ISL78214ARZ

DATASHEET
4A Low Quiescent Current High Efficiency Synchronous
Buck Regulator
ISL78214
Features
The ISL78214 is a high efficiency, monolithic, synchronous
step-down DC/DC converter that can deliver up to 4A
continuous output current from a 2.8V to 5.5V input supply. It
uses a current control architecture to deliver very low duty
cycle operation at high frequency with fast transient response
and excellent loop stability.
• High efficiency synchronous buck regulator with up to 97%
efficiency
The ISL78214 integrates a pair of low ON-resistance P-Channel
and N-Channel internal MOSFETs to maximize efficiency and
minimize external component count. The 100% duty-cycle
operation allows less than 400mV dropout voltage at 4A
output current. High 1MHz Pulse-width Modulation (PWM)
switching frequency, that can be synchronization up to 4MHz
with an external clock, allows the use of small external
components and SYNC input enables multiple ICs to
synchronize out of phase to reduce ripple and eliminate beat
frequencies.
• 4A output current
The ISL78214 can be configured for discontinuous or forced
continuous operation at light load. Forced continuous
operation reduces noise and RF interference while
discontinuous mode provides high efficiency by reducing
switching losses at light loads.
• Less than 1µA logic controlled shutdown current
Fault protection is provided by internal hiccup mode current
limiting during short circuit and overcurrent conditions, an
output overvoltage comparator and over-temperature monitor
circuit. A power-good output voltage monitor indicates when
the output is in regulation.
The ISL78214 is offered in a space saving 4x4 QFN lead free
package with exposed pad lead frames for low thermal.
The ISL78214 offers a 1ms Power-good (PG) timer at
power-up. When shutdown, ISL78214 discharges the output
capacitor. Other features include internal soft-start, internal
compensation, overcurrent protection and thermal shutdown.
The ISL78214 is offered in a 16 Ld 4mmx4mm QFN package
with 1mm maximum height. The complete converter occupies
less than 0.4in2 area.
The ISL78214 is AEC-Q100 qualified. The ISL78214 is rated
for the automotive temperature range -40°C to +105°C.
May 12, 2015
FN7551.3
1
• Power-good (PG) output with a 1ms delay
• 2.8V to 5.5V supply voltage
• 2% output accuracy over-temperature/load/line
• Pin compatible to ISL78213
• Start-up with prebiased output
• Internal soft-start - 1ms
• Soft-stop output discharge during disable
• 35µA quiescent supply current in PFM mode
• Selectable forced PWM mode and PFM mode
• External synchronization up to 4MHz
• 100% maximum duty cycle
• Internal current mode compensation
• Peak current limiting and hiccup mode short circuit
protection
• Over-temperature protection
• Small 16 Ld 4mmx4mm QFN
• Pb-free (RoHS compliant)
• AEC-Q100 qualified
Applications
• Automotive power
• DC/DC POL modules
• µC/µP, FPGA and DSP power
Related Literature
• AN1366, “ISL8014AEVAL2Z: 4A Low Quiescent Current
1MHz High Efficiency Synchronous Buck Regulator”
CAUTION: These devices are sensitive to electrostatic discharge; follow proper IC Handling Procedures.
1-888-INTERSIL or 1-888-468-3774 | Copyright Intersil Americas LLC 2010, 2013, 2015. All Rights Reserved
Intersil (and design) is a trademark owned by Intersil Corporation or one of its subsidiaries.
All other trademarks mentioned are the property of their respective owners.
ISL78214
Ordering Information
PART NUMBER
(Notes 1, 2, 3)
PART
MARKING
ISL78214ARZ
TEMP. RANGE
(°C)
782 14ARZ
PACKAGE
(RoHS Compliant)
-40 to +105
16 Ld 4x4 QFN
PKG.
DWG. #
L16.4x4
NOTES:
1. Add “-T” suffix for tape and reel. Please refer to TB347 for details on reel specifications.
2. These Intersil Pb-free plastic packaged products employ special Pb-free material sets, molding compounds/die attach materials, and 100% matte
tin plate plus anneal (e3 termination finish, which is RoHS compliant and compatible with both SnPb and Pb-free soldering operations). Intersil Pbfree products are MSL classified at Pb-free peak reflow temperatures that meet or exceed the Pb-free requirements of IPC/JEDEC J STD-020.
3. For Moisture Sensitivity Level (MSL), please see device information page for ISL78214. For more information on MSL please see techbrief TB363.
Pin Configuration
NC
LX
LX
NC
ISL78214
(16 LD QFN)
TOP VIEW
16
15
14
13
VIN 1
12 PGND
VIN 2
11 PGND
PD
10 SGND
VDD 3
SYNCH 4
5
6
7
8
EN
NC
PG
VFB
9
SGND
Refer to Application Note AN1366 for more layout suggestions.
