LM3570 Low Noise White LED Driver System General Description Features The LM3570 device provides a complete LED driver solution for wireless handsets and other portable devices using a display and keypad. With three constant current sources, up to three white LEDs can be used for display lighting with excellent current matching (0.3% typ.). The regulated 4.35V output voltage is perfect for driving auxiliary keypad LEDs in voltage mode. n 2.7V to 5.5V Input Voltage n Regulated Output Voltage (VOUT = 4.35V) n Regulated IDx with ± 0.3% matching between constant current outputs n High Efficiency 3/2 Boost function n Drives one, two, or three white LEDs with no bias resistor losses n Drives auxiliary keypad LEDS in voltage mode n Up to 80mA total output current n Active-High Enable n Active-High PWM Control Pin for independent control of current sources n Very small solution size n 1µA(max) shutdown current n 500kHz switching frequency (typ.) n Linear regulation generates predictable noise spectrum n LLP-14 package: 4.0mm X 3.0mm X 0.8mm The LM3570 utilizes a high efficiency 3/2 CMOS chargepump with a pre-regulation loop that minimizes conducted noise on the input. It accepts an input voltage range from 2.7V to 5.5V and maintains a constant current determined by the current through an external RSET resistor. The device supplies up to 80mA of total load current to accommodate any combination of up to three white LEDs, and additional current from VOUT. The switching frequency is set at 500kHz. (typ.) to keep the conducted noise spectrum away from sensitive frequencies within portable RF devices. By applying a pulse width modulated (PWM) signal to the PWM pin, the user has the ability to independently control the brightness of the regulated current source outputs without shutting down the regulated output voltage. Applications n Portable devices using white or blue LEDs with display and backlight or frontlight n 1-Cell LiIon battery-operated equipment including PDAs, hand-held PCs and cellular phones Typical Application Circuit 20085021 © 2004 National Semiconductor Corporation DS200850 www.national.com LM3570 Low Noise White LED Driver System July 2004 LM3570 Connection Diagram LLP-14 DIP Package, 4mmx3mmx0.8mm NS Package Number SDA14A 20085002 Pin Description Pin# Pin Name 1 C2+ Pin Description Connect this pin to the positive terminal of C2. 2 VOUT Regulated Charge pump output (4.35V). 3 C1+ Connect this pin to the positive terminal of C1. 4 D3 Current source output 3. Connect directly to LED. 5 D2 Current source output 2. Connect directly to LED. 6 D1 Current source output 1. Connect directly to LED. 7 ISET Current set input. Value of resistor tied between ISET and GND sets the Dx output currents. 8 NC No Connect 9 EN Enable Input High = On, Low = Shutdown 10 PWM Current Source Modulation pin. High = On, Low = Off. Applying a PWM signal to this pin allows the regulated current sources to be to be modulated without shutting down the VOUT pin and the remainder of the part. 11 VIN Power supply voltage input. 12 C2- Connect this pin to the negative terminal of C2. 13 GND 14 C1- Ground connection. Connect this pin to the negative terminal of C1. Ordering Information Order Number www.national.com Package Type Package Marking Supplied As: LM3570SD SDA14A L3570 1000 units on Tape-and-Reel LM3570SDX SDA14A L3570 3500 units on Tape-and-Reel 2 Operating Ratings(Notes 1, 2) If Military/Aerospace specified devices are required, please contact the National Semiconductor Sales Office/ Distributors for availability and specifications. VIN pin: Voltage to GND EN, PWM: Voltage to GND -0.3V to 6.0V -0.3V to (VIN + 0.3V) w/ 6.0V max Continuous Power Dissipation (Note 3) Internally Limited Junction Temperature (TJ-MAX) 150oC Storage Temperature Range -65oC to +150o C Maximum Lead Temperature (Soldering, 10 sec.) (Note 4) ESD Rating(Note 5) Human Body Model Machine Model Input Voltage Range 2.7V to 5.5V Junction Temperature (TJ) Range -40˚C to +105˚C Ambient Temperature (TA) Range (Note 6) -40˚C to +85˚C Thermal Properties Juntion-to-Ambient Thermal Resistance (θJA), LLP14 Package (Note 7) 45˚C/W 2.0kV 200V Electrical Characteristics(Notes 2, 8) Limits in standard typeface