device’s internal clocks.
This is accomplished by forcing any external hardware to obtain
its timing from SYNC_CLK. The I/O UPDATE signal coupled
SYNC_CLK
DISABLE
1
0
SYSCLK
0
÷4
OSK
PROFILE<1:0>
D
I/O UPDATE
D
Q
Q
D
Q
EDGE
DETECTION
LOGIC
TO CORE LOGIC
REGISTER
MEMORY
I/O BUFFER
LATCHES
Figure 23. I/O Synchronization Block Diagram
Rev. 0 | Page 29 of 36
SCLK
SDI
CS
03374-0-006
SYNC_CLK
GATING
AD9954
SYSCLK
A
B
SYNC_CLK
I/O UPDATE
DATA IN
I/O BUFFERS
DATA 2
DATA 1
DATA 1
DATA 2
DATA 3
DATA 3
THE DEVICE REGISTERS AN I/O UPDATE AT POINT A. THE DATA IS TRANSFERRED FROM THE ASYNCHRONOUSLY LOADED I/O BUFFERS AT POINT B.
03374-0-007
DATA IN
REGISTERS
Figure 24. I/O Synchronization Timing Diagram
Synchronizing Multiple AD9954s
The AD9954 product allows easy synchronization of multiple
AD9954s. There are three modes of synchronization available
to the user: an automatic synchronization mode, a software
controlled manual synchronization mode, and a hardware
controlled manual synchronization mode. In all cases, when a
user wants to synchronize two or more devices, the following
considerations must be observed. First, all units must share a
common clock source. Trace lengths and path impedance of the
clock tree must be designed to keep the phase delay of the different clock branches as closely matched as possible. Second, the
I/O UPDATE signal’s rising edge must be provided synchronously to all devices in the system. Finally, regardless of the
internal synchronization method used, the DVDD_I/O supply
should be set to 3.3 V for all devices that are to be synchronized.
AVDD and DVDD should be left at 1.8 V.
In automatic synchronization mode, one device is chosen as a
master, the other device(s) will be slaved to this master. When
configured in this mode, all the slaves will automatically synchronize their internal clocks to the SYNC_CLK output signal
of the master device. To enter automatic synchronization mode,
set the slave device’s automatic synchronization bit (CFR1<23>
= 1). Connect the SYNC_IN input(s) to the master SYNC_CLK
output. The slave device will continuously update the phase
relationship of its SYNC_CLK until it is in phase with the
SYNC_IN input, which is the SYNC_CLK of the master device.
When attempting to synchronize devices running at SYSCLK
speeds beyond 250 MSPS, the high speed sync enhancement
enable bit should be set (CFR2<11> = 1).
In software manual synchronization mode, the user forces the
device to advance the SYNC_CLK rising edge one SYSCLK
cycle (1/4 SYNC_CLK period). To activate the manual
synchronization mode, set the slave device’s software manual
synchronization bit (CFR1<22> = 1). The bit (CFR1<22>) will be
immediately cleared. To advance the rising edge of the SYNC_CLK
multiple times, this bit will need to be set multiple times.
In hardware manual synchronization mode, the SYNC_IN
input pin is configured such that it will now advance the rising
edge of the SYNC_CLK signal each time the device detects a
rising edge on the SYNC_IN pin. To put the device into hardware manual synchronization mode, set the hardware manual
synchronization bit (CFR2<10> = 1). Unlike the software manual synchronization bit, this bit does not self-clear. Once the
hardware manual synchronization mode is enabled, all rising
edges detected on the SYNC_IN input will cause the device to
advance the rising edge of the SYNC_CLK by one SYSCLK
cycle until this enable bit is cleared (CFR2<10> = 0).
Using a Single Crystal to Drive Multiple AD9954 Clock
Inputs
The AD9954 crystal oscillator output signal is available on the
CRYSTAL OUT pin, enabling one crystal to drive multiple
AD9954s. In order to drive multiple AD9954s with one crystal,
the CRYSTAL OUT pin of the AD9954 using the external crystal should be connected to the REFCLK input of the other
AD9954.
The CRYSTAL OUT pin is static until the CFR2<1> bit is set,
enabling the output. The drive strength of the CRYSTAL OUT
pin is typically very low, so this signal should be buffered prior
to using it to drive any loads.
