A1332 Precision Hall Effect Angle Sensor IC with I2C Interface Not for New Design These parts are in production but have been determined to be NOT FOR NEW DESIGN. This classification indicates that sale of this device is currently restricted to existing customer applications. The device should not be purchased for new design applications because obsolescence in the near future is probable. Samples are no longer available. Date of status change: December 1, 2015 Recommended Substitutions: For existing customer transition, and for new customers or new applications, refer to the A1335LLETR-T. NOTE: For detailed information on purchasing options, contact your local Allegro field applications engineer or sales representative. Allegro MicroSystems, LLC. reserves the right to make, from time to time, revisions to the anticipated product life cycle plan for a product to accommodate changes in production capabilities, alternative product availabilities, or market demand. The information included herein is believed to be accurate and reliable. However, Allegro MicroSystems, LLC. assumes no responsibility for its use; nor for any infringements of patents or other rights of third parties which may result from its use. A1332 Precision Hall Effect Angle Sensor IC with I2C Interface FEATURES AND BENEFITS • • • • • • • • • • 360° contactless high resolution angle position sensor CVH (Circular Vertical Hall) technology Digital I2C output Refresh Rate: 32 µs, 12-bit resolution Automotive temperature range -40 to 85C as well as -40 to 125C Two types of linearization schemes offered: harmonic linearization and segmented linearization Linearization features enable use in off-axis applications EEPROM with Error Correction Control (ECC) for trimming calibration 1 mm thin (TSSOP-14) package Automatic calibration features maintain angle accuracy over airgap Package: 14-pin TSSOP (LE suffix) DESCRIPTION The A1332 is a 360° contactless high resolution programmable magnetic angle position sensor IC. It is designed for digital systems using an I2C interface. This system-on-chip (SoC) architecture includes a front end based on Circular Vertical Hall (CVH) technology, programmable microprocessor based signal processing, and digital I2C interface. Besides providing full-turn angular measurement, the A1332 also provides scaling for angle measurement applications less than 360°. It includes on-chip EEPROM technology for flexible programming of calibration parameters. Digital signal processing functions, including temperature compensation and gain/offset trim, as well as advanced output linearization algorithms, provide an extremely accurate and linear output for both end of shaft applications, as well as off‑axis applications. The A1332 is ideal for automotive applications requiring high speed 360° angle measurements, such as: electronic power steering (EPS), transmission, torsion bar, and other systems that require accurate measurement of angles. The A1332 linearization schemes were designed with challenging off-axis applications in mind. Not to scale The device is offered in a 14-pin TSSOP (LE) package, which has a single die. The package is lead (Pb) free, with 100% matte tin leadframe plating. V+ VCC (also programming) BYP To all internal circuits Analog Front End SOC Die Regulator Multisegment CVH Element TEST CBYP(VCC) Digital Subsystem Diagnostics SDA CBYP(BYP) SCL SA0 I2 C Interface 32-bit Microprocessor SA1 DGND AGND EEPROM VCC (Programming) Functional Block Diagram A1332-DS, Rev. 4 ADC A1332 Precision Hall Effect Angle Sensor IC with I2C Interface Selection Guide Part Number Application A1332ELETR-T I2C digital output A1332KLETR-T I2C digital output *Contact Allegro™ Packing* Operating Ambient Temperature, TA 4000 pieces per 13-in. reel –40°C to 85°C 4000 pieces per 13-in. reel –40°C to 125°C Package Single die, 14-pin TSSOP Single die, 14-pin TSSOP for additional packing options Specifications Absolute Maximum Ratings Thermal Characteristics Pin-out Diagram and Terminal List Operating Characteristics Table Functional Description Overview Operation Diagnostic Features Programming Modes Application Information Table of Contents 3 3 3 3 4 6 6 6 8 8 10 Serial Interface Description Magnetic Target Requirements On-Axis Applications Off-Axis Applications Effect of Orientation on Signal Linearization Correction for Eccentric Orientation