AD ADUM3201ARWZ

AN-793
APPLICATION NOTE
One Technology Way • P.O. Box 9106 • Norwood, MA 02062-9106 • Tel: 781/329-4700 • Fax: 781/461-3113 • www.analog.com
ESD/Latch-Up Considerations with iCoupler® Isolation Products
by Rich Ghiorse
INTRODUCTION
Analog Devices iCoupler products offer an alternative isolation solution to optocouplers with superior integration,
performance, and power consumption characteristics. An
iCoupler isolation channel consists of CMOS input and
output circuits and a chip scale transformer (see Figure 1).
Because the iCoupler employs CMOS technology, it can
be more vulnerable to latch-up or electrostatic discharge
(ESD) damage than an optocoupler when subjected to
system-level ESD, surge voltage, fast transient, or other
overvoltage conditions.
Components vs. Systems
Simply put, a component is a single integrated device
with interconnects while a system is a nonintegrated
device built from several interconnected components. In
almost all cases the distinction between a component
and a system is obvious. However, the differences
between component and system tests may not be
so obvious. Further, component specifications may
not directly indicate how a device will perform in
system - level testing. ESD testing is a good example
of this.
ESD, surge, burst, and fast transient events are facts of
life in electronic applications. These events generally
consist of high voltage, short duration spikes applied
directly or indirectly to a device. These events arise
from interaction of the device to real-world phenomena,
such as human contact, ac line perturbations, lightning
strikes, or common-mode voltage differences between
system grounds.
Figure 1. ADuM140x Quad Isolator
This application note provides guidance for avoiding
these problems. Examples are presented for various
system-level test configurations showing mechanisms
that may impact performance. For each example recommended solutions are given.
Later this year, Analog Devices is introducing hardened
versions of most iCoupler products that will have
improved immunity to latch-up and electrical overstress
(EOS). This new product family, the ADuM3xxx series,
will be pin - compatible with the existing ADuM1xxx
series products and will offer identical performance
specifications. Both product families will continue to
be made available.
REV. 0
Component-level ESD testing is most useful in determining a device’s robustness to handling by humans
and automated assembly equipment prior and during
assembly into a system. Component-level ESD data is
less useful in determining a device’s robustness within
a system subjected to system-level ESD events. There
are two reasons for this.
•
System - and component- level ESD testing have
different objectives. Component-level testing seeks
to address conditions typically endured during component handling and assembly. System-level testing
seeks to address conditions typically endured during
system operation.
•
The specific conditions a component is subjected
to during system-level testing can be a strong function of the board/module/system design in which it
resides. For example, long inductive traces between
a system and component ground can actually impose
a more severe voltage transient onto a component
than is imposed on the system at the test point.
AN-793
Table I summarizes the ESD test results for the
ADuM140x quad isolator. One might conclude from
Table I that iCouplers can only be used in systems with
ESD ratings of < 4 kV. In reality it is quite common for
iCouplers to be used in systems that pass 15 kV ESD
levels per IEC 61000 - 4 -2.
VDD1
First Fail
Voltage (V)
Human
Body Model
3,500
4,000
Field Induced Charge
Device Model
1,500
2,000
Machine Model
200
400
Latch-Up in CMOS Devices
Inherent in a CMOS process are parasitic PNP and
NPN transistors configured as silicon control rectifiers
(SCR). Latch-up is a condition that comes about when
this parasitic SCR is triggered. This causes a low resistance to appear from V DD to ground, and a subsequent
large current to be drawn through the device. This
excessive current lays open the possibility of damage
due to EOS.
Damage caused by latch-up can range from complete
destruction of the device to parametric degradation. More
insidious are latent failures that could affect operation
later in a system’s lifetime. An excellent treatise on
the subject of latch-up in general can be found in the
Analog Dialogue 35 - 05 (2001) article, “Winning the
Battle Against Latch- Up in CMOS Switches.” While
this article specifically addresses problems with CMOS
switches, it is generally applicable to all CMOS devices,
including iCouplers.
The use of ceramic bypass capacitors to minimize supply
noise between VDD and ground is highly recommended
in all iCoupler applications. These should have a value
between 0.01 F and 0.1 F and be placed as close as
possible to the iCoupler device. Even with adequate
bypassing, latch-up problems may still occur in some
applications. Placing a 200  resistor in series with VDD is
also helpful. This limits the supply current to 25 mA in 5 V
applications, which is below the latch-up trigger current.
However, depending on the supply current being drawn,
this series resistance can reduce the supply voltage at
the iCoupler to an unacceptable level. This is most likely
to be a concern when operating at high data rates that
involve high supply currents.
