Three-Phase Buck Controller with Integrated Gate Drivers

CS5303
Three−Phase Buck
Controller with Integrated
Gate Drivers
The CS5303 is a three−phase step down controller which
incorporates all control functions required to power high performance
processors and high current power supplies. Proprietary multi−phase
architecture guarantees balanced load current distribution and reduces
overall solution cost in high current applications. Enhanced V2™
control architecture provides the fastest possible transient response,
excellent overall regulation, and ease of use.
The CS5303 multi−phase architecture reduces output voltage and
input current ripple, allowing for a significant reduction in inductor
values and a corresponding increase in inductor current slew rate. This
approach allows a considerable reduction in input and output capacitor
requirements, as well as reducing overall solution size and cost.
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SO−28L
DW SUFFIX
CASE 751F
28
1
MARKING DIAGRAM
28
CS5303
AWLYYWW
Features
• Enhanced V2 Control Method
• 5−Bit DAC with 1.0% Accuracy
• Adjustable Output Voltage Positioning
• 6 On−Board Gate Drivers
• 200 kHz to 800 kHz Operation Set by Resistor
• Current Sensed through Buck Inductors, Sense Resistors,
or V−S Control
• Hiccup Mode Current Limit
• Individual Current Limits for Each Phase
• On−Board Current Sense Amplifiers
• 3.3 V, 1.0 mA Reference Output
• 5.0 V and/or 12 V Operation
• On/Off Control (through COMP Pin)
1
A
WL, L
YY, Y
WW, W
= Assembly Location
= Wafer Lot
= Year
= Work Week
PIN CONNECTIONS
COMP
VFB
VDRP
CS1
CS2
CS3
CSREF
VID0
VID1
VID2
VID3
VID4
ILIM
REF
1
28
ROSC
VCCLL1
Gate(L)1
Gnd1
Gate(H)1
VCCH12
Gate(H)2
GndL2
Gate(L)2
VCCL23
Gate(L)3
Gnd3
Gate(H)3
VCCH3
ORDERING INFORMATION
Device
© Semiconductor Components Industries, LLC, 2006
July, 2006 − Rev. 14
1
Package
Shipping
CS5303GDW28
SO−28L
27 Units/Rail
CS5303GDWR28
SO−28L
1000 Tape & Reel
Publication Order Number:
CS5303/D
CS5303
+12 V
R9
2.8 k
R10
10 k
C12
1 nF
R3
VID0
VID1
VID2
VID3
Q1
2.80 k
R2
R5
20 k
C1
C7
.01 μF
C6
.01 μF
C2
470 nH
Q7
C26 − 39
14 × 1200 μF,
10 V
ROSC
VCCLL2
Gate(L)1
Gnd1
Gate(H)1
VCCH12
Gate(H)2
GndL2
Gate(L)2
VCCL23
Gate(L)3
Gnd3
Gate(H)3
VCCH3
Q3
C2
L2
470 nH
Q4
Q8
C40 − 51
12 × 10 μF
C3
C5
0.1 μF
Q5
L3
1k
R7
R6
20 k
C20 − 24
5 × 820 μF, 16 V
L1
R1
VID4
+
C1
+
COMP
VFB
VDRP
CS1
CS2
CS3
CSREF
VID0
VID1
VID2
VID3
VID4
ILIM
REF
6.65 k
C2
1 μF
Q2
56.2 k
1 μF
ENABLE
L4
300 nH
C3
1 μF
C1
1 μF
C4
C11
1 nF
R8
20 k
+12 V
D1
BAT54S
CS5303
D2
BAS16LT1
+5.0 V
Q6
VOUT
470 nH
Q9
20 k
C3
C9
.01 μF
Note: Q1 − 9 are Siliconix SUD50N03−10P.
C1
0.1 μF
Figure 1. Application Diagram, 12 V to 1.5 V, 60 A Converter
ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATINGS*
Rating
Operating Junction Temperature
Lead Temperature Soldering: :
Reflow: (SMD styles only) (Note 1)
Storage Temperature Range
ESD Susceptibility (Human Body Model)
1. 60 second maximum above 183°C.
*The maximum package power dissipation must be observed.
Value
Unit
150
°C
230 peak,
°C
−65 to +150
°C
2.0
kV
ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATINGS
Pin Name
Pin Symbol
VMAX
VMIN
ISOURCE
ISINK
Power for logic and Gate(L)1
VCCLL1
16 V
−0.3 V
N/A
1.5 A, 1.0 μs 200 mA DC
Power for Gate(L)2 and Gate(L)3
VCCL23
16 V
−0.3 V
N/A
1.5 A, 1.0 μs 200 mA DC
Power for Gate(H)1 and Gate(H)2
VCCH12
20 V
−0.3 V
N/A
1.5 A, 1.0 μs 200 mA DC
Power Gate(H)3
VCCH3
20 V
−0.3 V
N/A
1.5 A, 1.0 μs 200 mA DC
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2
CS5303
ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATINGS (continued)
Pin Name
Pin Symbol
VMAX
VMIN
ISOURCE
ISINK
Voltage Feedback Compensation
Network
COMP
6.0 V
−0.3 V
1.0 mA
1.0 mA
Voltage Feedback Input
VFB
6.0 V
−0.3 V
1.0 mA
1.0 mA
Output for adjusting adaptive voltage positioning
VDRP
6.0 V
−0.3 V
1.0 mA
1.0 mA
Frequency Resistor
ROSC
6.0 V
−0.3 V
1.0 mA
1.0 mA
Reference Output
REF
6.0 V
−0.3 V
1.0 mA
50 mA
High−Side FET Drivers
Gate(H)1−3
20 V
−0.3 V
−2 V for 100 nS
1.5 A, 1.0 μs 200 mA DC
1.5 A, 1 μs 200 mA DC
Low−Side FET Drivers
Gate(L)1−3
16 V
−0.3 V
−2 V for 100 nS
1.5 A, 1.0 μs 200 mA DC
1.5 A, 1.0 μs 200 mA DC
Return for #1 Driver
Gnd1
0.3 V
−0.3 V
2 A, 1.0 μs 200 mA DC
N/A
Return for logic and #2 Driver
GndL2
N/A
N/A
2.0 A, 1.0 μs 200 mA DC
N/A
Return for #3 Driver
Gnd3
0.3 V
−0.3 V
2.0 A, 1.0 μs 200 mA DC
N/A
Current Sense for phases 1 − 3
CS1−CS3
6.0 V
−0.3 V
1.0 mA
1.0 mA
Current Limit Set Point
ILIM
6.0 V
−0.3 V
1.0 mA
1.0 mA
Current Sense Reference
CSREF
6.0 V
−0.3 V
1.0 mA
1.0 mA
Voltage ID DAC Inputs
VID0−4
6.0 V
−0.3 V
1.0 mA
1.0 mA
ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS
(0°C < TA < 70°C; 0°C < TJ < 125°C; 4.7 V < VCCL < 14 V; 8 V < VCCH < 20 V;
CGATE(H) = 3.3 nF, CGATE(L) = 3.3 nF, RR(OSC) = 53.6 k, CCOMP = 0.1 μF, CREF = 0.1μF, DAC Code 10000, CVCC = 1.0 μF, ILIM ≥ 1 V; unless
otherwise specified.)