and typical values apply for TJ = 25oC. Limits in boldface type apply over the operating junction temperature range. Unless otherwise noted, specifications apply to the LM3570 typical Application Circuit (pg.1) with: VIN = 3.6V, VEN = 3.0V, VPWM = 3.0V, VDX=3.6V, RSET = 6.25kΩ, C1=C2=1.0µF, CIN=2.2µF, COUT=3.3µF(Note 9) Symbol IDx Parameter Output Current Regulation (All Current Sources Active Total Current = 3 x IDx) (Note 10) Min Typ Max 3.0V ≤ VIN ≤ 5.5V; 2.5V ≤ VDx ≤ 3.6V; RSET = 6.25kΩ; IVOUT = 0mA Condition 18.4 20.0 21.6 3.0V ≤ VIN ≤ 5.5V; 2.5V ≤ VDx ≤ 3.8V; RSET = 8.35kΩ; IVOUT = 0mA 13.6 15.0 16.4 mA 4.6 V 3.0V ≤ VIN ≤ 5.5V; 2.5V ≤ VDx ≤ 3.9V; RSET = 12.5kΩ; IVOUT = 0mA VOUT Regulated Output Voltage IDx-MATCH Current Matching Between Any Two Outputs(Note 12) VHR IQ Current Source Headroom Voltage (Note 13) Quiescent Supply Current Units 10.0 3.3V ≤ VIN ≤ 5.5V; 0mA ≤ ITotal ≤ 80mA(Note 11) 4.1 4.3 0.3 IDx = 95% x IDx(nom.); RSET = 6.25kΩ; (IDx(nom.) ≈ 20mA) 500 IDx = 95% x IDx(nom.) RSET = 8.35kΩ; (IDx(nom.) ≈ 15mA) 375 3.0V ≤ VIN ≤ 5.5V; RSET = open; No Load Current 1.5 3.0V ≤ VIN ≤ 5.5V; RSET = 6.25kΩ; No Load Current 1.8 0.1 % mV 2.0 mA ISD Shutdown Supply Current 3.0V ≤ VIN ≤ 5.5V; V(EN) = 0V, V(PWM) = 0V (Note 14) ROUT Charge Pump Output Resistance 3.0V ≤ VIN ≤ 5.5V 4 3 1.0 µA Ω www.national.com LM3570 Absolute Maximum Ratings (Notes 1, 2) LM3570 Electrical Characteristics(Notes 2, 8) (Continued) Limits in standard typeface and typical values apply for TJ = 25oC. Limits in boldface type apply over the operating junction temperature range. Unless otherwise noted, specifications apply to the LM3570 typical Application Circuit (pg.1) with: VIN = 3.6V, VEN = 3.0V, VPWM = 3.0V, VDX=3.6V, RSET = 6.25kΩ, C1=C2=1.0µF, CIN=2.2µF, COUT=3.3µF(Note 9) Symbol Parameter Condition Min Typ VSET ISET Pin Voltage 1.25 IDx / ISET Output Current to Current Set Ratio 100 fSW Switching Frequency (Note 15) 3.0V ≤ VIN ≤ 5.5V tSTART Start-up Time IDx = 90% steady state 300 500 Max Units V 665 250 kHz µs EN and PWM Pin Characteristics VEN-IL Enable Pin Logic Low 3.0V ≤ VIN ≤ 5.5V 0 0.5 V VEN-IH Enable Pin Logic High 3.0V ≤ VIN ≤ 5.5V 1.0 VIN V VPWM-IL PWM Pin Logic Low 3.0V ≤ VIN ≤ 5.5V 0 0.5 V VPWM-IH PWM PinLogic High 3.0V ≤ VIN ≤ 5.5V 1.0 VIN V ILEAK-EN Enable Pin Leakage Current (Note 14) 10 µA ILEAK-PWM PWM Pin Leakage Current (Note 14) 10 µA Note 1: Absolute Maximum Ratings indicate limits beyond which damage to the component may occur. Operating Ratings are conditions under which operation of the device is guaranteed. Operating Ratings do not imply guaranteed performance limits. For guaranteed performance limits and associated test conditions, see the Electrical Characteristics tables. Note 2: All voltages are with respect to the potential at the GND pin. Note 3: Internal thermal shutdown circuitry protects the device from permanent damage. Thermal shutdown engages at TJ=150oC (typ.) and disengages at TJ=140oC (typ.). Note 4: For detailed soldering specifications and information, please refer to National Semiconductor Application Note 1187: Leadless Leadframe Package (LLP). Note 5: The Human body model is a 100pF capacitor discharged through a 1.5kΩ resistor into each pin. (MIL-STD-883 3015.7) The machine model is a 200pF capacitor discharged directly into each pin. (EAIJ) Note 6: In applications where high power dissipation and/or poor package thermal resistance is present, the maximum ambient temperature may have to be derated. Maximum ambient temperature (TA-MAX) is dependent on the maximum operating junction temperature (TJ-MAX-OP = 125oC), the maximum power dissipation of the device in the application (PD-MAX), and the junction-to ambient thermal resistance of the part/package in the application (θJA), as given by the following equation: TA-MAX = TJ-MAX-OP – (θJA x PD-MAX). Note 7: Junction-to-ambient thermal resistance is highly application and board-layout dependent. In applications where high maximum power dissipation exists, special care must be paid to thermal dissipation issues in board design. For more information on these topics, please refer to Application Note 1187: Leadless Leadframe Package (LLP) and the PCB Layout Considerations