Designing a LED Driver with the NCL30080/81/82/83

AND9131/D
Designing a LED Driver
with the NCL30080/81/82/83
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Introduction
As LED lighting finds its way into low wattage
applications, lamp designers are challenged for a variety of
conflicting requirements. Size is often dictated by the
incumbent lamp and fixture size whether it’s A19, GU10,
etc. Thermal performance, reliability, safety, and EMC
requirements also present design challenges. The
NCL3008X family of controllers incorporates all the
features and protection needed to design compact low
wattage LED drivers with a minimum of external
components.
APPLICATION NOTE
Overview
The NCL3008X is a family of 4 controllers in 2 different
packages (Micro 8 and TSOP6). The 8 pin packaged parts
have 2 extra pins for Dimming and thermal/over voltage
protection. The 6 pin package parts have all the basic control
and protection feature required to make a low parts count
LED driver.
Table 1. PRODUCT MATRIX
Product
Package
Thermal Foldback
Analog/Digital Dimming
5 Step LOG Dimming
NCL30080A/B
TSOP6
No
No
No
NCL30081A/B
TSOP6
No
No
Yes
NCL30082A/B
Micro-8
Yes
Yes
No
NCL30083A/B
Micro-8
Yes
Soft-start
Yes
output current, the leakage inductor current must be taken
into account. This is accomplished by sensing the clamping
network current. Practically, a node of the clamp capacitor
is connected to Rsense instead of the bulk voltage Vbulk.
Then, by reading the voltage on the CS pin, we have an
image of the primary current (red curve in Figure 3).
When the diode conducts, the secondary current decreases
linearly from ID,pk to zero. When the diode current has
turned off, the drain voltage begins to oscillate because of
the resonating network formed by the inductors (Lp + Lleak)
and the lump capacitor. This voltage is reflected on the
auxiliary winding wired in fly-back mode. Thus, by looking
at the auxiliary winding voltage, we can detect the end of the
conduction time of secondary diode. The constant current
control block picks up the leakage inductor current, the end
of conduction of the output rectifier and controls the drain
current to maintain the output current Iout constant. We have:
In the A versions of the NCL3008X, some protections are
latched. In the B versions, all faults are auto-recoverable.
The controllers have a built in control algorithm that
allows to precisely regulate the output current of a Flyback
converter from the primary side. This eliminates the need for
an optocoupler and associated circuitry. The control scheme
also support Buck-boost and SEPIC topology. The output
current regulation is within ±2% over a line range of
85-265 V rms.
The power control uses a Critical Conduction Mode
(CrM) approach with valley switching to optimize
efficiency and EMI filtering. The controller selects the
appropriate valley for operation which keeps the frequency
within a tighter range than would normally be possible with
simple CrM operation.
Constant Current Control
In a Flyback converter, the leakages inductances slow
down the primary current decay and the secondary current
rise. Thus, the current transfer from primary to secondary
side is delayed and the secondary peak current is reduced:
I D,pk t
I L,pk
N sp
I out +
December, 2014 − Rev. 1
(eq. 2)
The output current value is set by choosing the sense
resistor:
(eq. 1)
R sense +
The diode current reaches its peak when the leakage
inductor is reset. Thus, in order to accurately regulate the
© Semiconductor Components Industries, LLC, 2014
V REF
2N spR sense
1
V ref
2N spI out
(eq. 3)
Publication Order Number:
AND9131/D
AND9131/D
From (eq.2), the first key point is that the output current
is independent of the inductor value. Moreover, the leakage
inductance does not influence the output current value as the
reset time is taken into account by the controller.
Vbulk
Vout
Rclamp
IL,pk
ID,pk
Ipri(t)
Cclamp
Isec(t)
CS
RCS
t2
t1
Rsense
CCS
Vaux(t)
tdemag
Figure 1. Fly-back Currents and Auxiliary Winding Voltage in DCM
Figure 2. Fly-back Converter
Design Rules for Accurate Current Control
In order to have an accurate regulation of the secondary
current, the current-sense voltage shape must be the same as
the primary current. Figure 3 portrays the current sense
waveform in green for an accurate output current regulation.
IL,pk
Ipri(t)
Ipri(t)
ton
t1
Figure 3. Current Sense Voltage Waveform for an Accurate Current Regulation
of the CS voltage will influence the output current set-point.
If the CS pin filter (RLFF, CCS) is too big, the output current
setpoint will vary (Iout higher than expected value). Figure 5
shows the current-sense waveform in such case.
