A Product Lin ne of Dio odes Incorporrated ZXLD1371 60V HIGH ACCURACY A BUCK/BOOS ST/BUCK-BO OOST LED DRIVER-CONT D TROLLER Descriptio on Pin n Assignme ents The ZXLD137 71 is an LED D driver contrroller IC for driving d external MOSFETs to drive high current LEDs. It is a multitopology contrroller enabling it to efficientlyy control the current c through seriess connected LE EDs. The multii-topology enab bles it to operate in buck, b boost and d buck-boost co onfigurations. TSSOP P-16EP The 60V capa ability coupled d with its multi-topology cap pability enables it to be b used in a wide range of ap pplications and d drive in excess of 15 5 LEDs in serie es. The ZXLD137 71 is a modiffied hystereticc controller ussing a patent pending g control sche eme providing high output current c accuracy in all a three mod des of operatiion. High acccuracy dimming is acchieved throug gh DC control and high frequency PWM control. ADJ 1 16 GI REF 2 15 PWM TADJ 3 14 FLAG SHP 4 13 ISM STATUS 5 12 VIN SGND 6 11 VAUX PGND 7 10 GATE N/C 8 9 N/C ns for fault diag gnosis. A flag output o The ZXLD1371 uses two pin highlights a fa ault, while the multi-level stattus pin gives further f information on the exact faultt. Features • • • • • • • • • 0.5% typiccal output curre ent accuracy 5 to 60V operating o voltag ge range LED drive er supports Buc ck, Boost and Buck-boost B configurattions Wide dyna amic range dim mming o 10:1 DC D dimming o 1000:1 dimming rang ge at 500Hz Up to 1MH Hz switching High temp perature contro ol of LED curren nt using TADJ Available in Automotiv ve Grade wiith AEC-Q100 0 and TS16949 certification Available in “Green” Mo olding Compou und (No Br, Sb b) with lead Free Finish/ RoHS Compliant (No ote 1) N Note 1: EU Directtive 2002/95/EC (R RoHS) & 2011/65/E EU (RoHS 2). All ap pplicable RoHS exe emptions applied. Typical Ap pplication Circuit VIN 8V to 22V ILED = 1A R1 0R05 N VAUX VIN PWM C1 10µF ISM L1 33µH H 1 to 6 LEDs ILED L 10 00% ADJ ZXLD D1371 GATE FLAG REF R R4 1.8 8k RGI1 24k TH H1 10 0k REF T TH1 TADJ D1 PDS3100 GI RGI2 75k R Rth Q1 DMN6068LK3 COUT 10 0µF STATUS TADJ SHP NC SGND PGND 10 0% C2 330pF 70°C 85°C The ermally connected TLED Thermal netw work response in Buck configuratio on with: Rth = 1.8 8kΩ and TH1 = 10k 1 Ω (beta = 390 00) Buck-Boos st Diagram Utilizing Thermistor and TADJ ZXLD1371 Document numberr: DS35436 Rev. 1 - 2 1 of 42 ww ww.diodes.com Curve Sh howing LED Current vs. TLED Febru uary 2012 © Diodes Incorporated A Product Line of Diodes Incorporated ZXLD1371 Pin Descriptions Pin Name Pin Type (Note 2) ADJ 1 I REF 2 O TADJ 3 I SHP 4 I/O STATUS 5 O SGND PGND 6 7 P P N/C 8 - N/C 9 GATE 10 O VAUX 11 P VIN 12 P ISM 13 I FLAG 14 O PWM 15 I GI 16 I EP PAD P Notes: Description Adjust input (for dc output current control) Connect to REF to set 100% output current. Drive with dc voltage (125mV<VADJ< 1.25V) to adjust output current from 10% to 100% of set value. The ADJ pin has an internal clamp that limits the internal node to less than 3V. This provides some failsafe should they get overdriven Internal 1.25V reference voltage output Temperature Adjust input for LED thermal current control Connect thermistor/resistor network to this pin to reduce output current above a preset temperature threshold. Connect to REF to disable thermal compensation function. (See section on thermal control.) Shaping capacitor for feedback control loop Connect 330pF ±20% capacitor from this pin to ground to provide loop compensation Operation status output (analog output) Pin is at 4.5V (nominal) during normal operation. Pin switches to a lower voltage to indicate specific operation warnings or fault conditions. (See section on STATUS output.) Status pin voltage is low during shutdown mode Signal ground (Connect to 0V) Power ground - Connect to 0V and pin 8 to maximize copper area Not Connected internally – recommend connection to pin 7, (PGND), to maximize PCB copper for thermal dissipation Not Connected internally – recommend connection pin 10 (GATE) to permit wide copper trace to gate of MOSFET Gate drive output to external NMOS transistor – connect to pin 9 Auxiliary positive supply to internal switch gate driver At VIN < 8V; a bootstrap circuit is recommended to ensure adequate gate drive voltage (see Applications section) At VIN > 8V; connect to VIN At VIN >24V; to reduce power dissipation, VAUX can be connected to an 8V to 15V auxiliary power supply (see Applications section). Decouple to ground with capacitor close to device (see Applications section) Input supply to device 5V to 60V Decouple to ground with capacitor close to device (refer to Applications section) Current monitor input. Connect current sense resistor between this pin and VIN The nominal voltage, VSENSE, across the resistor is 218mV fixed in Buck mode and initially 225mV in Boost and Buck-Boost modes, varying with duty cycle. Flag open drain output Pin is high impedance during normal operation Pin switches low to indicate a fault, or warning condition Digital PWM output current control Pin driven either by open Drain or push-pull 3.3V or 5V logic levels. Drive with frequency higher than 100Hz to gate output ‘on’ and ‘off’ during dimming control. The device enters standby mode when PWM pin is driven with logic low level for more than 15ms nominal (Refer to application section for more details) Gain setting input Used to set the device in Buck mode or Boost, Buck-boost modes and to control the sense voltage in Boost and Buck-boost modes Connect to ADJ pin for Buck mode operation For Boost and Buck-boost modes, connect to resistive divider from ADJ to SGND. The GI divider is required to compensate for duty cycle gating in the internal feedback loop (see Application section). The GI pin has an internal clamp that limits the internal node to less than 3V. This provides some failsafe should it become overdriven. Exposed paddle. Connect to 0V plane for electrical and thermal management 2. Type refers to whether or not pin is an Input, Output, Input/Output or Power supply pin. ZXLD1371 Document number: DS35436 Rev. 1 - 2 2 of 42 www.diodes.com February 2012 © Diodes Incorporated A Product Line of Diodes Incorporated ZXLD1371 Functional Block Diagram Absolute Maximum Ratings (Voltages to GND Unless Otherwise Stated) (Note 3) Symbol Parameter Rating Unit VIN Input supply voltage -0.3 to 65 V VAUX Auxiliary supply voltage -0.3 to 65 V VISM Current monitor input relative to GND -0.3 to 65 V VSENSE Current monitor sense voltage (VIN-VISM) -0.3 to 5 V VGATE Gate driver output voltage -0.3 to 20 V IGATE Gate driver continuous output current 18 mA VFLAG Flag output voltage -0.3 to 40 V VPWM, VADJ, VTADJ, VGI, VPWM Other input pins -0.3 to 5.5 V TJ Maximum junction temperature 150 °C TST Storage temperature -55 to 150 °C Stresses greater than the 'Absolute Maximum Ratings' specified above, may cause permanent damage to the device. These are stress ratings only; functional operation of the device at these or any other conditions exceeding those indicated in this specification is not implied. Device reliability may be affected by exposure to absolute maximum rating conditions for extended periods of time. Semiconductor devices are ESD sensitive and may be damaged by exposure to ESD events. Suitable ESD precautions should be taken when handling and transporting these devices. ZXLD1371 Document number: DS35436 Rev. 1 - 2 3 of 42 www.diodes.com February 2012 © Diodes Incorporated A Product Line of Diodes Incorporated ZXLD1371 Package Thermal Data Thermal Resistance Junction-to-Ambient, θJA (Note 4) Package TSSOP-16 EP Typical 50 Unit °C/W Junction-to-Case, θJC TSSOP-16 EP 23 °C/W Recommended Operating Conditions (-40°C ≤ TJ ≤ 125°C) Symbol Parameter Performance/Comment Normal Operation (Note 5) Reduced performance operation Normal Operation (Note 5) Reduced performance operation Input supply voltage range VIN Auxiliary supply voltage range (Note 6) VAUX IREF External dc control voltage applied to ADJ pin to adjust output current Reference external load current VIN-VISM, with 0 ≤ VADJ ≤ 2.5 DC brightness control mode from 10% to 100% REF sourcing current fmax Recommended switching frequency range (Note 7) VSENSE VADJ VTADJ Differential input voltage Temperature adjustment (TADJ) input voltage range Recommended PWM dimming frequency range fPWM tPWMH/L PWM pulse width in dimming mode To achieve 1000:1 resolution To achieve 500:1 resolution PWM input high or low Min 8.0 Max 60 Unit 5.0 8.0 8.0 60 5.0 8.0 0 450 mV 0.125 1.25 V 1 mA 300 1000 kHz 0 100 100 0.002 VREF 500 1000 10 V Hz Hz ms V V VPWMH PWM pin high level input voltage 2 5.5 V VPWML PWM pin low level input voltage 0 0.4 V -40 125 °C 0.20 0.50 Operating Junction Temperature Range TJ GI Notes: Gain setting ratio for boost and buck-boost modes Ratio= VGI/VADJ 3. For correct operation SGND and PGND should always be connected together. 4. Measured on “High Effective Thermal Conductivity Test Board" according to JESD51. 