4-/6-Channel Digital Potentiometers AD5204/AD5206 FEATURES FUNCTIONAL BLOCK DIAGRAMS AD5204 CS CLK EN SDO DO A2 A1 A0 D7 RDAC LATCH 1 D0 The AD5204/AD5206 provide 4-/6-channel, 256-position digitally controlled variable resistor (VR) devices. These devices perform the same electronic adjustment function as a potentiometer or variable resistor. Each channel of the AD5204/ AD5206 contains a fixed resistor with a wiper contact that taps the fixed resistor value at a point determined by a digital code loaded into the SPI-compatible serial-input register. The resistance between the wiper and either endpoint of the fixed resistor varies linearly with respect to the digital code transferred into the VR latch. The variable resistor offers a completely programmable value of resistance between the A terminal and the wiper or the B terminal and the wiper. The fixed A-to-B terminal resistance of 10 kΩ, 50 kΩ, or 100 kΩ has a nominal temperature coefficient of 700 ppm/°C. Each VR has its own VR latch that holds its programmed resistance value. These VR latches are updated from an internal serial-to-parallel shift register that is loaded from a standard 3-wire serial-input digital interface. Eleven data bits make up the data-word clocked into the serial input register. The first three bits are decoded to determine which VR latch is loaded with the last eight bits of the data-word when the CS strobe is returned to logic high. A serial data output pin at the opposite end of the serial register (AD5204 only) allows simple daisy chaining in multiple VR applications without requiring additional external decoding logic. B1 R A4 D7 D0 DI 8 GND W4 RDAC LATCH 4 B4 R VSS D0 POWER-ON PRESET SHDN PR 06884-001 SDI GENERAL DESCRIPTION W1 SER REG APPLICATIONS Mechanical potentiometer replacement Instrumentation: gain, offset adjustment Programmable voltage-to-current conversion Programmable filters, delays, time constants Line impedance matching A1 D7 ADDR DEC VDD Figure 1. AD5206 CS CLK EN A2 A1 A0 D7 A1 D7 RDAC LATCH 1 ADDR DEC D0 VDD W1 B1 R SER REG A6 D7 SDI DI RDAC LATCH 6 D0 8 GND D0 POWER-ON PRESET W6 B6 R VSS 06884-002 256 positions Multiple independently programmable channels AD5204—4-channel AD5206—6-channel Potentiometer replacement Terminal resistance of 10 kΩ, 50 kΩ, 100 kΩ 3-wire SPI-compatible serial data input +2.7 V to +5.5 V single-supply operation; ±2.7 V dual-supply operation Power-on midscale preset Figure 2. An optional reset (PR) pin forces all the AD5204 wipers to the midscale position by loading 0x80 into the VR latch. The AD5204/AD5206 are available in the 24-lead surfacemount SOIC, TSSOP, and PDIP packages. The AD5204 is also available in a 32-lead, 5 mm × 5 mm LFCSP package. All parts are guaranteed to operate over the extended industrial temperature range of −40°C to +85°C. For additional single-, dual-, and quadchannel devices, see the AD8400/AD8402/AD8403 data sheets. Rev. C Information furnished by Analog Devices is believed to be accurate and reliable. However, no responsibility is assumed by Analog Devices for its use, nor for any infringements of patents or other rights of third parties that may result from its use. Specifications subject to change without notice. No license is granted by implication or otherwise under any patent or patent rights of Analog Devices. Trademarks and registered trademarks are the property of their respective owners. One Technology Way, P.O. Box 9106, Norwood, MA 02062-9106, U.S.A. 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AD5204/AD5206 TABLE OF CONTENTS Features .............................................................................................. 1 Typical Performance Characteristics ........................................... 10 Applications....................................................................................... 1 Operation......................................................................................... 12 General Description ......................................................................... 1 Programming the Variable Resistor............................................. 13 Functional Block Diagrams............................................................. 1 Rheostat Operation .................................................................... 13 Revision History ............................................................................... 2 Programming the Potentiometer Divider ................................... 14 Specifications..................................................................................... 3 Voltage Output Operation......................................................... 14 Electrical Characteristics............................................................. 3 Digital Interfacing .......................................................................... 15 Timing Diagrams.............................................................................. 5 Test Circuits..................................................................................... 