Harmonic Coefficients PCB Layout Typical Characteristics Package Outline Drawing 10 11 11 11 12 13 14 15 15 16 19 Refer to the Programming Reference addendum for information on programming the device. Allegro MicroSystems, LLC 115 Northeast Cutoff Worcester, Massachusetts 01615-0036 U.S.A. 1.508.853.5000; www.allegromicro.com 2 A1332 Precision Hall Effect Angle Sensor IC with I2C Interface SPECIFICATIONS Absolute Maximum Ratings Characteristic Symbol Notes Rating Unit Forward Supply Voltage VCC 24 V Reverse Supply Voltage VRCC –18 V Logic Input Voltage for I2C Pins VIN –0.5 to 5.5 V For A1332ELETR-T, E temperature range –40 to 85 ºC For A1332KLETR-T, K temperature range Operating Ambient Temperature TA –40 to 125 ºC Maximum Junction Temperature TJ(max) 165 ºC Tstg –65 to 170 ºC Value Unit 82 ºC/W Storage Temperature Thermal Characteristics may require derating at maximum conditions, see application information Characteristic Package Thermal Resistance Symbol Test Conditions* RθJA On 4-layer PCB based on JEDEC standard *Additional thermal information available on the Allegro website DGND 1 14 DGND BYP 2 13 SA0 DGND 3 12 SA1 AGND 4 11 SCL VCC 5 10 SDA VCC 6 9 DGND AGND 7 8 TEST Package LE, 14-Pin TSSOP Pin-out Diagram Terminal List Table PinName Pin Number AGND 4, 7 BYP 2 DGND 1, 3, 9, 14 SA0 13 Digital input: Sets slave address bit 0 (LSB)*; tie to BYP for 1, tie to DGND for 0 SA1 12 Digital input: Sets slave address bit 0 (LSB)*; tie to BYP for 1, tie to DGND for 0 SCL 11 Digital input: Serial clock; open drain, pull up externally to 3.3 V SDA 10 Digital control output: digital output of evaluated target angle, also programming data input I2C data terminal; open drain, pull up externally to 3.3 V TEST 8 VCC 5, 6 Function Device analog ground terminal Internal bypass node, connect with bypass capacitor to DGND Device digital ground terminal Test terminal, must be tied to DGND for correct operation Device power supply; also input for EEPROM writing pulse *For additional information, refer to the Programming Reference addendum, EEPROM Description and Programming section, regarding the INTF register, I2CM field. Allegro MicroSystems, LLC 115 Northeast Cutoff Worcester, Massachusetts 01615-0036 U.S.A. 1.508.853.5000; www.allegromicro.com 3 A1332 Precision Hall Effect Angle Sensor IC with I2C Interface OPERATING CHARACTERISTICS: valid throughout full operating voltage and ambient temperature ranges, unless otherwise specified Characteristic Symbol Test Conditions Min. Typ.1 Max. Unit2 Electrical Characteristics Supply Voltage VCC 4.5 5 5.5 V Supply Current ICC – 16 20 mA VCCLOW(TH) 4.4 4.55 4.75 V VCC Low Flag Threshold3 Supply Zener Clamp Voltage6 VZSUP IZCC = ICC + 3 mA, TA = 25°C 26.5 – – V VRCC IRCC = –3 mA, TA = 25°C – – –18 V TA = 25°C 2 – 40 ms tBUF 1.3 – – µs Hold Time Start Condition4 tHD(STA) 0.6 – – µs Setup Time for Repeated Start Condition4 tSU(STA) 0.6 – – µs SCL Low Time4 tLOW 1.3 – – µs SCL High Time4 tHIGH 0.6 – – µs Reverse Battery Voltage Power-On Time4,5 tPO I2C Interface Specification (VPU = 3.3 V on SDA and SCL pins) Bus Free Time Between Stop and Start4 Data Setup Time4 Data Hold Time4 Setup Time for Stop Condition4 tSU(DAT) 100 – – ns tHD(DAT) 0 – 900 ns tSU(STO) 0.6 – – µs Logic Input Low Level (SDA and SCL pins)6 VIL(I2C) TA = 25ºC – – 0.9 V Logic Input High Level (SDA and SCL pins)6 VIH(I2C) TA = 25ºC 2.1 – 3.63 V VIN = 0 V to VCC, TA = 25ºC –1 – 1 µA RPU = 1 kΩ, CB = 100 pF, TA = 25ºC – – 0.6 V Logic Input Current6 Output Voltage (SDA pin)6 IIN VOL(I2C) Logic Input Rise Time (SDA and SCL pins)4 tr(IN) – – 300 ns Logic Input Fall time (SDA and SCL pins)4 tf(IN) – – 300 ns ns SDA Output Rise Time4 tr(OUT) RPU = 1 kΩ, CB = 100 pF – – 300 SDA Output Fall Time4 tF(OUT) RPU = 1 kΩ, CB = 100 pF – – 300 ns SCL Clock Frequency 6 fCLK TA = 25ºC – – 400 kHz – 1 – kΩ – – 100 pF 2.97 3.3 3.63 V SDA and SCL Bus Pull-Up Resistor RPU Total Capacitive Load for Each of SDA and SCL buses 6 CB TA = 25ºC Pull-Up Voltage VPU RPU = 1 kΩ, CB = 100 pF 1Typical data is at TA = 25°C and VCC = 5 V and it is for design information only. G (gauss) = 0.1 mT (millitesla). 3VCC Low Threshold Flag will be sent via the I2C interface as part of the angle measurement. When V CC goes below the minimum value of VCCLOW(TH) . the VCC Low Flag is set. See programming manual for details. 