5. Device starts up above 5.4V and as such the minimum applied supply voltage has to be above 5.4V (plus any noise margin). The ZXLD1371 will, however, continue to function when the input voltage is reduced from ≥ 8V down to 5.0V. When operating with input voltages below 8V the output current and device parameters may deviate from their normal values; and is dependent on power MOSFET switch, load and ambient temperature conditions. To ensure best operation in Boost and Buck-boost modes with input voltages, VIN, between 5.0 and 8V a suitable boot-strap network on VAUX pin is recommended. Performance in Buck mode will be reduced at input voltages (VIN, VAUX) below 8V. – a boot-strap network cannot be implemented in buck mode. 6. VAUX can be driven from a voltage higher than VIN to provide higher efficiency at low VIN voltages, but to avoid false operation; a voltage should not be applied to VAUX in the absence of a voltage at VIN. VAUX can also be operated at a lower voltage than VIN to increase efficiencies at high VIN. 7. The device contains circuitry to control the switching frequency to approximately 400kHz. The maximum and minimum operating frequency is not tested in production. ZXLD1371 Document number: DS35436 Rev. 1 - 2 4 of 42 www.diodes.com February 2012 © Diodes Incorporated A Product Line of Diodes Incorporated ZXLD1371 Electrical Characteristics (Test conditions: VIN = VAUX = 12V, TA = 25°C, unless otherwise specified.) Symbol Parameter Conditions Min Typ Max Units Supply and reference parameters VUV- Under-Voltage detection threshold Normal operation to switch disabled VIN or VAUX falling (Note 8) 4.5 V VUV+ Under-Voltage detection threshold Switch disabled to normal operation VIN or VAUX rising (Note 8) 4.9 V IQ-IN Quiescent current into VIN 1.5 IQ-AUX Quiescent current into VAUX PWM pin floating. Output not switching ISB-IN Standby current into VIN. ISB-AUX Standby current into VAUX. PWM pin grounded for more than 15ms VREF Internal reference voltage No load ΔVREF Change in reference voltage with output current Sourcing 1mA Sinking 25µA VREF_LINE Reference voltage line regulation VIN = VAUX, 8.0V<VIN = <60V VREF-TC Reference temperature coefficient 1.237 3 150 300 µA 90 150 µA 0.7 10 µA 1.25 1.263 V -5 5 -60 mA mV -90 dB ±50 ppm/°C DC-DC converter parameters VADJ ≤ 1.25V 100 nA VADJ = 5.0V 5 µA VADJ = 1.25V 0.8 V VGI ≤ 1.25V 100 nA VGI = 5.0V 5 µA 36 100 µA 15 25 ms IADJ ADJ input current (Note 9) VGI GI Voltage threshold for boost and buckboost modes selection (Note 9) IGI GI input current (Note 9) IPWM PWM input current VPWM = 5.5V tPWMoff PWM pulse width (to enter shutdown state) PWM input low TSDH Thermal shutdown upper threshold (GATE output forced low) Temperature rising. 150 ºC TSDL Thermal shutdown lower threshold (GATE output re-enabled) Temperature falling. 125 ºC 11 20 µA ±0.25 ±2 % 350 375 mV 10 High-Side Current Monitor (Pin ISM) IISM Input Current Measured into ISM pin VISM = 12V VSENSE_acc Accuracy of nominal VSENSE threshold voltage VADJ = 1.25V VSENSE-OC Notes: 8. 9. Over-current sense threshold voltage 300 UVLO levels are such that all ZXLD1371 will function above 5.4V for rising supply voltages and function down to 5V for falling supply voltages. The ADJ and GI pins have an internal clamp that limits the internal node to less than 3V. This provides some failsafe should those pins get overdriven. ZXLD1371 Document number: DS35436 Rev. 1 - 2 5 of 42 www.diodes.com February 2012 © Diodes Incorporated A Product Line of Diodes Incorporated ZXLD1371 Electrical Characteristics (cont.) (Test conditions: VIN = VAUX = 12V, TA = 25°C, unless otherwise specified.) Symbol Parameter Conditions Min Typ Max Units 0.5 V 1 µA Output Parameters VFLAGL FLAG pin low level output voltage IFLAGOFF FLAG pin open-drain leakage current VSTATUS RSTATUS STATUS Flag no-load output voltage (Note 10) Output impedance of STATUS output Output sinking 1mA VFLAG = 40V Normal operation 4.2 4.5 4.8 Out of regulation (VSHP out of range) (Note 11) 3.3 3.6 3.9 VIN under-voltage (VIN < UVLO) 3.3 3.6 3.9 Switch stalled (tON or tOFF > 100µs) 3.3 3.6 3.9 Over-temperature (TJ > 125°C) 1.5 1.8 2.1 Excess sense resistor current (VSENSE > 0.32V) 0.6 0.9 1.2 Normal operation V 10 kΩ 11 V Driver output (PIN GATE) VGATEH High level output voltage No load Sourcing 1mA (Note 12) VGATEL Low level output voltage Sinking 1mA, (Note 13) VGATECL High level GATE CLAMP voltage 10 VIN = VAU X= VISM = 18V 12.8 IGATE = 1mA 0.5 V 15 V IGATE Dynamic peak current available during rise or fall of output voltage Charging or discharging gate of external switch with QG = 10nC and 400kHz ±300 tSTALL Time to assert ‘STALL’ flag and warning on STATUS output (Note 14) GATE low or high 100 170 µs mA LED Thermal control circuit (TADJ) parameters VTADJH Upper threshold voltage Onset of output current reduction (VTADJ falling) 560 625 690 mV VTADJL Lower threshold voltage Output current reduced to <10% of set value (VTADJ falling) 380 440 500 mV TADJ pin Input current VTADJ = 1.25V 1 µA ITADJ Notes: 10. In the event of more than one fault/warning condition occurring, the higher priority condition will take precedence. For example ‘Excessive coil current’ and ‘Out of regulation’ occurring together will produce an output of 0.9V on the STATUS pin. These STATUS pin voltages apply for an input voltage to VIN of 7.5V < VIN < 60V. Below 7.5V the STATUS pin voltage levels reduce and therefore may not report the correct status. For 5.4V < VIN < 7.5V the flag pin still reports any error by going low. At low VIN in Boost and Buck-boost modes an over-current status may be indicated when operating at high boost ratios – this due to the feedback loop increasing the sense voltage. For more information see the Application Information section about Flag/Status levels. 11. Flag is asserted if VSHP < 1.5V or VSHP > 2.5V 12. GATE is switched to the supply voltage VAUX for low values of VAUX (5V ≤ VAUX ≤ ~12V). For VAUX > 12V, GATE is clamped internally to prevent it exceeding 15V. 13. GATE is switched to PGND by an NMOS transistor 14. If tON exceeds tSTALL, the device will force GATE low to turn off the external switch and then initiate a restart cycle. During this phase, ADJ is grounded internally and the SHP pin is switched to its nominal operating voltage, before operation is allowed to resume. Restart cycles will be repeated automatically until the operating conditions are such that normal operation can be sustained. If tOFF exceeds tSTALL, the switch will remain off until normal operation is possible. ZXLD1371 Document number: DS35436 Rev. 1 - 2 6 of 42 www.diodes.com February 2012 © Diodes Incorporated A Product Line of Diodes Incorporated ZXLD1371 Typical Characteristics 3 SUPPLY CURRENT (mA) 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 5 10 15 20 1.248 -40 -25 -10 5 25 30 35 40 SUPPLY VOLTAGE (V) Supply Voltage vs. Supply Current 45 50 55 60 1.252 1.2515 REFERENCE VOLTAGE (V) 1.251 1.2505 1.25 1.2495 1.249 1.2485 20 35 50 65 80 95 110 125 JUNCTION TEMPERATURE (°C) Reference Voltage vs. Junction Temperature 100% T A=25°C L=33µH RS=146mΩ Buck Mode 2 LEDs 90% 80% 70% DUTY (%) 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 6 12 18 24 30 36 42 48 54 60 INPUT VOLTAGE (V) Duty Cycle vs. Input Voltage ZXLD1371 Document number: DS35436 Rev. 1 - 2 7 of 42 www.diodes.com February 2012 © Diodes Incorporated A Product Line of Diodes Incorporated ZXLD1371 Typical Characteristics – Linear/DC Dimming 750 750 600 LED CURRENT (mA) Switching Frequency 450 450 300 300 T A=25°C VAUX=VIN=12V 2 LEDs, L=33µH RS=300mΩ 150 0 0 0.25 0.5 0.75 ADJ VOLTAGE (V) Led Current and Switching Frequency vs. ADJ Voltage in Buck Mode 150 0 1.25 1 700 1400 600 1200 500 1000 400 800 300 600 LED Current 200 400 TA = 25°C VAUX = VIN = 24V 8 LEDs, L = 33µH GI = 0.23, RS = 300mΩ 100 0.25 0.5 0.75 200 0 1.25 0 0 SWITCHING FREQUENCY (kHz) Switching Frequency LED CURRENT (mA) SWITCHING FREQUENCY (kHz) 600 1 ADJ VOLTAGE (V) LED Current and Switching Frequency vs. ADJ Voltage in Buck-Boost Mode 350 700 300 600 LED CURRENT (mA) ILED 250 500 200 400 150 300 TA=25°C VAUX=VIN=12V 12 LEDs, L=33µH GI=0.23, RS=300mΩ 100 50 200 SWITCHING FREQUENCY (kHz) Switching Frequency 100 0 0 0 ZXLD1371 Document number: DS35436 Rev. 1 - 2 0.25 0.5 0.75 ADJ VOLTAGE (V) LED Current and Switching Frequency vs. ADJ Voltage in Boost Mode 8 of 42 www.diodes.com 1 1.25 February 2012 © Diodes Incorporated A Product Lin ne of Dio odes Incorporrated ZXLD1371 Typical Characteris C stics – PWM M/Thermal Dimming 1500 T A = 25°C VIN = VAUX = 24V 1250 LED CURRENT (mA) L = 33µH, RS =150mΩ fPWM = 100Hzz ILED 1000 750 500 250 0 0 10 20 0 30 4 40 50 60 70 PWM DUTY CYCLE P E (%) LED Current C vs. PWM Duty D Cycle 80 90 100 ILED vs s. Time - PW WM Pin Trans sient Respon nse LED CURRENT DIMMING FACTOR 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% 0 ZXLD1371 Document numberr: DS35436 Rev. 1 - 2 250 0 50 00 750 PIN VOLTAGE (mV) TADJ ( A LED Current Dimming Factor vs s. TADJ Voltage 9 of 42 ww ww.diodes.com 1000 1250 Febru uary 2012 © Diodes Incorporated A Product Line of Diodes Incorporated ZXLD1371 Typical Characteristics – Buck Mode – RS = 75mΩ – L = 33µH – ILED = 2.9A 3.2 LED CURRENT (A) 3.1 3.0 2.9 2.8 2.7 2.6 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 INPUT VOLTAGE (V) 700 SWITCHING FREQUENCY (kHz) TA = 25°C, VAUX = VIN L = 15µH, RS = 75mΩ CIN = 100µF, VLED = 3.8V 600 500 4 LEDs 2 LEDs 3 LEDs 1 LED 400 4 LEDs L = 22µH 300 200 100 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 INPUT VOLTAGE (V) 700 EFFICIENCY (%) 600 500 400 300 100 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 INPUT VOLTAGE (V) ZXLD1371 Document number: DS35436 Rev. 1 - 2 10 of 42 www.diodes.com February 2012 © Diodes Incorporated A Product Line of Diodes Incorporated ZXLD1371 Typical Characteristics – Buck Mode – RS =150mΩ - L = 33µH – ILED = 1.45A 700 T A = 25°C, VIN = V AUX, L = 33µH, RS = 150mΩ CIN = 100µF LED CURRENT (A) 600 400 300 1 ~ 16 LEDs 200 1 LED 100 0 5 10 15 10 20 20 25 25 30 30 35 40 INPUT VOLTAGE (V) 1000 900 SWITCHING FREQUENCY (kHz) 800 700 600 500 400 12 LEDs 300 14 LEDs 16 LEDs 10 LEDs 8 LEDs 6 LEDs 200 4 LEDs 100 0 5 LEDs 2 LEDs 3 LEDs 5 10 15 20 25 100 3 LEDs 4 LEDs 95 5 LEDs 6 LEDs 30 35 VIN (V) 8 LEDs 40 10 LEDs 45 12 LEDs 50 14 LEDs 55 60 16 LEDs 2 LEDs EFFICIENCY (%) 90 85 1 LED 80 75 70 TA = 25°C, VIN = VAUX, L = 33µH, RS = 150mΩ CIN = 100µF 65 60 5 ZXLD1371 Document number: DS35436 Rev. 1 - 2 10 15 