16 Absolute Maximum Ratings............................................................ 6 Outline Dimensions ....................................................................... 17 ESD Caution.................................................................................. 6 Ordering Guide .......................................................................... 18 Pin Configurations and Function Descriptions ........................... 7 REVISION HISTORY 7/10—Rev. B to Rev. C Changes to Digital Input and Output Voltage to GND Parameter, Table 2............................................................................. 6 Changes to Ordering Guide .......................................................... 18 5/09—Rev. A to Rev. B Changes to Table 1............................................................................ 3 Changes to Absolute Maximum Ratings ....................................... 6 Changes to Figure 7.......................................................................... 8 Changes to Table 4............................................................................ 8 11/07—Rev. 0 to Rev. A Updated Format..................................................................Universal Added 32-Lead LFCSP Package .......................................Universal Changed RBA to RAB ............................................................Universal Changes to Absolute Maximum Ratings........................................6 Changes to Operation Section...................................................... 12 Updated Outline Dimensions....................................................... 17 Changes to Ordering Guide .......................................................... 18 9/99—Revision 0: Initial Version Rev. C | Page 2 of 20 AD5204/AD5206 SPECIFICATIONS ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS VDD = 5 V ± 10% or 3 V ± 10%, VSS = 0 V, VA = VDD, VB = 0 V, −40°C < TA < +85°C, unless otherwise noted. Table 1. Parameter DC CHARACTERISTICS RHEOSTAT MODE 2 Resistor Differential NL 3 Resistor Nonlinearity Error3 Nominal Resistor Tolerance 4 Resistance Temperature Coefficient Nominal Resistance Match Wiper Resistance DC CHARACTERISTICS POTENTIOMETER DIVIDER MODE2 Resolution Differential Nonlinearity 5 Integral Nonlinearity5 Voltage Divider Temperature Coefficient Full-Scale Error Zero-Scale Error RESISTOR TERMINALS Voltage Range 6 Capacitance 7 Ax, Bx Capacitance7 Wx Shutdown Current 8 Common-Mode Leakage DIGITAL INPUTS AND OUTPUTS Input Logic High Input Logic Low Output Logic High Output Logic Low Input Current Input Capacitance7 POWER SUPPLIES Power Single-Supply Range Power Dual-Supply Range Positive Supply Current Negative Supply Current Power Dissipation 9 Power Supply Sensitivity DYNAMIC CHARACTERISTICS7, 10 Bandwidth −3 dB Total Harmonic Distortion VW Settling Time (10 kΩ/50 kΩ/100 kΩ) Resistor Noise Voltage Symbol Conditions Min Typ 1 Max Unit R-DNL R-INL ΔRAB ΔRAB/ΔT ΔR/RAB RWB, VA = no connect RWB, VA = no connect TA = 25°C VAB = VDD, wiper = no connect Channel 1 to Channel 2, Channel 3, and Channel 4, or to Channel 5 and Channel 6; VAB = VDD IW = 1 V/R, VDD = 5 V −1 −2 −30 ±0.25 ±0.5 +1 +2 +30 RW N DNL INL ΔVW/ΔT VWFSE VWZSE VA, VB, VW CA, CB CW IA_SD ICM 8 −1 −2 Code = 0x40 Code = 0x7F Code = 0x00 −2 0 700 0.25 1.5 LSB LSB % ppm/°C % 50 100 Ω ±0.25 ±0.5 15 −1 1 +1 +2 VSS f = 1 MHz, measured to GND, code = 0x40 f = 1 MHz, measured to GND, code = 0x40 VDD 45 60 0.01 1 VA = VB = VW = 0, VDD = +2.7 V, VSS = −2.5 V 0 2 VIH VIL VOH VOL IIL CIL VDD = 5 V/3 V VDD = 5 V/3 V RPULL–UP = 1 kΩ to 5 V IOL = 1.6 mA, VLOGIC = 5 V VIN = 0 V or 5 V VDD range VDD/VSS range IDD ISS PDISS PSS VSS = 0 V VIH = 5 V or VIL = 0 V VSS = −2.5 V, VDD = +2.7 V VIH = 5 V or VIL = 0 V ΔVDD = 5 V ± 10% 12 12 BW_10K BW_50K BW_100K THDW tS eN_WB RAB = 10 kΩ RAB = 50 kΩ RAB = 100 kΩ VA = 1.414 V rms, VB = 0 V dc, f = 1 kHz VA = 5 V, VB = 0 V, ±1 LSB error band RWB = 5 kΩ, f = 1 kHz, PR = 0 721 137 69 0.004 2/9/18 9 5 2.4/2.1 0.8/0.6 4.9 0.4 ±1 5 Rev. C | Page 3 of 20 2.7 ±2.3 0.0002 5.5 ±2.7 60 60 0.3 0.005 Bits LSB LSB ppm/°C LSB LSB V pF pF μA nA V V V V μA pF V V μA μA mW %/% kHz kHz kHz % μs nV/√Hz AD5204/AD5206 Parameter INTERFACE TIMING CHARACTERISTICS7, 11, 12 Input Clock Pulse Width Data Setup Time Data Hold Time CLK-to-SDO Propagation Delay 13 CS Setup Time CS High Pulse Width Reset Pulse Width CLK Fall to CS Fall Setup CLK Fall to CS Rise Hold Time CS Rise to Clock Rise Setup Symbol Conditions Min tCH, tCL tDS tDH tPD tCSS tCSW tRS tCSH0 tCSH1 tCS1 Clock level high or low 20 5 5 1 15 40 90 0 0 10 RL = 2 kΩ , CL < 20 pF 1 Typ 1 Max 150 Unit ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns Typicals represent average readings at 25°C and VDD = 5 V. Applies to all VRs. 3 Resistor position nonlinearity error (R-INL) is the deviation from an ideal value measured between the maximum resistance and the minimum resistance wiper positions. R-DNL measures the relative step change from the ideal position between successive tap positions. Parts are guaranteed monotonic. See the test circuit in Figure 28. IW = VDD/R for both VDD = 3 V and VDD = 5 V. 4 VAB = VDD, wiper (VW) = no connect. 