APPLICATION NOTE A Wideband General Purpose PIN Diode Attenuator Introduction PIN diode-based Automatic Gain Control (AGC) attenuators are commonly used in many broadband system applications such as cable or fiberoptic TV, wireless CDMA, etc. A popular attenuator design used over the instantaneous frequency range from 10 MHz to beyond 2 GHz is the PI network. The benefit of this design is its broadband constant impedance, wide dynamic range, and good compatibility with AGC signals. The PIN diode is used as a current-controlled resistance component in the PI network. PIN diodes are low-cost, lowdistortion elements available in commonly used small plastic packages. Figure 1. Four-Diode PI Attenuator This Application Note describes the design of a highperformance, PIN-based four diode PI attenuator, as shown in Figure 1, using Skyworks low-cost SMP1307-011LF diode in a plastic SOD-323 package (see Reference 1 for additional information). Performance is characterized from 10 MHz to 3 GHz. The benefit of the four diode circuit is its symmetry that allows for a simpler bias network and a reduction of distortion due to cancellation of harmonic signals in the back-to-back configuration of the series diodes. Figure 2. PI Attenuator PI Attenuator Fundamentals For matched broadband applications, especially those covering low RF frequencies (to 5 MHz) through frequencies greater than 1 GHz, PIN diode designs are commonly used. The most popular circuit configurations are the TEE, bridged TEE, and the PI. All these designs use PIN diodes as current-controlled RF resistors with resistance values set by DC control and established by an AGC loop. Figure 2 shows a basic PI attenuator that uses three PIN diodes. It also shows the expressions that determine the resistance values for each PIN diode as a function of attenuation. Figure 3 displays the value of PIN diode resistance for a 50 Ω PI attenuator. Note that the minimum value for the shunt diodes, R1 and R2, is 50 Ω. Figure 3. Attenuation of PI Attenuators Skyworks Solutions, Inc. • Phone [781] 376-3000 • Fax [781] 376-3100 • [email protected] • www.skyworksinc.com 200313B • Skyworks Proprietary Information • Products and Product Information are Subject to Change Without Notice • October 4, 2011 1 APPLICATION NOTE • WIDEBAND PIN DIODE ATTENUATOR Attenuator Circuit Model In the Libra IV model shown in Figure 4, the PIN diode pairs, X3/X4 and X1/X2, are symmetrically biased from two DC sources. A 5 V reference DC voltage source (VREF) provides adequate biasing to keep the RF resistance of the shunt diodes X2 and X3 near 50 Ω at high attenuation while the series diodes, X4 and X1, are at high resistance values. The values of biasing resistors SRL3, SRL2, SRL1, SRL5, and SRL4 were selected to provide a low Standing Wave Ratio (SWR) for the full attenuation range. Attenuation is controlled by the control voltage source (VCTL), ranging from 1 to 6 V. This source supplies forward bias current to the series diodes, X4 and X1, through a wideband, high impedance ferrite inductor, X7 (Taiyo-Yuden model FBMH4525) and resistors SRL5, SRL4, and SRL6. Capacitors SRLC12, SRLC10, and SRLC5 provide RF ground for the shunt diodes. The separation of the biasing path into two branches, SRL2 and SRL1, was to reduce RF coupling between input and output, which affects maximum attenuation, especially at high frequencies, due to the parasitic series inductances. Capacitors C6 and C7 simulate the effect of the coaxial connectors (SMA connectors were used on test boards). Shunt connected capacitors, SRLC7 and SRLC11, were inserted to compensate for the parasitic inductances of the decoupling capacitors, SRLC4 and SRLC6. These parasitic inductances strongly affect attenuator performance at frequencies beyond 2 GHz. Figure 5 illustrates the effect of connecting or not connecting this C-L-C circuit. A clear 5 to 8 dB improvement in isolation is demonstrated. The values of the bias resistors were optimized for optimum SWR performance over the entire attenuation range. The intent was to keep the values of SRL5 and SRL4 as low as possible to ensure maximum forward current in the series diodes, X4 and X1, but high enough not to affect insertion loss. The input and output circuits are not symmetrical, as may be seen from the values of capacitors SRLC12 and SRLC10 (10 nF each), compared to SRLC5 (2 pF). The SRLC5 value was selected to improve high-frequency isolation by compensating the parasitic series inductance of shunt diode, X2, and its own parasitic inductance. This compensation helped improve isolation by several dB at frequencies higher than 1 GHz; however, as a result, the SWR of the output port SWR is increased at lower frequencies. Most applications are not sensitive to high-output SWR, but if necessary, symmetricity of the attenuator may be established by increasing SRLC5 to 10 nF. Figure 6 shows the effect of changing SRLC5 from 2 pF to 10 nF. If implemented, there will be no significant effect on the input SWR, because of the high isolation between input and output, and no effect on attenuation or SWR at the minimum attenuation. The linear test bench used for the analysis of the above attenuator is shown in Figure 7. The PI type C-L-C circuit between series diodes SRLC8, L1, and SRLC9, was used to increase the maximum isolation at higher frequencies while improving insertion loss at low attenuation. 