20 25 30 35 VIN (V) 11 of 42 www.diodes.com 40 45 50 55 60 February 2012 © Diodes Incorporated A Product Line of Diodes Incorporated ZXLD1371 Typical Characteristics – Boost Mode – ILED = 350mA – RS = 150mΩ – GIRATIO = 0.23 0.45 LED CURRENT (A) 0.40 0.35 0.30 0.25 0.20 0.15 5 8 11 14 17 20 23 26 29 VIN (V) 32 35 38 41 44 47 50 800 SWITCHING FREQUENCY (kHz) 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 5 10 15 20 100 4 LEDs 6 LEDs 8 LEDs 25 30 VIN (V) 10 LEDs 35 12 LEDs 40 14 LEDs 45 50 16 LEDs EFFICIENCY (%) 90 80 70 60 TA = 25°C, VAUX = VIN L = 33µH, RS = 150mΩ , 50 R9 = 120kΩ , R10 = 36kΩ CIN = 100µF 40 ZXLD1371 Document number: DS35436 Rev. 1 - 2 12 of 42 www.diodes.com February 2012 © Diodes Incorporated A Product Line of Diodes Incorporated ZXLD1371 Typical Characteristics – Boost Mode – ILED = 350mA – GIRATIO = 0.23 – Bootstrap comparison 0.45 T A = 25°C, L = 33µH 0.43 RS = 150mΩ, R9 = 120kΩ R10 = 36kΩ, CIN = 100µF LED CURRENT (A) 0.41 8 LEDs 0.39 0.37 0.35 0.33 8 LEDs Bootstrap 0.31 0.29 0.27 0.25 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 VIN (V) 500 8 LEDs Bootstrap SWITCHING FREQUENCY (kHz) 450 400 350 300 250 8 LEDs 200 150 TA = 25°C, L = 33µH 100 RS = 150mΩ, R9 = 120kΩ R10 = 36kΩ, CIN = 100µF 50 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 VIN (V) 100 90 EFFICIENCY % 8 LEDs Bootstrap 80 70 60 8 LEDs TA = 25°C, L = 33µH RS = 150mΩ, R9 = 120kΩ 50 40 5 R10 = 36kΩ, CIN = 100µF 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 VIN (V) ZXLD1371 Document number: DS35436 Rev. 1 - 2 13 of 42 www.diodes.com February 2012 © Diodes Incorporated A Product Line of Diodes Incorporated ZXLD1371 Typical Characteristics – Boost Mode – ILED = 350mA – RS = 150mΩ – GIRATIO = 0.23 0.45 0.43 LED CURRENT (A) 0.41 L = 33µH 0.39 L = 68µH 0.37 0.35 0.33 L = 100µH 0.31 TA = 25° C, VAUX = VIN 8 LEDs, RS = 150mΩ R9 = 120kΩ, R10 = 36kΩ, CIN = 100µF 0.29 0.27 0.25 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 VIN (V) 500 L = 33µH SWITCHING FREQUENCY (kHz) 450 400 350 300 L = 68µH 250 200 150 TA = 25°C, VAUX = VIN L = 100µH 100 8 LEDs, RS = 150mΩ, R9 = 120kΩ, R10 = 36kΩ, CIN = 100µF 50 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 VIN (V) 100 L = 100µH EFFICIENCY % 90 80 L = 68µH 70 60 L = 33µH T A = 25°C, V AUX = V IN 8 LEDs, RS = 150mΩ, 50 40 5 R9 = 120kΩ, R10 = 36kΩ, CIN = 100µF 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 VIN (V) ZXLD1371 Document number: DS35436 Rev. 1 - 2 14 of 42 www.diodes.com February 2012 © Diodes Incorporated A Product Line of Diodes Incorporated ZXLD1371 Typical Characteristics – Boost Mode – 8 LEDs – GIRATIO = 0.23 0.60 LED CURRENT (A) 0.50 ILED = 500mA 0.40 0.30 T A = 25°C, V AUX = VIN 8 LEDs, L = 33µH R9 = 120kΩ, R10 = 36kΩ, CIN = 100µF ILED = 350mA 0.20 0.10 5 ILED = 150mA 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 VIN (V) 800 SWITCHING FREQUENCY (kHz) 700 ILED = 150mA 600 500 400 300 ILED = 350mA ILED = 500mA 200 T A = 25°C, V AUX = VIN 8 LEDs, L = 33µH R9 = 120kΩ, R10 = 36kΩ, CIN = 100µF 100 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 VIN (V) 100 ILED = 500mA EFFICIENCY (%) 90 ILED = 150mA 80 ILED = 350mA 70 60 TA = 25° C, VAUX = VIN 8 LEDs, L = 33µH R9 = 120kΩ , R10 = 36kΩ, CIN = 100µF 50 40 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 VIN (V) ZXLD1371 Document number: DS35436 Rev. 1 - 2 15 of 42 www.diodes.com February 2012 © Diodes Incorporated A Product Line of Diodes Incorporated ZXLD1371 Typical Characteristics – Buck-Boost Mode – RS = 150mΩ - ILED = 350mA – GIRATIO = 0.23 0.450 0.425 5 LEDs 6 LEDs LED CURRENT (A) 0.400 2 LEDs 0.375 3 LEDs 4 LEDs 0.350 1 LED 0.325 7 LEDs 8 LEDs 0.300 9 LEDs TA = 25°C, L = 33µH, Rs = 150mΩ, R9 = 120kΩ, R10 = 36kΩ, VAUX = VIN 0.275 0.250 5 8 5 8 11 14 17 20 14 17 20 900 SWITCHING FREQUENCY (kHz) 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 VIN (V) 90 6 LEDs 85 80 9 LEDs 5 LEDs EFFICIENCY % 75 4 LEDs 3 LEDs 2 LEDs 70 8 LEDs 65 1 LED 7 LEDs 60 55 TA = 25°C, L = 33µH, 50 Rs = 150mΩ, R9 = 120kΩ, R10 = 36kΩ, VAUX = VIN 45 40 5 ZXLD1371 Document number: DS35436 Rev. 1 - 2 8 11 16 of 42 www.diodes.com 14 17 20 February 2012 © Diodes Incorporated A Product Line of Diodes Incorporated ZXLD1371 Typical Characteristics – Buck-Boost Mode – RS = 150mΩ - ILED = 350mA – GIRATIO = 0.23 0.45 TA = 25°C, L = 33µH 0.43 RS = 150mΩ, R9 = 120kΩ R10 = 36kΩ LED CURRENT (A) 0.41 5 LEDs 0.39 0.37 0.35 0.33 5 LEDs Bootstrap 0.31 0.29 0.27 0.25 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 13 14 15 16 17 18 VIN (V) SWITCHING FREQUENCY (kHz) 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 90 5 LEDs Bootstrap 85 80 5 LEDs EFFICIENCY % 75 70 65 60 55 T A = 25°C, L = 33H 50 RS = 150mΩ, R9 = 120kΩ, R10 = 36kΩ, CIN = 100µF 45 40 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 VIN (V) ZXLD1371 Document number: DS35436 Rev. 1 - 2 17 of 42 www.diodes.com February 2012 © Diodes Incorporated A Product Line of Diodes Incorporated ZXLD1371 Typical Characteristics – Buck-Boost Mode – RS = 150mΩ - ILED = 350mA – GIRATIO = 0.23 0.450 0.425 LED CURRENT (A) 0.400 0.375 0.350 0.325 0.300 0.275 0.250 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 SWITCHING FREQUENCY (kHz) 600 500 L = 33µH 400 300 L = 68µH L = 100µH 200 T A = 25°C, V IN = VAUX, 100 5 LEDs, RS = 150mΩ R9 = 120kΩ, R10 = 36kΩ CIN = 100µF 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 90 L = 100µH 85 80 EFFICIENCY % 75 L = 68µH 70 65 60 55 L = 33µH TA = 25°C, VIN = VAUX, 50 5 LEDs, RS = 150mΩ R9 = 120kΩ, R10 = 36kΩ CIN = 100µF 45 40 5 ZXLD1371 Document number: DS35436 Rev. 1 - 2 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 18 of 42 www.diodes.com 13 14 15 16 17 18 February 2012 © Diodes Incorporated A Product Line of Diodes Incorporated ZXLD1371 Typical Characteristics – Buck-Boost Mode –5 LEDs GIRATIO = 0.23 0.60 0.55 ILED = 500mA LED CURRENT (A) 0.50 0.45 0.40 ILED = 350mA 0.35 TA = 25°C, VIN = VAUX, 5 LEDs 0.30 L = 33µH, R9 = 120kΩ, R10 = 36kΩ CIN = 100µF 0.25 0.20 0.15 ILED = 150mA 0.10 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 1000 SWITCHING FREQUENCY (kHz) 900 ILED = 150mA 800 700 600 ILED = 350mA 500 400 ILED = 500mA 300 200 TA = 25°C, VIN = VAUX, 5 LEDs, L = 33µH, R9 = 120kΩ, R10 = 36kΩ CIN = 100µF 100 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 90 16 17 18 ILED = 500mA 85 80 EFFICIENCY % 75 ILED = 150mA 70 65 60 55 ILED = 350mA TA = 25°C, VIN = VAUX, 5 LEDs 50 L = 33µH, R9 = 120kΩ, R10 = 36kΩ CIN = 100µF 45 40 5 ZXLD1371 Document number: DS35436 Rev. 1 - 2 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 19 of 42 www.diodes.com 13 14 15 16 17 18 February 2012 © Diodes Incorporated A Product Line of Diodes Incorporated ZXLD1371 Applications Information The ZXLD1371 is a high accuracy hysteretic inductive buck/boost/buck-boost controller designed to be used with an external NMOS switch for current-driving single or multiple series-connected LEDs. The device can be configured to operate in buck, boost, or buck-boost modes by suitable configuration of the external components as shown in the schematics shown in the device operation description. DEVICE DESCRIPTION a) Buck mode – the most simple buck circuit is shown in Figure 1 Control of the LED current buck mode is achieved by sensing the coil current in the sense resistor Rs, connected between the two inputs of a current monitor within the control loop block. An output from the control loop drives the input of a comparator which drives the gate of the external NMOS switch transistor Q1 via the internal Gate Driver. When the switch is on, the drain voltage of Q1 is near zero. Current flows from VIN, via Rs, LED, coil and switch to ground. This current ramps up until an upper threshold value is reached (see Figure 2). At this point GATE goes low, the switch is turned off and the drain voltage increases to VIN plus the forward voltage, VF, of the schottky diode D1. Current flows via Rs, LED, coil and D1 back to VIN. When the coil current has ramped down to a lower threshold value, GATE goes high, the switch is turned on again and the cycle of events repeats, resulting in continuous oscillation. The feedback loop adjusts the NMOS switch duty cycle to stabilize the LED current in response to changes in external conditions, including input voltage and load voltage. Figure 1. Buck configuration The average current in the sense resistor, LED and coil is equal to the average of the maximum and minimum threshold currents. The ripple current (hysteresis) is equal to the difference between the thresholds. The control loop maintains the average LED current at the set level by adjusting the switch duty cycle continuously to force the average sense resistor current to the value demanded by the voltage on the ADJ pin. This minimizes variation in output current with changes in operating conditions. The control loop also regulates the switching frequency by varying the level of hysteresis. The hysteresis has a defined minimum (typ 5%) and a maximum (typ 30%). The frequency may deviate from nominal in some conditions. This depends upon the desired LED current, the coil inductance and the voltages at the input and the load. Loop compensation is achieved by a single external capacitor C2, connected between SHP and SGND. The control loop sets the duty cycle so that the sense voltage is VADJ VSENSE = 0.218 VREF ILED = VADJ RS VREF (Buck mode) tOFF GATE voltage tON 0V VIN + VF Q1 Drain voltage 0V IPK Coil & LED current 0A Sense voltage VIN - VISM Therefore, 0.218 +11V to 15V typ. Mean = 218mV Equation 1 If the ADJ pin is connected to the REF pin, this simplifies to ILED = 0.218 RS Figure 2. Operating waveforms (Buck mode) (Buck mode). ZXLD1371 Document number: DS35436 Rev. 1 - 2 20 of 42 www.diodes.com