SERIAL PORT OPERATION
With the AD9954, the instruction byte specifies read/write
operation and register address. Serial operations on the AD9954
occur only at the register level, not the byte level. For the
AD9954, the serial port controller recognizes the instruction
byte register address and automatically generates the proper
register byte address. In addition, the controller expects that all
bytes of that register will be accessed. It is a requirement that all
bytes of a register be accessed during serial I/O operations, with
one exception. The IOSYNC function can be used to abort an
I/O operation, thereby allowing less than all bytes to be accessed.
There are two phases to a communication cycle with the
AD9954. Phase 1 is the instruction cycle, which is the writing of
an instruction byte into the AD9954, coincident with the first
Rev. 0 | Page 30 of 36
AD9954
register being accessed. For example, when accessing the Control
Function Register 2, which is three bytes wide, Phase 2 requires that
three bytes be transferred. If accessing the frequency tuning word,
which is four bytes wide, Phase 2 requires that four bytes be
transferred. After transferring all data bytes per the instruction,
the communication cycle is completed.
eight SCLK rising edges. The instruction byte provides the
AD9954 serial port controller with information regarding the
data transfer cycle, which is Phase 2 of the communication cycle.
The Phase 1 instruction byte defines whether the upcoming data
transfer is read or write and the serial address of the register
being accessed. [Note that the serial address of the register
being accessed is NOT the same address as the bytes to be
written. See the Example Operation section for details].
At the completion of any communication cycle, the AD9954
serial port controller expects the next eight rising SCLK edges
to be the instruction byte of the next communication cycle. All
data input to the AD9954 is registered on the rising edge of
SCLK. All data is driven out of the AD9954 on the falling edge
of SCLK. Figure 25 through Figure 28 are useful in understanding the general operation of the AD9954 serial port
The first eight SCLK rising edges of each communication cycle
are used to write the instruction byte into the AD9954. The
remaining SCLK edges are for Phase 2 of the communication
cycle. Phase 2 is the actual data transfer between the AD9954
and the system controller. The number of bytes transferred
during Phase 2 of the communication cycle is a function of the
.
INSTRUCTION CYCLE
DATA TRANSFER CYCLE
CS
SDIO
I7
I6
I5
I4
I3
I2
I1
I0
D7
D6
D5
D4
D3
D2
D1
03374-0-008
SCLK
D0
Figure 25. Serial Port Write Timing–Clock Stall Low
DATA TRANSFER CYCLE
INSTRUCTION CYCLE
CS
SDIO
I7
I6
I5
I4
I3
I2
I1
I0
DON'T CARE
DO 7
SDO
DO 6 DO 5 DO 4 DO 3 DO 2 DO 1
DO 0
03374-0-009
SCLK
Figure 26. 3-Wire Serial Port Read Timing–Clock Stall Low
INSTRUCTION CYCLE
DATA TRANSFER CYCLE
CS
I7
I6
I5
I4
I3
I2
I1
I0
D0
03374-0-010
SDIO
DO 7 DO 6 DO 5 DO 4 DO 3 DO 2 DO 1 DO 0
03374-0-011
SCLK
D7
D6
D5
D4
D3
D2
D1
Figure 27. Serial Port Write Timing–Clock Stall High
DATA TRANSFER CYCLE
INSTRUCTION CYCLE
CS
SCLK
SDIO
I7
I6
I5
I4
I3
I2
I1
I0
Figure 28. 2-Wire Serial Port Read Timing—Clock Stall High
Rev. 0 | Page 31 of 36
AD9954
INSTRUCTION BYTE
The instruction byte contains the following information:
Table 12.
MSB
R/Wb
D6
X
D5
X
D4
A4
D3
A3
R/Wb—Bit 7 of the instruction byte determines whether a read
or write data transfer will occur after the instruction byte write.
Logic High indicates read operation. Logic 0 indicates a write
operation.
X, X—Bits 6 and 5 of the instruction byte are Don’t Care.
A4, A3, A2, A1, A0—Bits 4, 3, 2, 1, 0 of the instruction byte
determine which register is accessed during the data transfer
portion of the communications cycle.
SERIAL INTERFACE PORT PIN DESCRIPTION
SCLK—Serial Clock. The serial clock pin is used to synchronize
data to and from the AD9954 and to run the internal state machines. SCLK maximum frequency is 25 MHz.