Pin Descriptions
PIN NUMBER
PIN NAME
1, 2
VIN
3
VDD
5
EN
Regulator enable pin. Enable the output when driven to high. Shut down the chip and discharge output
capacitor when driven to low. Do not leave this pin floating.
7
PG
1ms timer output. At power-up or EN HI, this output is a 1ms delayed power-good signal for the output
voltage.
4
SYNCH
Mode Selection pin. Connect to logic high or input voltage VDD for PWM mode. Connect to logic low or
ground for PFM mode. Connect to an external function generator for synchronization with the negative
edge trigger. Do not leave this pin floating.
14, 15
LX
11, 12
PGND
Power ground
9, 10
SGND
Signal ground
8
VFB
Buck regulator output feedback. Connect to the output through a resistor divider for adjustable output
voltage. For 0.8V output voltage, connect this pin to the output.
6, 13, 16
NC
No connect
PD
Exposed Pad
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DESCRIPTION
Input supply voltage. Connect a 10µF ceramic capacitor to power ground.
Input supply voltage for the analog circuitry. Connect to VIN pin.
Switching node connection. Connect to one terminal of the inductor.
2
The exposed pad must be connected to the SGND pin for proper electrical performance. Place as much
vias as possible under the pad connecting to SGND plane for optimal thermal performance.
FN7551.3
May 12, 2015
ISL78214
Typical Application
INPUT
2.8V TO 5.5V
VIN
LX
OUTPUT
1.8V
L
1.5µH
C2
2 x 22µF
VDD
C1
2 x 22µF
R2
124k
PGND
C3
47pF
ISL78214
EN
R1
100k
VFB
R3
100k
PG
SYNCH
SGND
FIGURE 1. TYPICAL APPLICATION DIAGRAM
Block Diagram
SYNCH
SOFT
Soft
START
27pF
SHUTDOWN
390k
SHUTDOWN
BANDGAP 0.8V
+
EN
EAMP
+
COMP
-
-
VIN
OSCILLATOR
PWM/PFM
LOGIC
CONTROLLER
PROTECTION
DRIVER
3pF
+
LX
PGND
VFB
SLOPE
Slope
COMP
6k
+
0.736V
PG
-
1ms
DELAY
SGND
+
CSA
+
OCP
-
1.4V
+
SKIP
-
0.5V
ZERO-CROSS
SENSING
0.2V
SCP
+
FIGURE 2. FUNCTIONAL BLOCK DIAGRAM
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FN7551.3
May 12, 2015
ISL78214
Absolute Maximum Ratings (Reference to GND)
Thermal Information
VIN, VDD. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -0.3V to 6V (DC) or 7V (20ms)
EN, SYNCH, PG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -0.3V to VIN + 0.3V
LX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -1.5V (100ns)/-0.3V (DC) to 6.5V (DC) or 7V (20ms)
VFB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -0.3V to 2.8V
ESD Ratings
Human Body Model (Tested per AEC-Q100-002) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3000V
Charged Device Model (Tested per AEC-Q100-011). . . . . . . . . . . . 2000V
Machine Model (Tested per AEC-Q100-003) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250V
Latch-up (Tested per AEC-Q100-004, ClassII, Level A). . . . . . . . . . . 100mA
Thermal Resistance (Typical)
JA (°C/W) JC (°C/W)
16 Ld QFN Package (Notes 4, 5) . . . . . . . .
39
3
Junction Temperature Range . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .-55°C to +125°C
Storage Temperature Range. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .-65°C to +150°C
Pb-free Reflow Profile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . see TB493
Recommended Operating Conditions
VIN Supply Voltage Range . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.8V to 5.5V
Load Current Range . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0A to 4A
Ambient Temperature Range . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -40°C to +105°C
CAUTION: Do not operate at or near the maximum ratings listed for extended periods of time. Exposure to such conditions may adversely impact product
reliability and result in failures not covered by warranty.
NOTES:
4. JA is measured in free air with the component mounted on a high effective thermal conductivity test board with “direct attach” features. See Tech
Brief TB379.
5. JC, “case temperature” location is at the center of the exposed metal pad on the package underside.
Electrical Specifications
Unless otherwise noted, all parameter limits are established over the recommended operating conditions and
the typical specification are measured at the following conditions unless otherwise noted: TA = -40°C to +105°C, VIN = 3.6V, EN = VDD. Typical values are
at TA = +25°C. Boldface limits apply across the operating temperature range, -40°C to +105°C.
