19-3784; Rev 0; 8/05 KIT ATION EVALU LE B A IL A AV Fixed-Frequency, Full-Bridge CCFL Inverter Controller The MAX8751 cold-cathode-fluorescent lamp (CCFL) inverter controller is designed to drive multiple CCFLs using the fixed-frequency, full-bridge inverter topology. The MAX8751 operates in resonant mode during striking and switches over to constant-frequency operation after all the lamps are lit. This unique feature ensures reliable striking under all conditions and reduces the transformer stress. The MAX8751 can drive large power MOSFETs typically used in applications where one power stage drives four or more CCFL lamps in parallel. An internal 5.35V linear regulator powers the MOSFET drivers and most of the internal circuitry. The controller operates over a wide input-voltage range (6V to 28V) with high power to light efficiency. The device also includes safety features that effectively protect against many single-point fault conditions, including lamp-out and short-circuit conditions. The MAX8751 achieves a 10:1 dimming range by “chopping” the lamp current on and off using the digital pulsewidth modulation (DPWM) method. The DPWM frequency can be accurately adjusted with a resistor or synchronized to an external signal. The brightness is controlled by an analog voltage on the CNTL pin. The MAX8751 is capable of synchronizing and adjusting the phase of the gate drivers and DPWM oscillator. These features allow multiple MAX8751 ICs to be connected in a daisy-chain configuration. The switching frequency and DPWM frequency can be easily adjusted using external resistors, or synchronized with system signals. If the controller loses the external sync signals, it switches over to the internal oscillators and keeps operating. Phase-shift select pins PS1 and PS2 can be used to program up to four different phase shifts, allowing up to five MAX8751s to be used together. The MAX8751 is available in a low-profile, 32-pin TQFN package and operates over the -40°C to +85°C temperature range. Features ♦ All n-Type MOSFET Low-Cost, Full-Bridge, Fixed-Frequency Inverter Topology for Highest Efficiency ♦ Resonant-Mode Striking Ensures Startup ♦ Strong Gate Drivers Can Easily Drive Large External MOSFETs for Multilamp Applications ♦ Adjustable DPWM Frequency with Sync and Phase-Shift Capability ♦ 10:1 Dimming Range with Accurate Analog Interface ♦ Lamp-Out Detection with Adjustable Timeout ♦ Secondary Current Limit with Adjustable Timeout ♦ Adjustable Secondary Voltage Limiting ♦ Adjustable DPWM Rise and Fall Time ♦ Wide Input Voltage Range (6V to 28V) ♦ 32-Pin TQFN Package Minimal Operating Circuit VIN 7V TO 24V 3A GND IN GND VCC VCC SEL GH1 BST1 ON/OFF SHDN BRIGHTNESS CNTL PCOMP LX2 BST2 T1 PGND1 HF PGND2 LF GH2 HFCK ISEC Notebook Computers Automotive Infotainment LX1 GL1 Applications LCD TVs LCD Monitors MAX8751 GL2 CCFL HSYNC Ordering Information LSYNC VFB LFCK PART MAX8751ETJ TEMP RANGE PIN-PACKAGE -40°C to +85°C 32 TQFN DPWM IFB PSCK PS1 COMP PS2 TFLT Pin Configuration appears at end of data sheet. ________________________________________________________________ Maxim Integrated Products For pricing, delivery, and ordering information, please contact Maxim/Dallas Direct! at 1-888-629-4642, or visit Maxim’s website at www.maxim-ic.com. 1 MAX8751 General Description MAX8751 Fixed-Frequency, Full-Bridge CCFL Inverter Controller ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATINGS IN, LX1, LX2 to GND...............................................-0.3V to +30V BST1, BST2 to GND ...............................................-0.3V to +36V BST2 to LX2..............................................................-0.3V to +6V VCC to GND ..............................................................-0.3V to +6V GH1 to LX1 ................................................-0.3V to VBST1 + 0.3V GH2 to LX2 ................................................-0.3V to VBST2 + 0.3V CNTL, SEL COMP, GL1, GL2, DPWM, HF, LF, HFCK, HSYNC, LSYNC, LFCK, PCOMP, PS1, PSCK, TFLT, PS2, SHDN to GND...........................-0.3V to VCC + 0.3V IFB, ISEC, VFB to GND................................................-6V to +6V PGND1, PGND2 to GND ..........................................-0.3V to +3V Continuous Power Dissipation (TA = +70°C) 32-Pin TQFN (derate 21.3mW/°C above +70°C) ....1702.1mW Operating Temperature Range ...........................-40°C to +85°C Junction Temperature ......................................................+150°C Storage Temperature Range .............................-65°C to +160°C Lead Temperature (soldering, 10s) .................................+300°C Stresses beyond those listed under “Absolute Maximum Ratings” may cause permanent damage to the device. These are stress ratings only, and functional operation of the device at these or any other conditions beyond those indicated in the operational sections of the specifications is not implied. Exposure to absolute maximum rating conditions for extended periods may affect device reliability. ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS (VIN = 24V, TA = 0°C to +85°C, unless otherwise noted. Typical values are at TA = +25°C.) PARAMETER CONDITIONS IN Input-Voltage Range MIN TYP 6 IN Quiescent Current VSHDN = 5.5V, VIN = 28V IN Quiescent Current, Shutdown VSHDN = 0 VCC Output Voltage, Normal Operation VCC Output Voltage, Shutdown VSHDN = 5.5V, 6V < VIN < 28V, 0 < ILOAD < 20mA VSHDN = 0, no load VCC Undervoltage Lockout Threshold VCC rising (leaving lockout) VCC falling (entering lockout) MAX UNITS 28 V 3.2 6 mA 6 20 µA 5.20 5.35 5.50 V 3.5 4.6 5.5 V 4.5 4.0 VCC Undervoltage Lockout Hysteresis 200 V mV GH1, GH2, GL1, and GL2 On-Resistance, Low State ITEST = 10mA; VCC = 5.3V 1 3 Ω GH1, GH2, GL1, and GL2 On-Resistance, High State ITEST = 10mA; VCC = 5.3V 4 8 Ω BST1, BST2 Leakage Current VBST1 = 24V, VLX1 = 19V; VBST2 = 24V, VLX2 = 19V Resonant Frequency Range Not tested 30 5 µA 80 kHz Minimum Off-Time 240 360 480 ns Maximum Off-Time 20 30 40 µs Current-Limit Threshold; LX1 - GND, LX2 - GND 380 400 420 mV 5 10 15 mV Zero-Crossing Threshold: LX1 - GND, LX2 - GND IFB Maximum AC Voltage ±3 Current-Limit Leading Edge Blanking IFB Regulation Point IFB Input Bias Current 2 Internally full-wave rectified V 240 360 480 ns 770 790 810 mV 0 < VIFB < 2V -3 -2V < VIFB < 0 -150 _______________________________________________________________________________________ +3 µA Fixed-Frequency, Full-Bridge CCFL Inverter Controller MAX8751 ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS (continued) (VIN = 24V, TA = 0°C to +85°C, unless otherwise noted. Typical values are at TA = +25°C.) PARAMETER CONDITIONS IFB Lamp-Out Threshold Reject 1µs glitches IFB-to-COMP Transconductance 1V < VCOMP < 2.5V MIN 730 COMP Output Impedance TYP MAX UNITS 780 830 mV 100 µS 10 MΩ COMP Discharge Current During Overvoltage or Overcurrent Fault VIFB = 800mV, VISEC = 2.5V 1200 µA COMP Discharge Current During DPWM Off-Time CNTL = GND, VCOMP = 1.5V 100 µA ISEC Input Bias Current -0.3 ISEC Overcurrent Threshold VFB Input Bias Current 1.18 -4V < VVFB < +4V VFB Overvoltage Threshold Main Oscillator Frequency RHF = 100kΩ Main Oscillator Frequency Range +0.3 1.22 -25 µA 1.26 V +25 µA 2.10 2.25 2.40 V 52.2 53.8 55.4 kHz 100 kHz 0.8 V 20 HF, LF, HFCK, LFCK Input-Low Voltage Slave mode, VCNTL = VCC HF, LF, HFCK, LFCK Input-High Voltage Slave mode, VCNTL = VCC HF, LF, HFCK, LFCK Input Hysteresis Slave mode, VCNTL = VCC HF, LF, HFCK, LFCK Input Bias Current Slave mode, VCNTL = VCC -1 +1 µA HF Input-Frequency Range Slave mode, VCNTL = VCC 20 100 kHz HF, LF, HFCK, LFCK Input Rise and Fall Time Slave mode, VCNTL = VCC 200 ns 0.8 V 2.1 V 100 HSYNC, LSYNC Input-Low Voltage HSYNC, LSYNC Input-High Voltage 2.1 HSYNC, LSYNC Input Hysteresis V 100 HSYNC, LSYNC Input Bias Current HSYNC Input Frequency Range DPWM Chopping Frequency Range RLF = 150kΩ mV -1 +1 µA 190 460 kHz 200 ns 214 Hz 300 Hz HSYNC, LSYNC Input Rise and Fall Time DPWM Chopping Frequency mV 202 80 208 _______________________________________________________________________________________ 3 MAX8751 Fixed-Frequency, Full-Bridge CCFL Inverter Controller ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS (continued) (VIN = 24V, TA = 0°C to +85°C, unless otherwise noted. Typical values are at TA = +25°C.) MAX UNITS LF Input Frequency Range PARAMETER Slave mode, VCNTL = VCC CONDITIONS MIN 80 TYP 300 Hz LSYNC Input Frequency Range RLF = 150kΩ 120 280 Hz HFCK Input Frequency Range Slave mode, VCNTL = VCC (Note 1) 120 600 kHz HFCK, LFCK, PSCK, DPWM Output On-Resistance ITEST = 1mA 2.4 kΩ LFCK Input Frequency Range Slave mode, VCNTL = VCC 38.40 kHz 10.24 CNTL Minimum Duty-Cycle Threshold 0.21 0.23 0.26 V CNTL Maximum Duty-Cycle Threshold 1.9 2.0 2.1 V CNTL Input Current 0 < VCNTL < 2V -0.1 CNTL Input Threshold Slave mode 4.2 DPWM Dimming Resolution Guaranteed monotonic 4.5 +0.1 V 4.9 V 7 SEL, PS1, PS2 Input-Low Voltage Bits 0.8 SEL, PS1, PS2 Input-High Voltage 2.1 SEL, PS1, PS2 Input Hysteresis V V 100 SHDN Input-Low Voltage mV 0.8 mV SHDN Input-High Voltage SEL, PS1, PS2 input-high voltage 2.1 SEL, PS1, PS2 Input Bias Current SEL, PS1, PS2 input hysteresis -1 +1 µA -1 +1 µA SHDN Input Bias Current VISEC < 1.25 and VIFB < 790mV, VFLT = 2.0V TFLT Charging Current TFLT Trip Threshold 4 0.95 V 1.00 VISEC < 1.25 and VIFB < 790mV, VFLT = 2.0V -1 VISEC < 1.25 and VIFB < 790mV, VFLT = 2.0V 126 3.85 4.00 _______________________________________________________________________________________ 1.05 µA 4.15 V Fixed-Frequency, Full-Bridge CCFL Inverter Controller (VIN = 24V, TA = -40°C to +85°C, unless otherwise noted.) (Note 2) PARAMETER CONDITIONS IN Input-Voltage Range MIN 6 TYP MAX UNITS 28 V IN Quiescent Current VSHDN = 5.5V, VIN = 28V 6 mA IN Quiescent Current, Shutdown VSHDN = 0 20 µA VCC Output Voltage, Normal Operation VSHDN = 5.5V, 6V < VIN < 28V, 0 < ILOAD < 20mA 5.20 5.50 V VCC Output Voltage, Shutdown VSHDN = 0, no load 3.50 5.50 V VCC Undervoltage Lockout Threshold VCC rising (leaving lockout) VCC falling (entering lockout) 4.5 4.0 V GH1, GH2, GL1, and GL2 On-Resistance, Low State ITEST = 10mA, VCC = 5.3V 3 Ω GH1, GH2, GL1, and GL2 On-Resistance, High State ITEST = 10mA, VCC = 5.3V 8 Ω Minimum Off-Time 240 480 ns Maximum Off-Time 20 40 µs Current-Limit Threshold: LX1 GND, LX2 - GND 380 420 mV 5 15 mV 240 480 ns Zero-Crossing Threshold: LX1 GND, LX2 - GND Current-Limit Leading-Edge Blanking IFB Lamp-Out Threshold 730 830 mV IFB Regulation Point Reject 1µs glitches 755 820 mV ISEC Overcurrent Threshold 1.16 1.26 V 2.10 2.40 V 51.7 55.9 kHz VFB Overvoltage Threshold Main Oscillator Frequency RHF = 100kΩ _______________________________________________________________________________________ 5 MAX8751 ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS MAX8751 Fixed-Frequency, Full-Bridge CCFL Inverter Controller ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS (continued) (VIN = 24V, TA = -40°C to +85°C, unless otherwise noted.) (Note 2) MAX UNITS HF Input-Frequency Range PARAMETER Slave mode, VCNTL = VCC 20 100 kHz HSYNC Input Frequency Range Slave mode, VCNTL = VCC 190 460 kHz HFCK Input Frequency Range Slave mode, VCNTL = VCC 120 600 kHz DPWM Chopping Frequency RLF = 150kΩ 202 215 Hz LF Input Frequency Range Slave mode, VCNTL = VCC 80 300 Hz LSYNC Input Frequency Range RLF = 150kΩ 120 280 Hz CNTL Minimum Duty Cycle Threshold 0.21 0.26 V CNTL Maximum Duty Cycle Threshold 1.9 2.1 V 4.2 4.9 mV CNTL Input Threshold CONDITIONS Slave mode MIN TYP Note 1: Actual switching frequency is 1/6 of the HFCK. Note 2: -40°C specifications are guaranteed by design, not production tested. 6 _______________________________________________________________________________________ Fixed-Frequency, Full-Bridge CCFL Inverter Controller MINIMUM BRIGHTNESS STARTUP WAVEFORM (VCNTL = 0) NORMAL OPERATION MINIMUM BRIGHTNESS DPWM OPERATION (VCNTL = 0) MAX8751 toc02 MAX8751 toc01 MAX8751 toc03 A A A B B B C D C C 2ms/div 20µs/div 1ms/s A: COMP, 500mV/div B: IFB, 2V/div C: VFB, 1V/div A: VFB, 1V/div B: LX1, 10V/div C: LX2, 10V/div D: IFB, 2V/div A: COMP, 500mV/div B: IFB, 2V/div C: VFB, 1V/div 50% BRIGHTNESS DWPM WAVEFORM (VCNTL = 1V) 50% BRIGHTNESS STARTUP WAVEFORM DPWM SOFT-START MAX8751 toc06 MAX8751 toc05 MAX8751 toc04 A A A B C B C C 100µs/div 1ms/div 2ms/div A: COMP, 500mV/div B: IFB, 2V/div C: VFB, 1V/div B A: COMP, 500mV/div B: IFB, 2V/div C: VFB, 1V/div A: COMP, 1V/div B: IFB, 1V/div C: VFB, 1V/div _______________________________________________________________________________________ 7 MAX8751 Typical Operating Characteristics (Circuit of Figure 1. VIN = 12V, TA = +25°C, unless otherwise noted.) Typical Operating Characteristics (continued) (Circuit of Figure 1. VIN = 12V, TA = +25°C, unless otherwise noted.) LAMP-OUT VOLTAGE LIMITING AND TIMEOUT DPWM SOFT-START SECONDARY SHORT-CIRCUIT PROTECTOR AND TIMEOUT MAX8751 toc08 MAX8751 toc07 MAX8751 toc09 A A A B B B C C C 400ms/div 100µs/div 10ms/div A: ISEC, 2V/div B: COMP, 2V/div C: TFLT, 5V/div A: COMP, 5V/div B: VFB, 2V/div C: TFLT, 5V/div A: COMP, 1V/div B: IFB, 1V/div C: VFB, 1V/div DPWM FREQUENCY vs. RLF 65 60 55 50 RMS LAMP CURRENT (mA) 320 DPWM FREQUENCY (Hz) 70 RMS LAMP CURRENT vs. RSENSE 350 MAX8751 toc11 MAX8751 toc10 350 290 260 230 MAX8751 toc12 SWITCHING FREQUENCY vs. RHF 75 SWITCHING FREQUENCY (kHz) 320 290 260 230 45 40 200 75 85 95 105 115 125 135 200 80 100 RHF (kΩ) 120 160 140 130 VCC LINE REGULATION 5.38 VCC (V) 5.36 5.36 5.34 5.34 5.32 5.32 5.30 MAX8751 toc14 5.40 MAX8751 toc13 5.38 160 RSENSE (Ω) VCC LINE REGULATION 5.30 4 10 16 VIN (V) 8 100 RLF (kΩ) 5.40 VCC (V) MAX8751 Fixed-Frequency, Full-Bridge CCFL Inverter Controller 22 28 0 4 8 12 16 20 VIN (V) _______________________________________________________________________________________ 190 220 Fixed-Frequency, Full-Bridge CCFL Inverter Controller VCC vs. TEMPERATURE MAX8751 toc17 MAX8751 toc16 MAX8751 toc15 5.40 VIN = 12V NOT SWITCHING 5.38 VCC (V) SWITCHING FREQUENCY PHASE SHIFT (90°) DPWM PHASE SHIFT (90°) A A B B 5.36 5.34 5.32 5.30 0 4 8 12 16 20 TEMPERATURE (°C) 4µs/div A: MASTER PSCK, 5V/div B: SLAVE PSCK, 5V/div 2ms/div A: MASTER DPWM, 5V/div B: SLAVE DPWM, 5V/div HF SYNCHRONIZATION LF SYNCHRONIZATION MAX8751 toc19 MAX8751 toc18 A A B B C 4µs/div 2ms/div A: LSYNC, 5V/div B: COMP, 500mV/div A: HSYNC, 5V/div B: HFCIC, 5V/div C: IFB, 2V/div _______________________________________________________________________________________ 9 MAX8751 Typical Operating Characteristics (continued) (Circuit of Figure 1. VIN = 12V, TA = +25°C, unless otherwise noted.) Fixed-Frequency, Full-Bridge CCFL Inverter Controller MAX8751 Pin Description PIN NAME FUNCTION VFB Transformer Secondary Voltage-Feedback Input. VFB pin sets secondary overvoltage limit by using a capacitive voltage-divider between the high voltage of the CCFL lamp and GND. When the peak voltage on VFB exceeds the internal overvoltage threshold, the controller turns on an internal current sink, discharging the COMP capacitor, limiting the secondary voltage. See the Transformer Secondary Voltage Limiting section for details. TFLT Fault Timer-Adjustment Pin. A fault condition sets an internal current source to charge a capacitor connected between TFLT and GND. Connect a capacitor from TFLT to GND to set the timeout period for open-lamp fault and secondary short-circuit faults. See the Lamp-Out Protection section for details. 