and Power Dissipation section of this datasheet. Note 8: Min and Max limits are guaranteed by design, test, or statistical analysis. Typical (Typ) numbers are not guaranteed, but do represent the most likely norm. Unless otherwise specified, conditions for Typ specifications are: VIN= 3.6V and TA = 25oC. Note 9: CIN, COUT, C1, and C2 : Low-ESR Surface-Mount Ceramic Capacitors (MLCCs) used in setting electrical characteristics Note 10: Maximum IDx=20mA Note 11: ITOT is equal to the sum of all IDx currents and the current drawn from VOUT. Current can be drawn from any combination of VOUT and ID1, ID2, and ID3 as long as the maximum current does not exceed 80mA. Note 12: For the group of the three outputs on a part the following are determined: the maximum output current in the group (MAX), the minimum output current in the group (MIN), and the average output current of the group (AVG).Two matching numbers are calculated: (MAX-AVG)/AVG and (AVG-MIN)/AVG. The largest number of the two (worst case) is considered the matching figure for the group. The matching figure for a given part is considered to be the highest matching figure. The typical specification provided is the most likely norm of the matching figure for all parts. Note 13: Headroom Voltage is defined as the amount of voltage required across the regulated current sources in order to guarantee the full amount of output current is realized. VOUT – VDx = VHR. The minimum headroom required is defined as follows: VHR(min) ≥ kHR x IDx where kHR is the headroom proportionality constant and IDx is the desired controlled diode current. The LM3570 has a kHR = 25mV/mA. For more information, please refer to the output current section of this datasheet. Note 14: The EN and PWM pins have 300kΩ internal pull-down resistors. When the part is in shutdown, the PWM pin must be tied low to ensure lowest possible shutdown current. Note 15: The output switches operate at one eighth of the oscillator frequency, fOSC=8xfSW www.national.com 4 LM3570 Block Diagram 20085001 5 www.national.com LM3570 Typical Performance Characteristics Unless otherwise specified: VIN = 3.6V, VPWM = 3.0V, VEN = 3.0V, VDx=3.6V, RSET = 8.35kΩ, TA = 25˚C Output Voltage vs. Input Voltage Output Voltage vs. Input Voltage 20085009 20085013 Output Voltage vs. Output Current Output Voltage vs. Output Current 20085010 20085014 Diode Output Current vs. Input Voltage Quiescent Current vs. Input Voltage 20085026 20085020 www.national.com 6 Diode Output Current vs. LED Forward Voltage Charge Pump Efficiency vs Input Voltage 20085019 20085011 Total Efficiency vs Input Voltage Total Efficiency vs Diode Forward Voltage 20085015 20085016 Output Current vs RSET Output Current vs Headroom Voltage 20085008 20085018 7 www.national.com LM3570 Typical Performance Characteristics Unless otherwise specified: VIN = 3.6V, VPWM = 3.0V, VEN = 3.0V, VDx=3.6V, RSET = 8.35kΩ, TA = 25˚C (Continued) LM3570 Typical Performance Characteristics Unless otherwise specified: VIN = 3.6V, VPWM = 3.0V, VEN = 3.0V, VDx=3.6V, RSET = 8.35kΩ, TA = 25˚C (Continued) Output Current vs Headroom Voltage Output Current vs PWM Duty Cycle (1kHz.) 20085012 20085017 Startup Response Line Step- Output Response 20085022 20085023 Load Step- Input and Output Response 20085024 www.national.com 8 LM3570 Detailed Block Diagram 20085003 Circuit Description The LM3570 is a low noise white LED driver system. The LM3570 system revolves around a highly efficient regulated three halves CMOS charge pump producing a output voltage (VOUT) of 4.35V. For input voltages between 3.0V to 5.5V, regulation of the output voltage is achieved through the use of a pre-regulation loop that produces a stable output voltage while also minimizing conducted noise on the input rail. For voltages between 2.7V and 3.0V, the LM3570 behaves like an open loop 3/2 charge pump where the output will be 1.5X the input voltage minus the losses associated with the output resistance (ROUT≈ 4Ω). Connected to the regulated output are three internal tightly matched current sources ideal for driving white LEDs. The amount of current driven through the LEDs is user selectable through the use of one external RSET resistor. Current matching between adjacent outputs on the LM3570 is +/-0.3%(typ.) allowing for uniform brightness across the LEDs. The LM3570 is capable of delivering up to 80mA of total output current. Current may be pulled out of the dedicated current outputs (IDx) or from VOUT. The fixed output voltage rail is ideal for driving keypad LEDs in voltage mode through the use of external current limit resistors. 