Characteristic
Test Conditions
Min
Typ
Max
Unit
± 1.0
%
Voltage Identification DAC (0 = Connected to VSS; 1 = Open or Pull−up to 3.3 V)
Accuracy (all codes)
Measure VFB = COMP
VID4
VID3
VID2
VID1
VID0
1
1
1
1
1
−
1.064
1.075
1.086
V
1
1
1
1
0
−
1.089
1.100
1.111
V
1
1
1
0
1
−
1.114
1.125
1.136
V
1
1
1
0
0
−
1.139
1.150
1.162
V
1
1
0
1
1
−
1.163
1.175
1.187
V
1
1
0
1
0
−
1.188
1.200
1.212
V
1
1
0
0
1
−
1.213
1.225
1.237
V
1
1
0
0
0
−
1.238
1.250
1.263
V
1
0
1
1
1
−
1.262
1.275
1.288
V
1
0
1
1
0
−
1.287
1.300
1.313
V
1
0
1
0
1
−
1.312
1.325
1.338
V
1
0
1
0
0
−
1.337
1.350
1.364
V
1
0
0
1
1
−
1.361
1.375
1.389
V
1
0
0
1
0
−
1.386
1.400
1.414
V
1
0
0
0
1
−
1.411
1.425
1.439
V
1
0
0
0
0
−
1.436
1.450
1.465
V
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3
CS5303
ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS (continued) (0°C < TA < 70°C; 0°C < TJ < 125°C; 4.7 V < VCCL < 14 V; 8 V < VCCH < 20 V;
CGATE(H) = 3.3 nF, CGATE(L) = 3.3 nF, RR(OSC) = 53.6 k, CCOMP = 0.1 μF, CREF = 0.1μF, DAC Code 10000, CVCC = 1.0 μF, ILIM ≥ 1 V; unless
otherwise specified.)
Characteristic
Test Conditions
Min
Typ
Max
Unit
Voltage Identification DAC (0 = Connected to VSS; 1 = Open or Pull−up to 3.3 V)
0
1
1
1
1
−
1.460
1.475
1.490
V
0
1
1
1
0
−
1.485
1.500
1.515
V
0
1
1
0
1
−
1.510
1.525
1.540
V
0
1
1
0
0
−
1.535
1.550
1.566
V
0
1
0
1
1
−
1.559
1.575
1.591
V
0
1
0
1
0
−
1.584
1.600
1.616
V
0
1
0
0
1
−
1.609
1.625
1.641
V
0
1
0
0
0
−
1.634
1.650
1.667
V
0
0
1
1
1
−
1.658
1.675
1.692
V
0
0
1
1
0
−
1.683
1.700
1.717
V
0
0
1
0
1
−
1.708
1.725
1.742
V
0
0
1
0
0
−
1.733
1.750
1.768
V
0
0
0
1
1
−
1.757
1.775
1.793
V
0
0
0
1
0
−
1.782
1.800
1.818
V
0
0
0
0
1
−
1.807
1.825
1.843
V
0
0
0
0
0
−
1.832
1.850
1.869
V
Input Threshold
VID4, VID3, VID2, VID1, VID0
1.00
1.25
1.50
V
Input Pull−up Resistance
VID4, VID3, VID2, VID1, VID0
25
50
100
kΩ
3.15
3.30
3.45
V
16.8
19.0
21.5
μA
Pull−up Voltage
−
Voltage Feedback Error Amplifier
VFB Bias Current (Note 2)
1.0 V < VFB < 1.9 V
COMP Source Current
COMP = 0.5 V to 2.0 V;
VFB = 1.8 V; DAC = 00000
15
30
60
μA
COMP Sink Current
COMP = 0.5 V to 2.0 V;
