A pp li c a t i o n N o t e , R e v . 2 . 0 , O c t . 2 00 6 A p p li c a t i o n N o t e N o . 0 2 5 1400 - 1600 MHz PIN-Diode Transmit-Receive Switch R F & P r o t e c ti o n D e v i c e s Edition 2006-10-20 Published by Infineon Technologies AG 81726 München, Germany © Infineon Technologies AG 2009. All Rights Reserved. Legal Disclaimer The information given in this document shall in no event be regarded as a guarantee of conditions or characteristics (“Beschaffenheitsgarantie”). With respect to any examples or hints given herein, any typical values stated herein and/or any information regarding the application of the device, Infineon Technologies hereby disclaims any and all warranties and liabilities of any kind, including without limitation warranties of non-infringement of intellectual property rights of any third party. Information For further information on technology, delivery terms and conditions and prices please contact your nearest Infineon Technologies Office (www.infineon.com). Warnings Due to technical requirements components may contain dangerous substances. For information on the types in question please contact your nearest Infineon Technologies Office. Infineon Technologies Components may only be used in life-support devices or systems with the express written approval of Infineon Technologies, if a failure of such components can reasonably be expected to cause the failure of that life-support device or system, or to affect the safety or effectiveness of that device or system. Life support devices or systems are intended to be implanted in the human body, or to support and/or maintain and sustain and/or protect human life. If they fail, it is reasonable to assume that the health of the user or other persons may be endangered. Application Note No. 025 1400 - 1600 MHz PIN-Diode Transmit-Receive Switch Revision History: 2006-10-20, Rev. 2.0 Previous Version: 2000-07-28 Page Subjects (major changes since last revision) All Layout changes Application Note 3 Rev. 2.0, 2006-10-20 Application Note No. 025 1400 - 1600 MHz PIN-Diode Transmit-Receive Switch 1 1400 - 1600 MHz PIN-Diode Transmit-Receive Switch This application note describes a non-mechanical transmit-receive switch for the PDC 1500 mobile telephone system. 1.1 • • • • • • Advantages No power consumption in receive state Low component count Low cost µP-compatible control input Diode current independent of operating voltage No negative supply voltage necessary 1.2 Small Signal Performance Data at 1400... 1600 MHz Table 1 Small Signal Performance (R = 120 Ω; I = 5.8 mA) Receive-State (ON = V+) Transmit-state (ON = GND) TX-Antenna Loss: (dB) 0.33... 0.41) RX-Antenna Loss: (dB) 0.56... 0.751) Antenna-RX Isolation: (dB) 25.9... 24.7 TX-RX Isolation: (dB) 16.5... 15.6 TX-RX Isolation: (dB) 27.1... 25.1 TX-Antenna Isolation: (dB) 17.6... 