February 2012 © Diodes Incorporated A Product Line of Diodes Incorporated ZXLD1371 Applications Information (cont.) b) Boost and Buck-Boost modes – the most simple boost/buck-boost circuit is shown in Figure 3 Control in Boost and Buck-boost mode is achieved by sensing the coil current in the series resistor Rs, connected between the two inputs of a current monitor within the control loop block. An output from the control loop drives the input of a comparator which drives the gate of the external NMOS switch transistor Q1 via the internal Gate Driver. When the switch is on, the drain voltage of Q1 is near zero. Current flows from VIN, via Rs, coil and switch to ground. This current ramps up until an upper threshold value is reached (see Figure 4). At this point GATE goes low, the switch is turned off and the drain voltage increases to either: 1) the load voltage VLEDS plus the forward voltage of D1 in Boost configuration, or 2) the load voltage VLEDS plus the forward voltage of D1 plus VIN in Buck-boost configuration. Current flows via Rs, coil, D1 and LED back to VIN (Buckboost mode), or GND (Boost mode). When the coil current has ramped down to a lower threshold value, GATE goes high, the switch is turned on again and the cycle of events repeats, resulting in continuous oscillation. Figure 3. Boost and Buck-boost configuration The feeback loop adjusts the NMOS switch duty cycle to stabilize the LED current in response to changes in external conditions, including input voltage and load voltage. Loop compensation is achieved by a single external capacitor C2, connected between SHP and SGND. Note that in reality, a load capacitor COUT is used, so that the LED current waveform shown is smoothed. The average current in the sense resistor and coil, IRS, is equal to the average of the maximum and minimum threshold currents and the ripple current (hysteresis) is equal to the difference between the thresholds. The average current in the LED, ILED, is always less than IRS. The feedback control loop adjusts the switch duty cycle, D, to achieve a set point at the sense resistor. This controls IRS. During the interval tOFF, the coil current flows through D1 and the LED load. During tON, the coil current flows through Q1, not the LEDs. Therefore the set point is modified by D using a gating function to control ILED indirectly. In order to compensate internally for the effect of the gating function, a control factor, GI_ADJ is used. GI_ADJ is set by a pair of external resistors, RGI1 and RGI2. (Figure 3.) This allows the sense voltage to be adjusted to an optimum level for power efficiency without significant error in the LED controlled current. GI_ADJ = RGI1 Equation 2 RGI1 +RGI2 (Boost and Buck-boost modes) The control loop sets the duty cycle so that the sense resistor current is IRS = 0.225 GI_ADJ VADJ RS 1-D VREF (Boost and Buck-boost modes) Equation 3 Figure 4. Operating waveforms (Boost and Buck-boost modes) IRS equals the coil current. The coil is connected only to the switch and the schottky diode. The schottky diode passes the LED current. Therefore the average LED current is the coil current multiplied by the schottky diode duty cycle, 1-D. ZXLD1371 Document number: DS35436 Rev. 1 - 2 21 of 42 www.diodes.com February 2012 © Diodes Incorporated A Product Line of Diodes Incorporated ZXLD1371 Applications Information (cont.) ILED = IRS 1-D = 0.225 RS GI_ADJ VADJ VREF (Boost and Buck-boost) Equation 4 This shows that the LED current depends on the ADJ pin voltage, the reference voltage and 3 resistor values (RS, RGI1 and RGI2). It is independent of the input and output voltages. If the ADJ pin is connected to the REF pin, this simplifies to ILED = 0.225 RS GI_ADJ (Boost and Buck-boost) Now ILED is dependent only on the 3 resistor values. Considering power dissipation and accuracy, it is useful to know how the mean sense voltage varies with input voltage and other parameters. VRS = IRS RS = 0.225 GI_ADJ VADJ 1-D VREF (Boost and Buck-boost) Equation 5 This shows that the sense voltage varies with duty cycle in Boost and Buck-boost configurations. ZXLD1371 Document number: DS35436 Rev. 1 - 2 22 of 42 www.diodes.com February 2012 © Diodes Incorporated A Product Line of Diodes Incorporated ZXLD1371 Applications Information (cont.) APPLICATION CIRCUIT DESIGN External component selection is driven by the characteristics of the load and the input supply, since this will determine the kind of topology being used for the system. Component selection begins with the current setting procedure, the inductor/frequency setting and the MOSFET selection. Finally after selecting the freewheeling diode and the output capacitor (if needed), the application section will cover the PWM dimming and thermal feedback. The full procedure is greatly accelerated by the web Calculator spreadsheet, which includes fully automated component selection, and is available on the Diodes web site. However the full calculation is also given here. Please note the following particular feature of the web Calculator. The GI ratio can be set for Automatic calculation, or it can be fixed at a chosen value. When optimizing a design, it is best first to optimize for the chosen voltage range of most interest, using the Automatic setting. In order to subsequently evaluate performance of the circuit over a wider input voltage range, fix the GI ratio in the Calculator input field, and then set the desired input voltage range. Some components depend upon the switching frequency and the duty cycle. The switching frequency is regulated by the ZXLD1371 to a large extent, depending upon conditions. This is discussed in a later paragraph dealing with coil selection. Duty Cycle Calculation and Topology Selection The duty cycle is a function of the input and output voltages. Approximately, the MOSFET switching duty cycle is DBUCK ≈ VOUT VIN VOUT - VIN DBOOST ≈ VOUT VOUT DBB ≈ VOUT + VIN for Buck Equation 6 for Boost for Buck-Boost Because D must always be a positive number less than 1, these equations show that VOUT < VIN VOUT > VIN VOUT > or = or < VIN for Buck (voltage step-down) for Boost (voltage step-up) for Buck-boost (voltage step-down or step-up) This allows us to select the topology for the required voltage range. More exact equations are used in the web Calculator. These are: DBUCK = DBOOST = DBB where VF VDSON RCOIL = VOUT + VF + IOUT RS +RCOIL VIN + VF - VDSON VOUT - VIN + IIN RS +RCOIL + VF VOUT + VF - VDSON VOUT + VF + IIN +IOUT RS +RCOIL VOUT + VIN + VF - VDSON for Buck for Boost Equation 7 for Buck-boost = schottky diode forward voltage, estimated for the expected coil current, ICOIL = MOSFET drain source voltage in the ON condition (dependent on RDSON and drain current = ICOIL) = DC winding resistance of L1 ZXLD1371 Document number: DS35436 Rev. 1 - 2 23 of 42 www.diodes.com February 2012 © Diodes Incorporated A Product Line of Diodes Incorporated ZXLD1371 Applications Information (cont.) The additional terms are relatively small, so the exact equations will only make a significant difference at lower operating voltages at the input and output, i.e. low input voltage or a small number of LEDs connected in series. The estimates of VF and VDSON depend on the coil current. The mean coil current, ICOIL depends upon the topology and upon the mean terminal currents as follows: ICOIL = ILED for Buck Equation 8 for Boost ICOIL = IIN for Buck-boost ICOIL = IIN + ILED ILED is the target LED current and is already known. IIN will be calculated with some accuracy later, but can be estimated now from the electrical power efficiency. If the expected efficiency is roughly 90%, the output power POUT is 90% of the input power, PIN, and the coil current is estimated as follows. ≈ 0.9 PIN POUT or ILED N VLED ≈ 0.9 IIN VIN where N is the number of LEDs connected in series, and VLED is the forward voltage drop of a single LED at ILED. So IIN ≈ ILED N VLED 0.9 VIN Equation 9 Equation 9 can now be used to find ICOIL in Equation 8, which can then be used to estimate the small terms in Equation 7. This completes the calculation of Duty Cycle and the selection of Buck, Boost or Buck-boost topology. An initial estimate of duty cycle is required before we can choose a coil. In Equation 7, the following approximations are recommended: VF IIN × (RS+RCOIL) IOUT × (RS+RCOIL) VDSON (IIN+IOUT)(RS+RCOIL) = 0.5V = 0.5V = 0.5V = 0.1V = 1.1V Then Equation 7 becomes DBUCK ≈ DBOOST ≈ DBB ≈ VOUT + 1 VIN + 0.4 VOUT - VIN + 1 VOUT + 0.4 VOUT + 1.6 VOUT + VIN + 0.4 for Buck for Boost Equation 7a for Buck-boost Setting the LED Current The LED current requirement determines the choice of the sense resistor Rs. This also depends on the voltage on the ADJ pin and the voltage on the GI pin, according to the topology required. The ADJ pin may be connected directly to the internal 1.25V reference (VREF) to define the nominal 100% LED current. The ADJ pin can also be driven with an external dc voltage between 125mV and 1.25V to adjust the LED current proportionally between 10% and 100% of the nominal value. For a divider ratio GI_ADJ greater than 0.65V, the ZXLD1371 operates in Buck mode when VADJ = 1.25V. If GI_ADJ is less than 0.65V (typical), the device operates in Boost or buck-Boost mode, according to the load connection. This 0.65V threshold varies in proportion to VADJ, i.e., the Buck mode threshold voltage is 0.65 VADj /1.25 V. ADJ and GI are high impedance inputs within their normal operating voltage ranges. An internal 1.3V clamp protects the device against excessive input voltage and limits the maximum output current to approximately 4% above the maximum current set by VREF if the maximum input voltage is exceeded. ZXLD1371 Document number: DS35436 