5 INL and DNL are measured at VW with the RDAC configured as a potentiometer divider similar to a voltage output DAC. VA = VDD and VB = 0 V. DNL specification limits of ±1 LSB maximum are guaranteed monotonic at operating conditions. See the test circuit in Figure 27. 6 Resistor Terminal A, Terminal B, and Wiper W have no limitations on polarity with respect to each other. 7 Guaranteed by design and not subject to production test. 8 Measured at the Ax terminals. All Ax terminals are open circuited in shutdown mode. 9 PDISS is calculated from (IDD × VDD). CMOS logic level inputs result in minimum power dissipation. 10 All dynamic characteristics use VDD = 5 V. 11 Applies to all parts. 12 See the timing diagrams (Figure 3 to Figure 5) for the location of the measured values. All input control voltages are specified with tR = tF = 2.5 ns (10% to 90% of 3 V) and timed from a voltage level of 1.5 V. Switching characteristics are measured using both VDD = 3 V and VDD = 5 V. 13 The propagation delay depends on the values of VDD, RL, and CL (see the Operation section). 2 Rev. C | Page 4 of 20 AD5204/AD5206 TIMING DIAGRAMS SDI 1 A2 A1 A0 D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0 0 CLK 1 0 CS RDAC LATCH LOAD 1 0 06884-003 VOUT VDD 0V Figure 3. Timing Diagram SDI (DATA IN) SDO (DATA OUT) 1 Ax OR Dx Ax OR Dx 0 tDH tDS 1 Ax OR Dx Ax OR Dx 0 tPD_MAX tCH 1 tCS1 CLK 0 CS tCSH0 tCSS 1 tCSH1 tCL tCSW 0 tS 0V Figure 4. Detailed Timing Diagram 1 PR VOUT tRS 0 VDD 0V tS ±1 LSB ±1 LSB ERROR BAND Figure 5. AD5204 Preset Timing Diagram Rev. C | Page 5 of 20 06884-004 ±1 LSB ±1 LSB ERROR BAND 06884-005 VOUT VDD AD5204/AD5206 ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATINGS TA = 25°C, unless otherwise noted. Stresses above those listed under Absolute Maximum Ratings may cause permanent damage to the device. This is a stress rating only; functional operation of the device at these or any other conditions above those indicated in the operational section of this specification is not implied. Exposure to absolute maximum rating conditions for extended periods may affect device reliability. Table 2. Parameter VDD to GND VSS to GND VDD to VSS VA, VB, VW to GND IA, IB, IW Pulsed1 Continuous 10 kΩ End-to-End Resistance 50 kΩ and 100 kΩ End-to-End Resistance Digital Input and Output Voltage to GND Operating Temperature Range Maximum Junction Temperature (TJ max) Storage Temperature Reflow Soldering Peak Temperature Time at Peak Temperature Package Power Dissipation Thermal Resistance, θJA2 PDIP (N-24-1) SOIC (RW-24) TSSOP (RU-24) LFCSP (CP-32-3) Rating −0.3 V to +7 V 0 V to −7 V 7V VSS, VDD ESD CAUTION ±20 mA ±11 mA ±2.5 mA −0.3 V to (VDD + 0.3 V) or 7 V (whichever is less) −40°C to +85°C 150°C −65°C to +150°C 260°C 20 sec to 40 sec (TJ max − TA)/θJA 63°C/W 52°C/W 50°C/W 32.5°C/W 1 Maximum terminal current is bounded by the maximum current handling of the switches, maximum power dissipation of the package, and maximum applied voltage across any two of the A, B, and W terminals at a given resistance. 2 Thermal resistance (JEDEC 4-layer (2S2P) board). Paddle soldered to board. Rev. C | Page 6 of 20 AD5204/AD5206 NC 1 24 B4 NC 2 23 W4 GND 3 22 A4 CS 4 21 B2 PR 5 20 W2 VDD 6 19 A2 SHDN 7 18 A1 SDI 8 17 W1 CLK 9 16 B1 SDO 10 15 A3 VSS 11 14 W3 NC 12 13 B3 AD5204 TOP VIEW (Not to Scale) NC = NO CONNECT 06884-006 PIN CONFIGURATIONS AND FUNCTION DESCRIPTIONS Figure 6. AD5204 SOIC/TSSOP/PDIP Pin Configuration Table 3. AD5204 SOIC/TSSOP/PDIP Pin Function Descriptions Pin No. 1, 2, 12 3 4 Name NC GND CS 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 PR VDD SHDN SDI CLK SDO VSS B3 W3 A3 B1 W1 A1 A2 W2 B2 A4 W4 B4 Description Not Connected. Ground. Chip Select Input (Active Low). When CS returns high, data in the serial input register is decoded based on the address bits, and then it is loaded into the target RDAC latch. Preset to Midscale (Active Low). This pin sets the RDAC registers to 0x80. Positive Power Supply. This pin is specified for operation at both 3 V and 5 V. It is the sum of |VDD| + |VSS| < 5.5 V. Terminal A Open-Circuit Shutdown (Active Low Input). This pin controls VR 1 through VR 4. Serial Data Input. Data is input MSB first. Serial Clock Input. This pin is positive edge triggered. Serial Data Output. This pin is an open-drain transistor and requires a pull-up resistor. Negative Power Supply. This pin is specified for operation at both 0 V and −2.7 V. It is the sum of |VDD| + |VSS| < 5.5 V. Terminal B RDAC 3. Wiper RDAC 3. Address = 0102. Terminal A RDAC 3. Terminal B RDAC 1. Wiper RDAC 1. Address = 0002. Terminal A RDAC 1. Terminal A RDAC 2. Wiper RDAC 2. Address = 0012. Terminal B RDAC 2. Terminal A RDAC 4. Wiper RDAC 4. Address = 0112. Terminal B RDAC 4. Rev. C | Page 7 of 20 GND CS VDD PR SHDN SDI CLK SDO AD5204/AD5206 32 31 30 29 28 27 26 25 24 NC 23 NC 22 NC 21 NC 20 B4 B3 6 19 W4 W3 7 18 A4 A3 8 17 NC PIN 1 INDICATOR NC 2 NC 3 AD5204 NC 4 TOP VIEW (Not to Scale) NC 5 B2 NC W2 A2 A1 W1 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 B1 NC 9 NOTES 1. NC = NO CONNECT. 