The shape of the current-sense voltage will influence the
output current regulation. Indeed, the controller monitors
when the current-sense voltage crosses the threshold for
leakage inductance reset VCS(low) and calculate the output
current set-point based on this information. Thus, the shape
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AND9131/D
CS
RLFF
Ipri(t)
Rsense
CCS
Figure 4. Current-sense Pin
Figure 5. CS Pin Filter Not Optimized: CS Shape
Differs from Primary Current Shape
The ZCD pin voltage is used to detect when the secondary
current becomes null. It is important to filter the ringing
caused by the leakage inductance and the lump capacitor if
these oscillations have not decayed when the internal
blanking timer tBLANK has elapsed.
The demagnetization must be longer than tBLANK for
accurate current regulation. If not, the controller will not be
able to detect correctly the exact moment when the
secondary current becomes null and the current regulation
will greatly degrade.
tBLANK
tdemag
Figure 6. Optimal Filtering of ZCD Pin Voltage
LED Driver Specification
In order to illustrate the design method that will be
described in this document, we consider the following
specification for a flyback LED driver:
Table 2. LED DRIVER SPECIFICATION
Description
Symbol
Value
Units
LED Driver Specification
Minimum Input Voltage
Vin,min
85
V rms
Maximum Input Voltage
Vin,max
265
V rms
Minimum Output Voltage
Vout,min
12
V
Maximum Output Voltage
Vout,max
24
V
Output Voltage at which the OVP is Activated
Vout(OVP)
28
V
Iout
0.5
A
Output Current (Nominal)
Output Rectifier Voltage Drop (Estimated)
Input Voltage for Brown-in
Start-up Time
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3
Vf
0.6
V
Vin(start)
72
Vrms
tstartup
≤ 1.5
s
AND9131/D
Table 2. LED DRIVER SPECIFICATION (continued)
Description
Symbol
Value
Units
h
85
%
Clump
50
pF
Fsw
45
kHz
Vripple
30
V
Other Parameters
Estimated Efficiency
Estimated Lump Capacitor
Switching Frequency at Pout,max, Vin,min
Estimated Bulk Voltage Ripple
Sizing the components around the controller
Dout
Rclamp
Cout
RDUM
DOVP
Dclamp
RZCD
RBOU
VDIM
Rstart
Cclamp
CZCD
M1
CCS
RNTC
CSD
RZCDL (optional)
Cbulk
RLFF
CBO
RBOL
CVCC
Rsense
Figure 7. Generic Application Schematic
The RZCD resistor limits the current flowing in the ZCD
pin. Also, this resistor together with the CZCD capacitor
delays the zero voltage crossing event and helps to tune the
turn-on instant when the drain voltage is in the valley.
To calculate RZCD, we must first determine the auxiliary
winding voltage value during the on-time and the off-time.
During the on-time, the voltage amplitude will reach its
maximum value for the highest input voltage:
V aux(low) + *N auxpV in,max Ǹ2
Then, the highest value of the aux winding voltage is used
to calculate RZCD:
R ZCD w max
Ǔ
V aux(high) V aux(low)
,
I ZCD(max)) I ZCD(max*)
(eq. 6)
Design Example:
The maximum input voltage is Vin,max = 265 V rms.
Nauxp = 0.17.
From the datasheet, we have: IZCD(max) = −2, + 5 mA
(eq. 4)
During the off-time, we must consider the maximum
output voltage value to calculate the auxiliary winding
maximum voltage:
N auxp
V aux(high) +
(V out ) V f)
N sp
ǒ
V aux(high) +
N auxp
(V out,max ) V f) + 0.17 (28 ) 0.5) + 28.5 V
0.17
N sp
(eq. 7)
V aux(low) + *N auxpV in,max Ǹ2 + *0.17
(eq. 5)
+ *63.7 V
Where:
Nauxp is the auxiliary to primary turn ratio:
Nauxp = Naux/Np
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265
Ǹ2 +
(eq. 8)
AND9131/D
Ǔ
+ max 28.5 , *63.7
5m *2m
+ max (5.7k, 31.8k) + 31.8 kW
(eq. 9)
R ZCD w max
ǒ
V aux(high)
,
V aux(low)
I ZCD(max)) I ZCD(max*)
ǒ
Ǔ
Then, we can use this Bx value to approximate the
resistance at 25°C of the thermistor needed:
R 25 +
e
Bx
ǒ
R TFstart
1
T
TFstart
1
25)273
Ǔ
(eq. 12)
Selecting the NTC
Design Example:
TTFstart = 75°C = 348 K
TOTP = 95°C = 368 K
There are different ways to select the thermistor
depending on the critical parameter for the designer. We will
consider the temperature TTFstart at which the thermal
foldback starts and the temperature TOTP at which the over
temperature protection (OTP) must triggers as our design
parameters.