Rev. 1 - 2 24 of 42 www.diodes.com February 2012 © Diodes Incorporated A Product Line of Diodes Incorporated ZXLD1371 Applications Information (cont.) Buck topology In Buck mode, GI is connected to ADJ as in Figure 5. The LED current depends only upon RS, VADJ and VREF. From Equation 1 above, ⎛ 0.218 ⎞⎛ V ADJ ⎞ ⎟⎟⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ Equation 10 RSBUCK = ⎜⎜ ⎝ ILED ⎠⎝ VREF ⎠ If ADJ is directly connected to VREF, this becomes: ⎛ 0.218 ⎞ ⎟⎟ RSBUCK = ⎜⎜ ⎝ ILED ⎠ Figure 5. Setting LED Current in Buck Configuration Boost and Buck-boost topology For Boost and Buck-boost topologies, the LED current depends upon the resistors, RS, RGI1, and RGI2 as in Equations 4 and 2 above. There is more than one degree of freedom. That is to say, there is not a unique solution. From Equation 4, ⎛ 0.225 ⎞ ⎛ ⎞ ⎟⎟ GI _ ADJ⎜⎜ V ADJ ⎟⎟ RSBoostBB = ⎜⎜ V I ⎝ LED ⎠ ⎝ REF ⎠ Equation 11 If ADJ is connected to REF, this becomes ⎛ 0.225 ⎞ ⎟⎟ GI _ ADJ RSBoostBB = ⎜⎜ ⎝ ILED ⎠ GI_ADJ is given by Equation 2, repeated here for convenience: RGI1 ⎛ ⎞ GI _ ADJ = ⎜ ⎟ ⎝ RGI1 + RGI2 ⎠ Figure 6. Setting LED current in Boost and Buck-boost configurations Note that from considerations of ZXLD1371 input bias current, the recommended limits for RGI1 are: 22kΩ < RGI1 < 100kΩ Equation 12 The additional degree of freedom allows us to select GI_ADJ within limits but this may affect overall performance a little. As mentioned above, the working voltage range at the GI pin is restricted. The permitted range of GI_ADJ in Boost or Buck-boost configuration is 0.2 < GI_ADJ < 0.5 Equation 13 The mean voltage across the sense resistor is VRS = ICOIL RS Equation 14 Note that if GI_ADJ is made larger, these equations show that RS is increased and VRS is increased. Therefore, for the same coil current, the dissipation in RS is increased. So, in some cases, it is better to minimize GI_ADJ. However, consider Equation 5. If ADJ is connected to REF, this becomes ⎛ GI _ ADJ ⎞ ⎟ VRS = 0.225 ⎜ ⎝ 1− D ⎠ This shows that VRS becomes smaller than 225mV if GI_ADJ < 1 - D. If also D is small, VRS can become too small. For example if D = 0.2, and GI_ADJ is the minimum value of 0.2, then VRS becomes 0.225* 0.2 / 0.8 = 56.25 mV. This will increase the LED current error due to small offsets in the system, such as mV drop in the copper printed wiring circuit, or offset uncertainty in the ZXLD1371. If now, GI_ADJ is increased to 0.4 or 0.5, VRS is increased to a value greater than 100mV. ZXLD1371 Document number: DS35436 Rev. 1 - 2 25 of 42 www.diodes.com February 2012 © Diodes Incorporated A Product Line of Diodes Incorporated ZXLD1371 Applications Information (cont.) This will give small enough ILED error for most practical purposes. Satisfactory operation will be obtained if VRS is more than about 80mV. This means GI_ADJ should be greater than (1-DMIN) * 80/225 = (1- DMIN) * 0.355. There is also a maximum limit on VRS which gives a maximum limit for GI_ADJ. If VRS exceeds approximately 300mV, or 133% of 225mV, the STATUS output may indicate an over-current condition. This will happen for larger DMAX. Therefore, together with the requirement of Equation 13, the recommended range for GI_ADJ is 0.355 ( 1-DMIN) < GI_ADJ < 1.33 ( 1-DMAX ) Equation 15 An optimum compromise for GI_ADJ has been suggested, i.e. GI_ADJAUTO = 1 - DMAX Equation 16 This value has been used for the “Automatic” setting of the web Calculator. If 1-DMAX is less than 0.2, then GI_ADJ is set to 0.2. If 1- DMAX is greater than 0.5 then GI_ADJ is set to 0.5. Once GI_ADJ has been selected, a value of RGI1 can be selected from Equation 12. Then RGI2 is calculated as follows, rearranging Equation 2: RGI2 = RGI1 1-GI_ADJ Equation 17 GI_ADJ For example to drive 12 LEDS at a current of 350mA from a 12V supply requires Boost configuration. Each LED has a forward voltage of 3.2V at 350mA, so Vout = 3.2*12 = 38.4V. From Equation 6, the duty cycle is approximately VOUT -VIN VOUT = 38.4-12 38.4 = 0.6875 From Equation 16, we set GI_ADJ to 1 – D = 0.3125. IF RGI1 = 33kΩ, then from Equation 17, RGI2 = 33000 * ( 1 -0.3125 ) / 0.3125 = 72.6kΩ. Let us choose the preferred value RGI2 = 75kΩ. Now GI_ADJ is adjusted to the new value, using Equation 2. GI_ADJ = RGI1 RGI1 +RGI2 = 33k =0.305 33k +75k Now we calculate Rs from Equation 11. Assume ADJ is connected to REF. RSBoostBB = 0.225 VADJ 0.225 GI_ADJ = * 0.305 = 0.196 Ω VREF ILED 0.35 A preferred value of RSBoostBB = 0.2Ω will give the desired LED current with an error of 2% due to the preferred value selection. Table 1 shows typical resistor values used to determine the GI_ADJ ratio with E24 series resistors. Table 1 GI ratio RGI1 RG2 0.2 30kΩ 120kΩ 0.25 33kΩ 100kΩ 0.3 39kΩ 91kΩ 0.35 30kΩ 56kΩ 0.4 100kΩ 150kΩ 0.45 51kΩ 62kΩ 0.5 30kΩ 30kΩ This completes the LED current setting. ZXLD1371 Document number: DS35436 Rev. 1 - 2 26 of 42 www.diodes.com February 2012 © Diodes Incorporated A Product Line of Diodes Incorporated ZXLD1371 Applications Information (cont.) Inductor Selection and frequency Control The selection of the inductor coil, L1, requires knowledge of the switching frequency and current ripple, and also depends on the duty cycle to some extent. In the hysteretic converter, the frequency depends upon the input and output voltages and the switching thresholds of the current monitor. The peak-to-peak coil current is adjusted by the ZXLD1371 to control the frequency to a fixed value. This is done by controlling the switching thresholds within particular limits. This effectively much reduces the overall frequency range for a given input voltage range. Where the input voltage range is not excessive, the frequency is regulated to approximately 390kHz. This is helpful in terms of EMC and other system requirements. Figure 7 shows practical results of switching frequency driving 8 LEDs at 350mA. 500 L = 33µH SWITCHING FREQUENCY (kHz) 450 400 350 300 L = 68µH 250 200 150 TA = 25°C, VAUX = VIN L = 100µH 100 8 LEDs, RS = 150mΩ, R9 = 120kΩ, R10 = 36kΩ, CIN = 100µF 50 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 VIN (V) Figure 7. Frequency vs. VIN for Boost LED Driver with 350mA LED Current and Various Inductor Values For larger input voltage variation, or when the choice of coil inductance is not optimum, the switching frequency may depart from the regulated value, but the regulation of LED current remains successful. If desired, the frequency can to some extent be increased by using a smaller inductor, or decreased using a larger inductor. The web Calculator will evaluate the frequency across the input voltage range and the effect of this upon power efficiency and junction temperatures. Determination of the input voltage range for which the frequency is regulated may be required. This calculation is very involved, and is not given here. However the performance in this respect can be evaluated within the web Calculator for the chosen inductance. The inductance is given as follows in terms of peak-to-peak ripple current in the coil, ΔIL and the MOSFET on time, tON. tON L1 = VIN - N VLED - IOUT RDSON + RCOIL + RS for Buck ∆IL tON Equation 18 for Boost L1 = VIN - IIN RDSON + RCOIL + RS ∆IL tON L1 = VIN - (IIN + IOUT ) RDSON + RCOIL + RS for Buck-boost ∆IL Therefore In order to calculate L1, we need to find IIN, tON, and ΔIL. The effects of the resistances are small and will be estimated. IIN is estimated from Equation 9. tON is related to switching frequency, f, and duty cycle, D, as follows: tON = D Equation 19 f As the regulated frequency is known, and we have already found D from Equation 7 or the approximation Equation 7b, this allows calculation of tON. ZXLD1371 Document number: DS35436 Rev. 1 - 2 27 of 42 www.diodes.com February 2012 © Diodes Incorporated A Product Line of Diodes Incorporated ZXLD1371 Applications Information (cont.) The ZXLD1371 sets the ripple current, ΔIL, to between nominally 10% and 30% of the mean coil current, ICOIL, which is found from Equation 8. The device adjusts the ripple current within this range in order to regulate the switching frequency. We therefore need to use a ΔIL value of 20% of ICOIL to find an inductance which is optimized for the input voltage range. The range of ripple current control is also modulated by other circuit parameters as follows. VADJ 1-D I ∆ILMAX = 0.06 +0.24 VREF GI_ADJ COIL VADJ 1-D Equation 20 ∆ILMIN = 0.02 +0.08 I VREF GI_ADJ COIL VADJ 1-D I ∆ILMID = 0.04 +0.16 VREF GI_ADJ COIL If ADJ is connected to REF, this simplifies to 1-D I ∆ILMAX = 0.3 GI_ADJ COIL 1-D ∆ILMIN = 0.1 I GI_ADJ COIL 1-D I ∆ILMID = 0.2 GI_ADJ COIL Equation 20a where ΔILMID is the value we must use in Equation 18. We have now established the inductance value. The chosen coil should saturate at a current greater than the peak sensed current. This saturation current is the DC current for which the inductance has decreased by 10% compared to the low current value. Assuming ±10% ripple current, we can find this peak current from Equation 8, adjusted for ripple current: ICOILPEAK = 1.1 ILED ICOILPEAK = 1.1 IINMAX ICOILPEAK = 1.1 IINMAX + ILED for Buck for Boost for Buck-boost Equation 21 where IINMAX is the value of IIN at minimum VIN. The mean current rating is also a factor, but normally the saturation current is the limiting factor. The following websites may be useful in finding suitable components www.coilcraft.com www.niccomp.com www.wuerth-elektronik.de MOSFET Selection The ZXLD1371 requires an external NMOS FET as the main power switch with a voltage rating at least 15% higher than the maximum circuit voltage to ensure safe operation during the overshoot and ringing of the switch node. The current rating is recommended to be at least 10% higher than the average transistor current. The