3 CNTL Brightness Control Input. The usable brightness control range is from 0 to 2V. VCNTL = 0 represents minimum brightness (10% DPWM duty cycle), VCNTL = 2V represents full brightness (100% DPWM duty cycle). When VCNTL is between 2V and 3V, the brightness is still 100%. The MAX8751 enters into slave mode when CNTL is connected to VCC. See the DPWM Dimming Control section for details. 4 SHDN Shutdown Control Input. The MAX8751 shuts down when SHDN is pulled to GND. 5 LSYNC DPWM Sync Input. DPWM frequency can be synchronized with an external signal on LSYNC. When SEL is connected to VCC, the duty cycle of the LSYNC signal determines the brightness. 6 LFCK Internal DPWM Oscillator Clock Output. LFCK becomes a logic-level input when CNTL is connected to VCC. 7 DPWM DPWM Signal Output. The DPWM output is used to control the DPWM frequency of the slave IC in master-slave operation. See the Slave Operation (HFCK, LFCK, PSCK, DPWM) section for details. 8 PSCK Phase-Shift Clock Output. See the Slave Operation (HFCK, LFCK, PSCK, DPWM) and Phase Shift (PS1, PS2) sections for details. 9 HFCK Main Switching Oscillator Clock Output. HFCK is a logic-level input when CNTL is connected to VCC. 10 HSYNC 11 SEL Brightness Control Select Input. Brightness can be adjusted with an analog voltage on CNTL or with an external sync signal. Connecting SEL to VCC enables analog control input. Connect SEL to VCC to enable brightness control using external sync signal. 12 LF Frequency Adjustment Pin for Internal DPWM Oscillator. Connect a resistor from LF to GND to set the internal DPWM oscillator frequency. fDPWM = 208Hz × 150kΩ / RLF. LF becomes a logic-level input when CNTL is connected to VCC. See the DPWM Dimming Control section for details. 13 HF Frequency Adjustment Pin for Main Switching Oscillator. Connect a resistor from HF to GND to set the main oscillator frequency. fSW = 54kHz × 100kΩ / RHF. HF is a logic-level input when CNTL is connected to VCC. 14 PS1 Phase-Shift Select Input for Slave. For details, see the Slave Operation (HFCK, LFCK, PSCK, DPWM) section. 15 PGND2 16 GL2 Gate-Driver Output for Low-Side MOSFET NL2 17 BST2 High-Side Gate Driver GH2 Supply Input. The MAX8751 includes an integrated boost diode. Connect a 0.1µF capacitor between LX2 and BST2 to complete the bootstrap circuit. 1 2 10 Main Switching Frequency Sync Input. Switching frequency can be synchronized with an external signal on HSYNC. Power Ground. PGND is the return for the GL2 gate driver. ______________________________________________________________________________________ Fixed-Frequency, Full-Bridge CCFL Inverter Controller PIN NAME 18 GH2 Gate-Driver Output for High-Side MOSFET NH2 19 LX2 Gate-Driver Return for GH2. LX2 is the input to the primary current-limit and zero-crossing comparators. The controller senses the voltage across the low-side MOSFET NL2 (LX2 - GND) for primary overcurrent condition and zero-crossing detection. 20 IN Supply Input. Input to the internal 5.3V linear regulator that powers the device. Bypass IN to GND with a 0.1µF ceramic capacitor. 21 VCC 5.3V/20mA Linear Regulator Output. Supply voltage for the device including the low-side gate drivers GL1 and GL2. Bypass VCC with a 1.0µF ceramic capacitor to GND. 22 LX1 Gate Driver Return for GH1. LX1 is the input to the primary current-limit and zero-crossing comparators. The controller senses the voltage across the low-side MOSFET NL1 (LX1 - GND) for primary overcurrent condition and zero-crossing detection. 23 GH1 Gate Driver Output for High-Side MOSFET NH1 24 BST1 High-Side Gate-Driver GH1 Supply Input. The MAX8751 includes an integrated boost diode. Connect a 0.1µF capacitor between LX1 and BST1 to complete the bootstrap circuit. 25 GL1 Gate-Driver Output for Low-Side MOSFET NL1 26 PGND1 27 GND 28 PCOMP 29 COMP 30 IFB 31 PS2 32 ISEC — PAD DESCRIPTION Power Ground. PGND is the return for the GL1 gate driver. System Ground Compensation Node of the Phase-Lock Loop. Connect a 0.1µF capacitor between PCOMP and GND to compensate the PLL. Transconductance Error-Amplifier Output. A compensation capacitor of 0.01µF connected between COMP and GND stabilizes the controller. The rise and fall time of the lamp-current envelope in DPWM operation is also determined by the COMP capacitor. Lamp Current-Feedback Input. The IFB sense signal is internally full-wave rectified. The average value of the rectified signal is regulated to 790mV (typ) by controlling the on-time of the high-side MOSFET. An open-lamp fault is generated if the IFB is continuously below 790mV (typ) for a period set by TFLT. See the Lamp-Out Protection and Setting the Fault-Delay Time sections for details. Phase-Shift Select Input for Slave. For details, see the Slave Operation (HFCK, LFCK, PSCK, DPWM) section. Transformer Secondary Current-Feedback Input. When the average voltage on ISEC exceeds the internal overcurrent threshold, the controller turns on an internal current sink, discharging the COMP capacitor. An RC current-sense network connected between the low-voltage end of the transformer secondary and the ground allows setting the maximum secondary current during short-circuit fault. Exposed Backside Pad. Connect PAD to GND. ______________________________________________________________________________________ 11 MAX8751 Pin Description (continued) MAX8751 Fixed-Frequency, Full-Bridge CCFL Inverter Controller VIN 7V TO 24V C9 10µF GND IN C10 1.0µF VCC GND VCC C12 1.0µF MAX8751 SEL NH1 GH1 BST1 ON/OFF SHDN BRIGHTNESS CNTL C7 0.1uF PCOMP LX1 NH2 C1 2.2µF C2 0.1µF LX2 BST2 C8 0.1µF NL1 GL1 T1 NL2 PGND1 R3 100kΩ 1% HF PGND2 C3 10pF 3kV GL2 R4 150kΩ1% LF HFCK GH2 ISEC R2 40.2Ω HSYNC R5 1MΩ CCFL LSYNC VFB LFCK R6 1MΩ C4 10nF DPWM IFB PSCK R1 150Ω PS1 COMP PS2 TFLT C6 0.22µF C5 0.01µF Figure 1. Stand-Alone Typical Operating Circuit 12 ______________________________________________________________________________________ Fixed-Frequency, Full-Bridge CCFL Inverter Controller MAX8751 BIAS SUPPLY LINEAR REGULATOR IN MAX8751 EN SHDN GND PS1 FLT VCC UVLO OVERVOLTAGE COMPARATOR 4.2V HSYNC VFB OVERCURRENT HIGHFREQ OSC RAMP 1200µA 100µA PS2 PSCK UVLO COMPARATOR 2.25V COMP PHASE SELECT HFCK HF LSYNC PLL AND DPWM OSC PWM COMPARATOR IFB ERROR AMPLIFIER PWM CONTROL LOGIC DPWM CNTL OPEN-LAMP COMPARATOR 780mV OVERCURRENT PRIMARY OVERCURRENT AND ZERO CROSSING FAULT-DELAY BLOCK GH2 LX2 GL1 PGND1 VCC GL2 PGND2 ISEC S 1.22V TFLT PCOMP BST1 BST2 GATE DRIVER CONTROL STATE MACHINE DIMMING CONTROL LOGIC SEL LF GH1 LX1 F.W. RECT 790mV LFCK SECONDARY OVERCURRENT COMPARATOR Q SHDN UVLO RESET FLT MUX R FAULT LATCH Figure 2. Functional Diagram ______________________________________________________________________________________ 13 MAX8751 Fixed-Frequency, Full-Bridge CCFL Inverter Controller Detailed Description Figure 1 shows the Stand-Alone Typical Operating Circuit and Figure 2 shows the Functional Diagram of the MAX8751. The circuit in Figure 1 consists of a fullbridge inverter, which converts unregulated DC input voltage into a nearly sinusoidal high-frequency, AC output for powering CCFLs. The MAX8751 is biased from an internal 5.35V linear regulator with UVLO comparator that ensures stable operation and clean startup characteristics. The MAX8751 includes several layers of fault-protection circuitry, consisting of comparators for detecting primary-side current limit, secondary-side overvoltage, secondary short circuit, and open-lamp faults. A logic block arbitrates the comparator outputs by making sure that