2 Skyworks Solutions, Inc. • Phone [781] 376-3000 • Fax [781] 376-3100 • [email protected] • www.skyworksinc.com October 4, 2011 • Skyworks Proprietary Information • Products and Product Information are Subject to Change Without Notice • 200313B APPLICATION NOTE • WIDEBAND PIN DIODE ATTENUATOR Figure 4. Attenuator Model for Libra IV Skyworks Solutions, Inc. • Phone [781] 376-3000 • Fax [781] 376-3100 • [email protected] • www.skyworksinc.com 200313B • Skyworks Proprietary Information • Products and Product Information are Subject to Change Without Notice • October 4, 2011 3 APPLICATION NOTE • WIDEBAND PIN DIODE ATTENUATOR SMP1307 SPICE Model The SMP1307-011LF is a silicon PIN diode with a thick I-region (175 μm) and a long carrier lifetime (TL = 1.5 μs). This results in a variable resistance device with a wide variation of resistance versus current that can operate with low distortion as an attenuator element. The diode is provided in an SOD-323 package. The SPICE model for the SMP1307-011LF varactor diode defined for the Libra IV environment is shown in Figure 8 with a description of the parameters used. In this model, two diodes were used to fit both DC and RF properties of the PIN diode. Figure 5. The Effect of Compensation Circuit The built-in PIN diode Libra IV model was used to model behavior of RF resistance versus DC current, while a PN-junction diode model was used to model DC voltage-current response. Both diodes were connected in series to ensure the same current flow, while the PN-junction diode was effectively RF short-circuited with the capacitor C2 = 1011 pF. The portion of the RF resistance that reflects residual series resistance, was modeled with R2 = 2.2 Ω. This is shunted with the ideal inductor L1 = 1019 nH to avoid affecting DC performance. Capacitances CG, CP, and inductor L2 reflect junction and package properties of the SMP1307-011LF diode. The described model is a linear model that emulates the DC and RF properties of the PIN diode when the signal frequency is higher than: 1300 W (µm )2 = 1300 175 2 = 0.0425 MHz For more details on the properties of the PIN diode refer to Reference 2. Figure 6. The Effect of Capacitor SRLC5 Tables 1 and 2 describe the model parameters. They show default values appropriate for silicon varactor diodes that may be used by the Libra IV simulator. Some of the values of the built-in Libra IV PIN diode model were not used. Those are marked “Not Used” in both Tables. The model DC current voltage response calculated by the Libra IV simulator is shown in Figure 9 together with the measured data. It shows very good compliance of Skyworks model DC properties with measured results. Figure 10 shows internal RF resistance after the parasitic capacitances, CG, CP, and inductor L2 were de-embeded. Here again, the measured and simulated results agree. Figure 7. Attenuator Model Test Bench for Libra IV 4 Skyworks Solutions, Inc. • Phone [781] 376-3000 • Fax [781] 376-3100 • [email protected] • www.skyworksinc.com October 4, 2011 • Skyworks Proprietary Information • Products and Product Information are Subject to Change Without Notice • 200313B APPLICATION NOTE • WIDEBAND PIN DIODE ATTENUATOR Figure 8. SMP1307-011LF Model For The Libra IV Simulator Skyworks Solutions, Inc. • Phone [781] 376-3000 • Fax [781] 376-3100 • [email protected] • www.skyworksinc.com 200313B • Skyworks Proprietary Information • Products and Product Information are Subject to Change Without Notice • October 4, 2011 5 APPLICATION NOTE • WIDEBAND PIN DIODE ATTENUATOR Table 1. Libra IV Simulator Silicon PIN Diode Default Values Parameter Description IS Saturation current (Not Used) VI I-region forward bias voltage drop UN Electron mobility (Not Used) WI Units Value A 1.9 × 10-9 V 0.08 cm**2/(V*S) 900 I-region width (Not Used) M 1.2 × 10-4 RR I-region reverse bias resistance Ω 4 × 105 CMIN PIN punchthrough capacitance F 0 TAU Ambipolar lifetime within I-region (Not Used) s 10-12 RS Series resistance Ω 0 CJO Zero-bias junction capacitance F 1.8 × 10-15 VJ Junction potential V 1 M Grading coefficient – 1.01 KF Flicker noise coefficient (Not Used) – 0 AF Flicker noise exponent (Not Used) – 1 FC Forward-bias depletion capacitance coefficient (Not Used) – 0.5 FFE Flicker noise frequency exponent (Not Used) – 1 Table 2. Libra IV Simulator Silicon PIN Diode Values Assumed for the SMP1307-011LF Model Parameter 6 Units Value IS Saturation current (Not Used) Description A 1.1 × 10-8 RS Series resistance Ω 1.48 N Emission coefficient (Not Used) – 2.2 TT Transit time (Not Used) S 0 CJO Zero-bias junction capacitance (Not Used) F 0 VJ Junction potential (Not Used) V 1 M Grading coefficient (Not Used) – 0.5 EG Energy gap (with XTI, helps define the dependence of IS on temperature) EV 1.11 XTI Saturation current temperature exponent (with EG, helps