Single Phase Core Controller for VR12.6 ISL95813 Features The ISL95813 single-phase controller provides a fully compliant VR12.6 power supply solution for Intel™ microprocessors. It provides a tightly regulated output voltage that is programmed through a high speed serial bus interface with the CPU. This interface also allows the CPU to acquire real-time information from the voltage regulator (VR), which includes load current and VR temperature. • Full VR12.6 specification compliance Based on Intersil's Robust Ripple Regulator (R3™) technology, the PWM modulator provides faster transient response and settling time when compared against traditional modulation schemes. Its variable frequency topology also allows for natural period stretching discontinuous conduction mode (DCM) for increased efficiency and power savings in light load situations. • Digitally selectable switching frequency: - 425kHz, 550kHz, 700kHz with ECO and PRO options The ISL95813 has several other key features that include: DCR current sensing with single NTC thermal compensation; discrete resistor current sensing; differential remote voltage feedback; and user-programmable boot voltage, IMAX, TMAX, voltage transition slew rate, and switching frequency. • Enable and power-good monitor • Wide input voltage range: 4.6V to 25V • R3™ control architecture delivers excellent transient response and power state mode transitions • Current monitor (IMON) with temperature compensation • VRHOT# indicator for CPU protection • Enhanced light-load efficiency discontinuous conduction mode operation • Ultra-small 20 lead 3mmx4mm QFN package Applications • Notebook Computers • Tablets, Ultrabooks™, and AIO Related Literature • AN1846 Designer’s Guide to the ISL95813 Evaluation Board 20 VR_ON 2200pF PGOOD IMON 470kΩ (NTC) 3.83kΩ NTC 27.4k Ω PRGM1 1 16 2 15 3 VRHOT# VIN {4.6V TO 25V} 17 14 ISL95813 20 Ld 3x4 QFN 4 13 LG BSC052N03LS LOUT PHASE 0.15µH UG BOOT COUT VR12.6 CPU 14x22µF CERAMIC 0.22µF BSC011N03LS VCC 5 COMP 12 E-PAD (GND) 6 5.9k Ω 7 FB 6800pF 8 9 11 10 PGRM2 124k Ω 1.82k Ω 3.65k Ω 2.61kΩ 0.056µF 82pF 1µF ISUMP 499 Ω 18 ISUMN VTT 19 RTN 113k Ω SDA SCLK ALERT# 205kΩ 11kΩ 549 Ω 10k Ω (NTC) FIGURE 1. TYPICAL 40Amax, 12.6, APPLICATION DIAGRAM May 15, 2013 FN8449.0 1 CAUTION: These devices are sensitive to electrostatic discharge; follow proper IC Handling Procedures. 1-888-INTERSIL or 1-888-468-3774 | Copyright Intersil Americas LLC 2013. All Rights Reserved R3 Technologies and Intersil (and design) are trademarks owned by Intersil Corporation or one of its subsidiaries. All other trademarks mentioned are the property of their respective owners. ISL95813 Ordering Information PART NUMBER (Notes 1, 2) PART MARKING TEMP. RANGE (°C) PACKAGE (Pb-Free) PKG. DWG. # ISL95813HRZ 813H -10 to +100 20 LD 3x4 QFN L20.3x4 ISL95813IRZ 813I -40 to +100 20 LD 3x4 QFN L20.3x4 ISL95813EV1Z Evaluation Board NOTES: 1. Add “-T” suffix for tape and reel. Please refer to TB347 for details on reel specifications. 2. These Intersil Pb-free plastic packaged products employ special Pb-free material sets, molding compounds/die attach materials, and 100% matte tin plate plus anneal (e3 termination finish, which is RoHS compliant and compatible with both SnPb and Pb-free soldering operations). Intersil Pb-free products are MSL classified at Pb-free peak reflow temperatures that meet or exceed the Pb-free requirements of IPC/JEDEC J STD-020. 3. For Moisture Sensitivity Level (MSL), please see device information page for ISL95813. For more information on MSL, please see tech brief TB363. Pin Configuration SCLK ALERT# SDA PRGM1 ISL95813 (20 LD 3X4 QFN) TOP VIEW 20 19 18 17 VR_ON 1 16 LG PGOOD 2 15 PHASE IMON 3 14 UG VRHOT# 4 13 BOOT NTC 5 12 VCC COMP 6 11 PRGM2 7 8 9 10 FB RTN ISUMN ISUMP GND Pin Descriptions PIN NAME FUNCTION 1 VR_ON Digital Input 2 PGOOD Digital Output Power-Good open-drain output indicating when VR is in regulation with no faults detected. Pull up externally with a 680Ω resistor to VCCP or 1.9kΩ to 3.3V. 3 IMON Analog Output: [Small-signal] VR output current monitor. IMON pin sources a current proportional to the regulator output current. A resistor connected from this pin to ground will set a voltage that is proportional to the load current. This voltage is sampled with an internal ADC to produce a digital IMON signal that can be read through the serial communications bus. 4 VRHOT# Digital Output Open drain thermal overload output indicator. Can be considered part of communication bus with CPU. 5 NTC Analog Input: [Small-Signal] Thermistor input to VR_HOT# circuit. Used to monitor VR temperature. 6 COMP Analog Output: [Small-signal] Output of the gm error-amplifier for loop control. Connect to ground through the compensation network. 2 Enable input for controller. Connect to ground to disable the part. Connect to VCC to initiate soft-start and regulation. FN8449.0 May 15, 2013 ISL95813 Pin Descriptions (Continued) PIN NAME FUNCTION 7 FB Analog Input: [Small-signal] Output voltage feedback sensing input for regulation. Connect via resistor to VCCSENSE on CPU. 8 RTN Analog Input: [Small-signal] Ground return for differential remote output voltage sensing.Connect via resistor to VCCSENSE on CPU. 9 ISUMN Analog Input: [Small-signal] VR Loadline, Droop, and DCR sensing input. 10 ISUMP Analog Input: [Small-signal] VR Loadline, Droop, and DCR sensing input. 11 PRGM2 Analog Input: [Small-signal] ADC input to program switching frequency and boot voltage using a resistor to ground. See “PROGRAM 2 Pin” on page 13 for all programming options. 12 VCC Analog Input: [Small-signal] 5V IC bias supply input. Bypass to ground with a high-quality 0.1µF ceramic capacitor. 13 BOOT Analog Input: [Power] Floating high-side gate drive voltage supply. Connect to PHASE with a 0.1µF to 0.22µF high-quality ceramic capacitor. 14 UG Analog Output: [Power] Upper MOSFET gate drive. Connect with a wide trace to the gate of the upper switching MOSFET. 15 PHASE Analog I/O: [Power] Switching node and upper MOSFET gate drive return path. Connect with a wide trace to the source of the upper switching MOSFET, the drain of the lower switching MOSFET, and the output inductor. 16 LG Analog Output: [Power] Lower MOSFET gate drive. Connect with a wide trace to the gate of the lower switching MOSFET. 17 PRGM1 Analog Input: [Small-signal] ADC input to program ICCMAX and FSEL bit using a resistor to ground. See “PROGRAM 1 Pin” on page 13 for all programming options. 18 SDA Digital I/O 19 ALERT# Digital Output Alert signal for CPU serial interface. 20 SCLK Digital Input Clock input for CPU serial interface. e-pad GND Analog Input: [Power] Ground reference for IC as well as gate drive power ground return path. Connect to system ground plane with multiple vias. 3 Data input/output for CPU serial interface. FN8449.0 May 15, 2013 ISL95813 Absolute Maximum Ratings Thermal Information Supply Voltage, VCC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -0.3V to +7V Battery Voltage, VIN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . +28V Boot Voltage (BOOT) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -0.3V to +33V Boot to Phase Voltage (BOOT-PHASE) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -0.3V to +7V(DC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -0.3V to +9V(<10ns) Phase Voltage (PHASE) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -7V (<20ns Pulse Width, 10µJ) UGATE Voltage (UGATE) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PHASE-0.3V (DC) to BOOT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PHASE-5V (<20ns Pulse Width, 10µJ) to BOOT LGATE Voltage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -2.5V (<20ns Pulse Width, 5µJ) to VDD + 0.3V All Other Pins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -0.3V to (VDD + 0.3V) Open Drain Outputs, PGOOD, VR_HOT#, ALERT#. . . . . . . . . . -0.3V to +7V Thermal Resistance (Typical) θJA (°C/W) θJC (°C/W) 20 Ld QFN Package (Notes 4, 5) . . . . . . . . 44 6 Maximum Junction Temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .+150°C Maximum Storage Temperature Range . . . . . . . . . . . . . .-65°C to +150°C Maximum Junction Temperature (Plastic Package) . . . . . . . . . . . .+150°C Storage Temperature Range. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .-65°C to +150°C Pb-Free Reflow Profile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . see link below http://www.intersil.com/pbfree/Pb-FreeReflow.asp Recommended Operating Conditions Supply Voltage, VCC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . +5V ±5% Battery Voltage, VIN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.6V to 25V Ambient Temperature HRZ. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .-10°C to +100°C IRZ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .-40°C to +100°C Junction Temperature HRZ. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .-10°C to +125°C IRZ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .-40°C to +125°C CAUTION: Do not operate at or near the maximum ratings listed for extended periods of time. Exposure to such conditions may adversely impact product reliability and result in failures not covered by warranty. NOTES: 4. θJA is measured in free air with the component mounted on a high effective thermal conductivity test board with “direct attach” features. See Tech Brief TB379. 5. For θJC, the “case temp” location is the center of the exposed metal pad on the package underside. Electrical Specifications Operating Conditions: VDD = 5V, TA = -10°C to +100°C or -40°C to +100°C, fSW = 700kHz, unless otherwise noted. Boldface limits apply over the operating temperature range for High Temp Commercial at -10°C to +100°C or Industrial Temp at -40°C to +100°C. PARAMETER SYMBOL TEST CONDITIONS MIN (Note 6) TYP MAX (Note 6) UNITS INPUT POWER SUPPLY +5V Supply Current IVDD VR_ON = 1V 3.5 5 mA 1 µA 90 150 µA 4.35 4.5 VR_ON = 0V PS4 State POWER-ON-RESET THRESHOLDS VDD Power-On-Reset Threshold VDDPORr VDD rising VDDPORf VDD falling 4.00 VID = 1.50V to 2.30V -0.5 4.15 V V SYSTEM AND REFERENCES System Accuracy HRZ %Error (VOUT) IRZ %Error (VOUT) % VID = 1.00V to 1.49V -8 +8 mV VID = 0.50V to 0.99V -10 +10 mV VID = 1.50V to 2.30V -1 +1 % VID = 1.00V to 1.49V -15 +15 mV VID = 0.50V to 0.99V Internal VBOOT +0.5 +20 mV HRTZ (Set by R_PROG2) 1.683 -20 1.7 1.717 V IRTZ (Set by R_PROG2) 1.675 1.7 1.725 V Maximum Output Voltage VOUT(MAX) VID = [11111111] 2.3 V Minimum Output Voltage VOUT(MIN) VID = [00000001] 0.5 V 4 FN8449.0 May 15, 2013 ISL95813 Electrical Specifications Operating Conditions: VDD = 5V, TA = -10°C to +100°C or -40°C to +100°C, fSW = 700kHz, unless otherwise noted. Boldface limits apply over the operating temperature range for High Temp Commercial at -10°C to +100°C or Industrial Temp at -40°C to +100°C. (Continued) PARAMETER SYMBOL TEST CONDITIONS MIN (Note 6) TYP MAX (Note 6) UNITS 395 425 455 kHz 510 550 590 kHz CHANNEL FREQUENCY 425kHz Configuration fSW_425k 550kHz Configuration fSW_550k 700kHz Configuration fSW_700k 1000kHz Configuration fSW_1000k Set by R_PROG1 650 700 750 kHz Set by R_PROG1 (PRO PS2/PS3 only) 915 985 1055 kHz IFB = 0A, HRZ -0.2 +0.2 mV IFB = 0A, IRZ -0.3 +0.3 mV AMPLIFIERS Current-Sense Amplifier Input Offset Error Amp DC Gain (Note 7) Av0 Error Amp Gain-Bandwidth Product (Note 7) GBW CL = 20pF VOL IPGOOD = 4mA 90 dB 18 MHz POWER-GOOD AND PROTECTION MONITORS PGOOD Low Voltage PGOOD Leakage Current IOH PGOOD = 3.3V PGOOD Delay tpgd VBOOT = 1.7V 0.15 0.4 1 1.2 V µA ms ALERT# Low Voltage (Note 6) 7 12 Ω VR_HOT# Low Voltage (Note 6) 7 12 Ω ALERT# Leakage Current 1 µA VR_HOT# Leakage Current 1 µA 1.5 Ω 1.5 Ω 1.5 Ω 0.9 Ω GATE DRIVER UGATE Pull-Up Resistance (Note 7) RUGPU 200mA Source Current 1.0 UGATE Source Current (Note 7) IUGSRC UGATE - PHASE = 2.5V 2.0 UGATE Sink Resistance (Note 7) RUGPD 250mA Sink Current 1.0 UGATE Sink Current (Note 7) IUGSNK UGATE - PHASE = 2.5V 2.0 LGATE Pull-Up Resistance (Note 7) RLGPU 250mA Source Current 1.0 LGATE Source Current (Note 7) ILGSRC LGATE - GND= 2.5V 2.0 LGATE Sink Resistance (Note 7) RLGPD 250mA Sink Current 0.5 LGATE Sink Current (Note 7) ILGSNK LGATE - GND = 2.5V 4.0 A UGATE to LGATE Deadtime tUGFLGR UGATE falling to LGATE rising, no load 17 ns LGATE to UGATE Deadtime tLGFUGR LGATE falling to UGATE rising, no load 29 ns 22 Ω VR = 25V 0.2 µA A A A BOOTSTRAP DIODE ON-Resistance RF Reverse Leakage IR PROTECTION Overvoltage Threshold OVH ISUMN rising above setpoint for >1µs Overcurrent Threshold 240 300 360 mV 56 60 64 µA 0.3 V LOGIC THRESHOLDS VR_ON Input Low VIL VR_ON Input High VIH HRZ 0.7 V VIH IRZ 0.75 V THERMAL MONITOR NTC Source Current NTC = 1.3V 58 60 62 µA VR_HOT# Trip Voltage Falling 0.881 0.893 0.905 V VR_HOT# Reset Voltage Rising 0.924 0.936 0.948 V 5 FN8449.0 May 15, 2013 ISL95813 Electrical Specifications Operating Conditions: VDD = 5V, TA = -10°C to +100°C or -40°C to +100°C, fSW = 700kHz, unless otherwise noted. Boldface limits apply over the operating temperature range for High Temp Commercial at -10°C to +100°C or Industrial Temp at -40°C to +100°C. (Continued) PARAMETER SYMBOL TEST CONDITIONS MIN (Note 6) TYP MAX (Note 6) UNITS Therm_Alert Trip Voltage Falling 0.92 0.932 0.944 V Therm_Alert Reset Voltage Rising 0.962 0.974 0.986 V ISUMN pin current = 40µA 9.7 10 10.3 µA ISUMN pin current = 20µA 4.8 5 5.2 µA CURRENT MONITOR IMON Output Current IIMON ICCMAX Alert Trip Voltage VIMONMAX ICCMAX Alert Reset Voltage ISUMN pin current = 4µA 0.875 1 1.125 µA Rising 1.185 1.2 1.215 V Falling 1.122 1.14 1.152 V -1 0 1 µA 3 5 µA INPUTS VR_ON Leakage Current IVR_ON VR_ON = 0V VR_ON = 1V SCLK, SDA Leakage VR_ON = 0V, SCLK & SDA = 0V & 1V -1 1 µA VR_ON = 1V, SCLK & SDA = 1V -5 1 µA VR_ON = 1V, SCLK & SDA = 0V, SCLK -42 µA VR_ON = 1V, SCLK & SDA = 0V, SDA -21 µA SLEW RATE (For VID Change) Fast Slew Rate Set by R_PROG2 12 mV/µs Slow Slew Rate Default setting Fast Slew divided by 4 3 mV/µs NOTES: 6. Parameters with MIN and/or MAX limits are 100% tested at +25°C, unless otherwise specified. Temperature limits established by characterization and are not production tested. 7. Limits established by characterization and are not production tested. 6 FN8449.0 May 15, 2013 ISL95813 Gate Driver Timing Diagram PWM tLGFUGR tFU tRU 1V UGATE 1V LGATE tRL tFL tUGFLGR Typical Performance Waveforms (VIN = 19V, 700kHz, PRO) VID = 1.8V FIGURE 2. PS0, 1-35A LOAD RELEASE VID = 1.8V FIGURE 4. PS0, 1-35A LOAD INSERTION 53mV/µs 10A LOAD FIGURE 6. PS0, SET VID FAST FROM 1.6V TO 1.8V 7 VID = 1.8V FIGURE 3. PS0, 1-35A HIGH REP LOAD TRANSIENT VID = 1.8V FIGURE 5. PS3 TO PS0, 1-35A TRANSIENT 53mV/µs 10A LOAD FIGURE 7. PS0, SET VID FAST FROM 1.8V TO 1.6V FN8449.0 May 15, 2013 ISL95813 Typical Performance Waveforms (VIN = 19V, 700kHz, PRO) 13.5mV/µs 13.5mV/µs 10A LOAD FIGURE 8. PS0, SET VID FAST FROM 1.6V TO 1.8V 10A LOAD FIGURE 9. PS0, SET VID FAST FROM 1.8V TO 1.6V FIGURE 10. PS4 EXIT TO 1.6V, IO = 1A, SLEWRATE = 53mV/µs TEMP MONITOR NTC T_MONITOR VR_HOT# PRGM1 IMAX VBOOT DROOP PRGM2 PROG VIN VR_ON A/D IDROOP VCC SDA D/A DIGITAL INTERFACE ALERT# SCLK DAC MODE BOOT DRIVER UGATE PHASE COMP + RTN Σ + DRIVER + _ FB E/A LGATE R3 MODULATOR IDROOP ISUMP + ISUMN _ CURRENT SENSE IMON GND OC FAULT PGOOD OV FAULT FIGURE 11. BLOCK DIAGRAM 8 FN8449.0 May 15, 2013 ISL95813 Theory of Operation turns off LGATE when the phase node voltage reaches zero to prevent the inductor current from reversing direction. R3™ Modulator The R3™ Modulator is Intersil’s proprietary synthetic currentmode hysteretic controller and is a blend of fixed frequency PWM and variable frequency hysteretic control technology. This modulator topology offers high noise immunity and a rapid transient response to dynamic load scenarios. Under static conditions the desired switching frequency is maintained within the entire specified range of input voltages, output voltages, and load currents. During load transients the controller will increase or decrease the PWM pulses and switching frequency to maintain output voltage regulation. Figure 12 illustrates this effect during a load insertion. As the window voltage starts to climb from a load step the time between PWM pulses decreases as fSW increases to keep the output within regulation. WINDOW VOLTAGE VW (WRT VCOMP) SYNTHETIC CURRENT SIGNAL If the load current reaches the critical conduction point the inductor current will reach and stay at zero before the next phase node pulse and the regulator is in discontinuous conduction mode (DCM). Should the load current rise above the critical conduction point, the inductor current will not cross 0A in a switching cycle, and the regulator is in CCM although the controller is in DE mode.Equation 1 below gives the formula for critical conduction, where Icritical is the load current for critical conduction and ΔIL is the ripple on the inductor current. ΔI L I critical = -------2 (EQ. 1) Figure 14 shows the operation principle in diode emulation mode at light load. The load gets incrementally lighter in the three cases from top to bottom. The PWM on-time is determined by the VW window size, therefore is the same, making the peak inductor current the same in the three cases. The controller clamps the synthetic current DE mode to make it mimic the inductor current. It takes the synthesized current longer to hit the lower window voltage, naturally stretching the switching period. The inductor current triangles move further apart from each other such that the inductor current average value is equal to the load current. By reducing the switching frequency in DE mode switching losses are decreased and light load efficiency is improved. ERROR AMPLIFIER VOLTAGE VCOMP CCM/DCM BOUNDARY VW SYNTHETIC CURRENT PWM IL FIGURE 12. MODULATOR WAVEFORMS DURING LOAD TRANSIENT VW LIGHT DCM SYNTHETIC CURRENT Diode Emulation and Period Stretching IL PHASE VOUT DEEP DCM VOUT VW SYNTHETIC CURRENT UGATE IL LG ATE FIGURE 14. PERIOD STRETCHING IL ECO and PRO Mode DCM