CSB—Chip Select Bar. CSB is active low input that allows more
than one device on the same serial communications line. The
SDO and SDIO pins will go to a high impedance state when this
input is high. If driven high during any communications cycle,
that cycle is suspended until CS is reactivated low. Chip select
can be tied low in systems that maintain control of SCLK.
SDIO — Serial Data I/O. Data is always written into the
AD9954 on this pin. However, this pin can be used as a
bidirectional data line. Bit 7 of Register Address 0x0 controls
the configuration of this pin. The default is Logic 0, which
configures the SDIO pin as bidirectional.
SDO—Serial Data Out. Data is read from this pin for protocols
that use separate lines for transmitting and receiving data. In the
case where the AD9954 operates in a single bidirectional I/O
mode, this pin does not output data and is set to a high impedance state.
IOSYNC—It synchronizes the I/O port state machines without
affecting the addressable registers contents. An active high input
on the IOSYNC pin causes the current communication cycle to
abort. After IOSYNC returns low (Logic 0), another communication cycle may begin, starting with the instruction byte write.
MSB/LSB TRANSFERS
The AD9954 serial port can support both most significant bit
(MSB) first or least significant bit (LSB) first data formats. This
functionality is controlled by the Control Register 0x00 <8> bit.
The default value of Control Register 0x00 <8> is low (MSB
first). When Control Register 0x00 <8> is set high, the AD9954
serial port is in LSB first format. The instruction byte must be
D2
A2
D1
A1
LSB
A0
written in the format indicated by Control Register 0x00 <8>. If
the AD9954 is in LSB first mode, the instruction byte must be
written from least significant bit to most significant bit.
For MSB first operation, the serial port controller will generate
the most significant byte (of the specified register) address first
followed by the next lesser significant byte addresses until the
I/O operation is complete. All data written to (read from) the
AD9954 must be (will be) in MSB first order. If the LSB mode is
active, the serial port controller will generate the least significant byte address first followed by the next greater significant
byte addresses until the I/O operation is complete. All data written to (read from) the AD9954 must be (will be) in LSB first
order.
Example Operation
To write the amplitude scale factor register in MSB first format,
apply an instruction byte of 0x02 (serial address is 00010(b)).
From this instruction, the internal controller will generate an
internal byte address of 0x07 (see the register map) for the first
data byte written and an internal address of 0x08 for the next
byte written. Since the amplitude scale factor register is two
bytes wide, this ends the communication cycle.
To write the amplitude scale factor register in LSB first format,
apply an instruction byte of 0x40. From this instruction, the
internal controller will generate an internal byte address of 0x08
(see the register map) for the first data byte written and an internal address of 0x07for the next byte written. Since the amplitude scale factor register is two bytes wide, this ends the communication cycle.
RAM I/O VIA SERIAL PORT
Accessing the RAM via the serial port is identical to any other
serial I/O operation except that the number of bytes transferred
is determined by the address space between the beginning
address and the final address as specified in the current RAM
segment control word (RSCW). The final address describes the
most significant word address for all I/O transfers and the
beginning address specifies the least significant address.
RAM I/O supports MSB/LSB first operation. When in MSB first
mode, the first data byte will be for the most significant byte of
the memory address described by the final address with the
remaining three bytes making up the lesser significant bytes of
that address. The remaining bytes come in most significant to
least significant, destined for RAM addresses generated in
descending order until the final four bytes are written into the
Rev. 0 | Page 32 of 36
AD9954
address specified as the beginning address. When in LSB first
mode, the first data byte will be for the least significant byte
of the memory (specified by the beginning address) with the
remaining three bytes making up the greater significant bytes of
that address. The remaining bytes come in least significant to
most significant, destined for RAM addresses generated in
ascending order until the final four bytes are written into the
memory address described by the final address. Of course, the
bit order for all bytes is least significant to most significant first
when the LSB first bit is set. When the LSB first bit is cleared
(default), the bit order for all bytes is most significant to least
significant.
The RAM uses serial address 01011(b), so the instruction byte
to write the RAM is 0×0B, in MSB first notation. As mentioned
above, the RAM addresses generated are specified by the beginning and final address of the RSCW currently selected by the
Profile<1:0> pins.