VFB = 1.9 V; DAC = 00000
15
30
60
μA
0.20
0.27
0.34
V
−
32
−
mmho
−
2.5
−
MΩ
COMP Discharge Threshold Voltage
Transconductance
−
−10 μA < ICOMP < +10 μA
Output Impedance
−
Open Loop DC Gain
Note 3
60
90
−
−
Unity Gain Bandwidth
0.01 μF COMP Capacitor
−
400
−
kHz
−
70
−
dB
PSRR @ 1 kHz
−
COMP Max Voltage
VFB = 1.8 V; COMP Open; DAC = 00000
2.4
2.7
−
V
COMP Min Voltage
VFB = 1.9 V; COMP Open; DAC = 00000
−
0.1
0.2
V
Hiccup Latch Discharge Current
−
2.0
5.0
10
μA
COMP Discharge Ratio
−
4.0
6.0
10
−
2. The VFB Bias Current changes with the value of ROSC per Figure 4.
3. Guaranteed by design. Not tested in production.
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CS5303
ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS (continued) (0°C < TA < 70°C; 0°C < TJ < 125°C; 4.7 V < VCCL < 14 V; 8 V < VCCH < 20 V;
CGATE(H) = 3.3 nF, CGATE(L) = 3.3 nF, RR(OSC) = 53.6 k, CCOMP = 0.1 μF, CREF = 0.1μF, DAC Code 10000, CVCC = 1.0 μF, ILIM ≥ 1 V;unless otherwise specified)
Characteristic
Test Conditions
Min
Typ
Max
Unit
Minimum Pulse Width
Measured from CSx to GATE(H)
V(VFB) = V(CSREF) = 1.0 V, V(COMP) = 1.5 V
60 mV step applied between VCSX and VCREF
−
350
515
ns
Channel Start Up Offset
V(CS1) = V(CS2) = V(CS3) = V(VFB) = 0.3
V(CSREF) = 0 V; Measure V(COMP) when
GATE1(H), 2(H), 3(H) switch high
0.4
0.5
−
V
PWM Comparators
Gate(H) and Gate(L)
High Voltage (AC)
Note 4 Measure VCCLX − Gate(L) or
VCCHX − Gate(H)
−
0
1.0
V
Low Voltage (AC)
Note 4, Measure Gate(L) or Gate(H)
−
0
0.5
V
Rise Time Gate(H)x
1.0 V < GATE < 8.0 V; VCCHX = 10 V
−
35
80
ns
Rise Time Gate(L)x
1.0 V < GATE < 8.0 V; VCCLX = 10 V
−
35
80
ns
Fall Time Gate(H)x
8.0 V > GATE > 1.0 V; VCCHX = 10 V
−
35
80
ns
Fall Time Gate(L)
8.0 V > GATE > 1.0 V; VCCLX = 10 V
−
35
80
ns
Gate(H) to Gate(L) Delay
Gate(H) < 2.0 V, Gate(L) > 2 V
30
65
110
ns
Gate(L) to Gate(H) Delay
Gate(L) < 2.0 V, Gate(H) > 2 V
30
65
110
ns
GATE Pull−down
Force 100 μA into Gate Driver with no power
applied to VCCHX and VCCLX = 2 V.
−
1.2
1.6
V
Oscillator
Switching Frequency
Measure any phase (ROSC = 53.6 k)
220
250
280
kHz
Switching Frequency
Note 4 Measure any phase (ROSC = 32.4 k)
300
400
500
kHz
Switching Frequency
Note 4 Measure any phase (ROSC = 16.2 k)
600
800
1000
kHz
ROSC Voltage
−
−
1.00
−
V
Phase Delay
−
105
120
135
deg
Adaptive Voltage Positioning
VDRP Output Voltage to DACOUT
Offset
CS1 = CS2 = CS3 = CSREF, VFB = COMP
Measure VDRP − COMP
−20
−
20
mV
Maximum VDRP Voltage
|(CS1 = CS2 = CS3) − CREF| = 50 mV,
VFB = COMP, Measure VDRP − COMP
360
465
570
mV
2.4
3.0
3.8
V/V
Current Sense Amp to VDRP Gain
−
Current Sensing and Sharing
−
0.2
2.0
μA
CSREF Input Bias Current
−
−
0.6
6.0
μA
Current Sense Amplifiers Gain
−
3.8
4.3
4.8
V/V
−5.0
−
5.0
mV
0
−
VCCLL1 − 2
V
CS1−CS3 Input Bias Current
V(CSx) = V(CSREF) = 0 V
Current Sense Amp Mismatch
(The sum of offset and gain errors)
Note 4 0 ≤ (CSx − CSREF) ≤ 50 mV
Current Sense Amplifiers Input
Common Mode Range Limit
Note 4 7 V < VCCLL1 < 12 V
Current Sense Input to ILIM Gain
0.25 V < ILIM < 1.20 V
5.0
6.5
8.0
V/V
Current Limit Filter Slew Rate
Note 4
7.5
15.0
40.0
mV/μs
4. Guaranteed by design. Not tested in production.
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CS5303
ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS (continued) (0°C < TA < 70°C; 0°C < TJ < 125°C; 4.7 V < VCCL < 14 V; 8 V < VCCH < 20 V;
CGATE(H) = 3.3 nF, CGATE(L) = 3.3 nF, RR(OSC) = 53.6 k, CCOMP = 0.1 μF, CREF = 0.1μF, DAC Code 10000, CVCC = 1.0 μF, ILIM ≥ 1 V;unless otherwise specified)
Characteristic
Test Conditions
Min
Typ
Max
Unit
−
0.1
1.0
μA
60
70
90
mV
Note 5
1.0
−
−
mHz
0 mA < I(VREF) < 1.0 mA
3.15
3.25
3.35
V
Current Sensing and Sharing
ILIM Bias Current
0 < ILIM < 1.0 V
Single Phase Pulse by Pulse
Current Limit: V(CSx) − V(CSREF)
Current Share Amplifier Bandwidth
−
Reference Output
VREF Output Voltage
General Electrical Specifications
VCCLL1 Operating Current
VFB = COMP(no switching)
−
23
28
mA
VCCL23 Operating Current
VFB = COMP(no switching)
−
8.0
11
mA
VCCH12 Operating Current
VFB = COMP(no switching)
−
5.5
7.0
mA
VCCH3 Operating Current
VFB = COMP(no switching)
−
2.5
3.5
mA
VCCLL1 Start Threshold
GATEs switching, COMP charging
4.05
4.40
4.70
V
VCCLL1 Stop Threshold
GATEs stop switching, COMP discharging
3.75
4.20
4.60
V
VCCLL1 Hysteresis
GATEs not switching, COMP not charging
100
200
300
mV
VCCH12 Start Threshold
GATEs switching, COMP charging
1.7
1.9
2.1
V
VCCH12 Stop Threshold
GATEs stop switching, COMP discharging
1.55
1.75
1.90
V
VCCH12 Hysteresis
GATEs not switching, COMP not charging
100
200
300
mV
5. Guaranteed by design. Not tested in production.
PACKAGE PIN DESCRIPTION
PACKAGE PIN #
28 Lead SO Wide
PIN SYMBOL
1
COMP
2
VFB
Voltage Feedback Pin. To use Adaptive Voltage Positioning
(AVP) select an offset voltage at light load and connect a
resistor between VFB and VOUT. The input bias current of the
VFB pin and the resistor value determine output voltage offset for zero output current. Short VFB to VOUT for no AVP.
3
VDRP
Current sense output for AVP. The offset of this pin above the
DAC voltage is proportional to the output current. Connect a
resistor from this pin to VFB to set amount AVP or leave this
pin open for no AVP.