4Min. and Max. parameters for this characteristic are determined by design. They are not measured at final test. 5End user can customize what power-on tests are conducted at each power-on that causes a wide range of power-on times. For more information, see the description of the CFG register, which is available in the programming manual. 6This Parameter is tested at wafer probe only. 21 Continued on the next page… Allegro MicroSystems, LLC 115 Northeast Cutoff Worcester, Massachusetts 01615-0036 U.S.A. 1.508.853.5000; www.allegromicro.com 4 A1332 Precision Hall Effect Angle Sensor IC with I2C Interface OPERATING CHARACTERISTICS (continued): valid throughout full operating voltage and ambient temperature ranges, unless otherwise specified Characteristic Symbol Test Conditions Min. Typ.1 Max. Unit2 300 – 1000 G Magnetic Characteristics Magnetic Field9 B Range of input field Angle Characteristics Output10 Effective – 12 – bits B = 300 G, TA = 25ºC, ORATE = 0 – 10.1 – bits ORATE = 0 – 32 – µs All linearization and computations disabled, see figure 1, note 12 – 68 – µs For A1332ELETR-T, TA = 25 to 85°C, ideal magnet alignment, B = 300 G, target rpm = 0, no linearization –2 – 2 deg. For A1332KLETR-T, TA = 25 to 125°C, ideal magnet alignment, B = 300 G, target rpm = 0, no linearization –2 – 2 deg. For A1332ELETR-T, TA = 25°C, 30 samples, B = 300 G, no internal filtering. – 0.6 – deg. For A1332ELETR-T, TA = 85°C, 30 samples, B = 300 G, no internal filtering – 0.8 – deg. For A1332KLETR-T, TA = 25°C, 30 samples, B = 300 G, no internal filtering. – 0.6 – deg. For A1332KLETR-T, TA = 125°C, 30 samples, B = 300 G, no internal filtering – 0.8 – deg. For A1332ELETR-T, TA = –40°C, B = 300 G, drift measured relative to TA = 25°C –2 – 2 deg. For A1332ELETR-T, TA = 85°C, B = 300 G, drift measured relative to TA = 25°C –1.5 – 1.5 deg. For A1332KLETR-T, TA = –40°C, B = 300 G, drift measured relative to TA = 25°C –2 – 2 deg. For A1332KLETR-T, TA = 125°C, B = 300 G, drift measured relative to TA = 25°C –1.5 – 1.5 deg. – ±1 – deg. RESANGLE resolution11 Angle Refresh Rate12 tANG Response Time13 tRESPONSE Angle Error Angle Noise14,15 NANG3Σ Temperature Drift ANGLEDRIFT ANGLEDRIFT- B = 300G, drift observed after AEC-Q100 qualification Angle Drift over Life-Time16 LIFE testing 7Typical data is at TA = 25°C and VCC = 5 V and it is for design information only. G (gauss) = 0.1 mT (millitesla). 9This represents a typical input range. 10RES ANGLE represents the number of bits of data available for reading from the device registers. 11Effective Resolution is calculated using the formula below: 81 ( log2 (360) - log2 3 X 32 l=1 ) l Angle (Degrees) Applied Magnetic Field 50 Transducer Output where σ is the Standard Deviation based on thirty measurements taken at each of the 0 32 angular positions, I = 11.25, 22.5, … 360. t 12The rate at which a new angle reading is ready. This value varies with the ORATE Response Time, tRESPONSE selection. 13This value assumes no linearization, (harmonic, or segmented) , no IIR or ORATE Figure 1: Definition of Response Time filtering, and no short-stroke features enabled. This number also does not account for the added latency associated with the I2C interface sampling rate. This value only represents the time to read the magnetic position with no further computations made. Actual response time is dependent on EEPROM settings. Settings related to filter design, signal path computations, and linearization will increase the response time. 14Error and noise values are with no further signal processing. Angle Error can be corrected with linearization algorithm, and Angle Noise can be reduced with internal filtering and slower Angle Refresh Rate value. The parameters are characterized, but not measured at final test. 15This value represents 3-sigma or thrice the standard deviation of the measured samples. 