2. THE LFCSP PACKAGE HAS AN EXPOSED PADDLE THAT SHOULD BE CONNECTED TO GND AND THE ASSOCIATED PCB GROUND PLATE. 06884-053 VSS 1 Figure 7. AD5204 LFCSP Pin Configuration Table 4. AD5204 LFCSP Pin Function Descriptions Pin No. 1 2 to 5, 9, 16, 17, 21 to 24 6 7 8 10 11 12 13 14 15 18 19 20 25 26 Name VSS NC Description Negative Power Supply. This pin is specified for operation at both 0 V and −2.7 V. It is the sum of |VDD| + |VSS| < 5.5 V. Not Connected. B3 W3 A3 B1 W1 A1 A2 W2 B2 A4 W4 B4 GND CS 27 28 29 30 31 32 PR VDD SHDN SDI CLK SDO Terminal B RDAC 3. Wiper RDAC 3. Address = 0102. Terminal A RDAC 3. Terminal B RDAC 1. Wiper RDAC 1. Address = 0002. Terminal A RDAC 1. Terminal A RDAC 2. Wiper RDAC 2. Address = 0012. Terminal B RDAC 2. Terminal A RDAC 4. Wiper RDAC 4. Address = 0112. Terminal B RDAC 4. Ground. Chip Select Input (Active Low). When CS returns high, data in the serial input register is decoded based on the address bits, and then it is loaded into the target RDAC latch. Preset to Midscale (Active Low). This pin sets the RDAC registers to 0x80. Positive Power Supply. This pin is specified for operation at both 3 V and 5 V. It is the sum of |VDD| + |VSS| < 5.5 V. Terminal A Open-Circuit Shutdown (Active Low Input). This pin controls VR 1 through VR 4. Serial Data Input. Data is input MSB first. Serial Clock Input. This pin is positive edge triggered. Serial Data Output. This pin is an open-drain transistor and requires a pull-up resistor. Rev. C | Page 8 of 20 A6 1 24 B4 W6 2 23 W4 B6 3 22 A4 GND 4 21 B2 CS 5 20 W2 VDD 6 19 A2 SDI 7 18 A1 CLK 8 17 W1 VSS 9 16 B1 B5 10 15 A3 W5 11 14 W3 A5 12 13 B3 AD5206 TOP VIEW (Not to Scale) NC = NO CONNECT 06884-019 AD5204/AD5206 Figure 8. AD5206 SOIC/TSSOP/PDIP Pin Configuration Table 5. AD5206 Pin Function Descriptions Pin No. 1 2 3 4 5 Name A6 W6 B6 GND CS 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 VDD SDI CLK VSS B5 W5 A5 B3 W3 A3 B1 W1 A1 A2 W2 B2 A4 W4 B4 Description Terminal A RDAC 6. Wiper RDAC 6. Address = 1012. Terminal B RDAC 6. Ground. Chip Select Input (Active Low). When CS returns high, data in the serial input register is decoded based on the address bits, and then it is loaded into the target RDAC latch. Positive Power Supply. This pin is specified for operation at both 3 V and 5 V. It is the sum of |VDD| + |VSS| < 5.5 V. Serial Data Input. Data is input MSB first. Serial Clock Input. This pin is positive edge triggered. Negative Power Supply. This pin is specified for operation at both 0 V and −2.7 V. It is the sum of |VDD| + |VSS| < 5.5 V. Terminal B RDAC 5. Wiper RDAC 5. Address = 1002. Terminal A RDAC 5. Terminal B RDAC 3. Wiper RDAC 3. Address = 0102. Terminal A RDAC 3. Terminal B RDAC 1. Wiper RDAC 1. Address = 0002. Terminal A RDAC 1. Terminal A RDAC 2. Wiper RDAC 2. Address = 0012. Terminal B RDAC 2. Terminal A RDAC 4. Wiper RDAC 4. Address = 0112. Terminal B RDAC 4. Rev. C | Page 9 of 20 AD5204/AD5206 TYPICAL PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS 120 VDD/VSS = 2.7V/0V 100 NORMALIZED GAIN (dB) SWITCH RESISTANCE (Ω) 110 90 80 70 VDD/VSS = 5.5V/0V VDD/VSS = ±2.7V 60 10kΩ 0 VDD = ±2.7V VSS = –2.7V VA = 100mV rms DATA = 0x80 –2 –4 50kΩ VA 100kΩ OP42 50 0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 COMMON MODE (V) 1k 0 –6.00 –6 –6.01 –12 –18 –6.02 –6.03 –6.06 GAIN (dB) GAIN (dB) 10kΩ –6.05 50kΩ 100kΩ –24 –30 VA –48 OP42 –54 VB = 0V 1k 10k 100k FREQUENCY (Hz) –60 1k 06884-008 –6.09 100 1M 1M DATA = 0x80 DATA = 0x40 DATA = 0x20 DATA = 0x10 DATA = 0x08 DATA = 0x04 –36 –42 –6.07 –6.08 1M Figure 12. −3 dB Bandwidth vs. Terminal Resistance, ±2.7 V Dual-Supply Operation –5.99 VDD = +2.7V VSS = –2.7V VA = 100mV rms DATA = 0x80 TA = 25°C 100k FREQUENCY (Hz) Figure 9. Incremental On Resistance of the Wiper vs. Voltage –6.04 10k 06884-010 –1.0 06884-011 –2.0 06884-012 30 –3.0 06884-007 40 DATA = 0x02 DATA = 0x01 VDD = +2.7V VSS = –2.7V VA = 100mV rms TA = 25°C VA OP42 10k 100k FREQUENCY (Hz) Figure 10. Gain Flatness vs. Frequency Figure 13. Bandwidth vs. Code, 10 kΩ Version 0 –6 10kΩ VDD = 2.7V VSS = 0V VA = 100mV rms DATA = 0x80 TA = 25°C 2.7V –2 –4 –18 GAIN (dB) 0 50kΩ 100kΩ OP42 –30 –36 –48 +1.5V 1k –24 –42 –54 10k 100k FREQUENCY (Hz) 1M 06884-009 NORMALIZED GAIN (dB) –12 Figure 11. −3 dB Bandwidth vs. Terminal Resistance, 2.7 V Single-Supply Operation –60 1k DATA = 0x80 DATA = 0x40 DATA = 0x20 DATA = 0x10 DATA = 0x08 DATA = 0x04 DATA = 0x02 DATA = 0x01 VDD = +2.7V VSS = –2.7V VA = 100mV rms TA = 25°C VA OP42 10k 100k FREQUENCY (Hz) Figure 14. Bandwidth vs. Code, 50 kΩ Version Rev. C | Page 10 of 20 AD5204/AD5206 0 8 DATA = 0x80 DATA = 0x40 –12 DATA = 0x10 –24 DATA = 0x08 –30 DATA = 0x04 –36 DATA = 0x02 –42 DATA = 0x01 –48 –54 –60 1k VA VDD = +2.7V VSS = –2.7V VA = 100mV rms TA = 25°C 6 5 4 3 2 1 OP42 10k 100k 1M FREQUENCY (Hz) IDD, VDD/VSS = 5.5V/0V, DATA = 0x55 ISS, VDD/VSS = ±2.7V, DATA = 0x55 IDD, VDD/VSS = 5V/0V, DATA = 0xFF ISS, VDD/VSS = ±2.7V, DATA = 0xFF IDD, VDD/VSS = 2.7V/0V, DATA = 0xFF IDD, VDD/VSS = ±2.7V/0V, DATA = 0x55 0 10k 06884-013 GAIN (dB) SUPPLY CURRENT (mA) DATA = 