4−6
CS1−CS3
7
CSREF
Reference for current sense amplifiers. To balance input
offset voltages between the inverting and noninverting inputs
of the current sense amplifiers, connect a resistor between
CSREF and the output voltage. The value should be 1/3 of
the value of the resistors connected to the CSx pins.
8−12
VID4−VID0
Voltage ID DAC inputs. These pins are internally pulled up to
3.3 V if left open.
13
ILIM
Sets threshold for current limit. Connect to reference through
a resistive divider.
FUNCTION
Output of the error amplifier and input for the PWM
comparators.
Current sense amplifier inputs. Connect current sense network for the corresponding phase to each input.
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CS5303
PACKAGE PIN DESCRIPTION (continued)
PACKAGE PIN #
28 Lead SO Wide
PIN SYMBOL
14
REF
15
VCCH3
Power for Gate(H)3.
16
Gate(H)3
High side driver #3.
17
Gnd3
18
Gate(L)3
19
VCCL23
20
Gate(L)2
21
GndL2
22
Gate(H)2
23
VCCH12
24
Gate(H)1
25
Gnd1
26
Gate(L)1
27
VCCLL1
28
ROSC
FUNCTION
Reference output. Decouple with 0.1 μF to GndL2
Return for #3 drivers.
Low side driver #3.
Power for Gate(L)2 and Gate(L)3.
Low side driver #2.
Return for #2 driver, internal control circuits and IC substrate
connection.
High side driver #2.
Power for Gate(H)1 and Gate(H)2. UVLO Sense for High
Side Driver supply connects to this pin.
High side driver #1.
Return for #1 drivers.
Low side driver #1.
Power for internal control circuits and Gate(L)1. UVLO Sense
for Logic and Low Side Driver supply connects to this pin.
A resistor from this pin to ground sets operating frequency
and VFB bias current.
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CS5303
VCCLL1
VCCLL1
3.3 V
REF
−
−
+Stop
+Stop
Start
−
+
VID1
DAC
VID3
Start
4.4 V
4.2 V
VCCH12
PH 1
S
2V
1.8 V
−
+
Reset
Dominant
DACOUT
+
VID0
PWMC1
VID4
Gate
Nonoverlap
Gate(H)1
Gate(L)1
Gnd1
+
MAXC1
−
CO1
+
1
2
+
−
+
5 μA
CSREF
+
DACOUT
Offset
−
2
1
CO3
+
FAULT
−
Gate(H)2
Gate
Nonoverlap
Gate(L)2
R
+
MAXC2
−
0.3 V
VCCH3
PH 3
FAULT
S
0.3 V
VCCL23
Gate(L)3
Gnd3
FAULT
Current
Source
Gen
PH 1
DACOUT
OSC
PH 2
PH 3
VFB ROSC
COMP
Figure 2. Block Diagram
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8
Gnd2
Gate(H)3
Gate
Nonoverlap
R
EA
FAULT
VDRP
VCCL23
+
MAXC3
−
×1.5
AVPA
S
−
PWMC3
+
CO3
−
CS3
−
CO3
+CSA3
VITotal
−
+
CS2
−
CO2
CSA2
+
CO2
CO2
−
−
CS1
COMP
Discharge
Threshold
PH 2
Reset
Dominant
−
+
VCCH12
PWMC2
+
Set
Dominant
+
−
R
0.3 V FAULT
−
S
−
CO1
+CSA1
+
FAULT
ILIM
VCCLL1
R
CO1
Reset
Dominant
VID2
VCCH3
VCCH12
VCCLL1
−
REF
VCCH12
VCCL23
BIAS
CS5303
TYPICAL PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS
80
900
VFB Bias Current, μA
800
Frequency, kHz
700
600
500
400
300
60
40
20
200
100
10
20
30
40
50
60
0
10
70
20
30
ROSC Value, kΩ
60
70
80
Figure 4. VFB Bias Current vs. ROSC Value
120
120
100
100
80
80
Time, ns
Time, ns
50
ROSC Value, kΩ
Figure 3. Oscillator Frequency
60
60
40
40
20
20
0
0
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
Load Capacitance, nF
Load Capacitance, nF
Figure 5. Gate(H) Rise−time vs. Load Capacitance
measured from 1 V to 4 V with VCC at 5 V.
Figure 6. Gate(L) Rise−time vs. Load Capacitance
measured from 4 V to 1 V with VCC at 5 V.
120
120
100
100
80
80
Time, ns
Time, ns
40
60
60
40
40
20
20
0
0
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
0
Load Capacitance, nF
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
Load Capacitance, nF
Figure 7. Gate(H) Fall−time vs. Load Capacitance
measured from 4 V to 1 V with VCC at 5 V.
Figure 8. Gate(L) Fall−time vs. Load Capacitance
measured from 4 V to 1 V with VCC at 5 V.
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CS5303
APPLICATIONS INFORMATION
FIXED FREQUENCY MULTI−PHASE CONTROL
comparator rises and terminates the pwm cycle. If the
inductor starts the cycle with a higher current the PWM
cycle will terminate earlier providing negative feedback.
The CS5303 provides a CX input for each phase, but the
CSREF, VFB and COMP inputs are common to all phases.
Current sharing is accomplished by referencing all phases to
the same VFB and COMP pins, so that a phase with a larger
current signal will turn off earlier than phases with a smaller
current signal.
Including both current and voltage information in the
feedback signal allows the open loop output impedance of
the power stage to be controlled. If the COMP pin is held
steady and the inductor current changes there must also be
a change in the output voltage. Or, in a closed loop
configuration when the output current changes, the COMP
pin must move to keep the same output voltage. The required
change in the output voltage or COMP pin depends on the
scaling of the current feedback signal and is calculated as
In a multi−phase converter, multiple converters are
connected in parallel and are switched on at different times.
This reduces output current from the individual converters
and increases the apparent ripple frequency. Because several
converters are connected in parallel, output current can ramp
up or down faster than a single converter (with the same
value output inductor) and heat is spread among multiple
components.