a given fault persists for a minimum duration before registering the fault condition. A separate block provides dimming control based upon analog or DPWM inputs. Finally, a dedicated logic circuit provides synchronization and phase-control functions for daisy-chaining up to five MAX8751s without phase overlap. The MAX8751 operates in resonant mode during striking and switches over to constant-frequency operation after the IFB voltage rises above the open-lamp threshold. Reliable striking of all lamps is ensured by using individual transformer secondary winding for each lamp, or by using ballast capacitors if multiple lamps are driven by single transformer secondary. The constant-frequency architecture supported by the MAX8751 can be synchronized and phase shifted for daisy-chained applications. Multiple lamps can also be driven in parallel within a single stage. The MAX8751 has sufficient gate drive strength to drive the largepower MOSFETs needed when one power stage drives four or more CCFL lamps in parallel. The MAX8751 provides accurate lamp-current regulation. A primary-side current sense provides cycle-bycycle current limit and zero-crossing detection, while the lamp current is sensed with a separate loop that provides fine adjustment of the lamp current with an external resistor. The MAX8751 controls lamp brightness by turning the CCFL on and off using a DPWM method, while maintaining approximately constant lamp current. The brightness set point can be adjusted with an analog voltage on the CNTL pin, or with an external PWM signal. The MAX8751 has a single compensation input (COMP), which also establishes the soft-start and softstop timing characteristics. Control logic changes the available drive current at COMP based on the operating mode to adjust the inverter’s dynamic behavior. 14 Constant-Frequency Operation The MAX8751 operates in constant-frequency mode in normal operation. There are two ways to set the switching frequency: 1) The switching frequency can be set with an external resistor connected between HF and GND. The switching frequency is given by the following equation: fSW = 54kHz x 100kΩ RHF The adjustable range of the switching frequency is between 20kHz and 100kHz (RHF is between 270kΩ and 54kΩ). 2) The switching frequency can be synchronized by an external high-frequency signal. Connect HF to GND through a 100kΩ resistor and connect HSYNC to the external high-frequency signal. The resulting switching frequency (fSW) is 1/6 the frequency of the external signal (fSYNC): f fSW = SYNC 6 The frequency range of the external signal should be between 120kHz and 600kHz, resulting in a switching frequency range between 20kHz and 100kHz. Figure 3 is the timing diagram of constant-frequency operation, showing the primary current, internal oscillator, and gate signals. At the beginning of the positive half cycle, switches NH1 and NL2 are ON (see Figure 1), and the primary current ramps up. The controller turns off NH1 when the primary current reaches it peak, which is set by the COMP voltage. The primary current continues to flow through the freewheeling body diode of NL1. Next, the low-side switch NL1 is turned on under zero-voltage switching (ZVS) conditions. Now the primary current starts ramping down. The falling edge of the internal oscillator turns off NL2 and turns on NH2, starting the negative half cycle. The fixed-frequency operation continues with the inverter controlling the fullbridge MOSFETs to produce near the sinusoidal lampcurrent waveform. Resonant Startup The MAX8751 operates in resonant mode during startup. In the resonant mode, the switching frequency is synchronized with the natural resonant frequency of the resonant tank circuit. The synchronization and phaseshift functions are disabled during startup. Figure 4 is the timing diagram of the resonant operation showing the primary current and gate signals. In the resonant ______________________________________________________________________________________ Fixed-Frequency, Full-Bridge CCFL Inverter Controller MAX8751 PRIMARY CURRENT INTERNAL OSCILLATOR DH1 DH2 DL1 DL2 Figure 3. Fixed-Frequency Timing Diagram PRIMARY CURRENT DH1 DH2 DL1 DL2 Figure 4. Resonant Operation Timing Diagram ______________________________________________________________________________________ 15 MAX8751 Fixed-Frequency, Full-Bridge CCFL Inverter Controller mode, at the beginning of the positive half cycle, NH1 and NL2 turn on and the primary current starts ramping up. The controller turns off NH1 as the primary current reaches its peak value. The primary current continues to flow in the same direction, which forward biases the body diode of NL1, ramping down the primary current. When the primary current reaches zero, NL2 is turned off and NH2 is turned on, starting the negative half cycle. Lamp-Current Regulation The MAX8751 uses a lamp-current control loop to regulate the current delivered to the CCFL. The heart of the control loop is a transconductance error amplifier in Figure 2. The AC lamp current is sensed with a sense resistor connected in series with the low-voltage terminal of the lamp. The voltage across this resistor is fed to the IFB input and is internally full-wave rectified. The transconductance error amplifier compares the rectified IFB voltage with a 790mV (typ) internal reference to generate an error current. The error current charges and discharges a capacitor connected between the error amplifier’s output (COMP) and ground to create an error voltage (VCOMP). VCOMP is then compared with an internal ramp signal to control the high-side MOSFET switch on-time (tON). Transformer Secondary Voltage Limiting The MAX8751 reduces the voltage stress on the transformer’s secondary winding by limiting the secondary voltage during startup and open-lamp condition. The AC voltage across the transformer secondary winding is sensed through a capacitive voltage-divider. The voltage across the low-side capacitor of the divider is fed to the VFB pin of the MAX8751. An overvoltage comparator compares the VFB voltage with 2.25V (typ) internal threshold. If the sensed voltage exceeds the overvoltage threshold, the MAX8751 turns on an internal 1200µA current source, which discharges the COMP capacitor. The high-side MOSFET’s on-time shortens as the COMP voltage decreases, hence reducing the transformer’s secondary peak voltage below the threshold set by the capacitive voltage-divider. Lamp Startup A CCFL is a gas-discharge lamp that is normally driven in the avalanche mode. To start ionization in a nonionized lamp, the applied voltage (striking voltage) must be increased to the level required for the start of avalanche. For example, the normal running voltage of a typical CCFL is approximately 650VRMS, but the striking voltage can be as high as 1800VRMS. The MAX8751’s unique resonant startup method ensures reliable striking. Before the lamp is ionized, the 16 lamp impedance is infinite. The transformer secondary leakage inductance and the high-voltage parallel capacitor determine the unloaded resonant frequency. Since the unloaded resonant circuit has a high Q, the inverter keeps increasing the secondary voltage until either the lamp is struck or the controller activates the secondary overvoltage protection. Upon power-up, VCOMP slowly rises, increasing the duty cycle of the high-side MOSFET switches and providing a measure of soft-start. In addition, the MAX8751 pulls up VFB to the overvoltage threshold (2.25V, typ) immediately after the device is enabled. The DC voltage on VFB is gradually discharged through an internal resistor during startup. This