power rating is then verified by calculating the resistive and switching power losses. P = Presistive + Pswitching Resistive power losses The resistive power losses are calculated using the RMS transistor current and the MOSFET on-resistance. Calculate the current for the different topologies as follows: Buck mode IMOSFETMAX = ILED Boost / Buck-boost mode IMOSFETMAX = ILED 1 − D MAX ZXLD1371 Document number: DS35436 Rev. 1 - 2 28 of 42 www.diodes.com February 2012 © Diodes Incorporated A Product Line of Diodes Incorporated ZXLD1371 Applications Information (cont.) During the on-time, the MOSFET switch current is equal to the coil current. The rms MOSFET current is ICOIL √D where ICOIL is the mean coil current. Therefore the approximate RMS current in the MOSFET during tON is: Buck mode IMOSFETRMS = ILED D Boost / Buck-boost mode IMOSFETRMS = D x ILED 1− D The resistive power dissipation of the MOSFET is: Presistive = IMOSFETRMS2 x RDS(ON) Switching power losses Calculating the switching MOSFET's switching loss depends on many factors that influence both turn-on and turn-off. Using a first order rough approximation, the switching power dissipation of the MOSFET is: C x V2IN x fsw x ILOAD Pswitching = RSS IGATE where CRSS is the MOSFET's reverse-transfer capacitance (a data sheet parameter), fSW is the switching frequency, IGATE is the MOSFET gate-driver's sink/source current at the MOSFET's turn-on threshold. Matching the MOSFET with the controller is primarily based on the rise and fall time of the gate voltage. The best rise/fall time in the application is based on many requirements, such as EMI (conducted and radiated), switching losses, lead/circuit inductance, switching frequency, etc. How fast a MOSFET can be turned on and off is related to how fast the gate capacitance of the MOSFET can be charged and discharged. The relationship between C (and the relative total gate charge Qg), turn-on/turn-off time and the MOSFET driver current rating can be written as: dV ⋅ C Qg = I I where dt = turn-on/turn-off time dV = gate voltage C = gate capacitance = Qg/V I = drive current – constant current source (for the given voltage value) dt = Here the constant current source” I ” usually is approximated with the peak drive current at a given driver input voltage. Example 1) Using the DMN6068 MOSFET (VDS(MAX) = 60V, ID(MAX) = 8.5A): Æ QG = 10.3nC at VGS = 10V ZXLD1371 IPEAK = I GATE = 300mA dt = Qg IPEAK = 10 .3nC = 35ns 300mA Assuming that cumulatively the rise time and fall time can account for a maximum of 10% of the period, the maximum frequency allowed in this condition is: tPERIOD = 20*dt Æ f = 1/ tPERIOD = 1.43MHz This frequency is well above the max frequency the device can handle, therefore the DNM6068 can be used with the ZXLD1371 in the whole spectrum of frequencies recommended for the device (from 300kHz to 1MHz). ZXLD1371 Document number: DS35436 Rev. 1 - 2 29 of 42 www.diodes.com February 2012 © Diodes Incorporated A Product Line of Diodes Incorporated ZXLD1371 Applications Information (cont.) Example 2) Using the ZXMN6A09K (VDS(MAX) = 60V, ID(MAX) = 12.2A): Æ QG = 29nC at VGS = 10V ZXLD1371 IPEAK = 300mA dt = Qg 29nC = = 97ns IPEAK 300mA Assuming that cumulatively the rise time and fall time can account for a maximum of 10% of the period, the maximum frequency allowed in this condition is: tPERIOD = 20*dt Æ f = 1/ tPERIOD = 515kHz This frequency is within the recommended frequency range the device can handle, therefore the ZXMN6A09K is recommended to be used with the ZXLD1371 for frequencies from 300kHz to 500kHz). The recommended total gate charge for the MOSFET used in conjunction with the ZXLD1371 is less than 30nC. Junction Temperature Estimation Finally, the ZXLD1371 junction temperature can be estimated using the following equations: Total supply current of ZXLD1371: IQTOT ≈ IQ + f • QG Where IQ = total quiescent current IQ-IN + IQ-AUX Power consumed by ZXLD1371 PIC = VIN • (IQ + f • Qg) Or in case of separate voltage supply, with VAUX < 15V PIC = VIN • IQ-IN + Vaux • (IQ-AUX + f • Qg) TJ = TA + PIC • θJA = TA + PIC • (θJC + θCA) Where the total quiescent current IQTOT consists of the static supply current (IQ) and the current required to charge and discharge the gate of the power MOSFET. Moreover the part of thermal resistance between case and ambient depends on the PCB characteristics. 2.5 POWER DISSIPATION (mW) 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 -40 -25 -10 5 20 35 50 65 80 95 110 125 AMBIENT TEMPERATURE (°C) Figure 8. Power derating curve for ZXLD1370 mounted on test board according to JESD51 ZXLD1371 Document number: DS35436 Rev. 1 - 2 30 of 42 www.diodes.com February 2012 © Diodes Incorporated A Product Line of Diodes Incorporated ZXLD1371 Applications Information (cont.) Diodes Selection For maximum efficiency and performance, the rectifier (D1) should be a fast low capacitance Schottky diode* with low reverse leakage at the maximum operating voltage and temperature. The Schottky diode also provides better efficiency than silicon PN diodes, due to a combination of lower forward voltage and reduced recovery time. It is important to select parts with a peak current rating above the peak coil current and a continuous current rating higher than the maximum output load current. In particular, it is recommended to have a voltage rating at least 15% higher than the maximum transistor voltage to ensure safe operation during the ringing of the switch node and a current rating at least 10% higher than the average diode current. The power rating is verified by calculating the power loss through the diode. The higher forward voltage and overshoot due to reverse recovery time in silicon diodes will increase the peak voltage on the Drain of the external MOSFET. If a silicon diode is used, care should be taken to ensure that the total voltage appearing on the Drain of the external MOSFET, including supply ripple, does not exceed the specified maximum value. *A suitable Schottky diode for a switching current of up to about 1.5A would be PDS3100 (Diodes Inc). Output Capacitor An output capacitor may be required to limit interference or for specific EMC purposes. For boost and buck-boost regulators, the output capacitor provides energy to the load when the freewheeling diode is reverse biased during the first switching subinterval. An output capacitor in a buck topology will simply reduce the LED current ripple below the inductor current ripple. In other words, this capacitor changes the current waveform through the LED(s) from a triangular ramp to a more sinusoidal version without altering the mean current value. In all cases, the output capacitor is chosen to provide a desired current ripple of the LED current (usually recommended to be less than 40% of the average LED current). Buck: COUTPUT = 8 x fSW ΔIL −PP x rLED x ΔILED −PP Boost and Buck-boost C OUTPUT = fSW D x Δ IL −PP x rLED x ΔILED −PP where: • ΔIL-PP is the ripple of the inductor current, usually ± 20% of the average sensed current • ΔILED-PP is the ripple of the LED current, it should be <40% of the LEDs average current • fsw is the switching frequency (From graphs and calculator) • rLED is the dynamic resistance of the LEDs string (n times the dynamic resistance of the single LED from the datasheet of the LED manufacturer). The output capacitor should be chosen to account for derating due to temperature and operating voltage. It must also have the necessary RMS current rating. The minimum RMS current for the output capacitor is calculated as follows: Buck ICOUTPUT RMS = ILED−PP 12 Boost and Buck-boost ICOUTPUTRMS = ILED DMAX 1 − DMAX Ceramic capacitors with X7R dielectric are the best choice due to their high ripple current rating, long lifetime, and performance over the voltage and temperature ranges. ZXLD1371 Document number: DS35436 Rev. 1 - 2 31 of 42 www.diodes.com February 2012 © Diodes Incorporated A Product Line of Diodes Incorporated ZXLD1371 Applications Information (cont.) Input Capacitor The input capacitor can be calculated knowing the input voltage ripple ΔVIN-PP as follows: Buck CIN = D x(1 − D)x ILED fSW x ΔVIN −PP CIN = ΔIL −PP 8 x fSW x ΔVIN−PP Use D = 0.5 as worst case Boost Buck-boost C IN = D x ILED f SW x Δ VIN − PP Use D = DMAX as worst case The minimum RMS current for the output capacitor is calculated as follows: Buck ICIN −RMS = ILED x Dx(1 − D) use D=0.5 as worst case Boost ICIN −RMS = IL −PP 12 Buck-boost ICIN−RMS = ILED x D (1 − D) Use D=DMAX as worst case LED Current Dimming The ZXLD1371 has 3 dimming methods for reducing the average LED current 1. DC dimming using the ADJ pin 2. PWM dimming using the PWM pin 3. DC dimming for thermal protection using the TADJ pin. DC Dimming The ZXLD1371 has a clamp on the ADJ pin to prevent over-driving of the LED current which results in the maximum voltage being applied to internal circuitry is the reference voltage. This provides a 10:1 dynamic range of dc LED current adjustment. The equation for DC dimming of the LED current is approximately: ILED_DIM =ILED_NOM VADJ VREF 750 750 LED CURRENT (mA) One consequence of DC dimming is that as the ADJ pin voltage is reduced the sense voltage will also be reduced which has an impact on accuracy and switching frequency especially at lower ADJ pin voltages. 