9 www.national.com LM3570 Application Information PARALLEL Dx OUTPUTS FOR INCREASED CURRENT CAPABILITY PRE-REGULATION Outputs D1 through D3 may be connected together in any combination to drive higher currents through fewer LEDs. For example in Figure 2, outputs D2 and D3 are connected together to drive one LED while D1 is connected to a seperate LED. The very low input current ripple of the LM3570, resulting from internal pre-regulation, adds very little noise to the input line. The core of the LM3570 is very similar to that of a basic 3/2 switched capacitor regulator: it is composed of seven switches and two flying capacitors (external). Regulation is achieved by modulating the on-resistance of the three switches connected to the input pin (one switch in phase one and two in phase two). The regulation is done before the voltage “gain stage”, giving rise to the term "pre-regulation". Pre-regulation eliminates most of the input current ripple that is a typical and undesirable characteristic of many switched capacitor converters. TOTAL OUTPUT CURRENT CAPABILITY The LM3570 is capable of providing a total output current of 80mA. The 80mA can be divided through any combination of the three dedicated current outputs and/or current drawn from the VOUT output. When pulling current from the VOUT pin, the LM3570 will hold the output voltage at the regulated 4.35V. This pre-regulation occurs when the input voltage is within the 3.0V to 5.5V operating range. If the input voltage is between the 2.7V to 3.0V range, the VOUT voltage will behave in the same manner as the output of an unregulated charge pump. During operation in this input voltage range, the output voltage becomes directly related to the total output current drawn from the part and the output resistance (ROUT) of the charge pump. Figure 1 displays how the LM3570’s ROUT is modeled to solve for the VOUT voltage VOUT = (VINx 1.5) - ( (IDx-Total+IOUT) x ROUT) where 2.7V ≤ VIN < 3.0V and ROUT= 4Ω 20085007 FIGURE 2. One Parallel Connected and One Singular Connected LED With this configuration, two parallel current sources of equal value provide current to one of the LEDs. RSET should therefore be chosen so that the current through each output is programmed to 50% of the desired current through the parallel connected LED. For example, if 40mA is the desired drive current for the parallel connected LED, RSET should be selected so that the current through each of the outputs is 20mA. Other combinations of parallel outputs may be implemented in similar fashions, such as in Figure 3. 20085004 FIGURE 1. LM3570 Charge Pump Model Dx OUTPUT CURRENT CAPABILITY An external resistor, RSET, is connected to the ISET pin to set the current to be mirrored in each of the three LED outputs. The internal current mirror sets each LED output current with a 100:1 ratio to the current through RSET. The current mirror circuitry matches the current through each LED to within 0.5%. An equation for approximating the LED current is: RSET=100 x (1.25V / IDX) 20085006 FIGURE 3. One Parallel Connected LED Connecting outputs in parallel does not affect internal operation of the LM3570 and has no impact on the Electrical www.national.com 10 (Continued) Characteristics and limits previously presented. The available diode output current, maximum diode voltage, and all other specifications provided in the Electrical Characteristics table apply to parallel output configurations, just as they do to the standard 3-LED application circuit. IOUT RSET VHEADROOM 15mA 8.35kΩ 450mV 25mA 6.25kΩ 750mV SOFT START Soft start is implemented internally by ramping the reference voltage more slowly than the applied voltage. During soft start, the current through the LED outputs and the VOUT voltage will ramp up in proportion to the rate that the reference voltage is being