16The Angle Error of most devices tested did not shift appreciably after AEC-Q100 qualification testing. However, the Angle Error of some devices was observed to drift by approximately 2 degrees after AEC-Q100 (grade 1) testing. Allegro MicroSystems, LLC 115 Northeast Cutoff Worcester, Massachusetts 01615-0036 U.S.A. 1.508.853.5000; www.allegromicro.com 5 A1332 Precision Hall Effect Angle Sensor IC with I2C Interface FUNCTIONAL DESCRIPTION Overview The A1332 incorporates a Hall sensor IC that measures the direction of the magnetic field vector through 360° in the x-y plane (parallel to the branded face of the device). The A1332 computes the angle based on the actual physical reading, as well as any internal parameters that have been set by the user. The end user can configure the output dynamic range, output scaling, and filtering. This device is an advanced, programmable internal microprocessor-driven system-on-chip (SoC). It includes a Circular Vertical Hall (CVH) analog front end, a high speed sampling A-to-D converter, digital filtering, a 32-bit custom microprocessor, a digital control I2C interface, and digital output of processed angle data. Advanced linearization, offset, and gain adjustment options are available in the A1332. These options can be configured in onboard EEPROM providing a wide range of sensing solutions in the same device. Device performance can be optimized by enabling individual functions or disabling them in EEPROM to minimize latency. Operation The device is designed to acquire angular position data by sampling a rotating bipolar magnetic target using a multi-segmented circular vertical Hall effect (CVH) detector. The analog output is processed, and then digitized, and compensated before being loaded into the output register. Refer to figure 2 for a depiction of the signal process flow described here. • Analog Front End In this stage, the applied magnetic signal is detected and digitized for more advanced processing. A1 CVH Element. The CVH is the actual magnetic sensing element that measures the direction of the applied magnetic vector. A2 Analog Signal Conditioning. The signal acquired by the CVH is sampled. A3 A to D Converter. The analog signal is digitized and handed off to the Digital Front End stage. • Digital Front End In this preprocessing stage, the digitized signal is conditioned for analysis. D1 Digital Signal Conditioning. The digitized signal is decimated and band pass filtered. D2 Raw Angle Computation. For each sample, the raw angle value is calculated. • Microprocessor The preprocess signal is subjected to various standard and user-selected computations. The type and selection of computations used involves a trade-off between precision and increased response time in producing the final output. P1 Angle Averaging. The raw angle data is received in a periodic stream (every 32 µs), and several samples are accumulated and averaged, based on user selected output rate. This feature increases the effective resolution of the system. The amount of averaging is determined by the user-programmable ORATE (output rate) field. The user can configure the quantity of averaged samples by powers of two to determine the refresh rate, the rate at which successive averaged angle values are fed into the post processing stages. The available rates are set as follows: ORATE [2:0] Quantity of Samples Averaged Refresh Rate (µs) 000 001 010 011 100 101 110 111 1 2 4 8 16 32 64 128 32 64 128 256 512 1024 2048 4096 P1a IIR Filter (Optional) The optional IIR filter can provide more advanced multi-order filtering of the input signal. Filter coefficients can be user-programmed, and the FI bit can be programmed by the user to enable or disable this feature. P1b Angle Compensation over Temperature and Magnetic Field (Optional) The A1332 is capable of compensating for drift in angle readings that result from changes in the device temperature through the operating ambient temperature range. The device comes from the factory pre-programmed with coefficient settings to allow compensation of linear shifts of angle with temperature. The TC bit can be programmed by the user to enable or disable this feature. The default value from Allegro factory is “enabled”. Please note, this bit must be set, to meet specifications on angle error related items in the data-sheet. P1c Prelinearization 0 Offset (Optional, but required if linearization used.) The expected angle values should be distributed throughout the input dynamic range to optimize angle post- Allegro MicroSystems, LLC 115 Northeast Cutoff Worcester, Massachusetts 01615-0036 U.S.A. 1.508.853.5000; www.allegromicro.com 6 A1332 Precision Hall Effect Angle Sensor IC with I2C Interface A1 CVH Element A2 Analog Signal Conditioning A3 A to D Converter D1 Digital Signal Conditioning D2 Raw Angle Computation P1 Angle Averaging Analog Front End (Applied Magnetic Signal Detection) Digital Front End (Digital Logic for