600 600 Switching Frequency 450 450 300 300 TA=25°C VAUX =VIN =12V 2 LEDs L=33µH RS=300mΩ 150 0 0 0.25 0.5 0.75 ADJ VOLTAGE (V) 1 150 SWITCHING FREQUENCY (kHz) Where ILED_DIM is the dimmed LED current ILED_NOM is the LED current with VADJ = 1.25V 0 1.25 Figure 9. LED Current and switching frequency vs. ADJ Voltage ZXLD1371 Document number: DS35436 Rev. 1 - 2 32 of 42 www.diodes.com February 2012 © Diodes Incorporated A Product Line of Diodes Incorporated ZXLD1371 Applications Information (cont.) PWM Output Current Control & Dimming The ZXLD1371 has a dedicated PWM dimming input that allows a wide dimming frequency range from 100Hz to 1kHz with up to 1000:1 resolution; however higher dimming frequencies can be used – at the expense of dimming dynamic range and accuracy. Typically, for a PWM frequency of 1kHz, the error on the current linearity is lower than 5%; in particular the accuracy is better than 1% for PWM from 5% to 100%. This is shown in the graph below: Buck mode - L=33uH - Rs = 150mΩ - PWM @ 1kHz 1500.00 10% 9% 8% 7% 1000.00 6% 750.00 5% 4% 500.00 Error LED current [mA] 1250.00 3% 2% 250.00 1% 0.00 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 0% 100 PWM PWM @ 1kHz Error Figure 10. LED Current Linearity and Accuracy with PWM Dimming at 1kHz For a PWM frequency of 100Hz, the error on the current linearity is lower than 2.5%; it becomes negligible for PWM greater than 5%. This is shown in the graph below: Buck mode - L=33uH - Rs = 150mΩ - PWM @ 100Hz 1500.00 10% 9% 8% 7% 1000.00 6% 5% 750.00 4% 500.00 Error LED current [mA] 1250.00 3% 2% 250.00 1% 0.00 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 0% 100 PWM PWM @ 100Hz Error Figure 11. LED Current Linearity and Accuracy with PWM Dimming at 100Hz The PWM pin is designed to be driven by both 3.3V and 5V logic levels and as such doesn’t require open collector/drain drive. It can also be driven by an open drain/collector transistor. In this case the designer can either use the internal pull-up network or an external pull-up network in order to speed-up PWM transitions, as shown in the Boost/ Buck-Boost section. ZXLD1371 Document number: DS35436 Rev. 1 - 2 33 of 42 www.diodes.com February 2012 © Diodes Incorporated A Product Line of Diodes Incorporated ZXLD1371 Applications Information (cont.) LED current can be adjusted digitally, by applying a low frequency PWM logic signal to the PWM pin to turn the controller on and off. This will produce an average output current proportional to the duty cycle of the control signal. During PWM operation, the device remains powered up and only the output switch is gated by the control signal. The PWM signal can achieve very high LED current resolution. In fact, dimming down from 100% to 0, a minimum pulse width of 2µs can be achieved resulting in very high accuracy. While the maximum recommended pulse is for the PWM signal is10ms. 2µs < 10 ms Gate 0V PWM < 10 ms 0V 2µs Figure 12. PWM Dimming Minimum and Maximum Pulse The device can be put in standby by taking the PWM pin to ground, or pulling it to a voltage below 0.4V with a suitable open collector NPN or open drain NMOS transistor, for a time exceeding 15ms (nominal). In the shutdown state, most of the circuitry inside the device is switched off and residual quiescent current will be typically 90µA. In particular, the Status pin will go down to GND while the FLAG and REF pins will stay at their nominal values. Figure 13. Stand-by State From PWM Signal Thermal Control of LED Current For thermal control of the LEDs, the ZXLD1371 monitors the voltage on the TADJ pin and reduces output current if the voltage on this pin falls below 625mV. An external NTC thermistor and resistor can therefore be connected as shown below to set the voltage on the TADJ pin to 625mV at the required temperature threshold. This will give 100% LED current below the threshold temperature and a falling current above it as shown in the graph. The temperature threshold can be altered by adjusting the value of Rth and/or the thermistor to suit the requirements of the chosen LED. The Thermal Control feature can be disabled by connecting TADJ directly to REF. Here is a simple procedure to design the thermal feedback circuit: 1) Select the temperature threshold Tthreshold at which the current must start to decrease 2) Select the Thermistor TH1 (both resistive value at 25˚C and beta) 3) Select the value of the resistor Rth as Rth = TH at Tthreshold ZXLD1371 Document number: DS35436 Rev. 1 - 2 34 of 42 www.diodes.com February 2012 © Diodes Incorporated A Product Line of Diodes Incorporated ZXLD1371 Applications Information (cont.) Figure 14. Thermal Feedback Network The thermistor resistance, RT, at a temperature of T degrees Kelvin is given by B RT = R R e 1 1 T TR Where RR is the thermistor resistance at the reference temperature, TR TR is the reference temperature, in Kelvin, normally 273 + 25 = 298K (25°C) B is the “beta” value of the thermistor. For example, 1) Temperature threshold Tthreshold = 273 + 70 = 343K (70˚C) 2) TH1 = 10kΩ at 25˚C and B = 3900 3) Rth = RT at Tthreshold = 1.8kΩ Æ RT = 1.8kΩ @ 70˚C Over-Temperature Shutdown The ZXLD1371 incorporates an over-temperature shutdown circuit to protect against damage caused by excessive die temperature. A warning signal is generated on the STATUS output when die temperature exceeds 125°C nominal and the output is disabled when die temperature exceeds 150°C nominal. Normal operation resumes when the device cools back down to 125°C. ZXLD1371 Document number: DS35436 Rev. 1 - 2 35 of 42 www.diodes.com February 2012 © Diodes Incorporated A Product Line of Diodes Incorporated ZXLD1371 Applications Information (cont.) FLAG/STATUS Outputs The FLAG/STATUS outputs provide a warning of extreme operating or fault conditions. FLAG is an open-drain logic output, which is normally off, but switches low to indicate that a warning, or fault condition exists. STATUS is a DAC output, which is normally high (4.5V), but switches to a lower voltage to indicate the nature of the warning/fault. Conditions monitored, the method of detection and the nominal STATUS output voltage are given in the following table (Note 15): Table 2 Warning/Fault condition Severity (Note 16) Monitored parameters Normal operation FLAG Nominal STATUS voltage H 4.5V 1 VAUX < 5.0V L 4.5V 2 VIN < 5.6V L < 3.6V Output current out of regulation (Note 17) 2 VSHP outside normal voltage range L 3.6V Driver stalled with switch ‘on’, or ‘off’ (Note 18) 2 tON, or tOFF > 100µs L 3.6V Device temperature above maximum recommended operating value 3 TJ > 125°C L 1.8V Sense resistor current IRS above specified maximum 4 VSENSE > 0.3V L 0.9V Supply under-voltage Notes: 15. These STATUS pin voltages apply for an input voltage,VIN, of 7.5V < VIN < 60V. Below 7.5V the STATUS pin voltage levels reduce and therefore may not report the correct status. For 5.4V < VIN < 7.5V the flag pin still reports an error by going low. At low VIN in Boost and Buck-boost modes an over-current status may be indicated when operating at high boost ratios -– this due to the feedback loop increasing the sense voltage. 16. Severity 1 denotes lowest severity. 17. This warning will be indicated if the output power demand is higher than the available input power; the loop may not be able to maintain regulation. 18. This warning will be indicated if the gate pin stays at the same level for greater than 100µs (e.g. the output transistor cannot pass enough current to reach the upper switching threshold). Figure 15. Status levels ZXLD1371 Document number: DS35436 Rev. 1 - 2 36 of 42 www.diodes.com February 2012 © Diodes Incorporated A Product Line of Diodes Incorporated ZXLD1371 Applications Information (cont.) In the event of more than one fault/warning condition occurring, the higher severity condition will take precedence. E.g. ‘Excessive coil current’ and ‘Out of regulation’ occurring together will produce an output of 0.9V on the STATUS pin. If VADJ>1.7V, VSENSE may be greater than the excess coil current threshold in normal operation and an error will be reported. Hence, STATUS and FLAG are only guaranteed for VADJ<=VREF. In particular, during the first 100μs the diagnostic is signaling an over-current then an out-of-regulation status. These two events are due to the charging of the inductor and are not true fault conditions. FLAG VREF 0V O ut of STATUS Diagnostic signals should be ignored during the device start – up for 100μs. The device start up sequence will be initiated both during the first power on of the device or after the PWM signal is kept low for more than 15ms, initiating the standby state of the device. re g u la tio n O ver C u rre n t Coil current 2 2 5 m V /R 1 0A 100us Figure 16. Diagnostic during Start-up Reduced Input Voltage Operation To facilitate operation in automotive and other applications, that have large transient reductions in system supply voltage, the ZXLD1371 is now capable of operating down to input voltages as low as 5.0V. Care must be taken when operating at these lower supply voltages to ensure that the external MOSFET is correctly enhanced and that the boosting ratio is not increased to excessive amounts where both the duty cycle and peak-switch current limits are not exceeded. The device will operate down to 5.0V, but for reliable start up VIN must be higher than 5.4V. The designer should also take into account any noise that may occur on the supply lines. In Buck-boost and Boost modes (most common topologies for applications likely to require transient operation down to supply voltages approaching 5.0V) as the input voltage reduces then the peak switch current will increase the ZXLD1371 compensates for this by allowing the sense voltage to increase while maintaining regulation of the LED current. However if the boost ratio (switch output voltage/input voltage) is increased too much then the sense voltage could be increased too much causing an over-current flag to be triggered and/or loss of regulation. In addition to this, increased power dissipation will occur in the external MOSFET switch – especially if the external MOSFET has a large