0x20 –18 TA = 25°C 7 100k 1M 10M FREQUENCY (Hz) Figure 15. Bandwidth vs. Code, 100 kΩ Version 06884-016 –6 Figure 18. Supply Current vs. Clock Frequency 2.5 60 TA = 25°C 50 VSS = –3.0V ± 10% 40 1.5 SINGLE SUPPLY VDD = VSS PSRR (dB) TRIP POINT (V) 2.0 DUAL SUPPLY VSS = 0V 1.0 VDD = 5.0V ± 10% 30 VDD = 3.0V ± 10% 20 0.5 3 4 5 6 SUPPLY VOLTAGE VDD (V) 0 10 TA = 25°C 0.1 THD + NOISE (%) IDD AT VDD/VSS = 5.5V/0V 1 IDD AT VDD/VSS = ±2.7V 0.01 100k VDD = +2.7V VSS = –2.7V TA = 25°C RAB = 10kΩ NONINVERTING TEST CIRCUIT 0.001 0.01 INVERTING TEST CIRCUIT IDD AT VDD/VSS = 2.7V/0V 0 1 2 3 4 5 INCREMENTAL INPUT LOGIC VOLTAGE (V) 6 06884-015 SUPPLY CURRENT (mA) 100k Figure 19. Power Supply Rejection vs. Frequency 10 0.001 10k 1 ISS AT VDD/VSS = ±2.7V 0.1 1k FREQUENCY (Hz) Figure 16. Digital Input Trip Point vs. Supply Voltage 100 100 06884-017 2 06884-018 1 06884-014 0 10 Figure 17. Supply Current vs. Input Logic Voltage 0.0001 10 100 1k 10k FREQUENCY (Hz) Figure 20. Total Harmonic Distortion Plus Noise vs. Frequency Rev. C | Page 11 of 20 AD5204/AD5206 OPERATION connected to terminals Bx, resulting in only leakage currents being consumed in the VR structure. In shutdown mode, the VR latch settings are maintained so that the VR settings return to their previous resistance values when the device is returned to operational mode from power shutdown. Table 6. Serial Data-Word Format Address B10 B9 B8 A2 A1 A0 MSB LSB 210 28 B7 D7 MSB 27 B6 D6 B5 D5 Data B4 B3 D4 D3 B2 D2 B1 D1 B0 D0 LSB 20 See Table 10 for the AD5204/AD5206 address assignments to decode the location of the VR latch receiving the serial register data in Bit B7 through Bit B0. The VR outputs can be changed one at a time in random sequence. The AD5204 presets to midscale by asserting the PR pin, simplifying fault condition recovery at power up. Both parts have an internal power-on preset that places the wiper in a preset midscale condition at power on. In addition, the AD5204 contains a power shutdown pin (SHDN) that places the RDAC in a zero power consumption state, where terminals Ax are open circuited and wipers Wx are Rev. C | Page 12 of 20 RS SHDN D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0 RDAC LATCH AND DECODER Ax RS RS Wx RS Bx 06884-044 The AD5204 provides a 4-channel, 256-position digitally controlled VR device, and the AD5206 provides a 6-channel, 256-position digitally controlled VR device. Changing the programmed VR settings is accomplished by clocking an 11-bit serial data-word into the SDI pin. The format of this data-word is three address bits, MSB first, followed by eight data bits, MSB first. Table 6 provides the serial register data-word format. Figure 21. AD5204/AD5206 Equivalent RDAC Circuit AD5204/AD5206 PROGRAMMING THE VARIABLE RESISTOR RHEOSTAT OPERATION The nominal resistance of the RDAC between Terminal A and Terminal B is available with values of 10 kΩ, 50 kΩ, and 100 kΩ. The last digits of the part number determine the nominal resistance value; for example, 10 kΩ = 10 and 100 kΩ = 100. The nominal resistance (RAB) of the VR has 256 contact points accessed by the wiper terminal, plus Terminal B contact. The 8-bit data-word in the RDAC latch is decoded to select one of the 256 possible settings. The first connection of the wiper starts at Terminal B for the 0x00 data. This Terminal B connection has a wiper contact resistance of 45 Ω. The second connection (for a 10 kΩ part) is the first tap point, located at 84 Ω [= RAB (nominal resistance)/256 + RW = 84 Ω + 45 Ω] for the 0x01 data. The third connection is the next tap point, representing 78 + 45 = 123 Ω for the 0x02 data. Each LSB data value increase moves the wiper up the resistor ladder until the last tap point is reached at 10,006 Ω. The wiper does not directly connect to Terminal A. See Figure 21 for a simplified diagram of the equivalent RDAC circuit. The general transfer equation determining the digitally programmed output resistance between the Wx and Bx terminals is RWB (Dx) = (Dx)/256 × RAB + RW (1) where Dx is the data contained in the 8-bit RDACx latch, and RAB is the nominal end-to-end resistance. For example, when VB = 0 V and Terminal A is open circuited, the output resistance values are set as outlined in Table 7 for the RDAC latch codes (applies to the 10 kΩ potentiometer). Table 7. Output Resistance Values for the RDAC Latch Codes— VB = 0 V and Terminal A = Open Circuited D (Dec) 255 128 1 0 RWB (Ω) 10006 5045 84 45 Output State Full scale Midscale (PR = 0 condition) 1 LSB Zero scale (wiper contact resistance) In the zero-scale condition, a finite total wiper resistance of 45 Ω is present. Regardless of which setting the part is operating in, care should be taken to limit the current between Terminal A to Terminal B, Wiper W to Terminal A, and Wiper W to Terminal B, to the maximum continuous current of ±5.65 mA(10 kΩ) or ±1.35 mA(50 kΩ and 100 kΩ) or pulse current of ±20 mA. Otherwise, degradation or possible destruction of the internal switch contact, can occur. Like the mechanical potentiometer that the RDAC replaces, the RDAC is completely symmetrical. The