The controller starts to reduce the output current when the
voltage on SD pin drops below 1 V which correspond to
a resistance between SD pin and ground: RSD ≤ 11.76 kW.
The current reduction is stopped when RSD ≤ 8 kW:
the output current is clamped to 50% of its nominal value.
The controllers detects an over temperature and shuts down
when RSD ≤ 5.88 kW.
As a starting point, we can try to calculate the sensitivity
index or constant B of the material needed to meet our
temperature requirements. The formula for B can be found
in the thermistor manufacturers’ application notes or
datasheets. To calculate the B value, it is necessary to know
the resistances R1 and R2 of the thermistor at the
temperatures T1 and T2.
B+
ǒ Ǔ
R
T 1T 2
ln 1
T 2*T 1
R2
Bx +
R 25 +
e
Ǔ
Bx
ǒ
(eq. 13)
R TFstart
1
T
TFstart
1
25)273
Ǔ
11.76k
+
e
4438
1 1 Ǔ
ǒ348
298
+ 99.9 kW
(eq. 14)
The SD pin capacitor must not exceed 4.7 nF so that the
controller is able to start in every conditions, in particular
when RSD is around 8 kW.
Indeed at startup, the controller waits for 180 ms minimum
before starting the DRV pulses in order to allow the current
source to charge CSD. If a too big capacitor is used, the SD
pin voltage will not be able to increase above 0.5 V before
the 180 ms timer ends. Thus, the controller will detect an
over temperature condition.
Where:
TTFstart is the temperature at which the thermal foldback
should start
RTFstart is the corresponding resistance mentioned above:
RTFstart = 11.76 kW
TOTP is the temperature at which the OTP must trigger
ROTP is the corresponding resistance mentioned above:
ROTP = 5.88 kW
Designing the CS Pin Network (RLFF, CCS)
The propagation delay tprop from the current-sense
voltage reaching the programmed internal threshold Vcontrol
to the MOSFET off-state influences the output current
regulation and must be taken into account. The peak current
increase caused by tprop must be compensated.
Generally, the B given by the manufacturer is calculated
for 25°C and 85°C. The value of B depends on the
temperatures by which it is calculated. That’s why in our
case it is an approximate value and we might consider
looking for a material within ±5% of the calculated Bx.
IL
Rsense
Ǔ
Selecting the SD Pin Capacitor
(eq. 11)
Vcontrol
ǒ
Finally, we select a NTC with B25/85 = 4220 and R25 =
100 kW.
From the manufacturer tables of resistance vs temperature
R(T), we have the following values:
R75 = 13.16 kW, R80 = 11.06 kW meaning the temperature
foldback point is between 75°C and 80°C.
R95 = 6.74 kW, R100 = 5.76 kW meaning the OTP trip point
is between 95°C and 100°C.
It is also possible to place a resistor in parallel of the NTC
to modify its R(T) characteristic.
In our case, this equation can be translated as follows:
ǒ
Ǔ
+ 4438 K
(eq. 10)
T T
R
B x + OTP TFstart ln TFstart
T OTP*T TFstart
R OTP
ǒ
T OTPT TFstart
R
ln TFstart + 348 368 ln 11.76k +
368*348
T OTP*T TFstart
R OTP
5.88k
DIL,pkH
High
Line
DIL,pkL
Low
Line
tprop
tprop
Figure 8. Propagation Delay Effect on Peak Current
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5
time
AND9131/D
As a first approximation, to calculate RLFF, start with
tprop = 150 ns.
Then, the offset resistor value can be adjusted by
experiments to obtain a flat output current.
Using (eq.16), we can calculate the first value of RLFF for
our design:
The propagation delay effect is compensated by applying
an offset current proportional to the line voltage on the CS
pin during the MOSFET on-time only. The offset current is
clamped when VpinVIN > 5 V: Ioffset(MAX) = 76.5 mA typical.
The offset voltage amount is adjusted by connecting
a resistor RLFF between the CS pin and the sense resistor:
V CS(offset) + K LFFV pinVINR LFF
ǒ
(eq. 15)
R LFF + 1 )
As a starting point, the offset resistor value can be
estimated with:
ǒ
Ǔ
t pro pR sense
R
R LFF + 1 ) BOU
R BOL
L pK LFF
Ǔ
R BOU t pro pR sense
+
R BOL
L pK LFF
ǒ
Ǔ
9.9Meg 150n
+ 1)
100k 1900m
(eq. 16)
(eq. 17)
1.5 + 696 W
17m
After experiments in the lab, RLFF value was increased to
820 W.
Where:
KLFF is the voltage to current conversion ratio on VIN pin
and can be found in the datasheets of the
NCL30080/81/82/83. Its typical value is 17 mA/V.