16.1 1) These values are the overall losses. Evaluation of a dummy-circuit with diodes replaced by open/short shows 0.15 dB loss in TX-Antenna path and 0.2 dB from Antenna to RX. 1.3 Large Signal Performance Data Measurement Setup: • • • • TX-Port: f = 1500 MHz, 30 dB power, harmonic suppression > 100 dBc RX-Port: DC-blocked 50 Ω termination Antenna Port: DC-blocked spectrum analyzer V+ = 5 V Values referred to input power level at TX-Port: Table 2 Large Signal Performance R/Ω I / mA Attenuation 1. Harmonic @ 3 GHz 2. Harmonic @ 4.5 GHZ 56 10 0.33 dB 94.5 dBc > 100 dBc 120 5.8 0.33 dB 89.5 dBc > 100 dBc 270 2.8 0.33 dB 86.5 dBc 89.5 dBc 680 1.2 0.33 dB 72.5 dBc 76.0 dBc Please note that there is no compression until damage level of diode power dissipation (250 mW) is reached. Application Note 4 Rev. 2.0, 2006-10-20 Application Note No. 025 1400 - 1600 MHz PIN-Diode Transmit-Receive Switch 1.4 Schematic V+ BCR400 D400 R Rint D400 Tr400 Rb ON 470pF 18pF 39nH Ant. 50Ω λ /4 TX BAR63 -03W RX BAR80 AN025_Application.vsd Figure 1 Application 1.5 Functional Description • • • In transmit mode both diodes are forward biased into conduction by current provided by the BCR400. The short-circuit created by the BAR80 at the RX-port is transformed into an open-circuit at the Antenna-port by the λ/4 microstrip line. In receive mode both diodes have zero bias current and therefore do not conduct. The RF passes from Antenna- to RX -port. The BCR400 current source is controlled by the logic signal ON. This is a logic low for transmit mode, and a logic high for receive mode. The bias current in transmit state can be adjusted by changing the value of R. The performance of the switch can be further improvemened by compensation of the remaining diode-capacitance in the off-state. A shunt-inductor to BAR63-03W can be added that creates a parallel resonance with the diode establishing an open-circuit at the resonance frequency. An additional capacitor in series with this inductor is also necessary to block the DC path across the diode. Application Note 5 Rev. 2.0, 2006-10-20 Application Note No. 025 1400 - 1600 MHz PIN-Diode Transmit-Receive Switch 1.6 Layout Scale 2:1 Board size: 30 x 40 mm AN025_PCB_Layout.vsd Figure 2 PCB Layout AN025_Com ponent_Layout.vsd Figure 3 Component Layout Application Note 6 Rev. 2.0, 2006-10-20 Application Note No. 025 1400 - 1600 MHz PIN-Diode Transmit-Receive Switch Table 3 Part List BAR80 PIN diode MW4 Infineon BAR63-03W PIN diode SOD323 Infineon BCR400W Bias controller SOT343 Infineon 18 pF Capacitor 0805 S+M 470 pF Capacitor 0805 S+M 120 Ω Resistor 0805 S+M 39 nH Inductor SIMID 02 S+M Board 1 mm Epoxy FR4, 30 x 40 mm 1.7 Simulation Results - Microwave Harmonica V 6.0 1.7.1 Simulated circuit model ANT Port 2 2 TX Port 1 0 W=W50 P=10mm BAR65 -0 3 W 7 1 T RL 10 T RL W=W50 P=4.3mm ONE W=W50 P=2mm 42 45 S TE P TRL W=W50 P=0.5mm W=W50 P=0.5mm 100fF 50 20 W=W50 P=0.5mm TE E 30 TRL 40 0 W=WAP P=LL W1=W50 W2=WAP W3=W50 60 BAR 80 T RL W1=WAP W2=1mm T WO 73 S TE P W=1mm P=0.7mm 80 W=1mm P=1mm 3 T RL W1=1mm W2=W50 W=W50 P=3mm W=1mm P=0.5mm W=1mm P=1mm 81 Sub strate Materi al: FR4 H=1.0mm T=0.035mm ER=4.8 TAND=0.01 @ 1.5GHz 75 70 T RL W=1mm P=0.5mm W=1mm P=0.5mm LL=22.5mm