threshold. One way of overcoming this is to apply a boot-strap network to the VAUX pin – see next section. If the ZXLD1371 is used in buck mode at low voltages then the boot-strap network cannot be implemented and so a low threshold MOSFET with low gate capacitance should be used. Some loss of regulation is expected to occur at voltages below 6V – see Buck mode Typical Characteristics Section. When using the ZXLD1371 in applications with transient input voltage excursions we recommend using the web calculator to optimize operation over the normal operating band. Then change the input range to include the transient excursion while keeping the optimized component selection to check expected function during the transient input voltage conditions. ZXLD1371 Document number: DS35436 Rev. 1 - 2 37 of 42 www.diodes.com February 2012 © Diodes Incorporated A Product Line of Diodes Incorporated ZXLD1371 Applications Information (cont.) Boosting VAUX Supply Voltage in Boost and Buck-Boost Mode This means that depending on the characteristics of the external MOSFET, the gate voltage may not be enough to fully enhance the power MOSFET. A boot-strap boosting technique can be used to increase the gate drive voltage at low input voltage. See figure 17 for circuit diagram. This can be particularly important for extended use at low input voltages as this is when the switch current will be at its greatest – resulting in greatest heat generation within the MOSFET. Figure 17. Bootstrap Circuit for Boost and Buck-Boost Low Voltage Operations The Bootstrap circuit guarantees that the MOSFET is fully enhanced reducing both the power dissipation and the risk of thermal runaway of the MOSFET itself. The bootstrap circuit consists of an extra diode D2 and decoupling capacitor C3 which are used to generate a boosted voltage at VAUX. This enables the device to operate with full output current when VIN is at the minimum value of 5V. The resistor R2 can be used to limit the current in the bootstrap circuit in order to reduce the impact of the circuit itself on the LED accuracy. A typical value would be 100 ohms. The impact on the LED current is usually a decrease of maximum 5% compared to the nominal current value set by the sense resistor. The Zener diode D3 is used to limit the voltage on the VAUX pin to less than 60V. Due to the increased number of components and the loss of current accuracy, the bootstrap circuit is recommended only when the system has to operate continuously in conditions of low input voltage (between 5 and 8V) and high load current. Other circumstances such as low input voltage at low load current, or transient low input voltage at high current should be evaluated keeping account of the external MOSFET’s power dissipation. 0.45 TA = 25°C, L = 33µH 0.43 RS = 150mΩ, R9 = 120kΩ R10 = 36kΩ LED CURRENT (A) 0.41 5 LEDs 0.39 0.37 0.35 0.33 5 LEDs Bootstrap 0.31 0.29 0.27 0.25 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 VIN (V) Figure 18. Effect of Bootstrap on LED Current in Buck-Boost Mode ZXLD1371 Document number: DS35436 Rev. 1 - 2 38 of 42 www.diodes.com February 2012 © Diodes Incorporated A Product Line of Diodes Incorporated ZXLD1371 Applications Information (cont.) Over-Voltage Protection The ZXLD1371 is inherently protected against open-circuit load when used in Buck configuration. However care has to be taken with open-circuit load conditions in Buck-Boost or Boost configurations. This is because in these configurations there is no internal open-circuit protection mechanism for the external MOSFET. In this case an Over-Voltage-Protection (OVP) network should be provided externally to the MOSFET to avoid damage due to open circuit conditions. This is shown in figure 19 below, highlighted in the dotted blue box. Figure 19. OVP Circuit The zener voltage is determined according to: Vz = VLEDMAX +10% where VLEDMAX is maximum LED chain voltage. If the LEDA voltage exceeds VZ the gate of MOSFET Q2 will rise turning Q2 on. This will pull the PWM pin low and switch off Q1 until the voltage on the drain of Q1 falls below Vz. If the voltage at LEDA remains above VZ for longer than 20ms then the ZXLD1371 will enter into a shutdown state. Care should be taken such that the maximum gate voltage of the Q2 MOSFET is not exceeded. Take care of the max voltage drop on the Q2 MOSFET gate. Typical devices for Z1 and Q2 are BZX84C and 2N7002 ZXLD1371 Document number: DS35436 Rev. 1 - 2 39 of 42 www.diodes.com February 2012 © Diodes Incorporated A Product Line of Diodes Incorporated ZXLD1371 Applications Information (cont.) PCB Layout Considerations PCB layout is a fundamental to device performance in all configurations. ZXLD1371 PCB layout. Figure 20 shows a section of a proven SHP pin Inductor, Switch and Freewheeling diode VIN / VAUX decoupling Figure 20. Circuit Layout Here are some considerations useful for the PCB layout using ZXLD1371 in Buck, Boost and Buck-boost configurations: In order to avoid ringing due to stray inductances, the inductor L1, the anode of D1 and the drain of Q1 should be placed as close together as possible. The shaping capacitor C1 is fundamental for the stability of the control loop. To this end it should be placed no more than 5mm from the SHP pin. Input voltage pins, VIN and VAUX, need to be decoupled. It is recommended to use two ceramic capacitors of 2.2uF, X7R, 100V (C3 and C4). In addition to these capacitors, it is suggested to add two ceramic capacitors of 1uF, X7R, 100V each (C2, C8), as well as a further decoupling capacitor of 100nF close to the VIN/VAUX pins (C9). VIN and VAUX pins can be short-circuited when the device is used in buck mode, or can be driven from a separate supply. The underside of the PCB should be a solid copper ground plane, electrically bonded to top ground copper at regular intervals using plated-thro via holes. The ground plane should be unbroken as far as possible, particularly in the area of the switching circuit including the ZXLD1371, L1, Q1 D, C3 and C4. Plated via holes are necessary to provide a short electrical path to minimize stray inductance. Critical positions of via holes include the decoupling capacitors, the source connection of the MOSFET and the ground connections of the ZXLD1371, including the centre paddle. These via holes also serve to conduct heat away from the semiconductors and minimize the device junction temperatures. Evaluation Boards To support easier evaluation of the ZXLD1371 three evaluation boards have been developed which available via your Diodes sales representative for qualified opportunities: ZXLD1371EV1 Buck configuration ZXLD1371EV2 Buck-boost configuration ZXLD1371EV3 Boost configuration ZXLD1371 Document number: DS35436 Rev. 1 - 2 40 of 42 www.diodes.com February 2012 © Diodes Incorporated A Product Line of Diodes Incorporated ZXLD1371 Ordering Information Device (Note 19) Packaging Status Part Marking Reel Quantity Tape Width Reel Size ZXLD1371EST16TC TSSOP-16EP Preview ZXLD 1371 YYWW 2500 16mm 13” ZXLD1371QESTTC TSSOP-16EP Preview ZXLD 1371 YYWW 2500 16mm 13” Note: 19. For Automotive grade with AEC-Q100 qualification the ZXLD1371QESTTC should be ordered. Where YY is last two digits of year and WW is two digit week number Package Outline Dimensions (All Dimensions in mm) Pin 1 Indent gauge plane seating plane B L a2 F Detail “A” G K A a1 C D TSSOP-16EP Dim Min Max A 4.9 5.10 B 4.30 4.50 C 1.2 ⎯ D 0.8 1.05 F 1.00 Ref. G 0.65 Ref. K 0.19 0.30 L 6.40 Ref. a1 7° a2 0° 8° All Dimensions in mm Detail “A” Suggested Pad Layout X2 Dimensions Y 16x Y3 Y1 X1 Y2 C X X1 X2 Y Y1 Y2 Y3 Value (in mm) 0.650 0.450 3.290 5.000 1.450 3.290 4.450 7.350 C X 16x ZXLD1371 Document number: DS35436 Rev. 1 - 2 41 of 42 www.diodes.com February 2012 © Diodes Incorporated A Product Line of Diodes Incorporated ZXLD1371 IMPORTANT NOTICE DIODES INCORPORATED MAKES NO WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, WITH REGARDS TO THIS DOCUMENT, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE (AND THEIR EQUIVALENTS UNDER THE LAWS OF ANY JURISDICTION). Diodes Incorporated and its subsidiaries reserve the right to make modifications, enhancements, improvements, corrections or other changes without further notice to this document and any product described herein. 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Life support devices or systems are devices or systems which: 1. are intended to implant into the body, or 2. support or sustain life and whose failure to perform when properly used in accordance with instructions for use provided in the labeling can be reasonably expected to result in significant injury to the user. B. A critical component is any component in a life support device or system whose failure to perform can be reasonably expected to cause the failure of the life support device or to affect its safety or effectiveness. Customers represent that they have all necessary expertise in the safety and regulatory ramifications of their life support devices or systems, and acknowledge and agree that they are solely responsible for all legal, regulatory and safety-related requirements concerning their products and any use of Diodes Incorporated products in such safety-critical, life support devices or systems, notwithstanding any devices- or systems-related information or support that may be provided by Diodes Incorporated. Further, Customers must fully indemnify Diodes Incorporated and its representatives against any damages arising out of the use of Diodes Incorporated products in such safety-critical, life support devices or systems. Copyright © 2012, Diodes Incorporated www.diodes.com ZXLD1371 Document number: DS35436 Rev. 1 - 2 42 of 42 www.diodes.com February 2012 © Diodes Incorporated