RBOU and RBOL are the brown-out resistors calculated in the
next paragraph.
Selecting the CS Pin Capacitor
The shape of the current-sense voltage influences the
output current regulation. If the CS pin filter (RLFF, CCS) is
too big, the output current setpoint will vary (Iout higher than
expected value). Thus, once RLFF has been chosen, it is
important to keep the value of CCS small to have a good
regulation of the output current. CCS should be in the range
of 10 – 100 pF.
The parameter tprop includes the propagation delay of the
controller (50 ns typical from the datasheet) and of the
MOSFET gate drive. Thus, it varies with the chosen
MOSFET and with the external elements added between the
DRV pin and the MOSFET gate (series resistor, PNP
transistor, ...). As a consequence, it is difficult to have an
exact value for this parameter prior to the LED driver design.
Selecting the Brown-out Resistors
The controller starts switching when VCC > VCC(on) and
when VpinVIN > VBO(on).
Vbulk
RBOU
VIN
+
50 ms blanking time
BO_NOK
−
CBO
RBOL
Fixed internal ON / OFF thresholds:
– Controller starts switching if VpinVIN > VBO(on) (1 V)
– Controller stops switching if VpinVIN < VBO(off) (0.9 V) after 50 ms
Figure 9. Brown-out Circuit
The controller detects a brown-out condition and shuts
down when the pin VIN voltage stays below VBO(off) during
50 ms. Thus, we can deduce the line voltage Vin(stop) at
which the controller stops switching:
First, select a value for RBOL in the range of 10 kW to
100 kW. In order to decrease the power losses in the resistor
network, it is better to choose a resistor in the range of 62 kW
to 100 kW.
For our design, we select RBOL = 100 kW.
After that, select the input voltage at which the controller
must start switching Vin(start).
The upper brown-out resistor RBOU value can be
calculated with:
R BOU + R BOL
ǒ
V in(start) Ǹ2
*1
V BO(on)
Ǔ
R
) R BOL
V in(stop) + 1 BOU
V BO(off)
Ǹ2
R BOL
Design Example:
Vin(start) = 71 V rms
RBOL = 100 kW.
(eq. 18)
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(eq. 19)
AND9131/D
R BOU + R BOL
ǒ
V in(start) Ǹ2
*1
V BO(on)
Ǔ
+ 100k
ǒ
Ǔ
The DIM pin combines analog and PWM dimming
capability.
If a signal lower than VDIM100 is applied to this pin, the
controller decreases the output current proportionally to the
applied voltage. The following equation gives the
relationship between the output current and the DIM pin
voltage:
71 Ǹ2
*1 +
1
+ 9.94 MW
(eq. 20)
We choose RBOU = 9.9 MW.
R
) R BOL
V in(stop) + 1 BOU
V BO(off) +
Ǹ2
R BOL
I out(%) + 100 V DIM*0.4
175
+ 1 9.9M ) 100k 0.9 + 63.6 Vrms
Ǹ2
100k
(eq. 22)
For normal PWM dimming, apply a signal with a low state
value below VDIM(EN) and high state value above VDIM100.
It is also possible to apply a square signal with a high state
value below VDIM100 to further reduce the output current in
PWM dimming (Deep PWM dimming in Figure 10).
(eq. 21)
The controller stops when Vin < 63.6 V rms.
Dimming Pin (NCL30082 Only)
The NCL30082 DIM pin has an enable threshold
VDIM(EN). In order to start pulsing, the DIM pin voltage
must be higher than VDIM(EN).
VDIM
Analog dimming
0.7 V
PWM dimming
VDIM100
100% Iout
VDIM(EN)
0% Iout
Figure 10. Analog / PWM Dimming
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Deep PWM dimming
AND9131/D
STARTUP NETWORK
The NCL3008X consumes a low current during the
startup (14 mA typ., 30 mA max.). Thus, depending on the
required startup time, high values of startup resistors can be
used to reduce the power dissipation in the startup network.
However, the device consumes a slightly higher current
(60 mA max.) during startup in fault mode, when the 4-s
auto-recovery timer is counting. The power supply
designer must ensure that the startup current noted
Istartup on Figure 11 is always above 60 mA.