PARAMETER
MIN
(Note 7)
TYP
MAX
(Note 7)
UNIT
Rising, no load
-
2.6
2.8
V
Falling, no load
2.15
2.35
-
V
SYNCH = GND, no load at the output
-
35
-
µA
SYNCH = GND, no load at the output and no
switches switching
-
30
45
µA
SYNCH = VDD, FS = 1MHz, no load at the output
-
6.5
10
mA
VIN = 5.5V, EN = low, TA = +85°C
-
0.1
4
µA
VIN = 5.5V, EN = low, TA = +105°C
-
0.1
10
µA
0.790
0.8
0.810
V
VFB = 0.75V
-
0.1
-
µA
VIN = VO + 0.5V to 5.5V (minimal 2.8V)
-
0.2
-
%/V
-
1
-
ms
SYMBOL
TEST CONDITIONS
INPUT SUPPLY
VDD Undervoltage Lockout Threshold
Quiescent Supply Current
VUVLO
IVIN
Shutdown Supply Current
ISD
OUTPUT REGULATION
Reference Voltage
VREF
VFB Bias Current
IVFB
Line Regulation
Soft-start Ramp Time Cycle
OVERCURRENT PROTECTION
Current Limit Blanking Time
tOCON
-
17
-
Clock pulses
Overcurrent and Auto Restart Period
tOCOFF
-
4
-
SS cycle
Switch Current Limit
ILIMIT
(Note 6)
4.9
6.0
7.1
A
Peak Skip Limit
ISKIP
(Note 6)
-
1.3
-
A
-
20
-
µA/V
0.17
0.20
0.23
Ω
COMPENSATION
Error Amplifier Transconductance
Transresistance
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FN7551.3
May 12, 2015
ISL78214
Electrical Specifications
Unless otherwise noted, all parameter limits are established over the recommended operating conditions and
the typical specification are measured at the following conditions unless otherwise noted: TA = -40°C to +105°C, VIN = 3.6V, EN = VDD. Typical values are
at TA = +25°C. Boldface limits apply across the operating temperature range, -40°C to +105°C. (Continued)
PARAMETER
MIN
(Note 7)
TYP
MAX
(Note 7)
UNIT
VIN = 5V, IO = 200mA
-
50
75
mΩ
VIN = 2.8V, IO = 200mA
-
70
100
mΩ
VIN = 5V, IO = 200mA
-
50
75
mΩ
VIN = 2.8V, IO = 200mA
-
70
100
mΩ
-
100
-

0.80
1.0
1.20
MHz
SYNCH = High
-
-
140
ns
Sinking 1mA
-
-
0.3
V
0.65
1
1.35
ms
-
0.01
2
µA
SYMBOL
TEST CONDITIONS
LX
P-Channel MOSFET ON-resistance
N-Channel MOSFET ON-resistance
LX Maximum Duty Cycle
PWM Switching Frequency
fS
LX Minimum On-time
PG
Output Low Voltage
Delay Time (Rising Edge)
PG Pin Leakage Current
PG = VIN = 3.6V
PGOOD Rising Threshold
Percentage of regulation voltage
89
92
95
%
PGOOD Falling Threshold
Percentage of regulation voltage
85
88
91
%
-
15
-
µs
Logic Input Low
-
-
0.4
V
Logic Input High
1.4
-
-
V
-
0.1
4
µA
-
0.1
4
µA
Thermal Shutdown
-
140
-
°C
Thermal Shutdown Hysteresis
-
25
-
°C
PGOOD Delay Time (Falling Edge)
EN, SYNCH
Synch Logic Input Leakage Current
ISYNCH
Enable Logic Input Leakage Current
IEN
Pulled up to 5.5V
NOTES:
6. Limits established by characterization and are not production tested.
7. Parameters with MIN and/or MAX limits are 100% tested at +25°C, unless otherwise specified. Temperature limits established by characterization
and are not production tested.
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FN7551.3
May 12, 2015
ISL78214
Typical Operating Performance
Unless otherwise noted, operating conditions are: TA = +25°C, VVIN = 2.5V to 5.5V,
EN = VIN, SYNCH = 0V, L = 1.5µH, C1 = 2x22µF, C2 = 2x22µF, IOUT = 0A to 4A.