feature is equivalent to slowly raising the overvoltage threshold during startup, so it further improves the soft-start behavior. The MAX8751 automatically switches over to constant-frequency operation after the IFB voltage rises above open-lamp threshold. Feed-Forward Control and Dropout Operation The MAX8751 is designed to maintain tight control of the lamp current under all transient conditions. The feed-forward control instantaneously adjusts the ontime for changes in input voltage (VIN). This feature provides immunity to input-voltage variations and simplifies loop compensation over wide-input voltage ranges. The feed-forward control also improves the line regulation for short DPWM on-times and makes startup transients less dependent on the input voltage. Feed-forward control is implemented by increasing the internal voltage ramp rate for higher VIN. This has the effect of varying tON as a function of the input voltage while maintaining almost the same signal levels at VCOMP. Since the required voltage change across the compensation capacitor is minimal, the controller’s response to input voltage change is essentially instantaneous. DPWM Dimming Control The MAX8751 controls the brightness of the CCFL by “chopping” the lamp current on and off using a low-frequency (between 80Hz and 300Hz) DPWM signal either from the internal oscillator or from an external signal source. In the DPWM operation, COMP controls the rise and fall of the lamp current. At the beginning of the DPWM on-cycle, the lamp current is zero; VCOMP linearly rises due to charging from transconductance error amplifier, and tON increases gradually, increasing the lamp current slowly, providing soft-start. The lamp current stabilizes after it reaches the regulation point. At ______________________________________________________________________________________ Fixed-Frequency, Full-Bridge CCFL Inverter Controller Using the Internal Oscillator When the MAX8751 is not using an external synchronization signal, the DPWM signal is generated using an internal oscillator. The frequency of the internal DPWM oscillator is adjustable through a resistor connected between LF and GND. The DPWM frequency is given by the following equation: fDPWM = 208Hz x 150kΩ RLF The adjustable range of the DPWM frequency is between 80Hz and 300Hz (RLF is between 390kΩ and 104kΩ). The CCFL brightness is proportional to the DPWM duty cycle, which can be adjusted from 10% to 100% through the CNTL pin. CNTL is an analog input with a usable input voltage range between 0 and 2000mV, which is digitized to select one of 128 brightness levels. As shown in Figure 5, the MAX8751 ignores the first 13 steps, and the first 13 steps (V CNTL between 0 and 203mV) all represent 10% brightness. When VCNTL is above 203mV, a 15.625mV change on CNTL results in a 0.78% change in the DPWM duty cycle. When VCNTL is equal to or above 2000mV, the DPWM duty cycle is always 100%. BRIGHTNESS (%) 100 Using the External DPWM Signal To use the external DPWM signal to control the brightness, connect SEL to VCC and connect LSYNC to the external signal source. The frequency range of the external signal is within ±40% of the internal oscillator frequency set by RLF. In this mode, the brightness control input CNTL is disabled, and the brightness is proportional to the duty cycle of the external signal. When the duty cycle of the external signal is 100%, the CCFL reaches full brightness. If the duty cycle of the external signal is less than 10%, the CCFL brightness stays at 10%. Lamp-Out Protection For safety, the IFB pin on MAX8751 monitors the lamp current to detect faulty or open CCFL lamps. As described in the Lamp-Current Regulation section, the voltage on IFB is internally full-wave rectified. If the rectified IFB voltage is below 790mV, the MAX8751 charges the TFLT capacitor with a 1µA current source. The fault latch is set if the voltage on TFLT exceeds 4V. Unlike normal shutdown mode, the linear regulator out (VCC) remains at 5.35V. Toggling SHDN or cycling the input power reactivates the device. During the fault delay period, the current-control loop tries to maintain the lamp-current regulation by increasing the on-time of high-side MOSFETs. Because the lamp impedance is very high when it is open, the transformer secondary rises as a result of the high-Q factor of the resonant tank. Once the secondary voltage exceeds the overvoltage threshold, the MAX8751 turns on a 1200µA internal current source that discharges the COMP capacitor. The on-time of the high-side MOSFETs is reduced, lowering the secondary voltage, as the COMP voltage decreases. Therefore, the peak voltage of the transformer secondary winding never exceeds the limit during the lamp-out delay period. 90 Primary Overcurrent Protection 80 The MAX8751 provides cycle-by-cycle primary overcurrent protection. A current-sense amplifier monitors the drain-to-source voltages of both the high-side and low-side switches when the switches are conducting. If the voltage exceeds the internal current-limit threshold (400mV typ), the regulator turns off the high-side switch at the opposite side of the primary to prevent the transformer primary current from increasing further. 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0 400 800 1200 1600 2000 CNTL VOLTAGE (mV) Figure 5. Brightness vs. CNTL Voltage ______________________________________________________________________________________ 17 MAX8751 the end of the DPWM on-cycle, the dimming control logic turns on a 100µA internal current source, thus discharging the COMP capacitor linearly, gradually decreasing tON and bringing lamp current to zero, thus providing soft-start. The dimming control for the CCFL is provided by changing the duty ratio of the low-frequency DPWM signal. MAX8751 Fixed-Frequency, Full-Bridge CCFL Inverter Controller Secondary Current Limit (ISEC) The secondary current limit provides fail-safe protection in case of short circuit or leakage from the high-voltage terminal to ground. ISEC monitors the voltage across a sense resistor placed between the transformer’s lowvoltage secondary terminal and ground. The ISEC voltage is continuously compared to the ISEC regulation threshold (1.22V, typ). Any time the ISEC voltage exceeds the threshold, a controlled current is drawn from COMP to reduce the on-time of the bridge’s highside switches. At the same time, the MAX8751 charges the TFLT capacitor with a 126µA current. The MAX8751 latches off when the voltage on TFLT exceeds 4V. Slave Operation (HFCK, LFCK, PSCK, DPWM) HFCK PSCK LFCK DPWM CNTL HF The MAX8751 supports master-slave operation. Up to five MAX8751s can be connected in a daisy-chain configuration as shown in Figure 6. The same device can be used either as a master IC or as a slave IC. Each MAX8751 is the master of the next IC in the chain and at the same time, it is also the slave of the previous IC in the chain. Connecting CNTL to VCC enables the slave mode. In the slave mode, the switching frequency and DPWM frequency are synchronized with the previous MAX8751 in the chain. To synchronize the switching frequency, connect the HFCK pins of the slave IC and master IC together, and connect the PSCK pin of the master IC to the HF pin of the slave IC. To synchronize the DPWM frequency, connect the LFCK pins of the slave IC and master IC together, and connect the DPWM pin of the master IC to the LF pin of the slave IC. The CNTL brightness control is disabled in the slave mode. The master directly controls the brightness setting of the slave by connecting the DPWM pin of master to LF pin of slave. LF Phase Shift (PS1, PS2) HFCK