WAP=1.7 5m m W50=1.75m m RX Port 3 100fF 82 VI A VI A 0 0 AN025_sim ulation_circuit_m odel.vsd Figure 4 Simulation circuit model Application Note 7 Rev. 2.0, 2006-10-20 Application Note No. 025 1400 - 1600 MHz PIN-Diode Transmit-Receive Switch 1.7.2 NetList File ******************************************************************* * INFINEON SMALL SIGNAL SEMICONDUCTORS * APPLICATION NOTE No. 025 * PDC 1500 T/R-SWITCH WITH BAR80/BAR63-03W ******************************************************************* * ANT * PORT 2 * O * | * |\ | | +---------------------+ * TX O--| >|--O--| LAMBDA/4 |------O-----O RX * PORT 1 |/ | +---------------------+ | PORT 3 * BAR63 +-----+ * -03W \ / * BAR80 \ / * ---+--* | * -----+------ GND * SUBSTRATE MATERIAL: * FR4, H=1MM, T=0.035MM, ER=4.8, TAND=0.01 @ 1.5GHZ ******************************************************************* * 13.03.96 K. BRENNDOERFER DF8CA HL EH PD 1 * 15.10.96 J. P. Schaffer HL EH PD 1 ******************************************************************* * * LL: 22.5MM ; Length of quarter lambda line WAP: 1.75MM ; Width of quarter lambda line W50: 1.75MM ; Width of 50 ohm line BLK TRL TRL OST ONE OST TRL TEE TRL TRL STEP TRL OST CAP TWO OST CAP VIA VIA TRL VIA VIA TRL TRL STEP TRL RXAN: END Figure 5 ; SWITCH IN RX-ANT ON, TX-ANT 1 7 W=W50 P=4.3MM 7 10 W=W50 P=2.0MM 10 W=W50 P=0.5MM 10 20 B63OF 20 W=W50 P=0.5MM 20 30 W=W50 P=0.5MM 30 40 50 W1=W50 W2=WAP 50 2 W=W50 P=10MM 40 42 W=WAP P=LL 42 45 W1=WAP W2=1mm 45 60 W=1MM P=0.7MM 60 W=1MM P=0.5MM 60 0 C=100fF 60 70 80 B80OF 70 W=1MM P=0.5MM 70 0 C=100fF 81 D=0.5MM 81 D=0.5MM 80 81 W=1.5MM P=1.5MM 82 D=0.5MM 82 D=0.5MM 80 82 W=1.5MM p=1.5MM 70 73 W=1MM P=0.7MM 73 75 W1=1mm W2=W50 75 3 W=W50 P=3MM 3POR 1 2 3 OFF STATE SUB SUB SUB ; BAR63-03W OFF STATE SUB SUB W3=W50SUB SUB SUB SUB SUB SUB ; BAR80 OFF STATE SUB SUB SUB SUB SUB SUB SUB SUB SUB SUB ; 1=TX 2=ANT 3= AN025_sim ulation_Netlist_file1.vsd Netlist file 1 Application Note 8 Rev. 2.0, 2006-10-20 Application Note No. 025 1400 - 1600 MHz PIN-Diode Transmit-Receive Switch BLK TRL TRL OST ONE OST TRL TEE TRL TRL STEP TRL OST CAP TWO OST CAP VIA VIA TRL VIA VIA TRL TRL STEP TRL TXAN: END * FREQ STEP END ; SWITCH IN RX-ANT OFF, TX-ANT ON STATE 1 7 W=W50 P=4.3MM SUB 7 10 W=W50 P=2.0MM SUB 10 W=W50 P=0.5MM SUB 10 20 B63ON ; BAR63-03W ON STATE 20 W=W50 P=0.5MM SUB 20 30 W=W50 P=0.5MM SUB 30 40 50 W1=W50 W2=WAP W3=W50SUB 50 2 W=W50 P=10MM SUB 40 42 W=WAP P=LL SUB 42 45 W1=WAP W2=1mm SUB 45 60 W=1MM P=0.7MM SUB 60 W=1MM P=0.5MM SUB 60 0 C=100fF 60 70 80 B80ON ; BAR80 ON STATE 70 W=1MM P=0.5MM SUB 70 0 C=100fF 81 D=0.5MM SUB 81 D=0.5MM SUB 80 81 W=1.5MM P=1.5MM SUB 82 D=0.5MM SUB 82 D=0.5MM SUB 80 82 W=1.5MM p=1.5MM SUB 70 73 W=1MM P=0.7MM SUB 73 75 W1=1mm W2=W50 SUB 75 3 W=W50 P=3MM SUB 3POR 1 2 3 ; 1=TX 2=ANT 3=RX 100MHZ DATA SUB: MS H=1MM B80OF:DUMMY B80ON:DUMMY B63OF:DUMMY B63ON:DUMMY END 3GHZ ER=4.8 100MHZ TAND=0.01 MET1=CU 35UM FILE=MWV00u00.S2P FILE=MWV0010M.S2P FILE=acv00U00.S1P FILE=acV0010M.S1P AN025_sim ulation_Netlist_file2.vsd Figure 6 Netlist file 2 Application Note 9 Rev. 2.0, 2006-10-20 Application Note No. 025 1400 - 1600 MHz PIN-Diode Transmit-Receive Switch 1.7.3 Simulation Results COMPACT SOFTWARE - MICROWAVE HARMONICA PC V6.6 File: d:\schaffer\proj96\pdc_swi\pdc-ap1.ckt 16-OCT-96 MS21 [dB] TXAN MS13 [dB] TXAN 0. 