Table II. Common System Tests Used
in iCoupler Applications
Test
Voltage (V rms)1
IEC 61000-4-2
ESD
2,000 to 15,000
IEC 61000-4-4
Fast Transient/Burst
500 to 4,000
IEC 61000-4-5
Surge
500 to 4,000
1
C1
L4
Figure 2. iCoupler Model Useful in Analyzing
System Designs
To accurately predict the performance of iCouplers in
a system, the designer needs to understand the nature
of the system tests and weigh how they impact the
iCoupler at the component level. Table II lists common
system-level tests used in iCoupler applications. Several
examples of these tests will be discussed later.
Purpose
GND2
L3
For complete information on Analog Devices ESD testing, refer to the
Analog Devices Reliability Handbook.
Test
Standard
VO
GND1
Table I. ADuM140x ESD Test Results
First Pass
Voltage (V)
L2
VIN
The difference is in the test methods:
The component-level tests call for direct application
of ESD events to the pins or body of an unpowered
device, while system-level tests call for application ESD
events to various locations in the system accessible to
external ESD occurrences. Furthermore, the specific
waveforms used in component-level and system-level
testing differ.
ESD
Model
VDD2
L1
IEC 61000-4 tests include compliance levels; the test voltages shown
are the ranges for level 1 (lowest) through level 4 (highest) compliance.
iCoupler Model for Analyzing System Test Performance
Figure 2 shows a circuit model of an iCoupler which is
useful to understand the impact of system-level testing.
Inductors L1, L2, L3, and L4 are due largely to package
pins and bond wires, while capacitor C1 is due to the
stray capacitance across the isolation barrier. The inductance values are approximately 0.2 nH. The capacitance
value is approximately 0.3 pF per iCoupler channel.
Usually the mechanism that causes latch-up is an overvoltage condition beyond the part’s absolute maximum
rating (>7.0 V or <–0.5 V for most iCoupler products).
Once an iCoupler is integrated into a system the source
of the overvoltage is not always clear. However, it is
usually manageable once understood.
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AN-793
IEC 61000-4-2 ESD Testing
A block diagram of the IEC 61000- 4-2 ESD test is shown
in Figure 3. In this test, ESD contact or air discharges are
applied at various points on a system chassis. This gives
rise to several mechanisms that can cause latch-up
problems for an iCoupler. These include injected current
via one of the iCoupler grounds as well as inductive
coupling from ESD currents in the system chassis or in
printed wiring board traces.
instance the chassis impedance, ZCHASSIS, gives rise
to an injected current during an ESD discharge. This
current flows in the loop formed by L3, C2, L4, and
C STRAY. C STRAY is the capacitance from the shield of an
output cable to chassis ground. The larger the value of
CSTRAY, the larger the injected current and the consequent
internal noise voltage appearing across L4. If this voltage
forces GND2 beyond its absolute maximum rating, then
latch-up could occur.
SYSTEM CHASSIS
The following measures are recommended to avoid
current injection difficulties:
• Minimize the chassis impedance to ground.
• Minimize CSTRAY, the cross-isolation barrier capacitance.
CHASSIS
GROUND
• If possible place a 200  resistor in series with VDD2 to
limit latch-up trigger current.
• Place a 50  resistor between chassis ground and
GND1. This reduces IINJECTED and ultimately VNOISE.
ESD ZAP TO 15kV
AIR OR CONTACT
DISCHARGE
• Place a transient absorbing Zener diode from the
connection to chassis ground. This clamps the noise
voltage to within the Zener voltage.
ESD
SOURCE
Inductive Coupling from ESD Current
One consideration is the possibility of inductive coupling
from ESD current present in the iCoupler printed wiring
board or system chassis. Inductive pickup on iCoupler
transformers from external magnetic fields is not a
problem in the vast majority of applications; however,
there have been rare instances in IEC 61000- 4-2 ESD
testing where this phenomenon has been noted.
Solutions to this problem are straightforward.
Figure 3. IEC 61000-4-2 ESD Test
Injected ESD Current
The first possible mechanism for latch- up is one in
which excessive ESD current is injected into an iCoupler
ground. Figure 4 shows a situation where an iCoupler
is used as a floating output (the same mechanism can
be present in a floating input configuration). In this
ESD ZAP
200 RESISTOR TO LIMIT
LATCH-UP TRIGGER CURRENT
USE 50 RESISTOR TO
DECREASE IINJECTED
VDD1
VDD2
DIN
50
GND1
DOUT
L4
L3
200
VLOGIC
GND2
+VNOISE–
ZCHASSIS
C2
IINJECTED
CSTRAY
CHASSIS/EARTH
GROUND
ADDITION OF TRANSIENT
ABSORBER TO CLAMP
NOISE VOLTAGE AT GND1 PIN
MINIMIZE SIZE OF CSTRAY,
COUPLING FROM OUTPUT
CABLE SHIELD TO CHASSIS
GROUND
Figure 4. Injected ESD Current Mechanism and Recommended Solutions
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AN-793
Figure 5 shows an ESD test setup and the paths of currents IESD and I1 caused by an ESD strike. These currents
can be very large, and induce large magnetic fields on
the application printed wiring board and chassis. The
placement and geometry of ground traces, ground
circuit connections, board location, and orientation
within the chassis are all critical in minimizing inductive
pickup from the radiated magnetic fields.