PSCK LFCK DPWM CNTL HF The MAX8751 provides phase shift for both the DPWM operation and switching of MOSFETS when connected in a daisy-chain configuration. This phase shift reduces input ripple current, hence significantly reducing input RMS current. This reduction of input RMS current reduces the input capacitor requirement, hence the size of capacitor. The phase shift can be programmed using two logic input pins (PS1 and PS2). These two pins combined together give four choices of phase shift: 72°, 90°, 120°, and 180°. The selection of the phase shift is based on the number of MAX8751s used in the daisy-chain. Use the following equation to determine the appropriate phase shift: Phase shift = 360° / number of phases Table 1 gives the suggested selection of phase shift for different number of phases. All master and slave ICs should use the same setting for PS1 and PS2. Table 2 summarizes the MAX8751’s operation in all modes. DIMMING CNTL ON/OFF SHDN HF MASTER VCC Unlike the normal shutdown mode, the linear regulator output (V CC ) remains at 5.35V. Toggling SHDN or cycling the input power reactivates the device. SHDN LF SLAVE 1 SHDN LF SLAVE 2 HFCK PSCK LFCK DPWM CNTL HF SHDN LF SLAVE N HFCK PSCK LFCK DPWM Figure 6. Master-Slave Operation 18 ______________________________________________________________________________________ Fixed-Frequency, Full-Bridge CCFL Inverter Controller MAX8751 Table 1. Phase-Shift Setting PIN SETTING PHASE SHIFT IN DEGREES NO. OF PHASES PS2 PS1 MASTER SLAVE 1 SLAVE 2 SLAVE 3 X X 0 N/A N/A N/A SLAVE 4 N/A GND GND 0 180 N/A N/A NA 2 GND VCC 0 120 240 N/A N/A 3 VCC GND 0 90 180 270 N/A 4 VCC VCC 0 72 144 216 288 5 1 X = Don’t care. Linear Regulator Output (VCC) The internal linear regulator steps down the DC input voltage to 5.3V (typ). The linear regulator supplies power to the internal control circuitry of the MAX8751. VCC powers the MOSFET gate drivers. The VCC voltage drops to 4.5V in shutdown. UVLO The MAX8751 includes an undervoltage lockout (UVLO) circuit. The UVLO circuit monitors the VCC voltage. When VCC is below 4.2V (typ), the MAX8751 disables both high-side and low-side gate drivers and resets the fault latch. Low-Power Shutdown When the MAX8751 is placed in shutdown, all functions of the IC are turned off except for the 5.3V linear regulator. In shutdown, the linear regulator output voltage drops to about 4.5V and the supply current is 6µA (typ). While in shutdown, the fault latch is reset. The device can be placed into shutdown by pulling SHDN to its logic low level. Applications Information MOSFETs The MAX8751 requires four external n-channel power MOSFETs to form a full-bridge inverter circuit to drive the transformer primary. Since the positive half-cycle and negative half-cycle are symmetrical, the same type of MOSFET should be used for the high-side and lowside switches. When selecting the MOSFET, focus on the voltage rating, current rating, on-resistance (RDS(ON)), total gate charge, and power dissipation. voltage rating of the MOSFET should be 30V or higher. The current rating of the MOSFET should be higher than the peak primary current at the minimum input voltage and full brightness. Use the following equation to estimate the primary peak current IPEAK_PRI: IPEAK_PRI = 2 xPOUT_MAX VIN_MIN x η where P OUT _ MAX is the maximum output power, VIN_MIN is the minimum input voltage, and is the estimated efficiency at the minimum input voltage. Assuming the full bridge drives four CCFLs and the maximum output power of each lamp is 4.5W, the total maximum output power is 18W. If the minimum input voltage is 8V and the estimated efficiency is 75% at that input, the peak primary current is approximately 4.3A. Therefore, power MOSFETs with a DC current rating of 5A or greater are sufficient. Since the regulator senses the on-state, drain-to-source voltage of both MOSFETs to detect the transformer primary current, the lower the MOSFET RDS(ON), the higher the current limit is. Therefore, the user should select n-channel MOSFETs with low RDS(ON) to minimize conduction loss, and keep the primary current limit at a reasonable level. Use the following equation to estimate the maximum and minimum values of the primary current limit: Select a MOSFET with a voltage rating at least 25% higher than the maximum input voltage of the inverter. For example, if the maximum input voltage is 24V, the ______________________________________________________________________________________ 19 MAX8751 Fixed-Frequency, Full-Bridge CCFL Inverter Controller Table 2. Operation Summary PIN MASTER MODE USING INTERNAL OSCILLATORS MASTER MODE USING EXTERNAL SYNC SIGNAL (SYNC ONLY) MASTER MODE USING EXTERNAL SYNC SIGNAL (SYNC AND DIMMING) SLAVE MODE An analog voltage on CNTL sets the brightness. An analog voltage on CNTL sets the brightness. CNTL control is disabled. The external signal controls the brightness. Connect CNTL to an analog voltage in case the external sync signal is lost. SEL Connect SEL to GND. Connect SEL to GND. Connect SEL to VCC. Don’t care. HF Connect a resistor to GND to set the switching frequency. The internal oscillator is not active. Connect a resistor to GND in case the external sync signal is lost. The internal oscillator is not active. Connect a resistor to GND in case the external sync signal is lost. Connect to the PSCK pin of its master controller. LF Connect a resistor between LF and GND to set DPWM frequency. The internal oscillator is not active. Connect a resistor to GND in case the external sync signal is lost. The internal oscillator is not active. Connect a resistor to GND in case the external sync signal is lost. Connect to the DPWM pin of its master controller. HFCK Connect to the HFCK pin of its slave controller. Connect 1MΩ resistor to GND. See Note 1. Connect to the HFCK pin of its slave controller. Connect 1MΩ resistor to GND. See Note 1. Connect to the HFCK pin of its slave controller. Connect 1MΩ resistor to GND. See Note 1. LFCK Connect to the LFCK pin of its slave controller. Connect 1MΩ resistor to GND. See Note 1. Connect to the LFCK pin of its slave controller. Connect 1MΩ resistor to GND. See Note 1. Connect to the LFCK pin of its slave controller. Connect 1MΩ resistor to GND. See Note 1. Not used. Connect to GND. Connect to a high-frequency external signal to sync the switching frequency. Connect to a highfrequency external signal to sync the switching frequency. Not used. Connect to GND. LSYNC Not used. Connect to GND. Connect a low-frequency external signal to sync the DPWM frequency. Connect a low-frequency external signal to sync the DPWM frequency. The duty cycle of the external signal determines the brightness. Not used. Connect to GND. PSCK Connect to the HF pin of its slave controller. Connect to the HF pin of its slave controller. Connect to the HF pin of its slave controller. Connect to the HF pin of its slave controller. DPWM Connect to the LF pin of its slave controller. Connect to the LF pin of its slave controller. Connect to the LF pin of its slave controller. Connect to the LF pin of its slave controller. CNTL HSYNC Connect CNTL to VCC. Connect to the HFCK pin of its master controller. Connect 1MΩ resistor to GND. See Note 1. Connect to the LFCK pin of its master controller. Connect 1MΩ resistor to GND. See Note 1. Note 1: 1MΩ resistor at HFCK and LPCK is added to define the state of the pins in Shutdown mode. 20 ______________________________________________________________________________________ Fixed-Frequency, Full-Bridge CCFL Inverter Controller 380mV RDS(ON)_MAX ILIM_MAX = 420mV RDS(ON)_MIN MOSFETs must be able to dissipate