00 08:34:31 MS23 [dB] TXAN - 5. 00 - 10. 00 - 15. 00 - 20. 00 - 25. 00 - 30. 00 - 35. 00 - 40. 00 0 0. 3 0. 6 0. 9 1. 2 1. 5 1. 8 2. 1 2. 4 2. 7 3 Freq [GHz] AN025_sim ulation_results_TXon.vsd Figure 7 State ‘TX on‘ Application Note 10 Rev. 2.0, 2006-10-20 Application Note No. 025 1400 - 1600 MHz PIN-Diode Transmit-Receive Switch 16-OCT-96 COMPACT SOFTWARE - MICROWAVE HARMONICA PC V6.6 File: d:\schaffer\proj96\pdc_swi\pdc-ap1.ckt MS21 [dB] RXAN MS13 [dB] RXAN 08:34:44 MS23 [dB] RXAN 0. 00 - 5. 00 - 10. 00 - 15. 00 - 20. 00 - 25. 00 - 30. 00 - 35. 00 - 40. 00 0 0. 3 0. 6 0. 9 1. 2 1. 5 1. 8 2. 1 2. 4 2. 7 3 Freq [GHz] AN025_sim ulation_results_TXoff.vsd Figure 8 State ‘TX off‘ Application Note 11 Rev. 2.0, 2006-10-20 Application Note No. 025 1400 - 1600 MHz PIN-Diode Transmit-Receive Switch 1 1400 - 1600 MHz PIN-Diode Transmit-Receive Switch This application note describes a non-mechanical transmit-receive switch for the PDC 1500 mobile telephone system. 1.1 • • • • • • Advantages No power consumption in receive state Low component count Low cost µP-compatible control input Diode current independent of operating voltage No negative supply voltage necessary 1.2 Small Signal Performance Data at 1400... 1600 MHz Table 1 Small Signal Performance (R = 120 Ω; I = 5.8 mA) Receive-State (ON = V+) Transmit-state (ON = GND) TX-Antenna Loss: (dB) 0.33... 0.41) RX-Antenna Loss: (dB) 0.56... 0.751) Antenna-RX Isolation: (dB) 25.9... 24.7 TX-RX Isolation: (dB) 16.5... 15.6 TX-RX Isolation: (dB) 27.1... 25.1 TX-Antenna Isolation: (dB) 17.6... 16.1 1) These values are the overall losses. Evaluation of a dummy-circuit with diodes replaced by open/short shows 0.15 dB loss in TX-Antenna path and 0.2 dB from Antenna to RX. 1.3 Large Signal Performance Data Measurement Setup: • • • • TX-Port: f = 1500 MHz, 30 dB power, harmonic suppression > 100 dBc RX-Port: DC-blocked 50 Ω termination Antenna Port: DC-blocked spectrum analyzer V+ = 5 V Values referred to input power level at TX-Port: Table 2 Large Signal Performance R/Ω I / mA Attenuation 1. Harmonic @ 3 GHz 2. Harmonic @ 4.5 GHz 56 10 0.33 dB 94.5 dBc > 100 dBc 120 5.8 0.33 dB 89.5 dBc > 100 dBc 270 2.8 0.33 dB 86.5 dBc 89.5 dBc 680 1.2 0.33 dB 72.5 dBc 76.0 dBc Please note that there is no compression until damage level of diode power dissipation (250 mW) is reached. Application Note 12 Rev. 2.0, 2006-10-20 Application Note No. 025 1400 - 1600 MHz PIN-Diode Transmit-Receive Switch 1.4 Schematic V+ BCR400 D400 R Rint D400 Tr400 Rb ON 470pF 18pF 39nH Ant. 50Ω λ /4 TX BAR63 -03W RX BAR80 AN025_Application.vsd Figure 1 Application 1.5 Functional Description • • • In transmit mode both diodes are forward biassed into conduction by current provided by the BCR400. The short-circuit