The CS5303 uses a three−phase, fixed frequency,
enhanced V2 architecture. Each phase is delayed 120° from
the previous phase. Normally GATE(H) transitions high at
the beginning of each oscillator cycle. Inductor current
ramps up until the combination of the current sense signal
and the output ripple trip the PWM comparator and bring
GATE(H) low. Once GATE(H) goes low, it will remain low
until the beginning of the next oscillator cycle. While
GATE(H) is high, the enhanced V2 loop will respond to line
and load transients. Once GATE(H) is low, the loop will not
respond again until the beginning of the next cycle.
Therefore, constant frequency enhanced V2 will typically
respond within the off−time of the converter.
The enhanced V2 architecture measures and adjusts
current in each phase. An additional input (CX) for inductor
current information has been added to the V2 loop for each
phase as shown in Figure 9.
SWNODE
L
RL
CX
+
CSA
RS
OFFSET
CSREF
VOUT
DACOUT
+
CSA Gain
DI
Single Stage Impedance + DVńDI + RS
CSA Gain.
The multi−phase power stage output impedance is the
single−phase output impedance divided by the number of
phases. The output impedance of the power stage determines
how the converter will respond during the first few μs of a
transient before the feedback loop has repositioned the
COMP pin.
The peak output current of each phase can also be
calculated from;
+
V
* VFB * VOFFSET
Ipkout (per phase) + COMP
RS CSA Gain
+
+
PWMCOMP
Figure 10 shows the step response of a single phase with
the COMP pin at a fixed level. Before T1 the converter is in
normal steady state operation. The inductor current provides
the pwm ramp through the Current Share Amplifier. The
pwm cycle ends when the sum of the current signal, voltage
signal and OFFSET exceed the level of the COMP pin. At
T1 the output current increases and the output voltage sags.
The next pwm cycle begins and the cycle continues longer
than previously while the current signal increases enough to
make up for the lower voltage at the VFB pin and the cycle
ends at T2. After T2 the output voltage remains lower than
at light load and the current signal level is raised so that the
sum of the current and voltage signal is the same as with the
original load. In a closed loop system the COMP pin would
move higher to restore the output voltage to the original
level.
+
VFB
+
DV + RS
The single−phase power stage output impedance is;
E.A.
+
COMP
Figure 9. Enhanced V2 Feedback and Current
Sense Scheme
The inductor current is measured across RS, amplified by
CSA and summed with the OFFSET and Output Voltage at
the non−inverting input of the PWM comparator. The
inductor current provides the PWM ramp and as inductor
current increases the voltage on the positive pin of the pwm
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CS5303
considered when setting the ILIM threshold. If a more
accurate current sense is required than inductive sensing can
provide, current can be sensed through a resistor as shown
in Figure 9.
SWNODE
Current Sharing Accuracy
PCB traces that carry inductor current can be used as part
of the current sense resistance depending on where the
current sense signal is picked off. For accurate current
sharing, the current sense inputs should sense the current at
the same point for each phase and the connection to the
CSREF should be made so that no phase is favored. (In some
cases, especially with inductive sensing, resistance of the
pcb can be useful for increasing the current sense
resistance.) The total current sense resistance used for
calculations must include any pcb trace between the CS
inputs and the CSREF input that carries inductor current.
Current Sense Amplifier Input Mismatch and the value of
the current sense element will determine the accuracy of
current sharing between phases. The worst case Current
Sense Amplifier Input Mismatch is 5 mV and will typically
be within 3 mV. The difference in peak currents between
phases will be the CSA Input Mismatch divided by the current
sense resistance. If all current sense elements are of equal
resistance a 3 mV mismatch with a 2 mΩ sense resistance
will produce a 1.5 A difference in current between phases.
VFB (VOUT)
CSA Out
COMP − Offset
CSA Out + VFB
T1
T2
Figure 10. Open Loop Operation
Inductive Current Sensing
For lossless sensing current can be sensed across the
inductor as shown below in Figure 11. In the diagram L is the
output inductance and RL is the inherent inductor resistance.
To compensate the current sense signal the values of R1 and
C1 are chosen so that L/RL = R1 × C1. If this criteria is met
the current sense signal will be the same shape as the
inductor current, the voltage signal at Cx will represent the
instantaneous value of inductor current and the circuit can be
analyzed as if a sense resistor of value RL was used as a sense
resistor (RS).
For operation at duty cycles above 50% Enhanced V2
will exhibit subharmonic oscillation unless a compensation
ramp is added to each phase. A circuit like the one on the left
side of Figure 12 can be added to each current sense network
to implement slope compensation. The value of R1 can be
varied to adjust the ramp size.
R1
SWNODE
CS
L
C1
RL
VOUT
Operation at > 50% Duty Cycle
CSREF
+
CSA
OFFSET
+
+
+
+
PWMCOMP
Switch Node
Gate(L)X
VFB
DACOUT
E.A.
+
R1
3k
COMP
25 k
CSX
Figure 11. Lossless Inductive Current Sensing with
Enhanced V2
1 nF
0.1 μF
When choosing or designing inductors for use with
inductive sensing, tolerances and temperature effects should
be considered. Cores with a low permeability material or a
large gap will usually have minimal inductance change with
temperature and load. Copper magnet wire has a
temperature coefficient of 0.39% per °C. The increase in
winding resistance at higher temperatures should be
.01 μF
CSREF
MMBT2222LT1
Slope Comp
Circuit
Existing Current
Sense Circuit
Figure 12. External Slope Compensation Circuit
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CS5303
Ramp Size and Current Sensing
Because the current ramp is used for both the PWM ramp
and to sense current, the inductor and sense resistor values
will be constrained. A small ramp will provide a quick
transient response by minimizing the difference over which
the COMP pin must travel between light and heavy loads,
but a steady state ramp of 25 mVP−P or greater is typically
required to prevent pulse skipping and minimize pulse width
jitter. For resistive current sensing the combination of the
inductor and sense resistor values must be chosen to provide
a large enough steady state ramp. For large inductor values
the sense resistor value must also be increased.
For inductive current sensing the RC network must meet
the requirement of L/RL = R × C to accurately sense the AC
and DC components of the current the signal. Again the
values for L and RL will be constrained in order to provide
a large enough steady state ramp with a compensated current
sense signal. A smaller L, or a larger RL than optimum might
be required. But unlike resistive sensing, with inductive
sensing small adjustments can be made easily with the
values of R and C to increase the ramp size if needed.