Notes on serial port operation:
1)
2)
The AD9954 serial port configuration bits reside in Bits 8
and 9 of CFR1 (Address 0x00). The configuration changes
immediately upon writing to this register. For multibyte
transfers, writing to this register may occur during the
middle of a communication cycle. Care must be taken to
compensate for this new configuration for the remainder
of the current communication cycle.
The system must maintain synchronization with the
AD9954 or the internal control logic will not be able to
recognize further instructions. For example, if the system
sends an instruction byte that describes writing a 2-byte
register, then pulses the SCLK pin for a 3-byte write (24
additional SCLK rising edges), communication synchronization is lost. In this case, the first 16 SCLK rising edges
after the instruction cycle will properly write the first two
data bytes into the AD9954, but the next eight rising SCLK
edges are interpreted as the next instruction byte not the
final byte of the previous communication cycle. In the case
where synchronization is lost between the system and the
AD9954, the IOSYNC pin provides a means to re-establish
synchronization without re-initializing the entire chip. The
IOSYNC pin enables the user to reset the AD9954 state
machine to accept the next eight SCLK rising edges to be
coincident with the instruction phase of a new communication cycle. By applying and removing a high signal to the
IOSYNC pin, the AD9954 is set to once again begin performing the communication cycle in synchronization with
the system. Any information that had been written to the
AD9954 registers during a valid communication cycle
prior to loss of synchronization will remain intact.
3)
Reading profile registers requires that the profile select pins
(Profile<1:0>) be configured to select the desired register
bank. When reading a register that resides in one of the
profiles, the register address acts as an offset to select one
of the registers among the group of registers defined by the
profile, while the profile select pins select the appropriate
register group.
Power-Down Functions of the AD9954
The AD9954 supports an externally controlled or hardware
power-down feature as well as the more common software programmable power-down bits found in previous ADI DDS products.
The software control power-down allows the DAC, comparator,
PLL, input clock circuitry, and the digital logic to be individually power down via unique control bits (CFR1<7:4>). With the
exception of CFR1<6>, these bits are not active when the externally controlled power-down pin (PWRDWNCTL) is high.
External power-down control is supported on the AD9954 via
the PWRDWNCTL input pin. When the PWRDWNCTL input
pin is high, the AD9954 will enter a power-down mode based
on the CFR1<3> bit. When the PWRDWNCTL input pin is low,
the external power-down control is inactive.
When the CFR1<3> bit is 0, and the PWRDWNCTL input pin
is high, the AD9954 is put into a fast recovery power-down
mode. In this mode, the digital logic and the DAC digital logic
are powered down. The DAC bias circuitry, comparator, PLL,
oscillator, and clock input circuitry is NOT powered down. The
comparator can be powered down by setting the comparator
power-down bit, CFR1<6> = 1.
When the CFR1<3> bit is high, and the PWRDWNCTL input
pin is high, the AD9954 is put into the full power-down mode.
In this mode, all functions are powered down. This includes the
DAC and PLL, which take a significant amount of time to
power up.
When the PWRDWNCTL input pin is high, the individual
power-down bits (CFR1<7>, <5:4>) are invalid (Don’t Care)
and unused; however, the comparator power-down bit,
CFR1<6>, will continue to control the power-down of the comparator. When the PWRDWNCTL input pin is low, the individual
power-down bits control the power-down modes of operation.
Note that the power-down signals are all designed such that a
Logic 1 indicates the low power mode and a Logic 0 indicates
the active or powered up mode.
Rev. 0 | Page 33 of 36
AD9954
Table 13 indicates the logic level for each power-down bit that
drives out of the AD9954 core logic to the analog section and
the digital clock generation section of the chip for the external
power-down operation.
Layout Considerations
For the best performance, the following layout guidelines
should be observed. Always provide the analog power supply
(AVDD) and the digital power supply (DVDD) on separate
supplies, even if just from two different voltage regulators
driven by a common supply. Likewise, the ground connections
(AGND, DGND) should be kept separate as far back to the
source as possible (i.e., separate the ground planes on a localized board, even if the grounds connect to a common point in
the system). Bypass capacitors should be placed as close to the
device pin as possible. Usually a multitiered bypassing scheme
consisting of a small high frequency capacitor (100 pF) placed
close to the supply pin and progressively larger capacitors
(0.1 µF, 10 µF) further back to the actual supply source works best.