FIGURE 13. DIODE EMULATION The ISL95813 can operate in diode emulation (DE) mode to improve light load efficiency. In DE mode, the low-side MOSFET conducts only when the current is flowing from source to drain and does not allow reverse current, emulating a diode like a standard buck regulator. As Figure 13 shows, when LGATE is on, the low-side MOSFET conducts, creating negative voltage on the phase node due to the voltage drop across the ON-resistance. The controller monitors the current through monitoring the phase node voltage. It 9 The ISL95813 has the ability to set both ECO and PRO mode DCM options for 700kHz switching applications. In ECO mode the time from Upper Gate On to Lower Gate Off is set to 1/700kHz or 1.43µs. When PRO mode is selected the UG On to LG Off time is reduced to 1/1MHz or 1.0µs. For applications where efficiency is important ECO mode should be implemented as the longer switching times reduce the amount of switching loss in the FETs. PRO mode is ideal for applications that require lower DCM ripple as the shorter gate times reduce the amount of output ripple. Because of the reduced ripple in PRO mode the amount of output FN8449.0 May 15, 2013 ISL95813 capacitance can be reduced, saving both board space and BOM costs. See “PROGRAM 1 RESISTOR VALUES” on page 13 for the ECO/PRO programming resistor options. TABLE 1. VID TABLE (Continued) VID VO (V) Hex 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 D 0.62000 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 E 0.63000 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 F 0.64000 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0.65000 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0.66000 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 2 0.67000 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 3 0.68000 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 4 0.69000 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 5 0.70000 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 6 0.71000 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 7 0.72000 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 8 0.73000 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 9 0.74000 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 A 0.75000 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 B 0.76000 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 C 0.77000 Voltage Regulation and Load Line Implementation 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 D 0.78000 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 E 0.79000 After the start-up sequence, the controller regulates the output voltage to the value set by the VID information in Table 1. The controller will control the no-load output voltage to an accuracy of ±0.5% over the VID voltage range. A differential amplifier allows voltage sensing for precise voltage regulation at the microprocessor die. Current silicon maximum VID is set as 2.3V, and any VID command above 2.3V will be rejected. 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 F 0.80000 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0.81000 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 2 1 0.82000 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 2 2 0.83000 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 2 3 0.84000 TABLE 1. VID TABLE Start-up Timing With the controller's VDD voltage above the POR threshold, the start-up sequence begins when VR_ON exceeds the logic high threshold. Figure 15 shows the typical start-up timing. The controller uses digital soft-start to ramp-up DAC to the voltage programmed by the SetVID command. PGOOD is asserted high and ALERT# is asserted low at the end of the ramp up. Similar results occur if VR_ON is tied to VDD, with the soft-start sequence starting 1.1ms after VDD crosses the POR threshold. VDD SLEW RATE VR_ON DVID-SLOW VID COMMAND VOLTAGE V BOOT 1.1ms DAC PGOOD …... ALERT# FIGURE 15. SOFT-START WAVEFORMS VID Hex VR12.6 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 2 4 0.85000 VO (V) 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 2 5 0.86000 VR12.6 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 2 6 0.87000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.00000 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 2 7 0.88000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0.50000 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 2 8 0.89000 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 2 0.51000 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 2 9 0.90000 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 3 0.52000 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 2 A 0.91000 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 4 0.53000 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 2 B 0.92000 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 5 0.54000 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 2 C 0.93000 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 6 0.55000 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 2 D 0.94000 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 7 0.56000 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 2 E 0.95000 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 8 0.57000 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 2 F 0.96000 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 9 0.58000 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 3 0 0.97000 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 A 0.59000 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 3 1 0.98000 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 B 0.60000 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 3 2 0.99000 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 C 0.61000 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 3 3 1.00000 10 FN8449.0 May 15, 2013 ISL95813 TABLE 1. VID TABLE (Continued) TABLE 1. VID TABLE (Continued) VID VO (V) Hex 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 3 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 VID VO (V) Hex VR12.6 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 4 1.01000 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 5 B 1.40000 3 5 1.02000 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 5 C 1.41000 0 3 6 1.03000 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 5 D 1.42000 1 1 3 7 1.04000 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 5 E 1.43000 0 0 0 3 8 1.05000 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 5 F 1.44000 1 0 0 1 3 9 1.06000 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 1.45000 1 1 0 1 0 3 A 1.07000 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 6 1 1.46000 1 1 1 0 1 1 3 B 1.08000 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 6 2 1.47000 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 3 C 1.09000 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 6 3 1.48000 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 3 D 1.10000 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 6 4 1.49000 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 3 E 1.11000 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 6 5 1.50000 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 F 1.12000 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 6 6 1.51000 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 1.13000 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 6 7 1.52000 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 4 1 1.14000 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 6 8 1.53000 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 4 2 1.15000 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 6 9 1.54000 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 4 3 1.16000 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 6 A 1.55000 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 4 4 1.17000 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 6 B 1.56000 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 4 5 1.18000 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 6 C 1.57000 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 4 6 1.19000 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 6 D 1.58000 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 4 7 1.20000 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 6 E 1.59000 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 4 8 1.21000 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 6 F 1.60000 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 4 9 1.22000 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 7 0 1.61000 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 4 A 1.23000 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 7 1 1.62000 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 4 B 1.24000 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 7 2 1.63000 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 