100
100
90
2.5VOUT-PWM
80
1.8VOUT-PWM
1.5VOUT-PWM
70
1.2VOUT-PWM
60
1.2VOUT-PFM
1.8VOUT-PFM 1.5VOUT-PFM
70
60
50
50
40
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
OUTPUT LOAD (A)
3.0
3.5
40
0.0
4.0
100
90
90
2.5VOUT-PWM
70
3.3VOUT-PWM
1.8VOUT-PWM
EFFICIENCY (%)
100
80
0.1
0.2
0.3
1.5VOUT-PWM
1.2VOUT-PWM
60
0.8
0.9
1.0
80
70
2.5VOUT-PFM
3.3VOUT-PFM
60
1.2VOUT-PFM
1.5VOUT-PFM
1.8VOUT-PFM
50
50
40
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
40
0.0
4.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
OUTPUT LOAD (A)
POWER DISSIPATION (mW)
1.50
5VIN-PFM
1.00
0.75
0.50
3.3VIN-PFM
5VIN-PWM
0.25
0.00
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
OUTPUT LOAD (A)
FIGURE 7. POWER DISSIPATION vs LOAD (1MHz, VOUT = 1.8V)
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0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
125
3.3VIN-PWM
1.25
0.5
FIGURE 6. EFFICIENCY vs LOAD (1MHz 5VIN PFM)
2.00
1.75
0.4
OUTPUT LOAD (A)
FIGURE 5. EFFICIENCY vs LOAD (1MHz 5VIN PWM)
POWER DISSIPATION (W)
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
OUTPUT LOAD (A)
FIGURE 4. EFFICIENCY vs LOAD (1MHz 3.3 VIN PFM)
FIGURE 3. EFFICIENCY vs LOAD (1MHz 3.3 VIN PWM)
EFFICIENCY (%)
2.5VOUT-PFM
80
EFFICIENCY (%)
EFFICIENCY (%)
90
100
75
50
25
0
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
VIN (V)
4.5
5.0
5.5
FIGURE 8. POWER DISSIPATION WITH NO LOAD vs VIN (PWM
VOUT = 1.8V)
FN7551.3
May 12, 2015
ISL78214
Typical Operating Performance
Unless otherwise noted, operating conditions are: TA = +25°C, VVIN = 2.5V to 5.5V,
EN = VIN, SYNCH = 0V, L = 1.5µH, C1 = 2x22µF, C2 = 2x22µF, IOUT = 0A to 4A. (Continued)
1.24
1.23
OUTPUT VOLTAGE (V)
0.20
0.15
0.10
0.05
3.3VIN-PWM
1.21
1.20
1.19
5VIN-PFM
1.18
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
VIN (V)
4.5
5.0
1.16
0.0
5.5
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
FIGURE 10. VOUT REGULATION vs LOAD (1MHz, VOUT = 1.2V)
1.55
1.83
3.3VIN-PFM
1.53
1.82 3.3V
IN-PFM
3.3VIN-PWM
1.52
1.51
1.50
5VIN-PFM
1.49
5VIN-PWM
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
1.80
1.79
1.78
5VIN-PWM
1.77
5VIN-PFM
1.75
0.0
4.0
3.3VIN-PWM
1.81
1.76
1.47
0.0
0.5
1.0
OUTPUT LOAD (A)
1.5
2.0
2.5
OUTPUT LOAD (A)
3.0
3.5
FIGURE 11. VOUT REGULATION vs LOAD (1MHz, VOUT = 1.5V)
FIGURE 12. VOUT REGULATION vs LOAD (1MHz, VOUT = 1.8V)
2.52
3.36
2.50
3.35
3.3VIN-PFM
3.3VIN-PWM
OUTPUT VOLTAGE (V)
2.51
2.49
2.48
2.47
5VIN-PWM
2.46
2.45
2.44
0.0
5VIN-PFM
0.5
4.0
OUTPUT LOAD (A)
1.48
OUTPUT VOLTAGE (V)
5VIN-PWM
FIGURE 9. POWER DISSIPATION WITH NO LOAD vs VIN
(PFM VOUT = 1.8V)
1.54
OUTPUT VOLTAGE (V)
1.22 3.3V
IN-PFM
1.17
0
2.0
OUTPUT VOLTAGE (V)
POWER DISSIPATION (mW)
0.25
4.5VIN-PWM
5VIN-PWM
3.34
4.0
3.33
3.32
3.31
3.30
4.5VIN-PFM
5VIN-PFM
3.29
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
OUTPUT LOAD (A)
FIGURE 13. VOUT REGULATION vs LOAD (1MHz, VOUT = 2.5V)
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4.0
3.28
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
OUTPUT LOAD (A)
FIGURE 14. VOUT REGULATION vs LOAD (1MHz, VOUT = 3.3V)
FN7551.3
May 12, 2015
ISL78214
Typical Operating Performance
Unless otherwise noted, operating conditions are: TA = +25°C, VVIN = 2.5V to 5.5V,
EN = VIN, SYNCH = 0V, L = 1.5µH, C1 = 2x22µF, C2 = 2x22µF, IOUT = 0A to 4A. (Continued)
1.83
1.83
1.82
0A LOAD PWM
4A LOAD PWM
1.81
OUTPUT VOLTAGE (V)
OUTPUT VOLTAGE (V)
1.82
1.80
1.79
1.78
1.77
0A LOAD
1.80
1.79
1.78
1.77
1.76
1.76
1.75
2.0
4A LOAD
1.81
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
1.75
2.0
2.5