define the dependence of IS on temperature) – 3 KF Flicker noise coefficient (Not Used) – 0 AF Flicker noise exponent (Not Used) – 1 FC Forward-bias depletion capacitance coefficient (Not Used) – 0.5 BV Reverse breakdown voltage (Not Used) V Infinity IBV Current at reverse breakdown voltage (Not Used) A 10-3 ISR Recombination current parameter (Not Used) A 0 NR Emission coefficient for ISR (Not Used) – 0 IKF High-injection knee current (Not Used) A Infinity NBV Reverse breakdown ideality factor (Not Used) – 1 IBVL Low-level reverse breakdown knee current (Not Used) A 0 NBVL Low-level revferse breakdown ideality factor (Not Used) – 1 TNOM Nominal ambient temperature at which these model parameters were derived °C 27 FFE Flicker noise frequency exponent (Not Used) – 1 Skyworks Solutions, Inc. • Phone [781] 376-3000 • Fax [781] 376-3100 • [email protected] • www.skyworksinc.com October 4, 2011 • Skyworks Proprietary Information • Products and Product Information are Subject to Change Without Notice • 200313B APPLICATION NOTE • WIDEBAND PIN DIODE ATTENUATOR Figure 9. DC Voltage Current Response of SMP1307-011LF Figure 10. RF Resistance vs Current for SMP1307-011LF Figure 11. Attenuator Circuit Diagram Attenuator Design, Materials, Layout, and Performance The circuit diagram for the four-diode PI attenuator is shown in Figure 11. The PCB layout is shown in Figure 12. The board was made of standard, 30 mil thick, FR4 material. The Bill of Materials (BOM) used is provided in Table 3. The measured attenuation of this circuit and the simulated results obtained with the model in Figure 8 are shown in Figure 13 and 14, respectively. The model fits measurement results very well in the attenuation extremes, but has a small deviation from measurements in the middle of the attenuation range. This may be attributed to the imperfection of the diode RF resistance model shown in Figure 10. Figure 15 shows measured input SWR at different control voltages. The SWR is well below a value of 2 across the entire range of frequencies and attenuation levels as predicted by the model. Skyworks Solutions, Inc. • Phone [781] 376-3000 • Fax [781] 376-3100 • [email protected] • www.skyworksinc.com 200313B • Skyworks Proprietary Information • Products and Product Information are Subject to Change Without Notice • October 4, 2011 7 APPLICATION NOTE • WIDEBAND PIN DIODE ATTENUATOR A plot of attenuation versus control voltage at temperatures of 23 °C and 85 °C is shown in Figure 16. The graph shows that the temperature performance is very stable, with less than 0.5 dB variation over the 62 °C excursion at the highest attenuation. Figure 17 shows output third order intercept point (IP3) versus control voltage. The measurement was performed at 900 MHz using a single tone, 1 W input power. The IP3 was derived from the third harmonic using the method described in Reference 3. Figure 12. Attenuator PCB Layout Figure 13. Measured S21 8 Figure 14. Simulated S21 Skyworks Solutions, Inc. • Phone [781] 376-3000 • Fax [781] 376-3100 • [email protected] • www.skyworksinc.com October 4, 2011 • Skyworks Proprietary Information • Products and Product Information are Subject to Change Without Notice • 200313B APPLICATION NOTE • WIDEBAND PIN DIODE ATTENUATOR Figure 15. Measured SWR Figure 16. Attenuation vs Temperature Figure 17. Attenuation vs Control Voltage Figure 18. IP3 vs Attenuation @ 900 MHz References: 1. Skyworks Solutions, Inc., SMP1307 Series: Very Low Distortion Attenuator Plastic Packaged PIN Diodes Data Sheet, document #200045. 2. Skyworks Solutions, Inc., Design with PIN Diodes Application Note, document #200312. 3. Hiller, G. and R. Caverly. Predict PIN-Diode Switch Distortion, Microwaves and RF, v. 25(1):111, January 1986. Skyworks Solutions, Inc. • Phone [781] 376-3000 • Fax [781] 376-3100 • [email protected] • www.skyworksinc.com 200313B • Skyworks Proprietary Information • Products and Product Information are Subject to Change Without Notice • October 4, 2011 9 APPLICATION NOTE • WIDEBAND PIN DIODE ATTENUATOR Copyright © 2003-2005, 2011 Skyworks Solutions, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Information in this document is provided in connection with Skyworks Solutions, Inc. (“Skyworks”) products or services. These materials, including the information contained herein, are provided by Skyworks as a service to its customers and may be used for informational purposes only by the customer. Skyworks assumes no responsibility for errors or omissions in these materials or the information contained herein. Skyworks may change its documentation, products, services, specifications or product descriptions at any time, without notice. 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Additional information, including relevant terms and conditions, posted at www.skyworksinc.com, are incorporated by reference. 10 Skyworks Solutions, Inc. • Phone [781] 376-3000 • Fax [781] 376-3100 • [email protected] • www.skyworksinc.com October 4, 2011 • Skyworks Proprietary Information • Products and Product Information are Subject to Change Without Notice • 200313B