the conduction losses plus the switching losses at both VIN_MIN and VIN_MAX. Calculate both terms. Ideally, the losses at V IN(MIN) should be roughly equal to the losses at VIN(MAX), with lower losses in between. If the losses at V IN(MIN) are significantly higher than the losses at VIN(MAX), consider increasing the size of the MOSFETs. Conversely, if the losses at VIN(MAX) are significantly higher than the losses at VIN(MIN), consider choosing MOSFETs with lower parasitic capacitance. If VIN does not vary over a wide range, the minimum power dissipation occurs where the conduction losses equal the switching losses. Calculate the total conduction power dissipation of the two MOSFETs using the following equation: PDCONDUCT = IPRI2 x RDS(ON) Setting the Lamp Current The MAX8751 senses the lamp current flowing through resistor R1 (Figure 1) connected between the low-voltage terminal of the lamp and ground. The voltage across R1 is fed to IFB and is internally full-wave rectified. The MAX8751 controls the desired lamp current by regulating the average of the rectified IFB voltage. To set the RMS lamp current, determine R1 as follows: R1 = π x 790mV 2 2 x ILAMP(RMS) where ILAMP(RMS) is the desired RMS lamp current and 790mV is the typical value of the IFB regulation point specified in the Electrical Characteristics table. To set the RMS lamp current to 6mA, the value of R1 should be 148Ω. The closest standard 1% resistors are 147Ω and 150Ω. The precise shape of the lamp-current waveform depends on lamp parasitics. The resulting waveform is an imperfect sinusoid waveform, which has an RMS value that is not easy to predict. A high-frequency true RMS current meter (such as Yokogawa 2016) should be used to measure the RMS current and make final adjustments to R1. Insert this meter between the sense resistor and the lamp’s low-voltage terminal to measure the actual RMS current. Setting the Secondary Voltage Limit where IPRI is the primary current calculated using the following equation: IPRI = POUT _ MAX η x VIN The low-side MOSFETs turn on with ZVS. If the switching frequency is close to resonant frequency, turn-on power loss associated with high-side MOSFETs can be ignored. However, the current is at peak when the MOSFET is turned off. Calculate the turn-off switching power dissipation of the MOSFET using the following equation: PDSWITCH = 2 x CRSS x VIN2 x fSW x IPRI IGATE where CRSS is the reverse transfer capacitance of the MOSFETs and IGATE is the peak gate-drive sink current when the MOSFET is being turned off. The MAX8751 limits the transformer secondary voltage during startup and lamp-out faults. The secondary voltage is sensed through the capacitive voltage-divider formed by C3 and C4 (Figure 1). The voltage of VFB is proportional to the CCFL voltage. The selection of the parallel resonant capacitor C1 is described in the Selecting the Resonant Components section. Smaller values for C3 result in higher efficiency due to lower circulating current. If C3 is too small, the resonant operation is affected by the panel parasitic capacitance. Therefore, C3 is usually chosen to be between 10pF and 18pF. After the value of C3 is set, select C4 based on the desired maximum RMS secondary voltage VLAMP(RMS)_MAX: C4 = 2 x VLAMP(RMS)_MAX 2.32V x C3 where the 2.34V is the typical value of the VFB peak voltage when the lamp is open. To set the maximum RMS secondary voltage to 1800V with C3 selected to be 12pF, C4 must be less than or equal to 13nF. ______________________________________________________________________________________ 21 MAX8751 ILIM_MIN = MAX8751 Fixed-Frequency, Full-Bridge CCFL Inverter Controller Setting the Secondary Current Limit The MAX8751 limits the secondary current even if the IFB sense resistor is shorted or transformer secondary current finds its way to ground without passing through R1. ISEC monitors the voltage across the sense resistor R2 connected between the low-voltage terminal of the transformer secondary winding and ground. Determine the value of R2 using the following equation: R2 = 1.26V 2 x ISEC(RMS)_MAX where ISEC(RMS)_MAX is the desired maximum RMS transformer secondary current during fault conditions, and 1.26V is the typical value of the ISEC peak voltagewhen the secondary is shorted. To set the maximum RMS secondary current in the circuit of Figure 1 to 22mA, set R2 = 40.2Ω. Transformer Design and Resonant Component Selection The transformer is the most important component of the resonant tank circuit. The first step in designing the transformer is to determine the transformer turns ratio. The ratio must be high enough to support the CCFL operating voltage at the minimum supply voltage. The transformer turns ratio N can be calculated as follows: N≥ VLAMP(RMS) 0.90 x VIN(MIN) where VLAMP(RMS) is the maximum RMS lamp voltage in normal operation, and VIN(MIN) is the minimum DC input voltage. If the maximum RMS lamp voltage in normal operation is 800V and the minimum DC input voltage is 7V, the turns ratio should be greater than 120 turns. The next step to design the resonant tank for CCFL is to design the resonant frequency of the tank close to the switching frequency set by the HF resistor. The resonant frequency is determined by: the primary winding series capacitor Cs, the secondary parallel capacitor Cp, the transformer secondary leakage inductance L, and the CCFL lamp operating resistance RL. The simplified CCFL inverter circuit is shown in Figure 7(a). The full-bridge power stage is simplified and represented as a square-wave AC source. The resonant tank circuit can be further simplified to Figure 7(b) by removing the transformer. CS’ is the capacitance of the primary capacitive divider reflected to the secondary and N is the 22 transformer turns ratio. Figure 8 shows the frequency response of the resonant tank’s voltage gain under different load conditions. The primary series capacitor is 1µF, the secondary parallel capacitor is 15pF, the transformer turns ratio is 1:93, and the secondary leakage inductance is 260mH. Notice that there are two peaks, fS and fP, in the frequency response. The first peak, fS, is the series resonant peak determined by the secondary leakage inductance (L) and the series capacitor reflected to the secondary (Cs’): fS = 1 2π LCs' The second peak, fP , is the parallel resonant peak determined by the secondary leakage inductance (L), the parallel capacitor (CP), and the series capacitance reflected to the secondary (C’S): 1 fP = 2π L Cs'CP Cs' + CP The actual resonant frequency is between these two resonant peaks. When the lamp is off, the operating point of the resonant tank is close to the parallel resonant peak due to the lamp’s infinite impedance. The circuit displays the characteristics of a parallel-loaded resonant converter. While in parallel-loaded resonant operation, the inverter behaves like a voltage source to generate the necessary striking voltage. Theoretically, the output voltage of the resonant converter increases until the lamp is ionized or until it reaches the IC’s secondary voltage limit. Once the lamp is ionized, the equivalent-load resistance decreases rapidly and the operating point moves toward the series-resonant peak. While in series-resonant operation, the inverter behaves like a current source. The leakage inductance of the CCFL transformer is an important parameter in the resonant tank design. The leakage inductance values can have large tolerance and significant variations among different batches. It is best to work directly with transformer vendors on leakage inductance requirements. The series capacitor Cs sets