ramped up. LED HEADROOM VOLTAGE (VHR) Three current sources are connected internally between VOUT and D1-D3. The voltage across each current source, (VOUT − VDX), is referred to as headroom voltage (VHR). The current sources require a sufficient amount of headroom voltage to be present across them in order to regulate properly. Minimum required headroom voltage is proportional to the current flowing through the current source, as dictated by the equation: VHR-MIN = kHR x IDX ENABLE / SHUTDOWN When the voltage on the active-high-logic enable pin (EN) is low, the LM3570 will be in shutdown. While disabled, the LM3570 typically draws 0.1µA. When the EN pin is unconnected, the part automatically goes into shutdown due to an internal 300kΩ pull-down resistor that is tied between EN and GND. When the part is in shutdown, it is important to have the PWM pin also set to ground to avoid a leakage current resulting from an internal 300kΩ pull-down resistor tied between the PWM pin and ground The parameter kHR, typically 25mV/mA in the LM3570, is a proportionality constant that represents the ON-resistance of the internal current mirror transistors. For worst-case design calculations, using a kHR of 30mV/mA is recommended. (Worst-case recommendation accounts for parameter shifts from part-to-part variation and applies over the full operating temperature range). Figure 4 shows how output current of the LM3570 varies with respect to headroom voltage. PWM Pin The PWM pin on the LM3570 is responsible for turning the three constant current sources (D1-D3) on or off without disabling the charge pump. This pin allows for PWM brightness control on the diode outputs without affecting whatever load is tied to the VOUT pin. The PWM pin has an internal 300kΩ pull-down resistor that by default turns off the diode outputs when no control signal is active. IDx CURRENT SELECTION PROCEDURES USING THE PWM PIN The following procedures illustrate how to set and adjust output current levels using the PWM pin. Brightness Control Using PWM 1. Determine the maximum desired ILED current. Use the IDx equation to calculate RSET 2. 20085008 FIGURE 4. ILED vs VHR 3 LEDs, VIN = 3.6V On the flat part of the graph, the currents regulate properly as there is sufficient headroom voltage for regulation. On the sloping part of the graph the headroom voltage is too small, the current sources are squeezed, and their current drive capability is limited. Changes in headroom voltage from one output to the next, possible with LED forward voltage mismatch, will result in different output currents and LED brightness mismatch. Thus, operating the LM3570 with insufficient headroom voltage across the current sources should be avoided. CAPACITOR SELECTION The LM3570 requires 4 external capacitors for proper operation (C1=C2=1µF, CIN = 2.2µF, COUT=3.3µF). Surface-mount multi-layer ceramic capacitors are recommended. These capacitors are small, inexpensive and have very low equivalent series resistance ( ≤ 10mΩ typ.). Tantalum capacitors, OSCON capacitors, and aluminum electrolytic capacitors generally are not recommended for use with the LM3570 due to TABLE 1. IDx, RSET and VHR-MIN kHR= 30 mV/mA (worst-case), VOUT=4.3V IOUT RSET VHEADROOM 10mA 12.4kΩ 300mV Brightness control can be implemented by pulsing a signal at the PWM pin. LED brightness is proportional to the duty cycle (D) of the PWM signal. For linear brightness control over the full duty cycle adjustment range, the PWM frequency (f) should be limited to accommodate the turn-on time (TON = 100µs) of the current sources. D x (1/f) > TON fMAX = DMIN ÷ TON If the PWM frequency is much less than 100Hz, flicker may be seen in the LEDs. For the LM3570, zero duty cycle will turn off the LEDs and a 50% duty cycle will result in an average ILED being half of the programmed LED current. For example, if RSET is set to program 15mA, a 50% duty cycle will result in an average ILED of 7.5mA. 11 www.national.com LM3570 Application Information LM3570 Application Information PDISS=(VINx IIN) - (N(VDX x IDX) - (VOUTxIOUT)) (Continued) Where N equals the number of active outputs, VDX is the LED forward voltage, IDX is the current supplied to the diode by the Dx