Processing) Sample Rate (Resolution) (Optional) IR Filter P1a Angle Compensation P1b P1c (Optional) Prelinearization 0 Offset P1d (Optional) Prelinearization Rotation Microprocessor (Angle Processing) P2 Minimum/ Maximum Angle Check* P3 Gain Adjust* (Optional) Linearization Segmented or Harmonic P3a SRAM P4 Postlinearization 0 Offset P4a (Optional) Postlinearization Rotation EEPROM Rounding P5 Angle to 12 Bits (Optional) P6 Angle Clamping* (Optional) Angle Inversion P6a Primary Serial Interface * Short Stroke Applications Only Figure 2: Signal Processing Flow (refer by index number to text descriptions) Allegro MicroSystems, LLC 115 Northeast Cutoff Worcester, Massachusetts 01615-0036 U.S.A. 1.508.853.5000; www.allegromicro.com 7 A1332 Precision Hall Effect Angle Sensor IC with I2C Interface processing. This is mostly needed for applications that utilize full 360-degree rotations. This value establishes the position that will correspond to zero error. This value should be set such that the 360 → 0 degree range corresponds to the 4095 → 0 code range. Setting this point is critical if linearization is used, whether segmented or harmonic. This is required, prior to going through linearization, because both linearization methods require a continuous input function to operate correctly. Set using the LIN_OFFSET field. P1d Prelinearization Rotation (Optional, but required if linearization used). The linearization algorithms require input functions that are both continuous and monotonically increasing. The LR bit sets which relative direction of target rotation results in an increasing angle value. The bit must be set such that the input to the linearization algorithm is increasing. P2 Minimum/Maximum Angle Check. The device compares the raw angle value to the angle value boundaries set by the user programming the MIN_ANGLE_S or MAX_ANGLE_S fields. If the angle is excessive, an error flag is set at ERR[AH] (high boundary violation) or ERR[AL] (low boundary violation). (Note: To bypass this feature, set MIN_ANGLE_S to 0 and MAX_ANGLE_S to 4095.) P3 Gain Adjust. This bit adjusts the output dynamic range of the device. For example, if the application only requires 45 degrees of stroke, the user can set this field (to 8 in this example) such that a 45-degree angular change would be distributed across the entire 4095 → 0 code range. Set using the GAIN field. P3a Linearization (Optional). Applies user-programmed error correction coefficients (set in the LINC registers) to the raw angle measurements. Use the HL bit to enable harmonic linearization and the SL bit to enable segmented linearization (along with the LIN_SEL field to select the type of segmented linearization). P4 Postlinearization 0 Offset. This computation assigns the final angle offset value, to set the low expected angle value to code 0 in the output dynamic range, after all linearization and processing has been completed. Set using the ZERO_OFFSET field. P4a Postlinearization Rotation (Optional). This feature allows the user to chose the polarity of the final angle output, relative to the result of the Prelinearization Rotation direction setting (LR bit, described above). Set using the RO bit. P5 Angle Rounding to 12 Bits. All of the internal calculations for angle processing in the A1332 take place with 16-bit precision. This step truncates the data into a 12 bit word for output through the Primary Serial Interface. P6 Angle Clamping. The A1332 has the ability to apply digital clamps to the output signal. This feature is most useful for applications that use angle strokes less than 360 degrees. If the output signal exceeds the upper clamp, the output will stay at the clamped value. If the output signal is lower than the lower clamp, the output will stay at the low clamp value. Set using the CLAMP_HI] and CLAMP_LO fields. (Note: To bypass this feature, set CLAMP_HI to 4095 and CLAMP_LO to 0.) P6a Angle Inversion (Optional). This calculation subtracts the angle from the high clamp. Diagnostic Features The A1332 features several diagnostic features and status flags to let the user know if any issues are present with the A1332 or associated magnetic system: Condition Diagnostic Response VCC < VCCLOW(TH)(min) UV error flag is set VCC > 8.8 V OV error flag is set Field > MAG_HIGH MH flag is set Field < MAG_LOW ML flag is set Angle processing errors AT flag is