Table 13. Power-Down Control Functions
Control
PWRDWNCTL = 0 CFR1<3> Don’t Care
Mode Active
Software Control
PWRDWNCTL = 1 CFR1<3> = 0
External Control,
Fast Recovery Power-Down Mode
PWRDWNCTL = 1 CFR1<3> = 1
External Control,
Full Power-Down Mode
Rev. 0 | Page 34 of 36
Description
Digital Power-Down = CFR1<7>
Comparator Power-Down = CFR1<6>
DAC Power-Down = CFR1<5>
Input Clock Power-Down = CFR1<4>
Digital Power-Down = 1’b1
Comparator Power-Down = 1’b0 Or CFR1<6>
DAC Power-Down = 1’b0
Input Clock Power-Down = 1’b0
Digital Power-Down = 1’b1
Comparator Power-Down = 1’b1
DAC Power-Down = 1’b1
Input Clock Power-Down = 1’b1
AD9954
SUGGESTED APPLICATION CIRCUITS
TUNING WORD
MODULATED/
DEMODULATED
SIGNAL
LPF
IOUT
LPF
AD9954
ON-CHIP
COMPARATOR
03374-0-014
LPF
AD9954
REFCLK
IOUT
AD9954 DDS
03374-0-012
RF/IF INPUT
Figure 29. Synchronized L.O. for Upconversion/Down Conversion
CMOS LEVEL CLOCK
Figure 31. Frequency Agile Clock Generator
PHASE
COMPARATOR
LOOP
FILTER
FREQUENCY
TUNING
WORD
VCO
FILTER
AD9954
I/I-BAR
BASEBAND
REFCLK
SAW
CRYSTAL
AD9954 DDS
IOUT
IOUT
LPF
REFCLK
03374-0-013
TUNING
WORLD
PHASE
OFFSET
WORD 1
CRYSTAL OUT
SYNC OUT
RF OUT
Figure 30. Digitally Programmable Divide-by-N Function in PLL
SYNC IN
AD9954 DDS
IOUT
IOUT
LPF
REFCLK
FREQUENCY
TUNING
WORD
PHASE
OFFSET
WORD 2
Q/Q-BAR
BASEBAND
Figure 32. Two AD9954s Synchronized to Provide I and
Q Carriers with Independent Phase Offsets for Nulling
Rev. 0 | Page 35 of 36
03374-0-015
REF
SIGNAL
AD9954
OUTLINE DIMENSIONS
9.00
BSC SQ
37
36
48
1
7.00
BSC SQ
TOP VIEW
2.00
SQ
EXPOSED
PAD
(PINS DOWN)
BOTTOM VIEW
12
(PINS UP)
25
24
13
0.50
BSC
1.20
MAX
VIEW A
1.05
1.00
0.95
SEATING
PLANE
0.27
0.22
0.17
7°
3.5°
0°
0.15
0.05
VIEW A
0.75
0.60
0.45
COMPLIANT TO JEDEC STANDARDS MS-026-ABC
Figure 33. 48-Lead Thin Plastic Quad Flat Package, Exposed Pad [TQFP/EP] (SV-48)—Dimensions shown in millimeters
ESD CAUTION
ESD (electrostatic discharge) sensitive device. Electrostatic charges as high as 4000 V readily accumulate on the
human body and test equipment and can discharge without detection. Although this product features
proprietary ESD protection circuitry, permanent damage may occur on devices subjected to high energy
electrostatic discharges. Therefore, proper ESD precautions are recommended to avoid performance
degradation or loss of functionality.
WARNING—Please note that this device in its current form does not meet Analog Devices’ standard requirements for ESD as
measured against the charged device model (CDM). As such, special care should be used when handling this product, especially in
a manufacturing environment. Analog Devices will provide a more ESD hardy product in the near future at which time this warning will be removed from this data sheet.
ORDERING GUIDE
AD9954 Products
AD9954YSV
AD9954YSV-REEL7
AD9954/PCB
Temperature Range
–40°C to +105°C
–40°C to +105°C
Package Description
48-Lead Thin Plastic Quad Flat Package, Exposed Pad (TQFP/EP)
500 Device 7-Inch Reel of 48-Lead TQFP/EP
Evaluation Board
© 2003 Analog Devices, Inc. All rights reserved. Trademarks and registered trademarks are the property of their respective owners.
C03374-0-10/03(0)
Rev. 0 | Page 36 of 36
Package Outline
SV-48
SV-48