outputs, VOUT is the LM3570 output voltage (typ. = 4.35V), and IOUT is the current draw directly from the LM370 charge pump. Power dissipation must be less than that allowed by the package. Please refer to the Absolute Maximum Rating of the LM3570. their high ESR, as compared to ceramic capacitors. For most applications, ceramic capacitors with X7R or X5R temperature characteristic are preferred for use with the LM3570. These capacitors have tight capacitance tolerance (as good as ± 10%), and hold their value over temperature (X7R: ± 15% over -55˚C to 125˚C; X5R: ± 15% over -55˚C to 85˚C). Capacitors with Y5V and/or Z5U temperature characteristic are generally not recommended. These types of capacitors typically have wide capacitance tolerance (+80%, -20%), vary significantly over temperature (Y5V: +22%, -82% over -30˚C to +85˚C range; Z5U: +22%, -56% over +10˚C to +85˚C range), and have poor voltage coefficients. Under some conditions, a nominal 1µF Y5V or Z5U capacitor could have a capacitance of only 0.1µF. Such detrimental deviation is likely to cause these Y5V and Z5U of capacitors to fail to meet the minimum capacitance requirements of the LM3570. THERMAL PROTECTION The LM3570 has internal thermal protection circuitry to disable the part if the junction temperature exceeds 150˚C. This feature will protect the device from damage due to excessive power dissipation. The device will recover and operate normally when the junction temperature falls below 140˚C. It is important to have good thermal conduction with a proper layout to reduce thermal resistance. PCB LAYOUT CONSIDERATIONS The LLP is a leadframe based Chip Scale Package (CSP) with very good thermal properties. This package has an exposed DAP (die attach pad) at the center of the package measuring 3.0mm x 1.6mm. The main advantage of this exposed DAP is to offer lower thermal resistance when it is soldered to the thermal land on the PCB. For PCB layout, National highly recommends a 1:1 ratio between the package and the PCB thermal land. To further enhance thermal conductivity, the PCB thermal land may include vias to a ground plane. For more detailed instructions on mounting LLP packages, please refer to National Semiconductor Application Note AN-1187. POWER DISSIPATION The maximum allowable power dissipation that this package is capable of handling can be determined as follows: PDMax = (TJMax - TA) / θJA Where TJMAX is the maximum junction temperature, TA is the ambient temperature, and θJA is the junction-to-ambient thermal resistance of the specified package. The LM3570 comes in the LLP-14 package that has a junction-to-ambient thermal resistance (θJA) equal to 45˚C/W. This value of θJA is highly dependant upon the layout of the PC board (See the PCB Layout Considerations section of this datasheet for more information). The actual power dissipated by the LM3570 follows the equation: www.national.com 12 LM3570 Low Noise White LED Driver System Physical Dimensions inches (millimeters) unless otherwise noted LIFE SUPPORT POLICY NATIONAL’S PRODUCTS ARE NOT AUTHORIZED FOR USE AS CRITICAL COMPONENTS IN LIFE SUPPORT DEVICES OR SYSTEMS WITHOUT THE EXPRESS WRITTEN APPROVAL OF THE PRESIDENT AND GENERAL COUNSEL OF NATIONAL SEMICONDUCTOR CORPORATION. As used herein: 1. Life support devices or systems are devices or systems which, (a) are intended for surgical implant into the body, or (b) support or sustain life, and whose failure to perform when properly used in accordance with instructions for use provided in the labeling, can be reasonably expected to result in a significant injury to the user. 2. A critical component is any component of a life support device or system whose failure to perform can be reasonably expected to cause the failure of the life support device or system, or to affect its safety or effectiveness. BANNED SUBSTANCE COMPLIANCE National Semiconductor certifies that the products and packing materials meet the provisions of the Customer Products Stewardship Specification (CSP-9-111C2) and the Banned Substances and Materials of Interest Specification (CSP-9-111S2) and contain no ‘‘Banned Substances’’ as defined in CSP-9-111S2. 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