resistance between Wiper W and Terminal A produces a digitally controlled resistance, RWA. When these terminals are used, Terminal B should be tied to the wiper. Setting the resistance value for RWA starts at a maximum value of resistance and decreases as the data loaded to the latch is increased in value. The general transfer equation for this operation is RWA (Dx) = (256 − Dx)/256 × RAB + RW (2) where Dx is the data contained in the 8-bit RDACx latch, and RAB is the nominal end-to-end resistance. For example, when VA = 0 V and Terminal B is tied to Wiper W, the output resistance values outlined in Table 8 are set for the RDAC latch codes. Table 8. Output Resistance Values for the RDAC Latch Codes— VA = 0 V and Terminal B Tied to Wiper W D (DEC) 255 128 1 0 RWA (Ω) 84 5045 10006 10045 Output State Full scale Midscale (PR = 0 condition) 1 LSB Zero scale The typical distribution of RAB from channel to channel matches to within ±1%. However, device-to-device matching is process lot dependent, having a ±30% variation. The change in RAB in terms of temperature has a 700 ppm/°C temperature coefficient. Rev. C | Page 13 of 20 AD5204/AD5206 PROGRAMMING THE POTENTIOMETER DIVIDER The digital potentiometer easily generates an output voltage proportional to the input voltage applied to a given terminal. For example, connecting Terminal A to 5 V and Terminal B to ground produces an output voltage at the wiper that can be any value from 0 V up to 1 LSB less than +5 V. Each LSB of voltage is equal to the voltage applied across Terminal A and Terminal B divided by the 256-position resolution of the potentiometer divider. The general equation defining the output voltage with respect to ground for any given input voltage applied to Terminal A and Terminal B is VW (Dx) = Dx/256 × VAB + VB Operation of the digital potentiometer in the divider mode results in more accurate operation over temperature. In this mode, the output voltage is dependent on the ratio of the internal resistors, not the absolute value; therefore, the drift improves to 15 ppm/°C. VDD CS CLK SDO* DO A2 A1 A0 D7 ADDR DEC DI W1 RDAC LATCH 1 B1 D0 R AD5204/AD5206 SER REG SDI A1 D7 EN A4/A6 D7 D0 W4/W6 RDAC LATCH 4/6 (3) 8 D0 B4/B6 R SHDN* DGND PR Figure 22. Block Diagram Rev. C | Page 14 of 20 *AD5204 ONLY 06884-047 VOLTAGE OUTPUT OPERATION AD5204/AD5206 DIGITAL INTERFACING If a pull-up resistor is used to connect the SDI pin of the next device in the series, the clock period must be increased. Capacitive loading at the daisy-chain node (where SDO and SDI are connected) between the devices must be accounted for to successfully transfer data. When daisy chaining is used, the CS should be kept low until all the bits of every package are clocked into their respective serial registers, ensuring that the address bits and data bits are in the proper decoding locations. This requires 22 bits of address and data complying to the dataword format outlined in Table 6 if two AD5204 4-channel RDACs are daisy-chained. During shutdown (SHDN), the SDO output pin is forced to the off (logic high state) position to disable power dissipation in the pull-up resistor. See Figure 24 for the equivalent SDO output circuit schematic. A2 0 0 0 0 1 1 CS PR SHDN L H H P L H H X P H H X X H X H L H H X X H H P H H L 1 A0 0 1 0 1 0 1 Latch Decoded RDAC 1 RDAC 2 RDAC 3 RDAC 4 RDAC 5 AD5206 only RDAC 6 AD5206 only The data setup and data hold times in the specification table determine the data valid time requirements. The last 11 bits of the data-word entered into the serial register are held when CS returns high. When CS goes high, the address decoder is gated, enabling one of four or six positive-edge-triggered RDAC latches (see Figure 23 for details). AD5204/AD5206 CS ADDR DECODE RDAC 1 RDAC 2 RDAC 4/ RDAC 6 CLK SERIAL REGISTER SDI Figure 23. Equivalent Input Control Logic The target RDAC latch is loaded with the last eight bits of the serial data-word, completing one DAC update. Four separate 8-bit data-words must be clocked in to change all four VR settings. SHDN CS SDI SDO SERIAL REGISTER D Q GND CK RS CLK PR Figure 24. Detail SDO Output Schematic of the AD5204 All digital pins (CS, SDI, SDO, PR, SHDN, and CLK) are protected with a series input resistor and a parallel Zener ESD structure (see Figure 25). Table 9. Input Logic Control Truth Table1 CLK L A1 0 0 1 1 0 0 06884-048 The serial data output (SDO) pin contains an open-drain n-channel FET. This output requires a pull-up resistor to transfer data to the SDI pin of the next package. The pull-up resistor termination voltage can be larger than the VDD supply of the AD5204. For example, the AD5204 can operate at VDD = 3.3 V, and the pull-up for the interface to the next device can be set at 5 V. This allows for daisy chaining several RDACs from a single-processor serial data line. Table 10. Address Decode Table 06884-049 The AD5204/AD5206 each contain a standard 3-wire serial input control interface. The three inputs are clock (CLK), chip select input (CS), and serial data input (SDI). The positiveedge-sensitive CLK input requires