4 C 1.25000 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 7 3 1.64000 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 4 D 1.26000 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 7 4 1.65000 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 4 E 1.27000 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 7 5 1.66000 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 4 F 1.28000 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 7 6 1.67000 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 5 0 1.29000 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 7 7 1.68000 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 5 1 1.30000 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 7 8 1.69000 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 5 2 1.31000 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 7 9 1.70000 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 5 3 1.32000 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 7 A 1.71000 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 5 4 1.33000 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 7 B 1.72000 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 5 5 1.34000 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 7 C 1.73000 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 5 6 1.35000 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 7 D 1.74000 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 5 7 1.36000 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 7 E 1.75000 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 5 8 1.37000 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 7 F 1.76000 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 5 9 1.38000 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 0 1.77000 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 5 A 1.39000 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 8 1 1.78000 11 VR12.6 FN8449.0 May 15, 2013 ISL95813 TABLE 1. VID TABLE (Continued) TABLE 1. VID TABLE (Continued) VID VO (V) Hex 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 8 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 VID VO (V) Hex VR12.6 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 2 1.79000 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 A 9 2.18000 8 3 1.80000 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 A A 2.19000 0 8 4 1.81000 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 A B 2.20000 0 1 8 5 1.82000 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 A C 2.21000 1 1 0 8 6 1.83000 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 A D 2.22000 0 1 1 1 8 7 1.84000 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 A E 2.23000 0 1 0 0 0 8 8 1.85000 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 A F 2.24000 0 0 1 0 0 1 8 9 1.86000 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 B 0 2.25000 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 8 A 1.87000 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 B 1 2.26000 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 8 B 1.88000 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 B 2 2.27000 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 8 C 1.89000 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 B 3 2.28000 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 8 D 1.90000 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 B 4 2.29000 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 8 E 1.91000 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 B 5 2.30000 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 8 F 1.92000 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 9 0 1.93000 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 9 1 1.94000 Rdroop 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 9 2 1.95000 Vdroop 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 9 3 1.96000 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 9 4 1.97000 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 9 5 1.98000 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 9 6 1.99000 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 9 7 2.00000 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 9 8 2.01000 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 9 9 2.02000 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 9 A 2.03000 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 9 B 2.04000 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 9 C 2.05000 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 9 D 2.06000 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 9 E 2.07000 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 9 F 2.08000 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 A 0 2.09000 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 A 1 2.10000 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 A 2 2.11000 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 A 3 2.12000 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 A 4 2.13000 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 A 5 2.14000 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 A 6 2.15000 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 A 7 2.16000 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 A 8 2.17000 12 VR12.6 VCCSENSE FB VR LOCAL CATCH VO RESISTOR Idroop COMP E/A Σ VDAC DAC VIDs VID RTN VSSSENSE INTERNAL TO IC X1 GND CATCH RESISTOR FIGURE 16. DIFFERENTIAL SENSING AND LOAD LINE IMPLEMENTATION As the load current increases from zero, the output voltage will droop from the VID table value by an amount proportional to the load current to achieve the load line. The controller can sense the inductor current through the intrinsic DC Resistance (DCR) of the inductors as shown in the Typical Applications Diagram or through a current sense resistor in series with the inductor (Figure 24). In both methods, the capacitor Cn voltage represents the inductor total current. A droop amplifier converts Cn voltage into an internal current source with the gain set by resistor Ri. The current source is used for load line implementation, current monitor and overcurrent protection. V Cn I droop = ----------Ri (EQ. 2) When using inductor DCR current sensing, a single NTC element is used to compensate the positive temperature coefficient of the copper winding thus sustaining the load line accuracy with reduced cost. FN8449.0 May 15, 2013 ISL95813 Idroop flows through resistor Rdroop and creates a voltage drop as shown in Equation 3. V droop = R droop × I droop (EQ. 3) Vdroop is the droop voltage required to implement load line. Changing Rdroop or scaling Idroop can both change the load line slope. Since Idroop also sets the overcurrent protection level, it is recommended to first scale Idroop based on OCP requirement, then select an appropriate Rdroop value to obtain the desired load line slope. Differential Voltage Sensing Figure 16 also shows the differential voltage sensing scheme. VCCSENSE and VSSSENSE are the remote voltage sensing signals from the processor die. A unity gain differential amplifier senses the VSSSENSE voltage and add it to the DAC output. The error amplifier regulates the inverting and the non-inverting input voltages to be equal as shown in Equation 4: VCC SENSE + V droop = V DAC + VSS SENSE (EQ. 4) Rewriting Equation 4 and substitution of Equation 3 gives VCC SENSE – VSS SENSE = V DAC – R droop × I droop (EQ. 5) Equation 5 is the exact equation required for load line implementation. The VCCSENSE and VSSSENSE signals come from the processor die. The feedback will be open circuit in the absence of the processor. As Figure 16 shows, it is recommended to add a “catch” resistor to feed the VR local output voltage back to the compensator, and add another “catch” resistor to connect the VR local output ground to the RTN pin. These resistors, typically 10Ω~100Ω, will provide voltage feedback if the system is powered up without a processor installed. CCM Switching Frequency The PROG2 pin configures the CCM switching frequency. When the ISL95813 is in continuous conduction mode (CCM), the switching frequency is not absolutely constant due to the nature of the R3™ modulator. Section “R3™ Modulator” on page 9 explains that the effective switching frequency will increase during load insertion and will decrease during load release to achieve fast response. On the other hand, the switching frequency is relatively constant at steady state. Variation is expected when the power stage condition, such as input voltage, output voltage, load, etc. changes. The variation is usually less than 15% and doesn’t have any significant effect on output voltage ripple magnitude. PROGRAM 1 Pin PRGM1 programs ICCMAX register and switching frequency. For proper operation, it is recommended the 1% resistor value called out in the table be used in the final application. TABLE 2. PROGRAM 1 RESISTOR VALUES R_PROG1 (±3%, kΩ) ICCMAX (A) 1.0 17 5.76 21 9.31 28 