FIGURE 15. OUTPUT VOLTAGE REGULATION vs VIN
(PWM VOUT = 1.8)
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
INPUT VOLTAGE (V)
INPUT VOLTAGE (V)
FIGURE 16. OUTPUT VOLTAGE REGULATION vs VIN
(PFM VOUT = 1.8V)
LX 2V/DIV
LX 2V/DIV
VOUT RIPPLE 20mV/DIV
VOUT RIPPLE 20mV/DIV
IL 0.5A/DIV
IL 0.5A/DIV
FIGURE 17. STEADY STATE OPERATION AT NO LOAD (PWM)
FIGURE 18. STEADY STATE OPERATION AT NO LOAD (PFM)
LX 2V/DIV
LX 2V/DIV
VOUT RIPPLE 50mV/DIV
IL 2A/DIV
IL 1A/DIV
VOUT RIPPLE 20mV/DIV
FIGURE 19. STEADY STATE OPERATION WITH FULL LOAD
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FIGURE 20. MODE TRANSITION CCM TO DCM
FN7551.3
May 12, 2015
ISL78214
Typical Operating Performance
Unless otherwise noted, operating conditions are: TA = +25°C, VVIN = 2.5V to 5.5V,
EN = VIN, SYNCH = 0V, L = 1.5µH, C1 = 2x22µF, C2 = 2x22µF, IOUT = 0A to 4A. (Continued)
LX 2V/DIV
VOUT RIPPLE 50mV/DIV
VOUT RIPPLE 50mV/DIV
IL 1A/DIV
IL 1A/DIV
FIGURE 21. MODE TRANSITION DCM TO CCM
LX 2V/DIV
VOUT RIPPLE 50mV/DIV
FIGURE 22. LOAD TRANSIENT (PWM)
EN 5V/DIV
VOUT 0.5V/DIV
IL 1A/DIV
IL 1A/DIV
PG 5V/DIV
FIGURE 23. LOAD TRANSIENT (PFM)
FIGURE 24. SOFT-START WITH NO LOAD (PWM)
EN 5V/DIV
EN 5V/DIV
VOUT 0.5V/DIV
IL 1A/DIV
VOUT 0.5V/DIV
IL 1A/DIV
PG 5V/DIV
PG 5V/DIV
FIGURE 25. SOFT-START AT NO LOAD (PFM)
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FIGURE 26. SOFT-START WITH PREBIASED 1V
FN7551.3
May 12, 2015
ISL78214
Typical Operating Performance
Unless otherwise noted, operating conditions are: TA = +25°C, VVIN = 2.5V to 5.5V,
EN = VIN, SYNCH = 0V, L = 1.5µH, C1 = 2x22µF, C2 = 2x22µF, IOUT = 0A to 4A. (Continued)
EN 2V/DIV
EN 5V/DIV
VOUT 0.5V/DIV
VOUT 0.5V/DIV
IL 2A/DIV
IL 1A/DIV
PG 5V/DIV
PG 5V/DIV
FIGURE 27. SOFT-START AT FULL LOAD
FIGURE 28. SOFT-DISCHARGE SHUTDOWN
LX 2V/DIV
LX 2V/DIV
IL 1A/DIV
SYNCH 2V/DIV
SYNCH 2V/DIV
VOUT RIPPLE 20mV/DIV
VOUT RIPPLE 20mV/DIV
IL 1A/DIV
FIGURE 29. STEADY STATE OPERATION AT NO LOAD WITH
FREQUENCY = 2MHz
LX 2V/DIV
FIGURE 30. STEADY STATE OPERATION AT FULL LOAD WITH
FREQUENCY = 2MHz
LX 2V/DIV
IL 1A/DIV
SYNCH 2V/DIV
SYNCH 2V/DIV
VOUT RIPPLE 20mV/DIV
IL 0.5A/DIV
FIGURE 31. STEADY STATE OPERATION AT NO LOAD WITH
FREQUENCY = 4MHz
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VOUT RIPPLE 20mV/DIV
FIGURE 32. STEADY STATE OPERATION AT FULL LOAD (PWM)
WITH FREQUENCY = 4MHz
FN7551.3
May 12, 2015
ISL78214
Typical Operating Performance
Unless otherwise noted, operating conditions are: TA = +25°C, VVIN = 2.5V to 5.5V,
EN = VIN, SYNCH = 0V, L = 1.5µH, C1 = 2x22µF, C2 = 2x22µF, IOUT = 0A to 4A. (Continued)
LX 2V/DIV
LX 2V/DIV
VOUT 1V/DIV
IL 2A/DIV
VOUT 0.5V/DIV
PG 5V/DIV
PG 5V/DIV
IL 2A/DIV
FIGURE 34. OUTPUT SHORT CIRCUIT RECOVERY
FIGURE 33. OUTPUT SHORT CIRCUIT
5.500
OUTPUT CURRENT (A)
5.375
OCP_3.3VIN
5.250
5.125
5.000
4.875
OCP_5VIN
4.750
4.625
4.500
-50
-25
0
25
50
75
100
TEMPERATURE (°C)
FIGURE 35. OUTPUT CURRENT LIMIT vs TEMPERATURE
Theory of Operation
The ISL78214 is a step-down switching regulator optimized for
battery-powered handheld applications. The regulator operates at
1MHz fixed switching frequency under heavy load conditions to
allow smaller external inductors and capacitors to be used for
minimal printed-circuit board (PCB) area. At light load, the regulator
reduces the switching frequency, unless forced to the fixed
frequency, to minimize the switching loss and to maximize the
battery life. The quiescent current when the output is not loaded is
typically only 35µA. The supply current is typically only 0.1µA when
the regulator is shut down.