created by the BAR80 at the RX-port is transformed into an open-circuit at the Antenna-port by the λ/4 microstrip line. In receive mode both diodes have zero bias current and therefore do not conduct. The RF passes from Antenna- to RX -port. The BCR400 current source is controlled by the logic signal ON. This is a logic low for transmit mode, and a logic high for receive mode. The bias current in transmit state can be adjusted by changing the value of R. The performance of the switch can be further improvemened by compensation of the remaining diode-capacitance in the off-state. A shunt-inductor to BAR63-03W can be added that creates a parallel resonance with the diode establishing an open-circuit at the resonance frequency. An additional capacitor in series with this inductor is also necessary to block the DC path across the diode. Application Note 13 Rev. 2.0, 2006-10-20 Application Note No. 025 1400 - 1600 MHz PIN-Diode Transmit-Receive Switch 1.6 Layout Scale 2:1 Board size: 30 x 40 mm AN025_PCB_Layout.vsd Figure 2 PCB Layout AN025_Com ponent_Layout.vsd Figure 3 Component Layout Application Note 14 Rev. 2.0, 2006-10-20 Application Note No. 025 1400 - 1600 MHz PIN-Diode Transmit-Receive Switch Table 3 Part List BAR80 PIN diode MW4 Infineon BAR63-03W PIN diode SOD323 Infineon BCR400W Bias controller SOD343 Infineon 18 pF Capacitor 0805 S+M 470 pF Capacitor 0805 S+M 120 Ω Resistor 0805 S+M 39 nH Inductor SIMID 02 S+M Board 1 mm Epoxy FR4, 30 x 40 mm 1.7 Simulation Results - Microwave Harmonica V 6.0 1.7.1 Simulated circuit model ANT Port 2 2 TX Port 1 0 W=W50 P=10mm BAR65 -0 3 W 7 1 T RL 10 T RL W=W50 P=4.3mm ONE W=W50 P=2mm 42 45 S TE P TRL W=W50 P=0.5mm W=W50 P=0.5mm 100fF 50 20 W=W50 P=0.5mm TE E 30 TRL 40 0 W=WAP P=LL W1=W50 W2=WAP W3=W50 60 BAR 80 T RL W1=WAP W2=1mm T WO 73 S TE P W=1mm P=0.7mm 80 W=1mm P=1mm 3 T RL W1=1mm W2=W50 W=W50 P=3mm W=1mm P=0.5mm W=1mm P=1mm 81 Sub strate Materi al: FR4 H=1.0mm T=0.035mm ER=4.8 TAND=0.01 @ 1.5GHz 75 70 T RL W=1mm P=0.5mm W=1mm P=0.5mm LL=22.5mm WAP=1.7 5m m W50=1.75m m RX Port 3 100fF 82 VI A VI A 0 0 AN025_sim ulation_circuit_m odel.vsd Figure 4 Simulation circuit model Application Note 15 Rev. 2.0, 2006-10-20 Application Note No. 025 1400 - 1600 MHz PIN-Diode Transmit-Receive Switch 1.7.2 NetList File ******************************************************************* * INFINEON SMALL SIGNAL SEMICONDUCTORS * APPLICATION NOTE No. 025 * PDC 1500 T/R-SWITCH WITH BAR80/BAR63-03W ******************************************************************* * ANT * PORT 2 * O * | * |\ | | +---------------------+ * TX O--| >|--O--| LAMBDA/4 |------O-----O RX * PORT 1 |/ | +---------------------+ | PORT 3 * BAR63 +-----+ * -03W \ / * BAR80 \ / * ---+--* | * -----+------ GND * SUBSTRATE MATERIAL: * FR4, H=1MM, T=0.035MM, ER=4.8, TAND=0.01 @ 1.5GHZ ******************************************************************* * 13.03.96 K. BRENNDOERFER DF8CA HL EH PD 1 * 15.10.96 J. P. Schaffer HL EH PD 1 ******************************************************************* * * LL: 