If RC is chosen to be smaller (faster) than L/RL, the AC
portion of the current sensing signal will be scaled larger
than the DC portion. This will provide a larger steady state
ramp, but circuit performance will be affected and must be
evaluated carefully. The current signal will overshoot during
transients and settle at the rate determined by R × C. It will
eventually settle to the correct DC level, but the error will
decay with the time constant of R × C. If this error is
excessive it will effect transient response, adaptive
positioning and current limit. During transients the COMP
pin will be required to overshoot along with the current
signal in order to maintain the output voltage. The VDRP pin
will also overshoot during transients and possibly slow the
response. Single phase overcurrent will trip earlier than it
would if compensated correctly and hiccup mode current
limit will have a lower threshold for fast rise step loads than
for slowly rising output currents.
The waveforms in Figure 13 show a simulation of the
current sense signal and the actual inductor current during
a positive step in load current with values of L = 500 nH,
RL = 1.6 mΩ, R1 = 20 k and C1 = .01 μF. For ideal current
signal compensation the value of R1 should be 31 kΩ. Due
to the faster than ideal RC time constant there is an
overshoot of 50% and the overshoot decays with a 200 μs
time constant. With this compensation the ILIM pin
threshold must be set more than 50% above the full load
current to avoid triggering hiccup mode during a large
output load step.
Figure 13. Inductive Sensing waveform during a Step
with Fast RC Time Constant (50 ms/div)
Current Limit
Two levels of overcurrent protection are provided. Any
time the voltage on a Current Sense pin exceeds CSREF by
more than the Single Phase Pulse by Pulse Current Limit, the
pwm comparator for that phase is turned off. This provides
fast peak current protection for individual phases. The
outputs of all the currents are also summed and filtered to
compare an averaged current signal to the voltage on the
ILIM pin. If this voltage is exceeded, the fault latch trips and
the SS capacitor is discharged by a 5 μA source until the
COMP pin reaches 0.2 V. Then soft−start begins. The
converter will continue to operate in this mode until the fault
condition is corrected.
Overvoltage Protection
Overvoltage protection (OVP) is provided as a result of
the normal operation of the enhanced V2 control topology
with synchronous rectifiers. The control loop responds to an
overvoltage condition within 400 ns, causing the top
MOSFET’s to shut off, and the synchronous MOSFET’s to
turn on. This results in a “crowbar” action to clamp the
output voltage and prevents damage to the load. The
regulator will remain in this state until the overvoltage
condition ceases or the input voltage is pulled low.
Transient Response and Adaptive Positioning
For applications with fast transient currents the output
filter is frequently sized larger than ripple currents require in
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CS5303
through the VDRP resistor (R8). When output current
increases the VDRP pin increases proportionally and the
VDRP pin current offsets the VFB bias current and causes the
output voltage to further decrease.
The VFB and VDRP pins take care of the slower and DC
voltage positioning. The first few μs are controlled primarily
by the ESR and ESL of the output filter. The transition
between fast and slow positioning is controlled by the ramp
size and the error amp compensation. If the ramp size is too
large or the error amp too slow there will be a long transition
to the final voltage after a transient. This will be most
apparent with lower capacitance output filters.
Note: Large levels of adaptive positioning can cause pulse
width jitter.
order to reduce voltage excursions during transients.
Adaptive voltage positioning can reduce peak−peak output
voltage deviations during load transients and allow for a
smaller output filter. The output voltage can be set higher at
light loads to reduce output voltage sag when the load
current is stepped up and set lower during heavy loads to
reduce overshoot when the load current is stepped up. For
low current applications a droop resistor can provide fast
accurate adaptive positioning. However at high currents, the
loss in a droop resistor becomes excessive. For example; in
a 50 A converter a 1 mΩ resistor to provide a 50 mV change
in output voltage between no load and full load would
dissipate 2.5 Watts.
Lossless adaptive positioning is an alternative to using a
droop resistor, but must respond quickly to changes in load
current. Figure 14 shows how adaptive positioning works.
The waveform labeled normal shows a converter without
adaptive positioning. On the left, the output voltage sags
when the output current is stepped up and later overshoots
when current is stepped back down. With fast (ideal)
adaptive positioning the peak to peak excursions are cut in
half. In the slow adaptive positioning waveform the output
voltage is not repositioned quickly enough after current is
stepped up and the upper limit is exceeded.
Error Amp Compensation
The transconductance error amplifier can be configured to
provide both a slow soft−start and a fast transient response.
C4 in the main applications diagram controls soft−start. A
0.1 μF capacitor with the 30 μA error amplifier output
capability will allow the output to ramp up at 0.3 V/ms or
1.5 V in 5 ms.
R10 is connected in series with C4 to allow the error
amplifier to slew quickly over a narrow range during load
transients. Here the 30 μA error amplifier output capability
works against 10 kΩ (R10) to limit the window of fast
slewing too 300 mV − enough to allow for fast transients, but
not enough to interfere with soft−start. This window will be
noticeable as a step in the COMP pin voltage at start−up. The
size of this step must be kept smaller than the Channel
Start−Up Offset (nominally 0.4 V) for proper soft−start
operation. If adaptive positioning is used the R9 and R8 form
a divider with the VDRP end held at the DAC voltage during
start−up, which effectively makes the Channel Start−Up
Offset larger.
C12 is included for error amp stability. A capacitive load
is required on the error amp output. Use of values less than
1 nF may result in error amp oscillation of several MHz.
C11 and the parallel resistance of the VFB resistor (R9)
and the VDRP resistor (R8) are used to roll off the error amp
gain. The gain is rolled off at a high enough frequency to give
a quick transient response, but low enough to cross zero dB
well below the switching frequency to minimize ripple and
noise on the COMP pin.
Normal
Fast Adaptive Positioning
Slow Adaptive Positioning
Limits
Figure 14. Adaptive Positioning
The CS5303 uses two methods to provide fast and
accurate adaptive positioning. For low frequency
positioning the VFB and VDRP pins are used to adjust the
output voltage with varying load currents. For high
frequency positioning, the current sense input pins can be
used to control the power stage output impedance. The
transition between fast and slow positioning is adjusted by
the error amp compensation.
The CS5303 can be configured to adjust the output
voltage based on the output current of the converter. The
adaptive positioning circuit is designed to select the DAC
setting as the maximum output voltage. (Refer to
Application Diagram on page 2.)