13.3 33 17.4 35 21 40 24.9 17 28.7 21 33 28 42.2 33 49.9 35 57.6 40 64.9 17 73.2 21 80.6 28 90.9 33 102 35 113 40 124 17 137 21 154 28 169 33 187 35 205 40 fSW (kHz) 425 550 700 ECO 700 PRO PROGRAM 2 Pin PRGM2 pin programs the both boot up voltage VBOOT, and the VID Slew Rate. For proper operation, it is recommended the 1% resistor value called out in the table be used in the final application. TABLE 3. PROGRAM 2 RESISTOR VALUES 13 R_PROG2 (±3%, kΩ) VBOOT (V) 1.0 0 5.76 1.65 9.31 1.7 13.3 1.75 VID Slew (mV/µs) 12 FN8449.0 May 15, 2013 ISL95813 TABLE 3. PROGRAM 2 RESISTOR VALUES (Continued) R_PROG2 (±3%, kΩ) VBOOT (V) 17.4 1.75 21 1.7 24.9 1.65 28.7 0 33 0 42.2 1.65 49.9 1.7 57.6 1.75 64.9 1.75 73.2 1.7 80.6 1.65 90.9 0 102 0 113 1.65 124 1.7 137 1.75 154 1.75 169 1.7 187 1.65 205 0 VID Slew (mV/µs) 24 40 SetVID_fast command prompts the controller to enter CCM and to actively drive the output voltage to the new VID value at a minimum 12mV/µs slew rate or the fast slew rate set by R_PROG2. SetVID_slow command prompts the controller to enter CCM and to actively drive the output voltage to the new VID value at a minimum 3mV/µs slew rate. SetVID_decay command prompts the controller to enter DE mode. The output voltage, Vcore, will decay down to the new VID value at a slew rate determined by the load as shown in Equation 6. I out dV core ------------------- = ----------dt C out 45 (EQ. 6) Overvoltage protection is blanked during VID down transition in DE mode until the output voltage is within 60mV of the VID value. If the voltage decay rate is too fast, the controller will limit the voltage slew rate at SetVID_slow slew rate. ALERT# will be asserted low at the end of SetVID_fast and SetVID_slow VID transitions. S e t V ID _ d e c a y 53 S e t V ID _ f a s t/s lo w Vo V ID 80 t3 t1 t _ a le r t t2 ALERT# Power State Modes FIGURE 17. SETVID DECAY PRE-EMPTIVE BEHAVIOR Table 4 shows the power state operation mode. TABLE 4. POWER STATE OPERATION MODE POWER STATE CONFIGURATION PS0 1-phase CCM PS1 1-phase CCM PS2 1-phase DE PS3 1-phase DE PS4 Very low power state For PS0 and PS1, the ISL95813 operates in CCM while in PS2 and PS3 the device enters DCM. In PS4, ISL95813 enters a very low power state and shuts down all the drivers and internal circuits. In this mode the controller only accepts SetVID-fast and SetVID-slow commands, all other SVID commands will be rejected. ISL95813 quiescent power is about 0.5mW in PS4. Dynamic Operation The ISL95813 responds to VID changes by slewing to the new voltage at a slew rate indicated in the SetVID command. There are three SetVID slew rates, namely SetVID_fast, SetVID_slow and SetVID_decay. 14 Figure 17 shows SetVID Decay Pre-Emptive behavior. The controller receives a SetVID_decay command at t1. The VR enters DE mode and the output voltage Vo decays down slowly. At t2, before Vo reaches the intended VID target of the SetVID_decay command, the controller receives a SetVID_fast (or SetVID_slow) command to go to a voltage higher than the actual Vo. The controller will react immediately and slew Vo to the new target voltage at the slew rate specified by the SetVID command. At t3, Vo reaches the new target voltage and the controller asserts the ALERT# signal. The R3™ modulator intrinsically has voltage feed-forward. The output voltage is insensitive to a fast slew rate input voltage change. Current Monitor The controller provides the current monitor function. IMON pin reports the inductor current. The IMON pin outputs a high-speed analog current source that is 1/4 of the droop current flowing out of the FB pin. Thus becoming Equation 7: I IMON = 0.25 × I droop (EQ. 7) As the Typical Applications Diagram shows in Figure 1, a resistor Rimon is connected to the IMON pin to convert the IMON pin FN8449.0 May 15, 2013 ISL95813 current to voltage. A capacitor should be paralleled with Rimon to filter the voltage information. This voltage is sampled with an internal ADC to produce a digital IMON signal that can be read through the serial communications bus. All the above fault conditions can be reset by toggling VR_ON low. When VR_ON is brought back to its high operating levels a soft-start will occur. Table 5 summarizes the fault protections. The IMON pin voltage range is 0V to 1.2V. The controller monitors the IMON pin voltage and considers that ISL95813 has reached ICCMAX when IMON pin voltage is 1.2V. Adaptive Body Diode Conduction Time Reduction In DCM, the controller turns off the low-side MOSFET when the inductor current approaches zero. During on-time of the low-side MOSFET, the phase node sits at a negative voltage equal to the MOSFET rDSON voltage drop. A phase comparator inside the controller monitors the phase voltage during the on-time of the low-side MOSFET and compares it against a threshold to determine the zero-crossing point of the inductor current. Should the inductor current not reach zero when the lower FET turns off, it will then flow through the low-side MOSFET body diode, decreasing the voltage on the phase node until the inductor current completely decays to zero. When the inductor current finally reaches 0A phase is considered to be in tri-state mode and its voltage floats to the set VOUT value. If the inductor current has crossed zero and reversed the direction when the low-side MOSFET turns off, current will then flow through the high-side MOSFET body diode, causing a voltage spike on phase which will decay to the set VOUT voltage as phase tri-states. TABLE 5. FAULT PROTECTION SUMMARY FAULT TYPE FAULT DURATION BEFORE PROTECTION PROTECTION ACTION Overcurrent 120µs Overvoltage +300mV Immediately PWM tri-state, PGOOD latched low PGOOD latched low. Actively pulls the output voltage to below VID value, then tri-state. FAULT RESET VR_ON toggle or VDD toggle Supported Data And Configuration Registers The controller supports the following data and configuration registers. TABLE 6. SUPPORTED DATA AND CONFIGURATION REGISTERS INDEX REGISTER NAME DESCRIPTION DEFAULT VALUE 00h Vendor ID Uniquely identifies the VR vendor. Assigned by Intel. 12h 01h Product ID Uniquely identifies the VR product. Intersil assigns this number. 0Ch 02h Product Revision Uniquely identifies the revision of the VR 04h control IC. Intersil assigns this data. 05h Protocol ID Identifies what revision of SVID protocol 03h the controller supports. 06h Capability The ISL95813 provides the designer with overcurrent, overvoltage, and over-temperature protection. Identifies the SVID VR capabilities and 81h which of the optional telemetry registers are supported. 10h Status_1 The controller determines overcurrent protection (OCP) by comparing the average value of the droop current Idroop with an internal current source threshold as Table 5 shows. It declares OCP when Idroop is above the threshold for 120µs. Data register read after ALERT# signal. 00h Indicating if a VR rail has settled, has reached VR_HOT# condition or has reached ICCMAX. 11h Status_2 Data register showing Status_2 communication. 12h Temperature Data register showing temperature Zone zones that have been entered. 00h 1Ch Status_2_ LastRead This register contains a copy of the Status_2 data that was last read with the GetReg (Status_2) command. 00h 21h ICCMAX Data register containing the ICCMAX the Set by R_PROG1 platform supports, set at start-up by resistors R_PROG1. The platform design engineer programs this value during the design process. Binary format in amps, i.e., 100A = 64h 24h SR-fast Slew Rate Normal. The fastest slew rate Set by R_PROG2 the platform VR can sustain. Binary format in mV/µs. i.e., 0Ch = 12mV/µs. The controller continues monitoring the phase voltage after turning off the low-side MOSFET and adjusts the phase comparator threshold voltage accordingly in iterative steps such that the lowside MOSFET body diode conducts for approximately 30ns to minimize the body diode-related loss. Protection For over temperature and overcurrent faults, the controller takes the same actions: de-assertion of PGOOD and turn-off of all the high-side and low-side power MOSFETs. Any residual inductor current will decay through the MOSFET body diodes or load. The controller will declare an overvoltage fault and de-assert PGOOD if the output voltage exceeds the VID set value by +300mV. The controller will immediately declare an OV fault, toggle PGOOD to ground. The low-side power MOSFET remains on until the output voltage is pulled down below the VID set value before being shut off, and placing phase into tri-state. If the output voltage rises above the VID set value +300mV again, the protection process is repeated. This behavior provides the maximum amount of protection against shorted high-side power MOSFETs while preventing output ringing below ground. 