WORST ORIENTATION
iCoupler
PACKAGE
CHIP SCALE
TRANSFORMER
VDD
+
VINDUCED
–
Figure 5a shows a poor layout which uses a thin ground
trace near the iCoupler. It also shows a ground loop that
allows some of IESD to flow through the board ground
circuit as I1. Close proximity and narrow trace widths
increase the magnitude of the induced magnetic field.
If strong enough, this can cause iCoupler latch-up as
discussed above. Figure 5b shows an optimal design
using a wide ground plane further away from the
iCoupler and a single point ground which prevents
IESD from flowing in the board ground circuit. When
designing ground circuits, it is always helpful to think in
terms of current paths.
MAGNETIC FIELD ORIENTATION RIGHT
ANGLE TO TRANSFORMER WINDINGS
MAXIMIZES VINDUCED
BEST ORIENTATION
PC BOARD
CHIP SCALE
TRANSFORMER
When designing the chassis for the system, it is important to minimize impedance of the chassis ground connection. It is also helpful to mount printed circuit boards
as far away from the edge of the chassis as possible, and
to have the board oriented so that iCouplers are parallel
to any radiated magnetic fields as depicted in Figure 6.
MAGNETIC FIELD ORIENTATION
PARALLEL TO TRANSFORMER
WINDINGS MINIMIZES VINDUCED
iCoupler
PACKAGE
SYSTEM
CHASSIS
Figure 6. External Magnetic Field Interaction
with iCoupler Tranformers
APPLICATION BOARD
If inductive coupling is a problem, recommended solutions include the following:
FIGURE 5a
POOR
GROUND
LAYOUT
iCoupler
I1
POOR GROUND TECHNIQUE:
1. GROUND LOOP ALLOWS PART OF THE LESD
TO FLOW THROUGH BOARD GROUND
2. THIN GROUND CONDUCTOR WILL RADIATE
MAGNETIC FIELD AND CAUSE PICKUP IN
iCoupler TRANSFORMERS
I2
IESD
ESD ZAP POINT
APPLICATION BOARD
GROUND
PLANE
I1
IESD
Properly design ground system to avoid ground
loops.
•
Use ground plane instead of single narrow traces.
•
Orient print wiring boards away from chassis
boundaries.
•
If possible, orient the iCoupler parallel to external
magnetic fields as depicted in Figure 6.
IEC 61000-4-5 Surge Testing
Surge testing per IEC 61000 - 4 -5 is another common
system - level test in industrial and instrumentation
applications. Figure 7 depicts an iCoupler in a surge
test configuration showing associated bypass and stray
capacitances. V TEST is the surge test voltage appearing
between earth ground and the board’s local ground
GND1. This test typically has test voltages up to 4 kV. As
shown in Figure 7, if excessive stray capacitance exists
across the isolation barrier, the voltage at VDD1 can be
driven above its absolute maximum rating and damage
the iCoupler.
SYSTEM
CHASSIS
iCoupler
•
FIGURE 5b
GOOD
GROUND
LAYOUT
GOOD GROUND TECHNIQUE:
1. USE OF WIDE GROUND PLANE LOWERS
INDUCTANCE AND WILL LOWER NOISE
2. NO LOOP SO LESD FLOWS THROUGH THE
CHASSIS ONLY
ESD ZAP POINT
Figure 5. Contrasting Examples of Board
Ground Circuits
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AN-793
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CBP1 should be increased to 0.1 F to reduce the coupled
voltage to 0.4 V—a much safer value. Do the following
for best results:
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•
Minimize capacitances between iCoupler floating
grounds and system grounds.
•
Provide adequate bypassing with good quality
ceramic bypass capacitors with values large enough
to minimize the induced voltage at iCoupler
supply pins.
•
Ensure VDD1 and VDD2 are free from noise spikes.
•
If possible add a 200  resistor in series with VDD1 to
limit parasitic SCR trigger current.
•
Use a transient-absorbing Zener diode across VDD1.
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Figure 7. iCoupler in IEC 61000-4-5 Surge Test Setup
Figure 8 shows the model reduced for easier analysis
of circuit. The simplified schematic ignores negligible
effects of lead inductances and lumps CSTRAY as a computed element (Equation 1).