To set the no−load positioning a resistor (R9) is placed
between the output voltage and VFB pin. The VFB bias
current will develop a voltage across the resistor to decrease
the output voltage. The VFB bias current is dependent on the
value of ROSC. See Figure 4 on the datasheet.
During no load conditions the VDRP pin is at the same
voltage as the VFB pin, so none of the VFB bias current flows
UVLO
The CS5303 has undervoltage lockout functions
connected to two pins. One intended for the logic and
low−side drivers with a 4.4 V turn−on threshold is
connected to the VCCLL1 pin. A second for the high side
drivers has a 2 V threshold and is connected to the VCCH12
pin.
The UVLO threshold for the high side drivers was chosen
at a low value to allow for flexibility in the part and an input
voltage as low as 3.3 V. In many applications this will be
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CS5303
similar points for accurate current sharing. If the current
signal is taken from a place other than directly at the inductor
any additional resistance between the pick−off point and the
inductor appears as part of the inherent inductor resistance
and should be considered in design calculations. Capacitors
for the current feedback networks should be placed as close
to the current sense pins as practical.
disabled or will only check that the applicable supply is on
− not that it is at a high enough voltage to run the converter.
For the 12 VIN converter in the application diagram on
page 2 the UVLO pin for the high side driver is pulled up
by the 5 V supply (through two diode drops) and the function
is not used. The diode between the COMP pin and the 12 V
supply holds the COMP pin near Gnd and prevents start−up
while the 12 V supply is off. In an application where a higher
UVLO threshold is necessary a circuit like the one in Figure
15 will lock out the converter until the 12 V supply exceeds
9 V.
DESIGN PROCEDURE
Current Sensing, Power Stage and
Output Filter Components
1. Choose the output filter components to meet peak
transient requirements. The formula below can be
used to provide an approximate starting point for
capacitor choice, but will be inadequate to calculate
actual values.
+12 V
+5 V
50 k
COMP
DVPEAK + (DIńDT)
ESL ) DI
ESR
Ideally the output filter should be simulated with
models including ESR, ESL, circuit board parasitics
and delays due to switching frequency and converter
response. Typically both bulk capacitance
(electrolytic, Oscon, etc,) and low impedance
capacitance (ceramic chip) will be required. The bulk
capacitance provides “hold up” during the converter
response. The low impedance capacitance reduces
steady state ripple and bypasses the bulk capacitance
during slewing of output current.
2. For inductive current sensing (only) choose the
current sense network RC to provide a 25 mV
minimum ramp during steady state operation.
100 k
100 k
Figure 15. External UVLO Circuit
Layout Guidelines
With the fast rise, high output currents of microprocessor
applications parasitic inductance and resistance should be
considered when laying out the power, filter and feedback
signal sections of the board. Typically a multi−layer board
with at least one ground plane is recommended. If the layout
is such that high currents can exist in the ground plane
underneath the controller or control circuitry, the ground
plane can be slotted to reroute the currents away from the
controller. The slots should typically not be placed between
the controller and the output voltage or in the return path of
the gate drive. Additional power and ground planes or
islands can be added as required for a particular layout.
Output filter components should be placed on wide planes
connected directly to the load to minimize resistive drops
during heavy loads and inductive drops and ringing during
transients. If required, the planes for the output voltage and
return can be interleaved to minimize inductance between
the filter and load.
Voltage feedback should be taken from a point of the
output or the output filter that doesn’t favor any one phase.
If the feedback connection is closer to one inductor than the
others the ripple associated with that phase may appear
larger than the ripple associated with the other phases and
poor current sharing can result.
The current sense signal is typically tens of milli−volts.
Noise pick−up should be avoided wherever possible.
Current feedback traces should be routed away from noisy
areas such as switch nodes and gate drive signals. The paths
should be matched as well as possible. It is especially
important that all current sense signals be picked off at
R + (VIN * VOUT)
F
VOUTńVIN
C 25 mV
Then choose the inductor value and inherent
resistance to satisfy L/RL = R × C.
For ideal current sense compensation the ratio of L
and RL is fixed, so the values of L and RL will be a
compromise typically with the maximum value RL
limited by conduction losses or inductor temperature
rise and the minimum value of L limited by ripple
current.
3. For resistive current sensing choose L and RS to
provide a steady state ramp greater than 25 mV.
LńRS + (VIN * VOUT)
TONń25 mV
Again the ratio of L and RL is fixed and the values of
L and RS will be a compromise.
4. Calculate the high frequency output impedance
(ConverterZ) of the converter during transients. This
is the impedance of the Output filter ESR in parallel
with the power stage output impedance (PwrstgZ)
and will indicate how far from the original level
(ΔVR) the output voltage will typically recover to
within one switching cycle. For a good transient
response ΔVR should be less than the peak output
voltage overshoot or undershoot.
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CS5303
DVR + ConverterZ
ConverterZ +
ESR
RV(FB) + NL PositionńVFB Bias Current
PwrstgZ ESR
PwrstgZ ) ESR
See Figure 4 for VFB Bias Current.
8. To set the difference in output voltage between no
load and full load, connect a resistor (RV(DRP))
between the VDRP and VFB pins. RV(DRP) can be
calculated in two steps. First calculate the difference
between the VDRP and VFB pin at full load. (The VFB
voltage should be the same as the DAC voltage during
closed loop operation.) Then choose the RV(DRP) to
source enough current across RV(FB) for the desired
change in output voltage.
where:
PwrstgZ + RS
CSA Gainń3
Multiply the converterZ by the output current step
size to calculate where the output voltage should
recover to within the first switching cycle after a
transient. If the ConverterZ is higher than the value
required to recover to where the adaptive positioning
is set the remainder of the recovery will be controlled
by the error amp compensation and will typically
recover in 10 − 20 μs.
DVR + DIOUT
DVV(DRP) + IOUTFL
R
CS to VDRP Gain
where:
R = RL or RS for one phase;
IOUTFL is the full load output current.
ConverterZ
Make sure that ΔVR is less than the expected peak
transient for a good transient response.
5. Adjust L and RL or RS as required to meet the best
combination of transient response, steady state output
voltage ripple and pulse width jitter.