PWM Control Scheme
Pulling the SYNCH pin HI (>2.5V) forces the converter into PWM
mode, regardless of output current. The ISL78214 employs the
current-mode Pulse-width Modulation (PWM) control scheme for
fast transient response and pulse-by-pulse current limiting. Figure 2
on page 3 shows the block diagram. The current loop consists of the
oscillator, the PWM comparator, current sensing circuit and the
slope compensation for the current loop stability. The gain for the
current sensing circuit is typically 200mV/A. The control reference
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for the current loops comes from the error amplifier's (EAMP)
output.
The PWM operation is initialized by the clock from the oscillator.
The P-Channel MOSFET is turned on at the beginning of a PWM
cycle and the current in the MOSFET starts to ramp up. When the
sum of the current amplifier CSA and the slope compensation
(237mV/µs) reaches the control reference of the current loop, the
PWM comparator COMP sends a signal to the PWM logic to turn
off the P-MOSFET and turn on the N-Channel MOSFET. The
N-MOSFET stays on until the end of the PWM cycle. Figure 36
shows the typical operating waveforms during the PWM operation.
The dotted lines illustrate the sum of the slope compensation
ramp and the current-sense amplifier’s CSA output.
The output voltage is regulated by controlling the VEAMP voltage
to the current loop. The bandgap circuit outputs a 0.8V reference
voltage to the voltage loop. The feedback signal comes from the
VFB pin. The soft-start block only affects the operation during the
start-up and will be discussed separately. The error amplifier is a
transconductance amplifier that converts the voltage error signal
to a current output. The voltage loop is internally compensated
FN7551.3
May 12, 2015
ISL78214
Synchronization Control
with the 27pF and 390kΩ RC network. The maximum EAMP
voltage output is precisely clamped to 1.6V.
The frequency of operation can be synchronized up to 4MHz by an
external signal applied to the SYNCH pin. The falling edge on the
SYNCH triggers the rising edge of the LX pulse. Make sure that the
minimum ON time of the LX node is greater than 140ns.
VEAMP
VCSA
Overcurrent Protection
DUTY
CYCLE
The overcurrent protection is realized by monitoring the CSA output
with the OCP comparator, as shown in Figure 2. The current sensing
circuit has a gain of 200mV/A, from the P-MOSFET current to the
CSA output. When the CSA output reaches 1.4V, which is equivalent
to 5.7A for the switch current, the OCP comparator is tripped to turn
off the P-MOSFET immediately. The overcurrent function protects
the switching converter from a shorted output by monitoring the
current flowing through the upper MOSFET.
IL
VOUT
FIGURE 36. PWM OPERATION WAVEFORMS
SKIP Mode
Pulling the SYNCH pin LO (<0.4V) forces the converter into PFM
mode. The ISL78214 enters a pulse-skipping mode at light load
to minimize the switching loss by reducing the switching
frequency. Figure 37 illustrates the skip-mode operation. A
zero-cross sensing circuit shown in Figure 2 monitors the
N-MOSFET current for zero crossing. When 8 consecutive cycles
of the inductor current crossing zero are detected, the regulator
enters the skip mode. During the eight detecting cycles, the
current in the inductor is allowed to become negative. The
counter is reset to zero when the current in any cycle does not
cross zero.
Once the skip mode is entered, the pulse modulation starts being
controlled by the SKIP comparator shown in Figure 2. Each pulse
cycle is still synchronized by the PWM clock. The P-MOSFET is turned
on at the clock's rising edge and turned off when the output is
higher than 1.5% of the nominal regulation or when its current
reaches the peak Skip current limit value. Then the inductor current
is discharging to 0A and stays at zero. The internal clock is disabled
and the output voltage reduces gradually due to the load current
discharging the output capacitor. When the output voltage drops to
the nominal voltage, the P-MOSFET will be turned on again at the
rising edge of the internal clock as it repeats the previous
operations.
The regulator resumes normal PWM mode operation when the
output voltage drops 1.5% below the nominal voltage.