15 00h FN8449.0 May 15, 2013 ISL95813 Key Component Selection TABLE 6. SUPPORTED DATA AND CONFIGURATION REGISTERS (Continued) INDEX 25h 26h REGISTER NAME SR-slow VBOOT DESCRIPTION DEFAULT VALUE Default is 4x slower than normal. Binary Set by R_PROG2 format in mV/us. i.e., 03h = 3mV/µs. and Can be configured by register 2Ah. Register 2Ah If programmed by the platform, the VR Set by supports VBOOT voltage during start-up R_PROG2 ramp. The VR will ramp to VBOOT and hold at VBOOT until it receives a new SetVID command to move to a different voltage. Slow slew 01h = 1/2 of fast slew rate rate selector 02h = 1/4 of fast slew rate 04h = 1/8 of fast slew rate 08h = 1/16 of fast slew rate 02h 2Bh PS4 exit latency 76h 2Ch PS3 exit latency 2Ah Report 48µs 31h 32h 33h VOUT max This register is programmed by the master and sets the maximum VID the VR will support. If a higher VID code is received, the VR will respond with “not supported” acknowledge. B5h VID Setting Data register containing currently programmed VID voltage. VID data format. 00h Voltage Offset Rsum ISUMP L Rntcs Rp Cn Vcn Rntc Ri C2h Power State Register containing the current programmed power state. Phase DCR 38h 2Dh Enable to VR_Ready latency 30h Inductor DCR Current-Sensing Network ISUMN Io FIGURE 18. DCR CURRENT-SENSING NETWORK Figure 18 shows the inductor DCR current-sensing network for a single phase solution. This loop monitors the voltage drop across the DCR creating by current flowing in the inductor and feeds that information to the ISL95813 for IMON and load line purposes. The summed inductor current information is presented to the capacitor Cn. Equations 8 thru 12 describe the frequency-domain relationship between inductor total current Io(s) and Cn voltageVCn(s): 00h Sets offset in VID steps added to the VID 00h setting for voltage margining. Bit 7 is a sign bit, 0 = positive margin, 1 = negative margin. Remaining 7 bits are # VID steps for the margin. 00h = no margin, 01h = +1 VID step 02h = +2 VID steps... 34h Multi VR Config Data register that configures multiple VRs behavior on the same SVID bus. 00h 35h SetRegADR Serial data bus communication address 00h R ntcnet ⎛ ⎞ V Cn ( s ) = ⎜ ------------------------------------------ × DCR⎟ × I o ( s ) × A cs ( s ) ⎝ R ntcnet + R sum ⎠ (EQ. 8) ( R ntcs + R ntc ) × R p R ntcnet = ---------------------------------------------------R ntcs + R ntc + R p (EQ. 9) s 1 + ------ωL A cs ( s ) = ----------------------s 1 + ------------ω sns (EQ. 10) DCR ω L = ------------L (EQ. 11) 1 ω sns = -------------------------------------------------------R ntcnet × R sum ------------------------------------------ × C n R ntcnet + R sum (EQ. 12) In the DCR network, transfer function Ac(s) has unity gain at DC. As winding temperature increases, the DCR of the inductor increases which causes a higher reading of the DC current flowing through the inductor. To compensate for this effect, the resistance of the NTC Rntc decreases as its temperature increases. Choosing the remaining components of the DCR network correctly ensures that the capacitor voltage Vcn accurately represents the total DC current through the inductor over the entire operating temperature range. It is recommended when designing the DCR network to maintain Vcn as the highest feasible fraction of the voltage that is dropped 16 FN8449.0 May 15, 2013 ISL95813 across the inductor’s DCR in order to ensure the droop circuitry on chip has a high signal level to operate with. While final component values should be fine tuned for a given application, a good starting point for the DCR temperature compensation network is as follows: Rsum = 3.65kΩ, Rp = 11kΩ, Rntcs = 2.61kΩ, and Rntc = 10kΩ (ERT-J1VR103J). To check the operation of the compensation network apply the full load DC current and record the output voltage both immediately and once the circuit has reached its thermal equilibrium. A well designed NTC network can limit the amount of drift on the output voltage to within 2 mV. io Vo FIGURE 20. LOAD TRANSIENT RESPONSE WHEN Cn IS TOO SMALL In order to achieve proper transient response it is also crucial that VCn(s) represents real-time Io(s) of the controller. This is done by matching the pole and zero present in Acs(s) to one another which sets the transfer function to unity gain for all frequencies. To ensure unity gain force ωL equal to ωsns and solve for Cn as seen in Equation 13. L C n = --------------------------------------------------------------R ntcnet × R sum ------------------------------------------ × DCR R ntcnet + R sum io (EQ. 13) Vo For example, with Rsum = 3.65kΩ, Rp = 11kΩ, Rntcs = 2.61kΩ, Rntc = 10kΩ, DCR = 1mΩ, and L = 0.2µH, Equation 13 gives Cn = 0.088µF. With proper compensator design, Figure 19 shows the expected load transient response waveforms. When the load current io has a square change, the output voltage Vo also has a square response. If Cn value is too large or too small, VCn(s) will not accurately represent real-time io(s) and the transient response of the controller will degrade. When Cn is too small, Vo will sag excessively as seen in Figure 20 and potentially trigger a system failure. Figure 21 shows the transient response when Cn is sized too large. In this case Vo will reach its expected droop voltage much too slowly with respect to the load insertion. Should a load release occur during this time there will be excessive overshoot on Vo which may potentially hurt CPU reliability. io Vo FIGURE 19. DESIRED LOAD TRANSIENT RESPONSE WAVEFORMS FIGURE 21. LOAD TRANSIENT RESPONSE WHEN Cn IS TOO LARGE io iL Vo RING BACK FIGURE 22. OUTPUT VOLTAGE RING BACK PROBLEM Figure 22 gives an example of ring back on the output voltage during load transient response. Ring back occurs when the load current io has a fast step change, but the inductor current iL cannot accurately track it. Instead, iL responds in a first order fashion due to the nature of current loop. Instead of the output accurately responding to the load insertion the parasitic ESR and ESL properties of the output capacitors cause an abrupt dip in the voltage. However, the controller regulates Vo according to the droop current idroop, which is a real-time representation of iL; therefore it pulls Vo back to the level dictated by iL, introducing the ring back into the response. This phenomenon can be mitigated through the use of very low ESR and ESL ceramic capacitors for the output filter. Figure 23 shows two circuits for ring back reduction that can be used in conjunction with low parasitic output filter components if need be. Normally Cn, the capacitor used to match the inductor time constant, is implemented through the parallel combination of two or more capacitors shown in Figure 23 as Cn.1 and Cn.2. The first option to reduce ring back is to add resistor Rn in series to Cn.1. At steady state operation Cn.1 + Cn.2 provide the desired Cn capacitance calculated from Equation 11. At the beginning of io change however, the effective capacitance of the matching 17 FN8449.0 May 15, 2013 ISL95813 network is less because Rn increases the impedance of the Cn.1 branch. As Figure 20 explains, Vo tends to dip when Cn is too small which will reduce the amount of ring back seen during load transients. This effect is more pronounced when Cn.1 is larger than Cn.2 as well as when the value of Rn is increased. However, when designing the final circuit, care should be taken not to make Rn larger than necessary or make Cn.1 much larger than Cn.2 or else excessive ripple will be seen on Vcn. It is recommended to keep Cn.2 greater than 2200pF and Rn in the range of only few ohms. The final values of Cn.1, Cn.2 and Rn should be determined through tuning the load transient response waveforms on an actual board to be used in the end application. The second method for ring back reduction is to add the series combination of Rip and Cip in parallel with Ri. These components should be sized to provide a lower impedance path than Ri alone at the beginning of an io transient. During steady state operation Rip and Cip do not have any effect on the controller’s operation. Through proper selection of Rip and Cip values, idroop can more closely resemble io rather than iL, and ring back on the output voltage will not be seen. The recommended value for Rip is 100Ω. while the recommended range for Cip is 100pF to 2000pF though final values should be tuned to the final end product board. It should be noted that the Rip -Cip branch may distort the idroop signal by introducing sharp spikes to the normally triangular waveform which may adversely affect the average value detection and therefore may affect OCP accuracy. Discretion is recommended when implementing this second ring back reduction method in order to maintain a robust system. ISUMP Resistor Current-Sensing Network Phase L DCR Rsen Cn Cn.1 Cn.2 Vcn Rp Rntc Rn OPTIONAL ISUMN Ri Rip Cip OPTIONAL FIGURE 23. OPTIONAL CIRCUITS FOR RING BACK REDUCTION Vcn Ri ISUMN Io FIGURE 24. RESISTOR CURRENT-SENSING NETWORK Above is an example of using a resistor sense method of sensing load current instead of SCR sensing. In this method, the inductor current creates a voltage across Rsen