clean transitions to avoid clocking incorrect data into the serial input register. Standard logic families work well. If mechanical switches are used for product evaluation, they should be debounced by a flip-flop or by other suitable means. Figure 22 shows more detail of the internal digital circuitry. When CS is taken active low, the clock loads data into the serial register on each positive clock edge (see Table 9). When using a positive (VDD) and negative (VSS) supply voltage, the logic levels are still referenced to digital ground (GND). Register Activity No SR effect; enables SDO pin. Shift one bit in from the SDI pin. The 11th bit entered is shifted out of the SDO pin. Load SR data into the RDAC latch based on A2, A1, A0 decode (Table 10). No operation. Sets all RDAC latches to midscale; wiper centered and SDO latch cleared. Latches all RDAC latches to 0x80. Open circuits all A resistor terminals, connects Wiper W to Terminal B, and turns off the SDO output transistor. P = positive edge, X = don’t care, SR = shift register. Rev. C | Page 15 of 20 AD5204/AD5206 TEST CIRCUITS VA V+ ~ V+ = VDD ± 10% W 06884-050 LOGIC B PSRR (dB) = 20 log VMS DD VSS PSS (%/%) = Figure 25. ESD Protection of Digital Pins ∆VMS% ∆VDD% Figure 30. Power Supply Sensitivity Test Circuit (PSS, PSRR) A, B, W B DUT VOUT OP279 OFFSET GND 06884-051 5V W VIN 06884-040 A VSS ∆V ( ∆VMS ) 06884-039 340kΩ A VDD OFFSET BIAS Figure 26. ESD Protection of Resistor Terminals Figure 31. Inverting Programmable Gain Test Circuit 5V V+ V+ = VDD 1LSB = V+/256 VIN W B VMS Figure 27. Potentiometer Divider Nonlinearity Error Test Circuit (INL, DNL) W A OFFSET GND 06884-036 A VOUT OP279 B DUT OFFSET BIAS 06884-041 DUT Figure 32. Noninverting Programmable Gain Test Circuit NO CONNECT A IW VIN B Figure 33. Gain vs. Frequency Test Circuit B WHERE VW1 = VMS WHEN IW = 0 AND VW2 = VMS WHEN IW = 1/R VMS VDD RSW = W VW2 – [VW1 + IW(RAWII RBW)] RW = IW B 06884-052 V+ V+ 06884-042 –15V DUT I = 1V/RNOMINAL DUT W A VW W VOUT OP42 B 2.5V Figure 28. Resistor Position Nonlinearity Error (Rheostat Operation; R-INL, R-DNL) IMS DUT OFFSET GND 06884-037 VMS +15V W Figure 29. Wiper Resistance Test Circuit 0.1V ISW CODE = 0x00 + ISW VSS TO VDD – 0.1V 06884-043 DUT A W Figure 34. Incremental On-Resistance Test Circuit Rev. C | Page 16 of 20 AD5204/AD5206 OUTLINE DIMENSIONS 1.280 (32.51) 1.250 (31.75) 1.230 (31.24) 24 13 1 0.280 (7.11) 0.250 (6.35) 0.240 (6.10) 12 0.325 (8.26) 0.310 (7.87) 0.300 (7.62) 0.100 (2.54) BSC 0.060 (1.52) MAX 0.210 (5.33) MAX 0.015 (0.38) MIN 0.150 (3.81) 0.130 (3.30) 0.115 (2.92) 0.022 (0.56) 0.018 (0.46) 0.014 (0.36) 0.195 (4.95) 0.130 (3.30) 0.115 (2.92) 0.015 (0.38) GAUGE PLANE SEATING PLANE 0.430 (10.92) MAX 0.005 (0.13) MIN 0.014 (0.36) 0.010 (0.25) 0.008 (0.20) 0.070 (1.78) 0.060 (1.52) 0.045 (1.14) 071006-A COMPLIANT TO JEDEC STANDARDS MS-001 CONTROLLING DIMENSIONS ARE IN INCHES; MILLIMETER DIMENSIONS (IN PARENTHESES) ARE ROUNDED-OFF INCH EQUIVALENTS FOR REFERENCE ONLY AND ARE NOT APPROPRIATE FOR USE IN DESIGN. CORNER LEADS MAY BE CONFIGURED AS WHOLE OR HALF LEADS. Figure 35. 24-Lead Plastic Dual In-Line Package [PDIP] Narrow Body (N-24-1) Dimensions shown in inches and (millimeters) 15.60 (0.6142) 15.20 (0.5984) 13 24 7.60 (0.2992) 7.40 (0.2913) 12 2.65 (0.1043) 2.35 (0.0925) 0.30 (0.0118) 0.10 (0.0039) COPLANARITY 0.10 10.65 (0.4193) 10.00 (0.3937) 1.27 (0.0500) BSC 0.51 (0.0201) 0.31 (0.0122) SEATING PLANE 0.75 (0.0295) 45° 0.25 (0.0098) 8° 0° 0.33 (0.0130) 0.20 (0.0079) COMPLIANT TO JEDEC STANDARDS MS-013-AD CONTROLLING DIMENSIONS ARE IN MILLIMETERS; INCH DIMENSIONS (IN PARENTHESES) ARE ROUNDED-OFF MILLIMETER EQUIVALENTS FOR REFERENCE ONLY AND ARE NOT APPROPRIATE FOR USE IN DESIGN. Figure 36. 24-Lead Standard Small Outline Package [SOIC_W] Wide Body (RW-24) Dimensions shown in millimeters and (inches) Rev. C | Page 17 of 20 1.27 (0.0500) 0.40 (0.0157) 06-07-2006-A 1 AD5204/AD5206 7.90 7.80 7.70 24 13 4.50 4.40 4.30 6.40 BSC 1 12 PIN 1 0.65 BSC 1.20 MAX 0.15 0.05 0.30 0.19 SEATING PLANE 0.75 0.60 0.45 8° 0° 0.20 0.09 0.10 COPLANARITY COMPLIANT TO JEDEC STANDARDS MO-153-AD Figure 37. 24-Lead Thin Shrink Small Outline Package [TSSOP] (RU-24) Dimensions shown in millimeters 0.60 MAX 5.00 BSC SQ 0.60 MAX PIN 1 INDICATOR 4.75 BSC SQ 0.50 BSC 0.50 0.40 0.30 12° MAX SEATING PLANE 0.80 MAX 0.65 TYP 0.30 0.23 0.18 32 1 EXPOSED PAD (BOTTOM VIEW) 17 16 9 3.45 3.30 SQ 3.15 8 0.25 MIN 3.50 REF 0.05 MAX 0.02 NOM COPLANARITY 0.08 0.20 REF FOR PROPER CONNECTION OF THE EXPOSED PAD, REFER TO THE PIN CONFIGURATION AND FUNCTION DESCRIPTIONS SECTION OF THIS DATA SHEET. COMPLIANT TO JEDEC STANDARDS MO-220-VHHD-2 112408-A TOP VIEW 1.00 0.85 0.80 PIN 1 INDICATOR 25 24 Figure 38. 