RV(DRP) + DVDRP
RV(FB)ńDVOUT
DESIGN EXAMPLE
Choose the component values for lossless current sensing,
adaptive positioning and current limit for a 60 A converter.
The adaptive positioning is chosen 50 mV below the
maximum VOUT at no load and 50 mV below the no−load
position with 60 A out. The peak output voltage transient is
100 mV max during a 60 A step current. The overcurrent
limit is nominally 75 A.
Current Limit
When the sum of the Current Sense amplifiers (VITOTAL)
exceeds the voltage on the ILIM pin the part will enter hiccup
mode. For inductive sensing the ILIM pin voltage should be
set based on the inductor resistance (or current sense
resistor) at max temperature and max current. To set the level
of the ILIM pin:
6. VI(LIM) + R IOUT(LIM) CS to ILIM Gain
Current Sensing, Power Stage and
Output Filter Components
1. Assume 1.5 mΩ of output filter ESR.
2. R + (VIN * VOUT) (VOUTńVIN)ń(F
where:
R is RL or RS;
IOUT(LIM) is the current limit threshold.
For the overcurrent to work properly the inductor
time constant (L/R) should be ≤ the Current sense RC.
If the RC is too fast, during step loads the current
waveform will appear larger than it is (typically for a
few hundred μs) and may trip the current limit at a
level lower than the DC limit.
+ (12 * 1.5) (1.5ń12)ń(250 k
+ 21 kW å Choose 20 kW
LńRL + .01 mF 20 kW + 200 ms
C
25 mV)
.01 mF
25 mV)
Choose RL + 2 mW
L + 2 mW 200 ms + 400 nH
3. n/a
4. PwrstgZ + RL
CSA Gainń3
+ 1.5 mW 4.2ń3 + 2.1 mW
Adaptive Positioning
7. To set the amount of voltage positioning below the
DAC setting at no load connect a resistor (RV(FB))
between the output voltage and the VFB pin. Choose
RV(FB) as:
ConverterZ +
PwrstgZ
ESR
PwrstgZ ) ESR
+ 2.8 mW 1.5 mW ^ 1 mW
2.8 mW ) 1.5 mW
DVR + 1.2 mW 60 A + 60 mV
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CS5303
Adaptive Positioning
5. n/a
7. RV(FB) + NL PositionńVFB Bias Current
Current Limit
+ 50 mVń19 mA + 2.63 kW
6.VI(LIM) + RL
IOUT(LIM) CS to ILIM Gain
+ 1.5 mW 75 A 6.5 + 731 mV
8. DVDRP + RL
+ 2 mW
IOUT Current Sense to VDRP Gain
60 A 3 + 360 mV
RV(DRP) + DVDRP
+ 360 mV
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RV(FB)ńDVOUT
2.63 kWń50 mV + 18.9 kW
CS5303
ADDITIONAL APPLICATION DIAGRAMS
+5.0 V
+5.0 V
C1
+
+
U1
ROSC
VCCLL2
Gate(L)1
Gnd1
Gate(H)1
VCCH12
Gate(H)2
GndL2
Gate(L)2
VCCL23
Gate(L)3
Gnd3
Gate(H)3
VCCH3
COMP
VFB
VDRP
CS1
CS2
CS3
CSREF
VID0
VID1
VID2
VID3
VID4
ILIM
REF
C2
CS5303
ENABLE
VID0
VID1
VID2
VID3
C3
VID4
VOUT
C1
C3
C2
Figure 16. 5 V only to 1.2 V
+12 V
+5.0 V
+12 V
+12 V
C1
+
U1
COMP
VFB
VDRP
CS1
CS2
CS3
CSREF
VID0
VID1
VID2
VID3
VID4
ILIM
REF
ROSC
VCCLL2
Gate(L)1
Gnd1
Gate(H)1
VCCH12
Gate(H)2
GndL2
Gate(L)2
VCCL23
Gate(L)3
Gnd3
Gate(H)3
VCCH3
CS5303
ENABLE
VID0
VID1
VID2
+
VID3
C2
C3
VID4
VOUT
C1
C2
C3
Figure 17. 5 V to 1.2 V with 12 V Bias
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CS5303
ADDITIONAL APPLICATION DIAGRAMS
+5 V
+5 V
C1
+
U1
CS5303
+
COMP
VFB
VDRP
CS1
CS2
CS3
CSREF
VID0
VID1
VID2
VID3
VID4
ILIM
REF
ENABLE
ROSC
VCCLL1
Gate(L)1
Gnd1
Gate(H)1
VCCH12
Gate(H)2
GndL2
Gate(L)2
VCCL23
Gate(L)3
Gnd3
Gate(H)3
VCCH3
C2
C3
VOUT
C3
C1
C2
Figure 18. 5 V only to 2.5 V
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CS5303
PACKAGE DIMENSIONS
SO−28L
DW SUFFIX
CASE 751F−05
ISSUE F
D
A
NOTES:
1. DIMENSIONS ARE IN MILLIMETERS.
2. INTERPRET DIMENSIONS AND TOLERANCES
PER ASME Y14.5M, 1994.
3. DIMENSIONS D AND E DO NOT INCLUDE MOLD
PROTRUSIONS.
4. MAXIMUM MOLD PROTRUSION 0.015 PER SIDE.
5. DIMENSION B DOES NOT INCLUDE DAMBAR
PROTRUSION. ALLOWABLE DAMBAR
PROTRUSION SHALL BE 0.13 TOTAL IN EXCESS
OF B DIMENSION AT MAXIMUM MATERIAL
CONDITION.
15
M
0.25
E
H
B
M
28
1
14
PIN 1 IDENT
A
B
A1
e
B
0.025
M
C A
S
B
L
0.10
C
S
C
SEATING
PLANE
q
DIM
A
A1
B
C
D
E
e
H
L
q
MILLIMETERS
MIN
MAX
2.35
2.65
0.13
0.29
0.35
0.49
0.23
0.32
17.80
18.05
7.40
7.60
1.27 BSC
10.05
10.55
0.41
0.90
0
8
PACKAGE THERMAL DATA
Parameter
28 Lead SO Wide
Unit
RΘJC
Typical
15
°C/W
RΘJA
Typical
75
°C/W
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