which is then filters and averaged by the RC filter composed of Rsum and Cn. The results voltage, Vcn, is then fed into the current sense amplifier on chip through the ISUMP and ISUMN pins. No NTC network is needed in this scenario because the value of the current sensing resistor, Rsen, will not vary appreciably over temperature. The design equations for this method of current sensing are given in Equations 14 through 16. V Cn ( s ) = R sen × I o ( s ) × A Rsen ( s ) Rntcs ISUMP Rsum 1 A Rsen ( s ) = --------------------------s 1 + ----------------ω Rsen 1 ω Rsen = ----------------------------R sum × C n (EQ. 14) (EQ. 15) (EQ. 16) Recommended values for Rsum and Cn are 1kΩ and 5600pF respectively. As with the DCR method, final values should be tuned in on the actual application board. Overcurrent Protection Refer to Equation 2 on page 12 and Figures 18, 22 and 25; resistor Ri sets the droop current Idroop. Table 5 shows the internal OCP threshold. It is recommended to design Idroop without using the Rcomp resistor. For example, assume the OCP threshold is 60µA for 1-phase solution. We will design Idroop to be 48µA at full load. From Equation 8 in inductor DCR sensing applications assuming DC conditions gives the relationship of Vcn(s) to Io(s) in Equation 17. R ntcnet V Cn = ------------------------------------------ × DCR × I o R ntcnet + R sum 18 (EQ. 17) FN8449.0 May 15, 2013 ISL95813 Substituting of Equation 17 into Equation 2 yields Equation 18 which can then be solved for Ri. R ntcnet 1 I droop = ----- × ------------------------------------------ × DCR × I o R i R ntcnet + R sum (EQ. 18) R ntcnet × DCR × I o R i = ---------------------------------------------------------------------( R ntcnet + R sum ) × I droop (EQ. 19) Expanding the Rntcnet term using Equation 9 and applying of the OCP condition in Equation 19 gives the final expression for Ri in Equation 20. ( R ntcs + R ntc ) × R p ---------------------------------------------------× DCR × I omax R ntcs + R ntc + R p R i = -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------⎛ ( R ntcs + R ntc ) × R p ⎞ ⎜ ---------------------------------------------------- + R sum⎟ × I droopmax ⎝ R ntcs + R ntc + R p ⎠ (EQ. 20) where Iomax is the full load current, Idroopmax is the corresponding droop current. For example, given Rsum = 3.65kΩ, Rp = 11kΩ, Rntcs = 2.61kΩ, Rntc = 10kΩ, DCR = 0.9mΩ, Iomax = 33A and Idroopmax = 48µA, Equation 20 gives Ri = 381Ω. When resistor sensing methods are used, assuming DC conditions in Equation 14 gives the following relationship between Vcn and Io. V Cn = R sen × I o (EQ. 21) Substituting Equation 21 into Equation 2 gives Equation 22: 1 I droop = ----- × R sen × I o Ri (EQ. 22) Therefore R sen × I o R i = -----------------------I droop Idroop into Equation 3 and solve for the DC load line, shown in Equation 25: R droop R ntcnet V droop LL = ------------------- = ------------------- × ------------------------------------------ × DCR Io Ri R ntcnet + R sum For resistor sensing, substitute Equation 22 into Equation 3 to get the load line slope expression: R sen × R droop V droop LL = ------------------- = --------------------------------------Io Ri R sen × I omax R i = -----------------------------------I droopmax (EQ. 26) To find the value of Rdroop, substitute Equation 19 into Equation 25 and solve for Rdroop, or substitute Equation 23 into Equation 26 and solve for Rdroop. Both methods give the same result, which is shown in Equation 27: Io R droop = ---------------- × LL I droop (EQ. 27) One can use the full load condition to calculate Rdroop. For example, given Iomax = 33A, Idroopmax = 48µA and LL = 2.0mΩ, Equation 27 gives Rdroop = 1.37kΩ. It is recommended to start with the Rdroop value calculated by Equation 27 and fine tune it on the actual board to get accurate load line slope. One should record the output voltage readings at no load and at full load for load line slope calculation. Reading the output voltage at lighter load instead of full load will increase the measurement error. Compensator Figure 19 shows the desired load transient response waveforms while Figure 25 shows the equivalent circuit of a voltage regulator (VR) with the droop function. A VR is equivalent to a voltage source (VID) and output impedance Zout(s). If Zout(s) is equal to the load line slope LL, i.e. constant output impedance, in the entire frequency range, Vo will have square response when Io has a square change. (EQ. 23) Assuming the OCP conditions put in place previously in Equation 23 gives Equation 24: (EQ. 25) Zout(s) = LL VID VR i o LOAD V o (EQ. 24) where Iomax is the full load current, Idroopmax is the corresponding droop current. For example, given Rsen = 1mΩ, Iomax = 33A and Idroopmax = 48µA, Equation 24 gives Ri = 687Ω. As before, with the DCR and Rsense components, the final value of Ri should be tuned to fit the final application. Load Line Slope For this section please refer to Figure 16 on page 12. In order to calculate the load line in DCR sense applications start by substituting Equation 8 into Equation 2 to give a more detailed expression for Idroop. Next, substitute the new expression for FIGURE 25. VOLTAGE REGULATOR EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT A voltage regulator with an active droop function is a dual-loop system consisting of a voltage loop and a current based droop loop, of which neither is sufficient to describe the entire system alone. Figure 26 conceptually shows T1(s) measurement set-up and Figure 27 conceptually shows T2(s) measurement set-up. The VR senses the inductor current, multiplies it by a gain of the load line slope, then adds it on top of the sensed output voltage and feeds it to the compensator. T(1) is measured after the summing node, and T2(s) is measured in the voltage loop before the summing node. T1(s) is the total loop gain of the voltage loop and the droop loop. It always has a higher crossover frequency than T2(s) and has more meaning of system stability. T2(s) is the voltage loop gain 19 FN8449.0 May 15, 2013 ISL95813 with closed droop loop. It has more meaning of output voltage response. Only T2(s) can be actually measured in a laboratory setting on the ISL95813 regulator. Typically, one should design the compensator to get stable T1(s) and T2(s) with sufficient phase margin, and output impedance equal or smaller than the load line slope. Q1 VIN GATE Q2 DRIVER IO COUT 20Ω EA MOD. VID LOOP GAIN = (EQ. 30) Assuming Io = Iomax and rewriting Equation 30 gives Equation 31 for choosing the value of Rimon. (EQ. 31) For example, given LL = 2.0mΩ, Rdroop = 1.37kΩ, VRimon = 1.2V at Iomax = 33A, Equation 31 gives Rimon = 100kΩ. The results from Equation 29 should be treated as a starting point for the design and the resistor value should be finalized on an actual application board. LOAD LINE SLOPE COMP 0.25I o × LL V Rimon = ------------------------------ × R imon R droop V Rimon × R droop R imon = ---------------------------------------------0.25I o × LL VO L Next, substitute Equation 29 into Equation 28 giving the final expression for VRimon. ISOLATION TRANSFORMER CHANNEL B CHANNEL A CHANNEL A CHANNEL B NETWORK ANALYZER EXCITATION OUTPUT A capacitor Cimon should be but in parallel with Rimon to filter the IMON pin voltage. It is recommended to have a time constant long enough to remove any switching frequency ripples from the IMON signal. Slew Rate Compensation Circuit For VID Transition FIGURE 26. LOOP GAIN T1(s) MEASUREMENT SET-UP Rdroop Vcore VO L Cvid Rvid OPTIONAL Q1 FB VIN GATE Q2 DRIVER COUT Ivid IO Idroop_vid COMP E/A LOAD LINE SLOPE 20Ω Σ VDAC DAC VSSSENSE EA X1 VID LOOP GAIN = VID RTN COMP MOD. VIDs ISOLATION TRANSFORMER CHANNEL B CHANNEL A CHANNEL A CHANNEL B NETWORK ANALYZER EXCITATION OUTPUT VSS INTERNAL TO IC VID Vfb FIGURE 27. LOOP GAIN T2(s) MEASUREMENT SET-UP Current Monitor Ivid Refer to Equation 7 on page 14 for the IMON pin current expression. Looking at the “TYPICAL 40Amax, 12.6, APPLICATION DIAGRAM” on page 1, the current flowing from the IMON pin goes through Rimon creating a voltage VRimon. The expression for voltage is expressed in Equation 28: V Rimon = 0.25 × I droop × R imon (EQ. 29) 20 Idroop_vid (EQ. 28) To expand this expression, first solve Equation 27 for Idroop giving Equation 29: Io I droop = ------------------- × LL R droop Vcore FIGURE 28. SLEW RATE COMPENSATION CIRCUIT FOR VID TRANSITION During a large VID transition, the DAC steps through the VIDs at a controlled slew rate while maintaining an output voltage, Vcore, slew rate of 10mV/µs. FN8449.0 May 15, 2013 ISL95813 Figure 28 shows the waveforms of VID transition. During VID transition, the output capacitor is being charged and discharged, causing Cout x dVcore/dt current on the inductor. The controller senses the inductor current increase during the up transition (as the Idroop_vid waveform shows) and will droop the output voltage Vcore accordingly, making Vcore slew rate slow. Similar behavior