The startup resistor Rstartup can either be connected to the
bulk rail or to half-wave (Figure 11). Connecting the startup
resistor to the half-wave allows decreasing the power
dissipated in the startup resistor.
Istartup
Istartup
Rstartup
Rstartup / p
CVcc
Laux
CVcc
Bulk rail connection
Laux
Half−wave connection
Figure 11. The Startup Resistor can be Connected to the Bulk Rail or to the Half Wave
Calculating the Startup Capacitor
of the LED string. Thus, we can consider that all the current
charges the output capacitor. We can then roughly estimate
the time treg:
The startup capacitor is calculated to allow the power
supply to close the loop before VCC falls below VCC(off).
Thus, CVcc must be able to supply the controller alone until
the auxiliary winding voltage Vaux is high enough to supply
the controller. The time duration where the controller is
supplied by CVcc alone is noted treg (Figure 12).
At startup, almost no current will flow through the LED
string until the output voltage exceeds the forward threshold
t reg +
N auxp
C out
(V
) V f)
I out out1
N sp
(eq. 23)
Where:
Vout1 is the corresponding output voltage at which the
auxiliary winding should start to supply the controller
tstartup
treg
Figure 12. VCC Waveform during Startup
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AND9131/D
The startup capacitor value can be calculated as follows:
C Vcc w
(I CC2 ) Q g F sw)t reg
V CC(on),min*V CC(off),max
Where:
ICvcc is the current needed to charge the VCC pin capacitor
ICC(start) is the current consumed by the controller during
startup
Vin,min is the minimum input voltage
(eq. 24)
The current needed to charge CVcc alone during the
startup is:
IC
Vcc
+
V CC(on),max C Vcc
t startup
The maximum power dissipated by the startup resistor
connected to the bulk rail is:
(eq. 25)
Design Example:
Four our 10 W LED driver, we chose a 3-A, 800-V MOSFET
(STP3NK80 from ST Microelectronics).
The total gate charge is: Qg = 19 nC
The switching frequency at low line, maximum output load
is: Fsw = 55 kHz.
The total startup time of the LED driver must be below
1.5 second at Vin = 90 V rms.
We choose: Vout1 = 15 V
From the datasheet, we can extract the values of the
following parameters:
ICC2 = 2.1 mA
VCC(on),min = 16 V
VCC(on),max = 20 V
VCC(off),max = 9.4 V
P startup +
*6
R startup1ń2 +
(2.1m ) 19n 55k)
16*9.4
4m
P startup1ń2 +
Vcc
+
R startup
p
(eq. 31)
ǒ
V
in,max
p
Ǹ2
*V CC
Ǔ
2
(eq. 32)
R startup1ń2
From the datasheet, the typical value of ICC(start) is 14 mA.
We deduce:
V in,min Ǹ2
85 Ǹ2
+
+ 1.56 MW
63m ) 14m
I Cvcc ) I CC(start),max
(eq. 33)
(eq. 26)
V in,min Ǹ2
R startup1ń2 +
p
I Cvcc ) I CC(start)
+
85Ǹ2
p
63m ) 14m
[ 497 kW
(eq. 34)
The power dissipated for each resistor at maximum input
voltage is:
+ 1.91 mF
V CC(on),max C Vcc
20 4.7m
+
[ 63 mA
t startup
1.5
(eq. 27)
P startup +
P startup1ń2 +
(eq. 28)
Ǹ2 *V Ǔ
CC
2
R startup
+
ǒ265 Ǹ2 *20Ǔ
1.56
2
+ 81 mW
10 6
ǒ
V
in,max
p
Ǹ2
*V CC
R startup1ń2
Ǔ
2
+
ǒ
Ǔ
265Ǹ2
p *20
497k
2
+ 20 mW
(eq. 36)
Connecting the startup resistor to the half-wave allows
saving 60 mW! Thus, we choose this approach for our LED
driver design.
• Bulk Connection:
If the resistor is connected to the bulk rail, the
following formula can be used to calculate its value:
V in,min Ǹ2
I Cvcc ) I CC(start)
ǒV in,max
(eq. 35)
Startup Resistor Calculation
R startup +
+
Design Example:
We could choose a 2.2 mF capacitor for CVcc but we must
also consider the step dimming case of the NCL30083 where
the output current is decreased by discrete steps each time a
brown-out condition is detected. Thus, we select a 4.7 mF
capacitor.