Upon detection of an overcurrent condition, the upper MOSFET
will be immediately turned off and will not be turned on again
until the next switching cycle. Upon detection of the initial
overcurrent condition, the overcurrent fault counter is set to 1. If,
on the subsequent cycle, another overcurrent condition is
detected, the OC fault counter will be incremented. If there are
17 sequential OC fault detections, the regulator will be shut down
under an overcurrent fault condition. An overcurrent fault
condition will result in the regulator attempting to restart in a
hiccup mode within the delay of four soft-start periods. At the
end of the fourth soft-start wait period, the fault counters are
reset and soft-start is attempted again. If the overcurrent
condition goes away during the delay of four soft-start periods,
the output will resume back into regulation point after hiccup
mode expires.
Short-circuit Protection
The Short-circuit Protection (SCP) comparator monitors the VFB pin
voltage for output short-circuit protection. When the VFB is lower
than 0.2V, the SCP comparator forces the PWM oscillator frequency
to drop to 1/3 of the normal operation value. This comparator is
effective during start-up or an output short-circuit event.
PG
During power-up, the open-drain power-good output holds low for
about 1ms after VOUT reaches the regulation voltage. The PG
output also serves as a 1ms delayed power-good signal when the
pull-up resistor R1 is installed.
PWM
PFM
CLOCK
8 CYCLES
PFM CURRENT LIMIT
IL
LOAD CURRENT
0
NOMINAL +1.5%
VOUT
NOMINAL
FIGURE 37. SKIP MODE OPERATION WAVEFORMS
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ISL78214
UVLO
Thermal Shutdown
When the input voltage is below the Undervoltage Lockout
(UVLO) threshold, the regulator is disabled.
The ISL78214 has built-in thermal protection. When the internal
temperature reaches +140°C, the regulator is completely shut
down. As the temperature drops to +115°C, the ISL78214
resumes operation by stepping through the soft-start.
Soft Start-up
The soft start-up reduces the inrush current during the start-up.
The soft-start block outputs a ramp reference to the input of the
error amplifier. This voltage ramp limits the inductor current as
well as the output voltage speed so that the output voltage rises
in a controlled fashion. When VFB is less than 0.2V at the
beginning of the soft-start, the switching frequency is reduced to
1/3 of the nominal value so that the output can start up
smoothly at light load condition. During soft-start, the IC operates
in the SKIP mode to support prebiased output condition.
Enable
The enable (EN) input allows the user to control turning on or off
the regulator for purposes such as power-up sequencing. When
the regulator is enabled, there is typically a 600µs delay for
waking up the bandgap reference and then the soft start-up
begins.
Discharge Mode (Soft-stop)
When a transition to shutdown mode occurs or the VIN UVLO is
set, the outputs discharge to GND through an internal 100Ω
switch.
Power MOSFETs
The power MOSFETs are optimized for best efficiency. The
ON-resistance for the P-MOSFET is typically 50mΩ and the
ON-resistance for the N-MOSFET is typically 50mΩ.
100% Duty Cycle
The ISL78214 features 100% duty cycle operation to maximize
the battery life. When the battery voltage drops to a level that the
ISL78214 can no longer maintain the regulation at the output,
the regulator completely turns on the P-MOSFET. The maximum
dropout voltage under the 100% duty-cycle operation is the
product of the load current and the ON-resistance of the
P-MOSFET.
Applications Information
Output Inductor and Capacitor Selection
To consider steady state and transient operations, ISL78214
typically uses a 1.5µH output inductor. The higher or lower
inductor value can be used to optimize the total converter system
performance. For example, for higher output voltage 3.3V
applications, in order to decrease the inductor current ripple and
output voltage ripple, the output inductor value can be increased.
It is recommended to set the ripple inductor current
approximately 30% of the maximum output current for optimized
performance. The inductor ripple current can be expressed as
shown in Equation 1:
VO 

V O   1 – ---------
V

IN
I = ------------------------------------L  fS
(EQ. 1)
The inductor’s saturation current rating needs to be at least
larger than the peak current. The ISL78214 protects the typical
peak current 6A. The saturation current needs be over 7A for
maximum output current application.
ISL78214 uses internal an compensation network and the
output capacitor value is dependent on the output voltage. The
ceramic capacitor is recommended to be X5R or X7R. The
recommended X5R or X7R minimum output capacitor values are
shown in Table 1.
In Table 1, the minimum output capacitor value is given for the
different output voltage to make sure that the whole converter
system is stable. Additional output capacitance should be added
for better performances in applications where high load transient
or low output ripple is required. It is recommended to check the
system level performance along with the simulation model.
TABLE 1. OUTPUT CAPACITOR VALUE vs VOUT
VOUT
(V)
COUT
(µF)
L
(µH)
0.8
2 x 22
1.0~2.2
1.2
2 x 22
1.0~2.2
1.5
2 x 22
1.5~3.3
1.8
2 x 22
1.5~3.3
2.5
2 x 22
1.5~3.3
3.3
2 x 22
2.2~4.7
3.6
2 x 22
2.2~4.7
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ISL78214
Output Voltage Selection
The output voltage of the regulator can be programmed via an
external resistor divider that is used to scale the output voltage
relative to the internal reference voltage and feed it back to the
inverting input of the error amplifier. Refer to Figure 1 on page 3.