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IEC 61000-4-4 Fast Transient and Burst Testing Example
Fast transient and burst testing per IEC 61000 - 4 - 4 is
another common system - level test that can cause
problems if good design practice is not followed. This
test couples high voltage fast edge signals onto system
ac mains.
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COUPLED TRANSIENT NOISE
THROUGH CSTRAY TO
VDD1 OR VDD2
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BOARD WITH
iCoupler
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TRANSFORMER
WINDING
CAPACITANCE
CSTRAY
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VDD1
SYSTEM POWER
SUPPLIES
Using Figure 8, and ignoring inductances, CSTRAY is given
as
CSTRAY
× C5
C
= C4 + BP2
C BP2 + C5
C STRAY
C STRAY + C BP1
(1)
Figure 9. IEC 61000-4-4 Fast Transient/Burst Test Setup
Figure 9 shows a simplified circuit diagram of a fast
transient test setup. The main mechanism for problems
here is interwinding capacitance of the system power
supplies transformers. This stray capacitance can couple
fast transient signals from the ac mains to the iCoupler
supply pins. If the voltage impressed on the iCoupler
supplies is high enough, then maximum rated supply
voltages can be exceeded and latch-up is possible.
(2)
Equation 2 shows that making CSTRAY small compared to
CBP1 can minimize V X. For example, with a test voltage
of 4 kV and a bypass capacitance of 0.01 F, even the
moderate amount of 10 pF of stray capacitance would
create a coupled VDD1 voltage of 4 V. When imposed
on top of the normal supply voltage, this would induce
latch-up. In such a situation the bypass capacitance
REV. 0
COUPLED TRANSIENT
NOISE ONTO AC LINE
RECOMMENDED SOLUTION
TRANSIENT ABSORBER
The coupled voltage V X is calculated using a simple
capacitor divider
VX = VTEST ×
COUPLING
NETWORK
AC LINES
VDD2
Figure 8. Simplified Equivalent Circuit of Figure 7
EFT/BURST
GENERATOR
The best preventive measures in this example are:
–5–
•
Use low interwinding capacitance supplies.
•
Minimize supply noise by using adequate bypassing.
•
Use Zener diode clamps across the iCoupler supplies
to clamp noise voltages.
AN-793
New ESD-Hardened iCouplers
To better support the use of iCouplers in harsh ESD
applications, Analog Devices is introducing a new
line of iCoupler products. The ADuM3xxx series takes
advantage of improved circuit designs and layouts to
increase iCoupler robustness to ESD events. These
new products are pin- and specification- compatible
with their ADuM1xxx series counterparts. For many
installed applications, the standard iCoupler products
work just fine. Therefore, both the standard ADuM1xxx
and the ESD-hardened ADuM3xxx series will continue
to be offered.
Inside the ADuM3xxx Series iCoupler
Several design enhancements are incorporated into the
ADuM3xxx series iCouplers to create a more robust
device. Specific improvements include:
The part numbering for the ADuM3xxx series is analogous
to that of the standard product except that only Pb-free
models are provided. Table III gives examples of the part
numbering for the two product families.
• Areas of high electric field concentration eliminated
using 45 corners; on metal traces.
• ESD protection cells added to all input/output interfaces.
• Key metal trace resistances reduced using wider
geometry and paralleling of lines with vias.
• The SCR effect inherent in CMOS devices minimized
by use of guarding and isolation techniques between
PMOS and NMOS devices.
• Supply pin overvoltage prevented with larger ESD
clamps between each supply pin and its respective
ground.
Table III. Part Numbering Examples for Various
Standard and ESD-Hardened iCoupler Products
Standard
Products
ESD-Hardened
Products
ADuM1100ARWZ
ADuM3100ARWZ
ADuM1201ARWZ
ADuM3201ARWZ
ADuM1301BRWZ
ADuM3301BRWZ
ADuM1402CRWZ
ADuM3402CRWZ
CONCLUSION
By following the guidelines set forth in this application
note, designers can be assured of success in their
application of iCouplers at the system level. Problems
with system-level tests can be anticipated using the
lumped-element circuit model presented for the iCoupler.
With this model and a good understanding of the various
system tests, designers can avoid problems by employing
the preventive techniques suggested in this document.
In situations where the recommendations cannot be
implemented due to cost, system design, or other
considerations, the new ADuM3xxx iCoupler provides an
alternative method of avoiding ESD/latch-up problems.
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REV. 0
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AN05547–0–7/05(0)
© 2005 Analog Devices, Inc. All rights reserved. Trademarks and registered trademarks are the property of their respective owners.
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