The current needed to charge CVcc is:
IC
p
I Cvcc ) I CC(start)
The maximum power dissipated by the startup resistor
connected to the half-wave is thus:
(I CC2 ) Q g F sw)t reg
C Vcc +
+
V CC(on),min*V CC(off),max
+
(eq. 30)
R startup
V in,min Ǹ2
R startup +
(15 ) 0.6) 0.17 [ 4 ms
0.17
2
If the resistor is connected to the half-wave:
N auxp
C out
(V
) V f)
+
I out out1
N sp
+ 120 10
0.470
Ǹ2 *V Ǔ
CC
• Half-wave Connection:
We can deduce:
t reg +
ǒV in,max
(eq. 29)
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AND9131/D
FLYBACK TRANSFORMER DESIGN
frequency for this operating point Fsw,min, we can calculate
the maximum peak current and the primary inductance
value:
The transformer is an important part of the power supply
design as it will influence the choice of the MOSFET, the
output rectifier and the RCD clamp network. The
transformer design is a compromise between performance
and cost of the solution. For example, allowing higher
drain-source voltage excursion will imply to use a MOSFET
with a larger breakdown voltage, but it will allow using an
output rectifier with a smaller breakdown voltage. It will
also decrease the power losses in the RCD clamp as we will
be able to use higher clamping resistor value (provided that
the leakage inductance of the transformer is kept under
control). Reflecting more output voltage will also decrease
the maximum necessary primary peak current, but it will
increase the secondary peak current.
I L,pk + 2
)p
0.5
(eq. 37)
I L,pk + 2
N sp +
f
2P out,max
(eq. 41)
2
I L,pk F sw,min h
ǒ
Ǔ
N sp
1
)
V in,min Ǹ2 *V ripple V out(OVP) ) V f
out,maxC lumpF sw,min
h
)
+
ǒ
(eq. 38)
Ǔ
1
+ 2 28 0.5
) 0.167
)
0.85
85 Ǹ2 *30 28 ) 0.6
)p
24)0.6
*(V out,max ) V f)
*(24 ) 0.6)
+ 0.55
å
V in,min
85 Ǹ2
å N sp + 0.167
Ǹ2P
)p
For our LED driver, we decide to have a duty-cycle around
55% at Vout,max and Vin,min:
0.55
P out,max
h
f
*(V out,max ) V f)
Ǹ2
V
(eq. 40)
h
Using equations (40) and (41), we can calculate the
maximum peak current and the primary inductance of the
flyback transformer:
in,min
V out,max)V
out,maxC lumpF sw,min
)
h is the estimated efficiency of the power supply
The duty-cycle varies with the output load and the input
voltage. In reality, we cannot have D > 0.5 for all input
voltage/output loading conditions. Thus, we will design the
transformer in order to have a duty cycle greater than 50%
at a chosen operating point, for example maximum output
load and minimum input voltage.
N sp t
Ǔ
N sp
1
)
Ǹ
V
out(OVP) ) V f
V in,min 2 *V ripple
Where:
Vripple is the bulk voltage ripple
Clump is the total capacitor at the drain node of the MOFSET.
For a first approximation, we can use COSS value.
Vout(OVP) is the output voltage at which the over voltage
protection must triggers
The constant current algorithm implemented in the
NCL3008X provides a better regulation of the output
current if the duty-cycle of the MOSFET is equal or above
50%. The duty-cycle of a quasi-square wave resonant
flyback converter operated in the 1st valley can be calculated
with:
V out,max)V
Ǹ2P
ǒ
Lp +
Turn Ratio Calculation
V out ) v f
D+
N spV in ) V out ) V f
P out,max
h
Ǹ2
28
0.5 50p
0.85
50k
å I L,pk + 0.59 A
(eq. 42)
Lp +
(eq. 39)
Maximum Primary Peak Current and Inductance
2P out,max
2
I L,pk F sw,min h
+
å L p + 1900 mH
The peak current is highest at minimum input voltage and
maximum output load Pout,max. By selecting a switching
www.onsemi.com
10
2
0.59 2
28 0.5
å
50k 0.84
(eq. 43)
AND9131/D
Choosing the MOSFET Breakdown Voltage
BVdss
15% derating
Vds,max
Vos
Vclamp
Vreflect
Vbulk,max
Figure 13. MOSFET Drain-source Voltage at High Line
Figure 13 shows the waveform of the drain-source voltage
of a MOSFET operated in the 1st valley.
We can estimate the maximum voltage reached on the
drain node, considering Vout(OVP) level as the maximum
output voltage:
V ds,max + V in,max Ǹ2 )
(V out(OVP) ) V f)
N sp
k c ) V os
Using (eq.44), we calculate the MOSFET Vds,max in our
design:
V ds,max + V in,max Ǹ2 )
+ 265 Ǹ2 )
(eq. 44)
k c ) V os +
(28 ) 0.6)
1.6 ) 20 + 668 V
0.167
Looking at Table 3, we select an 800 V MOSFET.