32-Lead Lead Frame Chip Scale Package [LFCSP_VQ] 5 mm × 5 mm Body, Very Thin Quad (CP-32-3) Dimensions shown in millimeters ORDERING GUIDE Model1, 2 AD5204BN10 AD5204BR10 AD5204BR10-REEL AD5204BRZ10 AD5204BRZ10-REEL AD5204BRU10 AD5204BRU10-REEL7 AD5204BRUZ10 AD5204BRUZ10-REEL7 AD5204BCPZ10-REEL AD5204BCPZ10-REEL7 AD5204BN50 AD5204BR50 AD5204BR50-REEL AD5204BRZ50 kΩ 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 50 50 50 50 Temperature Range −40°C to +85°C −40°C to +85°C −40°C to +85°C −40°C to +85°C −40°C to +85°C −40°C to +85°C −40°C to +85°C −40°C to +85°C −40°C to +85°C −40°C to +85°C −40°C to +85°C −40°C to +85°C −40°C to +85°C −40°C to +85°C −40°C to +85°C Package Description 24-Lead Plastic Dual In-Line Package [PDIP] 24-Lead Standard Small Outline Package [SOIC_W] 24-Lead Standard Small Outline Package [SOIC_W] 24-Lead Standard Small Outline Package [SOIC_W] 24-Lead Standard Small Outline Package [SOIC_W] 24-Lead Thin Shrink Small Outline Package [TSSOP] 24-Lead Thin Shrink Small Outline Package [TSSOP] 24-Lead Thin Shrink Small Outline Package [TSSOP] 24-Lead Thin Shrink Small Outline Package [TSSOP] 32-Lead Frame Chip Scale Package [LFCSP_VQ] 32-Lead Frame Chip Scale Package [LFCSP_VQ] 24-Lead Plastic Dual In-Line Package [PDIP] 24-Lead Standard Small Outline Package [SOIC_W] 24-Lead Standard Small Outline Package [SOIC_W] 24-Lead Standard Small Outline Package [SOIC_W] Rev. C | Page 18 of 20 Package Option N-24-1 RW-24 RW-24 RW-24 RW-24 RU-24 RU-24 RU-24 RU-24 CP-32-3 CP-32-3 N-24-1 RW-24 RW-24 RW-24 AD5204/AD5206 Model1, 2 AD5204BRZ50-REEL AD5204BRU50 AD5204BRU50-REEL AD5204BRU50-REEL7 AD5204BRUZ50 AD5204BRUZ50-REEL7 AD5204BN100 AD5204BR100 AD5204BR100-REEL AD5204BRZ100 AD5204BRZ100-REEL AD5204BRU100 AD5204BRU100-REEL7 AD5204BRUZ100 AD5204BRUZ100-R7 AD5206BN10 AD5206BR10 AD5206BR10-REEL AD5206BRZ10 AD5206BRZ10-REEL AD5206BRU10 AD5206BRU10-REEL7 AD5206BRUZ10 AD5206BRUZ10-RL7 AD5206BN50 AD5206BR50 AD5206BR50-REEL AD5206BRZ50 AD5206BRU50 AD5206BRU50-REEL AD5206BRU50-REEL7 AD5206BRUZ50 AD5206BRUZ50-REEL7 AD5206BN100 AD5206BR100 AD5206BR100-REEL AD5206BRZ100 AD5206BRU100 AD5206BRU100-REEL7 AD5206BRUZ100 AD5206BRUZ100-RL7 1 2 kΩ 50 50 50 50 50 50 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Temperature Range −40°C to +85°C −40°C to +85°C −40°C to +85°C −40°C to +85°C −40°C to +85°C −40°C to +85°C −40°C to +85°C −40°C to +85°C −40°C to +85°C −40°C to +85°C −40°C to +85°C −40°C to +85°C −40°C to +85°C −40°C to +85°C −40°C to +85°C −40°C to +85°C −40°C to +85°C −40°C to +85°C −40°C to +85°C −40°C to +85°C −40°C to +85°C −40°C to +85°C −40°C to +85°C −40°C to +85°C −40°C to +85°C −40°C to +85°C −40°C to +85°C −40°C to +85°C −40°C to +85°C −40°C to +85°C −40°C to +85°C −40°C to +85°C −40°C to +85°C −40°C to +85°C −40°C to +85°C −40°C to +85°C −40°C to +85°C −40°C to +85°C −40°C to +85°C −40°C to +85°C −40°C to +85°C Package Description 24-Lead Standard Small Outline Package [SOIC_W] 24-Lead Thin Shrink Small Outline Package [TSSOP] 24-Lead Thin Shrink Small Outline Package [TSSOP] 24-Lead Thin Shrink Small Outline Package [TSSOP] 24-Lead Thin Shrink Small Outline Package [TSSOP] 24-Lead Thin Shrink Small Outline Package [TSSOP] 24-Lead Plastic Dual In-Line Package [PDIP] 24-Lead Standard Small Outline Package [SOIC_W] 24-Lead Standard Small Outline Package [SOIC_W] 24-Lead Standard Small Outline Package [SOIC_W] 24-Lead Standard Small Outline Package [SOIC_W] 24-Lead Thin Shrink Small Outline Package [TSSOP] 24-Lead Thin Shrink Small Outline Package [TSSOP] 24-Lead Thin Shrink Small Outline Package [TSSOP] 24-Lead Thin Shrink Small Outline Package [TSSOP] 24-Lead Plastic Dual In-Line Package [PDIP] 24-Lead Standard Small Outline Package [SOIC_W] 24-Lead Standard Small Outline Package [SOIC_W] 24-Lead Standard Small Outline Package [SOIC_W] 24-Lead Standard Small Outline Package [SOIC_W] 24-Lead Thin Shrink Small Outline Package [TSSOP] 24-Lead Thin Shrink Small Outline Package [TSSOP] 24-Lead Thin Shrink Small Outline Package [TSSOP] 24-Lead Thin Shrink Small Outline Package [TSSOP] 24-Lead Plastic Dual In-Line Package [PDIP] 24-Lead Standard Small Outline Package [SOIC_W] 24-Lead Standard Small Outline Package [SOIC_W] 24-Lead Standard Small Outline Package [SOIC_W] 24-Lead Standard Small Outline Package [SOIC_W] 24-Lead Standard Small Outline Package [SOIC_W] 24-Lead Standard Small Outline Package [SOIC_W] 24-Lead Standard Small Outline Package [SOIC_W] 24-Lead Standard Small Outline Package [SOIC_W] 24-Lead Plastic Dual In-Line Package [PDIP] 24-Lead Standard Small Outline Package [SOIC_W] 24-Lead Standard Small Outline Package [SOIC_W] 24-Lead Standard Small Outline Package [SOIC_W] 24-Lead Thin Shrink Small Outline Package [TSSOP] 24-Lead Thin Shrink Small Outline Package [TSSOP] 24-Lead Thin Shrink Small Outline Package [TSSOP] 24-Lead Thin Shrink Small Outline Package [TSSOP] The AD5204/AD5206 each contains 5,925 transistors. Die size is 92 mil × 114 mil, or 10,488 sq. mil. Z = RoHS Compliant Part. Rev. C | Page 19 of 20 Package Option RW-24 RU-24 RU-24 RU-24 RU-24 RU-24 N-24-1 RW-24 RW-24 RW-24 RW-24 RU-24 RU-24 RU-24 RU-24 N-24-1 RW-24 RW-24 RW-24 RW-24 RU-24 RU-24 RU-24 RU-24 N-24-1 RW-24 RW-24 RW-24 RW-24 RW-24 RW-24 RW-24 RW-24 N-24-1 RW-24 RW-24 RW-24 RU-24 RU-24 RU-24 RU-24 AD5204/AD5206 NOTES ©1999–2010 Analog Devices, Inc. All rights reserved. Trademarks and registered trademarks are the property of their respective owners. D06884-0-7/10(C) Rev. C | Page 20 of 20