occurs during the down transition. To get the correct Vcore slew rate during VID transition, one can add the Rvid to Cvid branch, whose current Ivid cancels Idroop_vid. It’s recommended to choose the Rvid and Cvid values from the reference design as a starting point. Then tweak the actual values on the board to get the best performance. During normal transient response, the FB pin voltage is held constant, therefore is virtual ground in small signal sense. The Rvid to Cvid network is between the virtual ground and the real ground, and hence has no effect on transient response. VR_HOT#/ALERT# Behavior VR Temperature Temp Zone Bit 7 =1 7 1 Bit 6 =1 3% Hysteresis 10 1111 1111 0111 1111 0011 1111 Bit 5 =1 12 0001 1111 Temp Zone Register 2 8 0001 1111 0011 1111 0111 1111 1111 1111 0111 1111 0011 1111 0001 1111 Status 1 3 = “011” = “001” Register = “001” GerReg Status1 SVID ALERT# VR_HOT# 4 5 13 6 14 9 GerReg Status1 15 16 11 FIGURE 29. VR_HOT#/ALERT# BEHAVIOR The ISL95813 sources 60µA of current out of the NTC pin at 1kHz with a 50% duty cycle. The current source flows through the respective NTC resistor network on the pin and creates a voltage that is monitored by the controller through an A/D converter (ADC) to generate the TZONE value. Table 7 shows the programming table for TZONE. The user needs to scale the NTC resistor network such that it generates the NTC pin voltage that corresponds to the left-most column. Do not use any capacitor to filter the voltage. Figure 29 shows how the NTC and the NTCG network should be designed to get correct VR_HOT#/ALERT# behavior when the system temperature rises and falls which is manifested as the NTC pin voltage rising and falling. The series of events are: 1. The temperature rises so the NTC pin voltage drops. TZONE value changes accordingly. 2. The temperature crosses the threshold where TZONE register Bit 6 changes from 0 to 1. 3. The controller changes Status_1 register bit 1 from 0 to 1. TABLE 7. TZONE VALUES 4. The controller asserts ALERT#. VNTC (V) TMAX (%) TZONE 0.84 >100 FFh 0.88 100 FFh 0.92 97 7Fh 0.96 94 3Fh 1.00 91 1Fh 1.04 88 0Fh 1.08 85 07h 1.12 82 03h 1.16 79 01h 10. The temperature crosses the threshold where TZONE register Bit 6 changes from 1 to 0. This threshold is 1 ADC step lower than the one when VR_HOT# gets asserted, to provide 3% hysteresis. 1.2 76 01h 11. The controllers de-asserts VR_HOT# signal. >1.2 <76 00h 12. The temperature crosses the threshold where TZONE register bit 5 changes from 1 to 0. This threshold is 1 ADC step lower than the one when ALERT# gets asserted during the temperature rise to provide 3% hysteresis. 5. The CPU reads Status_1 register value to know that the alert assertion is due to TZONE register bit 6 flipping. 6. The controller clears ALERT#. 7. The temperature continues rising. 8. The temperature crosses the threshold where TZONE register Bit 7 changes from 0 to 1. 9. The controllers asserts VR_HOT# signal. The CPU throttles back and the system temperature starts dropping eventually. 13. The controller changes Status_1 register Bit 1 from 1 to 0. 14. The controller asserts ALERT#. 15. The CPU reads Status_1 register value to know that the alert assertion is due to TZONE register Bit 5 flipping. 16. The controller clears ALERT#. 21 FN8449.0 May 15, 2013 ISL95813 Layout Guidelines ISL95813 SYMBOL LAYOUT GUIDELINES BOTTOM PAD GND 18, 19, 20 SCLK, SDA, ALERT# Follow Intel recommendation. 1 VR_ON No special consideration. 2 PGOOD No special consideration. 3 IMON No special consideration. 4 VR_HOT# No special consideration. 5 NTC 6 COMP 7 FB 10 ISUMN 9 ISUMP Connect this ground pad to the ground plane through low impedance path. Recommend use of at least 5 vias to connect to ground planes in PCB internal layers. The NTC thermistor needs to be placed close to the thermal source that is monitored to determine CPU Vcore thermal throttling. Recommend placing it at the hottest spot of the CPU Vcore VR. Place the compensator components in general proximity of the controller. Place the current sensing circuit in general proximity of the controller. Place capacitor Cn very close to the controller. Place the NTC thermistor next to the inductor so it senses the inductor temperature correctly. The power stage requires a pair of VSUMP and VSUMN signals to the controller. These two signal traces should run in a parallel fashion with decent width (>20mil). IMPORTANT: Sense the inductor current by routing the sensing circuit to the inductor pads. If possible, route the traces on a different layer from the inductor pad layer and use vias to connect the traces to the center of the pads. If no via is allowed on the pad, consider routing the traces into the pads from the inside of the inductor. The following drawings show the two preferred ways of routing current sensing traces. IN D U C T O R IN D U C T O R V ias C U R R E N T-S E N S IN G T R A C E S C U R R E N T-S E N S IN G T R A C E S 13 BOOT1 Use decent wide trace (>30mil). Avoid any sensitive analog signal trace from crossing over or getting close. 14 UG 15 PHASE 16 LG Use a decent width (>30mil). Avoid any sensitive analog signal trace from crossing over or getting close. 12 VCC A capacitor decouples it to GND. Place it in close proximity of the controller. 17 PROG1 Connect a resistor to GND. Place it in close proximity of the controller. 11 PROG2 Connect a resistor to GND. Place it in close proximity of the controller. 8 RTN Run these two traces in parallel fashion with a decent width (>30mil). Avoid any sensitive analog signal trace from crossing over or getting close. Recommend routing PHASE trace to high-side MOSFET source pins instead of general copper. Place the RTN filter in close proximity of the controller for good decoupling. 22 FN8449.0 May 15, 2013 ISL95813 Package Outline Drawing L20.3x4 20 LEAD QUAD FLAT NO-LEAD PLASTIC PACKAGE Rev 1, 3/10 3.00 0.10 M C A B 0.05 M C A B 4 20X 0.25 16X 0.50 +0.05 -0.07 17 A 16 6 PIN 1 INDEX AREA 6 PIN 1 INDEX AREA (C 0.40) 20 1 4.00 2.65 11 +0.10 -0.15 6 0.15 (4X) A 10 7 VIEW "A-A" 1.65 TOP VIEW +0.10 -0.15 20x 0.40±0.10 BOTTOM VIEW SEE DETAIL "X" 0.10 C C 0.9± 0.10 SEATING PLANE 0.08 C SIDE VIEW (16 x 0.50) (2.65) (3.80) (20 x 0.25) C (20 x 0.60) 0.2 REF 5 0.00 MIN. 0.05 MAX. (1.65) (2.80) DETAIL "X" TYPICAL RECOMMENDED LAND PATTERN NOTES: 1. Dimensions are in millimeters. Dimensions in ( ) for Reference Only. 2. Dimensioning and tolerancing conform to AMSE Y14.5m-1994. 3. Unless otherwise specified, tolerance : Decimal ± 0.05 4. Dimension applies to the metallized terminal and is measured between 0.15mm and 0.30mm from the terminal tip. 5. Tiebar shown (if present) is a non-functional feature. 6. The configuration of the pin #1 identifier is optional, but must be located within the zone indicated. The pin #1 indentifier may be either a mold or mark feature. 23 FN8449.0 May 15, 2013 ISL95813 Revision History The revision history provided is for informational purposes only and is believed to be accurate, but not warranted. Please go to the web to make sure that you have the latest revision. DATE REVISION May 15, 2013 FN8449.0 CHANGE Initial Release About Intersil Intersil Corporation is a leader in the design and manufacture of high-performance analog, mixed-signal and power management semiconductors. The company's products address some of the largest markets within the industrial and infrastructure, personal computing and high-end consumer markets. For more information about Intersil, visit our website at www.intersil.com. For the most updated datasheet, application notes, related documentation and related parts, please see the respective product information page found at www.intersil.com. You may report errors or suggestions for improving this datasheet by visiting www.intersil.com/en/support/ask-an-expert.html. Reliability reports are also available from our website at http://www.intersil.com/en/support/qualandreliability.html#reliability For additional products, see www.intersil.com/en/products.html Intersil products are manufactured, assembled and tested utilizing ISO9000 quality systems as noted in the quality certifications found at www.intersil.com/en/support/qualandreliability.html Intersil products are sold by description only. Intersil Corporation reserves the right to make changes in circuit design, software and/or specifications at any time without notice. Accordingly, the reader is cautioned to verify that data sheets are current before placing orders. Information furnished by Intersil is believed to be accurate and reliable. However, no responsibility is assumed by Intersil or its subsidiaries for its use; nor for any infringements of patents or other rights of third parties which may result from its use. No license is granted by implication or otherwise under any patent or patent rights of Intersil or its subsidiaries. For information regarding Intersil Corporation and its products, see www.intersil.com 24 FN8449.0 May 15, 2013