Choosing the MOSFET RDSon
Space is very limited in a LED bulb, and there is no space
to add a heatsink for the power MOSET or the output
rectifier. Thus, the MOSFET will be chosen such that it can
dissipate the power in all conditions without using
a heatsink.
Knowing the chosen package thermal resistance RqJA, we
first calculate the power that can be dissipated by this
package at a chosen maximum ambient temperature
TA(MAX).
After calculating the maximum drain-source voltage, we
apply a safety factor of 15% in order to select the breakdown
voltage of the MOSFET, meaning that:
V ds,max
(1*0.15)
N sp
(eq. 46)
Where:
kc is the clamping coefficient (kc = Vclamp / Vreflect) [1]. kc
should be keep in the range of 1.3 to 1.5 times the reflected
voltage.
Vos is the drain voltage overshoot caused by the clamping
diode recovery time.
B Vdss w
(V out(OVP) ) V f)
(eq. 45)
The following table gives the maximum drain-source
voltage considering a 15% derating factor for MOSFET
breakdown voltage found on the market.
P pack +
Maximum drain-source
voltage (Vds,max)
500 V
425 V
600 V
510 V
650 V
553 V
800 V
680 V
(eq. 47)
In a quasi-square wave resonant power supply operating
at low line and full load, the MOSFET losses are mainly
conduction losses. The MOSFET RDSon at TJ(MAX) can be
estimated:
Table 3. Vds,max AFTER 15% DERATING HAS BEEN
APPLIED TO BVdss
Breakdown Voltage
(BVdss)
T J(MAX)*T A(MAX)
R qJA
R
+
DSonǒT JǓ
I
P pack
2
(eq. 48)
pri,rms
In equation (48), Ipri,rms is the rms current in the primary
side of the flyback transformer at lowest input voltage and
full output load:
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11
AND9131/D
I pri,rms + I L,pk
Ǹǒ
1
3
I L,pk L p F sw,min
Ǹ2 *V
V
in,min
ripple
Ǔ
(eq. 49)
We choose a TO-220FP isolated package for the
MOSFET. From the manufacturer datasheet, we have:
RqJA = 62.5°C/W. We consider a maximum junction
temperature of 125°C for this device. The maximum
ambient temperature is 80°C.
P pack +
T J(MAX)*T A(MAX)
+ 125*80 + 0.72 W
62.5
R qJA
(eq. 50)
The primary peak current and the primary inductance
have been calculated in (42) and (43). We can deduce the
primary rms current value:
I pri,rms + I L,pk
Ǹǒ
+ 0.62
1
3
I L,pk L p F sw,min
Ǹ2 *V
V
in,min
ripple
Ǔ
Vf1, If1
Vf2, If2
+
(eq. 51)
Ǹǒ
Ǔ
1 0.59 1900m 50k + 0.268 A
3
82 Ǹ2 *30
We deduce the RDSon value at TJ = 125°C:
R DSon(125 oC) +
P pack
I pri,rms
2
+ 0.72 2 + 10 W
0.268
(eq. 52)
The MOSFET manufacturers generally specify the RDSon
at 25°C.
The RDSon value at 25°C is roughly half the value at
TJ = 125°C, so we will choose a MOSFET with
a RDSon(25°C) ≤ 5 W.
Selecting the Output Diode
Figure 14. MURS220 Curves
In order to select the output diode, it is important to
consider also the losses caused by the secondary rms current
which interact with the diode dynamic resistance rd:
P diode + V f I out ) r d I sec,rms
2
Look at the forward voltage drop at If1 = Iout, then choose
an operating point slightly below the previous one and note
Vf2, If2. From these values, you can calculate the dynamic
resistance:
(eq. 53)
The diode dynamic resistance can be extracted from the
I-V curves drawn in the datasheet of the diode or measured.
rd +
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12
V f1*V f2
I f1*I f2
(eq. 54)
AND9131/D
We choose a MURS220 diode in SMB package. We
extract its dynamic resistance from the curves in Figure 14:
rd = 167 mW.
The rms value of the current circulating in the secondary
side of the transformer is:
I sec,rms +
I L,pk
N sp
+ 0.59
0.167
Ǹǒ
1
3
1*
I L,pk L p F sw,min
Ǹ2 *V
V
in,min
ripple
Ǔ
Considering a thermal resistance RqJA = 100°C/W for the
SMB package and a maximum junction temperature of
150°C for the diode, we calculate the power dissipation of
the package using (eq. 47):
P pack +
+
Since the worst case power losses in the output diode is
0.59 W and the package can dissipate 0.7 W at an ambient
temperature of 80°C, we can consider our design safe.