the minimum operating frequency, which is approximately two times the series resonant peak frequency. The series capacitor Cs can be chosen as below: ______________________________________________________________________________________ Fixed-Frequency, Full-Bridge CCFL Inverter Controller 4 CP CCFL AC SOURCE VOLTAGE GAIN (V/V) L 1:N MAX8751 CS (a) 3 RL INCREASING 2 1 0 Cs' = Cs'/N2 L 0 20 40 60 80 100 FREQUENCY (kHz) AC SOURCE CP RL N1 > (b) Figure 7. Simplified CCFL Inverte r Circuit CS ≤ N2 4π 2 x f 2 MIN x L where fMIN is the minimum operating frequency range. In the circuit of Figure 1, the transformer’s turns ratio is 120 and its secondary leakage inductance is 200mH. To set the minimum resonant frequency to 30kHz, use 2.2µF capacitor for CS. The parallel capacitor CP sets the maximum operating frequency, which is also the parallel resonant peak frequency. The capacitance CP can be chosen as below: CP > CS 2 Figure 8. Frequency Response of the Resonant Tank 2 4 π x f MAX x L x CS − N2 In the circuit of Figure 1, to set the maximum resonant frequency to 95kHz; use 15pF for CP. The transformer core saturation should also be considered when selecting the operating frequency. The primary winding should have enough turns to prevent transformer saturation under all operating conditions. Use the following expression to calculate the minimum number of turns N1 of the primary winding: DMAX x VIN(MAX) BS x S x fMIN where DMAX is the maximum duty cycle (approximately 0.4) of the high-side switch, VIN(MAX) is the maximum DC input voltage, BS is the saturation flux density of the core, and S is the minimal cross-section area of the core. COMP Capacitor Selection The COMP capacitor sets the speed of the current-regulation loop that is used during startup, maintaining lamp-current regulation, and during transients caused by changing the input voltage. To maintain stable operation, the COMP capacitor (C COMP) needs to be at least 3.3nF. As discussed in the DPWM Dimming Control section, the COMP capacitor also limits the dynamics of the lamp-current envelope in DPWM operation. At the end of the DPWM ON cycle, the MAX8751 turns on a 100µA internal current source to linearly discharge the COMP capacitor. Use the following equation to set the fall time: CCOMP = 100µA x t FALL VCOMP where tFALL is the fall time of the lamp-current envelope and VCOMP is the dynamic COMP voltage determined by resonant tank. At the beginning of the DPWM ON cycle, the COMP capacitor is charged by transconductance error amplifier, so the charge current is not constant. Because the average charge current is around ______________________________________________________________________________________ 23 MAX8751 Fixed-Frequency, Full-Bridge CCFL Inverter Controller 30µA, the rise time is about three times longer than the fall time. ly at the ground terminals. This is essential for stable, jitter-free operation and high efficiency. Setting the Fault Delay Time 2) Use a star-ground configuration for power and analog grounds. The power and analog grounds should be completely isolated—meeting only at the center of the star. The center should be placed at the analog ground pin (GND). Using separate copper islands for these grounds can simplify this task. Quiet analog ground is used for VCC, COMP, HF, LF, and TFLT. The TFLT capacitor determines the delay time for both the open-lamp fault and secondary short-circuit fault. The MAX8751 charges the TFLT capacitor with a 1µA current source during an open-lamp fault and charges the TFLT capacitor with a 126µA current source during a secondary short-circuit fault. Therefore, the secondary short-circuit fault delay time is approximately 100 times shorter than that of the open-lamp fault. The MAX8751 sets the fault latch when the TFLT voltage reaches 4V. Use the following equations to calculate the open-lamp fault delay (T OPEN_LAMP ) and secondary short-circuit fault delay (TSEC_SHORT): C TFLT x 4 V 1µA C x 4V TSEC _ SHORT = TFLT 126µA TOPEN _ LAMP = Bootstrap Capacitors The high-side gate drivers are powered using two bootstrap circuits. The MAX8751 integrates the bootstrap diodes so only two 0.1µF bootstrap capacitors are needed. Connect the capacitors between LX1 and BST1 and between LX2 and BST2 to complete the bootstrap circuits. Layout Guidelines Careful PC board layout is important to achieve stable operation. The high-voltage section and the switching section of the circuit require particular attention. The highvoltage sections of the layout need to be well separated from the control circuit. Follow these guidelines for good PC board layout. 1) Keep the high-current paths short and wide, especial- 24 3) Route high-speed switching nodes away from sensitive analog areas (VCC, COMP, HF, LF, and TFLT). Make all pin-strap control input connections to analog ground or VCC. 4) Mount the decoupling capacitor from VCC to GND as close as possible to the IC with dedicated traces that are not shared with other signal paths. 5) The current-sense paths for LX_ to GND must be made using Kelvin-sense connections to guarantee the current-limit accuracy. With 8-pin MOSFETs, this is best done by routing power to the MOSFETs from the outside using the top copper layer, while connecting GND and LX_ inside (underneath) the 8-pin SO package. 6) Ensure the feedback connections are short and direct. To the extent possible, IFB, VFB, and ISEC connections should be far away from the high-voltage traces and the transformer. 7) To the extent possible, high-voltage trace clearance on the transformer’s secondary should be widely separated. The high-voltage traces should also be separated from adjacent ground planes to prevent lossy capacitive coupling. 8) The traces to the capacitive voltage-divider on the transformer’s secondary need to be widely separated to prevent arcing. Moving these traces to opposite sides of the board can be beneficial in some cases. ______________________________________________________________________________________ Fixed-Frequency, Full-Bridge CCFL Inverter Controller IN LX2 GH2 BST2 23 LX1 GH1 24 VCC BST1 TOP VIEW 22 21 20 19 18 17 TRANSISTOR COUNT: 7743 PROCESS: BiCMOS GL1 25 16 PGND1 26 15 PGND2 GND 27 14 PS1 13 HF PCOMP 28 MAX8751ETJ GL2 12 LF IFB 30 11 SEL PS2 31 10 HSYNC 9 HFCK COMP 29 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 VFB TFLT CNTL SHDN LSYNC LFCK DPWM PSCK ISEC 32 Chip Information TQFN 5mm x 5mm ______________________________________________________________________________________ 25 MAX8751 Pin Configuration Package Information (The package drawing(s) in this data sheet may not reflect the most current specifications. For the latest package outline information, go to www.maxim-ic.com/packages.) QFN THIN.EPS MAX8751 Fixed-Frequency, Full-Bridge CCFL Inverter Controller 26 ______________________________________________________________________________________ Fixed-Frequency, Full-Bridge CCFL Inverter Controller Maxim cannot assume responsibility for use of any circuitry other than circuitry entirely embodied in a Maxim product. No circuit patent licenses are implied. Maxim reserves the right to change the circuitry and specifications without notice at any time. Maxim Integrated Products, 120 San Gabriel Drive, Sunnyvale, CA 94086 408-737-7600 ____________________ 27 © 2005 Maxim Integrated Products Printed USA is a registered trademark of Maxim Integrated Products, Inc. MAX8751 Package Information (continued) (The package drawing(s) in this data sheet may not reflect the most current specifications. For the latest package outline information go to www.maxim-ic.com/packages.)