The output voltage programming resistor, R3, will depend on the
value chosen for the feedback resistor and the desired output
voltage of the regulator. The value for the feedback resistor is
typically between 10kΩ and 100kΩas shown in Equation 2.
R 2  0.8V
R 3 = ---------------------------------V OUT – 0.8V
(EQ. 2)
If the output voltage desired is 0.8V, then R3 is left unpopulated
and R2 is shorted. There is a leakage current from VIN to LX. It is
recommended to preload the output with 10µA minimum. For
better performance, add 47pF in parallel with R2 (100kΩ
Input Capacitor Selection
The main functions for the input capacitor are to provide
decoupling of the parasitic inductance and to provide filtering
function to prevent the switching current flowing back to the
battery rail. Two 22µF X5R or X7R ceramic capacitors are a good
starting point for the input capacitor selection.
Revision History
The revision history provided is for informational purposes only and is believed to be accurate, but not warranted. Please go to web to make sure you
have the latest Rev.
DATE
REVISION
CHANGE
May 12, 2015
FN7551.2
On page 4
-Added “Tested per AEC...” information to ESD ratings.
-Updated Latch-up information from Jedec to AEC spec and results.
-Added Shutdown Supply Current max for +105°C of “10µA”.
Updated About Intersil verbiage.
December 4, 2013
FN7551.1
Updated to newest template
Page 1 - updated copyright information
Page 22 - 2nd line of the disclaimer changed from:
“Intersil products are manufactured, assembled and tested utilizing ISO9001 quality systems as noted”
to:
“Intersil Automotive Qualified products are manufactured, assembled and tested utilizing TS16949 quality
systems as noted”.
March 8, 2010
FN7551.0
Initial release.
About Intersil
Intersil Corporation is a leading provider of innovative power management and precision analog solutions. The company's products
address some of the largest markets within the industrial and infrastructure, mobile computing and high-end consumer markets.
For the most updated datasheet, application notes, related documentation and related parts, please see the respective product
information page found at www.intersil.com.
You may report errors or suggestions for improving this datasheet by visiting www.intersil.com/ask.
Reliability reports are also available from our website at
www.intersil.com/support
For additional products, see www.intersil.com/en/products.html
Intersil Automotive Qualified products are manufactured, assembled and tested utilizing TS16949 quality systems as noted
in the quality certifications found at www.intersil.com/en/support/qualandreliability.html
Intersil products are sold by description only. Intersil Corporation reserves the right to make changes in circuit design, software and/or specifications at any time
without notice. Accordingly, the reader is cautioned to verify that data sheets are current before placing orders. Information furnished by Intersil is believed to be
accurate and reliable. However, no responsibility is assumed by Intersil or its subsidiaries for its use; nor for any infringements of patents or other rights of third
parties which may result from its use. No license is granted by implication or otherwise under any patent or patent rights of Intersil or its subsidiaries.
For information regarding Intersil Corporation and its products, see www.intersil.com
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ISL78214
Package Outline Drawing
L16.4x4
16 LEAD QUAD FLAT NO-LEAD PLASTIC PACKAGE
Rev 6, 02/08
4X 1.95
4.00
12X 0.65
A
B
13
6
PIN 1
INDEX AREA
6
PIN #1 INDEX AREA
16
1
4.00
12
2 . 10 ± 0 . 15
9
4
0.15
(4X)
5
8
TOP VIEW
0.10 M C A B
+0.15
16X 0 . 60
-0.10
4 0.28 +0.07 / -0.05
BOTTOM VIEW
SEE DETAIL "X"
0.10 C
1.00 MAX
( 3 . 6 TYP )
(
SEATING PLANE
0.08 C
SIDE VIEW
2 . 10 )
C
BASE PLANE
( 12X 0 . 65 )
( 16X 0 . 28 )
C
0 . 2 REF
5
( 16 X 0 . 8 )
0 . 00 MIN.
0 . 05 MAX.
DETAIL "X"
TYPICAL RECOMMENDED LAND PATTERN
NOTES:
1. Dimensions are in millimeters.
Dimensions in ( ) for Reference Only.
2. Dimensioning and tolerancing conform to AMSE Y14.5m-1994.
3. Unless otherwise specified, tolerance : Decimal ± 0.05
4. Dimension b applies to the metallized terminal and is measured
between 0.15mm and 0.30mm from the terminal tip.
5. Tiebar shown (if present) is a non-functional feature.
6. The configuration of the pin #1 identifier is optional, but must be
located within the zone indicated. The pin #1 identifier may be
either a mold or mark feature.
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FN7551.3
May 12, 2015