22.5MM ; Length of quarter lambda line WAP: 1.75MM ; Width of quarter lambda line W50: 1.75MM ; Width of 50 ohm line BLK TRL TRL OST ONE OST TRL TEE TRL TRL STEP TRL OST CAP TWO OST CAP VIA VIA TRL VIA VIA TRL TRL STEP TRL RXAN: END Figure 5 ; SWITCH IN RX-ANT ON, TX-ANT 1 7 W=W50 P=4.3MM 7 10 W=W50 P=2.0MM 10 W=W50 P=0.5MM 10 20 B63OF 20 W=W50 P=0.5MM 20 30 W=W50 P=0.5MM 30 40 50 W1=W50 W2=WAP 50 2 W=W50 P=10MM 40 42 W=WAP P=LL 42 45 W1=WAP W2=1mm 45 60 W=1MM P=0.7MM 60 W=1MM P=0.5MM 60 0 C=100fF 60 70 80 B80OF 70 W=1MM P=0.5MM 70 0 C=100fF 81 D=0.5MM 81 D=0.5MM 80 81 W=1.5MM P=1.5MM 82 D=0.5MM 82 D=0.5MM 80 82 W=1.5MM p=1.5MM 70 73 W=1MM P=0.7MM 73 75 W1=1mm W2=W50 75 3 W=W50 P=3MM 3POR 1 2 3 OFF STATE SUB SUB SUB ; BAR63-03W OFF STATE SUB SUB W3=W50SUB SUB SUB SUB SUB SUB ; BAR80 OFF STATE SUB SUB SUB SUB SUB SUB SUB SUB SUB SUB ; 1=TX 2=ANT 3= AN025_sim ulation_Netlist_file1.vsd Netlist file 1 Application Note 16 Rev. 2.0, 2006-10-20 Application Note No. 025 1400 - 1600 MHz PIN-Diode Transmit-Receive Switch BLK TRL TRL OST ONE OST TRL TEE TRL TRL STEP TRL OST CAP TWO OST CAP VIA VIA TRL VIA VIA TRL TRL STEP TRL TXAN: END * FREQ STEP END ; SWITCH IN RX-ANT OFF, TX-ANT ON STATE 1 7 W=W50 P=4.3MM SUB 7 10 W=W50 P=2.0MM SUB 10 W=W50 P=0.5MM SUB 10 20 B63ON ; BAR63-03W ON STATE 20 W=W50 P=0.5MM SUB 20 30 W=W50 P=0.5MM SUB 30 40 50 W1=W50 W2=WAP W3=W50SUB 50 2 W=W50 P=10MM SUB 40 42 W=WAP P=LL SUB 42 45 W1=WAP W2=1mm SUB 45 60 W=1MM P=0.7MM SUB 60 W=1MM P=0.5MM SUB 60 0 C=100fF 60 70 80 B80ON ; BAR80 ON STATE 70 W=1MM P=0.5MM SUB 70 0 C=100fF 81 D=0.5MM SUB 81 D=0.5MM SUB 80 81 W=1.5MM P=1.5MM SUB 82 D=0.5MM SUB 82 D=0.5MM SUB 80 82 W=1.5MM p=1.5MM SUB 70 73 W=1MM P=0.7MM SUB 73 75 W1=1mm W2=W50 SUB 75 3 W=W50 P=3MM SUB 3POR 1 2 3 ; 1=TX 2=ANT 3=RX 100MHZ DATA SUB: MS H=1MM B80OF:DUMMY B80ON:DUMMY B63OF:DUMMY B63ON:DUMMY END 3GHZ ER=4.8 100MHZ TAND=0.01 MET1=CU 35UM FILE=MWV00u00.S2P FILE=MWV0010M.S2P FILE=acv00U00.S1P FILE=acV0010M.S1P AN025_sim ulation_Netlist_file2.vsd Figure 6 Netlist file 2 Application Note 17 Rev. 2.0, 2006-10-20 Application Note No. 025 1400 - 1600 MHz PIN-Diode Transmit-Receive Switch 1.7.3 Simulation Results COMPACT SOFTWARE - MICROWAVE HARMONICA PC V6.6 File: d:\schaffer\proj96\pdc_swi\pdc-ap1.ckt 16-OCT-96 MS21 [dB] TXAN MS13 [dB] TXAN 0. 00 08:34:31 MS23 [dB] TXAN - 5. 00 - 10. 00 - 15. 00 - 20. 00 - 25. 00 - 30. 00 - 35. 00 - 40. 00 0 0. 3 0. 6 0. 9 1. 2 1. 5 1. 8 2. 1 2. 4 2. 7 3 Freq [GHz] AN025_sim ulation_results_TXon.vsd Figure 7 State ‘TX on‘ Application Note 18 Rev. 2.0, 2006-10-20 Application Note No. 025 1400 - 1600 MHz PIN-Diode Transmit-Receive Switch 16-OCT-96 COMPACT SOFTWARE - MICROWAVE HARMONICA PC V6.6 File: d:\schaffer\proj96\pdc_swi\pdc-ap1.ckt MS21 [dB] RXAN MS13 [dB] RXAN 08:34:44 MS23 [dB] RXAN 0. 00 - 5. 00 - 10. 00 - 15. 00 - 20. 00 - 25. 00 - 30. 00 - 35. 00 - 40. 00 0 0. 3 0. 6 0. 9 1. 2 1. 5 1. 8 2. 1 2. 4 2. 7 3 Freq [GHz] AN025_sim ulation_results_TXoff.vsd Figure 8 State ‘TX off‘ Application Note 19 Rev. 2.0, 2006-10-20