(eq. 55)
Ǹǒ
Ǔ
1 1* 0.59 1900m 50k + 1.25 A
3
82 Ǹ2 *30
Conclusion
This application note provides the key equations and
design criteria to dimension a primary-side constant current
flyback converter operated by the NCL30080/81/82/83. The
design method is illustrated by an implementation of a 12 W,
wide mains LED driver. Table 4 summarizes the equations
useful to select the components around the NCL3008X
controllers. For detailed information on the performance of
the 10 W LED driver designed in this document, you can
refer to AND9132/D [2].
The forward voltage drop of the MURS220 diode at
Iout = 0.5 A and TJ = 100°C is 0.65 V (Figure 14). We can
deduce the power dissipated by the diode:
2
P diode + V f I out ) r d I sec,rms +
+ 0.65
0.5 ) 0.167
T J(MAX)*T A(MAX)
+ 150*80 + 0.7 W (eq. 57)
100
R qJA
(eq. 56)
1.25 2 + 0.59 W
When selecting the output diode, the power supply
designer must ensure that the diode package is able to
dissipate the calculated power: Ppack > Pdiode.
Table 4. GENERAL EQUATIONS SUMMARY
ZCD Pin
ZCD Pin Resistor
R ZCD w max
SD Pin
NTC Bx Coefficient and Resistance
at 25°C
Bx +
ǒ
e
VIN Pin
Bx
ǒ
11.76k
1
T
TFstart
C SD v 4.7 nF
SD Pin Capacitor
ǒ
LFF Resistor
R LFF + 1 )
CS Pin Capacitor
10 – 100 pF
Lower Resistor
10 – 100 kW
Upper Resistor
R BOU + R BOL
DIM Pin
Output Current Variation with DIM
Pin Voltage
Startup Network
VCC Capacitor
Ǔ
V aux(high) V aux(low)
,
5m
2m
T OTPT TFstart
ln 11.76k
T OTP*T TFstart
5.88k
R 25 +
CS Pin
ǒ
1
25)273
Ǔ
Ǔ
R BOU t pro pR sense
R BOL
L p17m
ǒ
V in(start) Ǹ2
*1
V BO(on)
Ǔ
I out(%) + 100 V DIM*0.4
175
C Vcc w
(I CC2 ) Q g F sw)t reg
V CC(on),min*V CC(off),max
Startup Resistor
R startup +
V in,min Ǹ2
I Cvcc ) 14m
(Bulk connection)
R startupńp
(Half-wave connection)
I start w 60 mA !
Startup Current
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13
Ǔ
AND9131/D
Table 4. GENERAL EQUATIONS SUMMARY (continued)
Sense Resistor
Set the Output Current Value
Transformer Design
Turn-ratio
R sense +
0.25
2 N sp I out
V out,max)V
f
*(V out,max ) V f)
Ǹ2
V
0.5
N sp t
in,min
Maximum Primary Peak Current
I L,pk + 2
P out,max
h
)p
Primary Inductance
MOSFET Selection
Lp +
Breakdown Voltage
Ǹ2P
ǒ
out,maxC lumpF sw,min
h
2P out,max
2
I L,pk F sw,min h
B Vdss w
V ds,max
(1*0.15)
V ds,max + V in,max Ǹ2 )
RDS(on) at TJ = 125°C
R DSon(125 oC) +
I pri,rms + I L,pk
P pack +
Output Diode
Diode Losses
Ǔ
N sp
1
)
V in,min Ǹ2 *V ripple V out(OVP) ) V f
(V out(OVP) ) V f)
N sp
P pack
I pri,rms
2
Ǹǒ
1
3
I L,pk L p F sw,min
Ǹ2 *V
V
in,min
I sec,rms +
14
ripple
Ǔ
125*T A(MAX)
R qJA
P diode + V f I out ) r d I sec,rms
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k c ) V os
I L,pk
N sp
Ǹǒ
1
3
1*
2
I L,pk L p F sw,min
Ǹ2 *V
V
in,min
ripple
Ǔ
)
AND9131/D
REFERENCES
[1] Christophe Basso, “Switch-mode Power Supplies”,
McGraw-Hill, 2008.
[2] Stephanie Cannenterre, “Performance of a 10 W
LED driver controlled by the NCL30080-81-82-83”,
AND9132/D
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