set Angle out of range AHF, ALF flags are set System status ALIVE always counting indicating angles being processed The SDA pin state changes according to the state of the VCC ramp, as shown in Figure 3. For more information on diagnostic features and flags, please refer to the programmers guide for a more complete description of the available flags and settings. Allegro MicroSystems, LLC 115 Northeast Cutoff Worcester, Massachusetts 01615-0036 U.S.A. 1.508.853.5000; www.allegromicro.com 8 A1332 Precision Hall Effect Angle Sensor IC with I2C Interface Programming Modes The EEPROM can be written through the primary serial interface to enter process coefficients and select options. Certain operating commands also are available by writing directly to SRAM. The EEPROM and SRAM provide parallel data structures for operating parameters. The SRAM provides a rapid test and measurement environment for application development and bench testing. The EEPROM provides persistent storage at end of line for final parameters. At initialization, the EEPROM contents are read into the corresponding SRAM. The SRAM can be overwritten during operation (although it is not recommended). the EEPROM is permanently locked by setting the lock EEPROM [LE] bit in the EEPROM. The A1332 is programmed through the primary serial interface, an I2C interface receiving pulses through the SDA and SCL pins, with additional power provided by pulses on the VCC pin to set the EEPROM bit fields. VCC (V) 4.4 3.8 3.7 VCC Low Flag Threshold, VCCLOW(TH) POR Angle output accuracy reduced SDA Pin State High Impedance Error Flag Set Angle output accuracy reduced Accurate Angle Output Error Flag Set POR High Impedance t Figure 3: Relationship of VCC and SDA output Allegro MicroSystems, LLC 115 Northeast Cutoff Worcester, Massachusetts 01615-0036 U.S.A. 1.508.853.5000; www.allegromicro.com 9 A1332 Precision Hall Effect Angle Sensor IC with I2C Interface APPLICATION INFORMATION Serial Interface Description The A1332 features an I2C compliant interface for communication with a host microcontroller, or Master. A basic circuit for configuring the A1332 package is shown in Figure 4. It is recommended that both the SCL and SDA lines be tied to 3.3 V via a 1 kΩ pull-up resistor. If using a Pull-Up voltage of 5 V, it is recommended to limit current by using a higher value pull-up resistance that 1 K. If the SDA pin is tied to 5 V, instead of 3.3 V, this results in the forward biasing of an internal diode in the A1332 which could conduct current into the digital voltage regulator internal to the device. This may result in degraded voltage regulation performance. Current- limiting resistors have been implemented on-chip to limit this effect. Measurements show that exposure to this condition does not damage the IC in any permanent manner. However, for best results, it is recommended that the Serial Logic pins SDA and SCL be tied to 3.3 V and not 5 V VCC. SDA Pull-Up = 3.3 V SDA Pull-Up = 5 V 3.3 V Internal Regulator 3.3 V Internal Regulator 3.3 V External Supply 5 V External Supply Digital Sub-System Internal Resistor + - + - + - + Internal Diode: OFF Internal Diode: ON Pull-Up Resistor SDA Pin Digital Sub-System Internal Resistor Pull-Up Resistor SDA Pin Current Flows from VCC into 3.3 V Internal Regulator. Regulator may suffer some degradation in performance. Figure 4: SDA Pin Schematic A1332 will continue to function with the 5 V SDA Pull-Up, but this is not a desirable coniguration. Allegro MicroSystems, LLC 115 Northeast Cutoff Worcester, Massachusetts 01615-0036 U.S.A. 1.508.853.5000; www.allegromicro.com 10 A1332 Precision Hall Effect Angle Sensor IC with I2C Interface Magnetic Target Requirements There are two main sensing configurations for magnetic angle sensing, on axis and off axis. On-axis (end of shaft) refers to when the center axis of a magnet lines up with the center of the sensing element. Off-axis (side shaft) refers to when the angle sensor is mounted along the edge of a magnet. Figure 9 illustrates on and off axis sensing configurations. Table 1: Target Magnet Parameters Magnetic Material Neodymium (bonded) 15 4 10 4 Neodymium (sintered) 8 3 Neodymium / SmCo 6 2.5 There are two major challenges with off axis angle sensing applications. The first is field strength. All efforts should be conducted to maximize magnetic signal strength as seen by the device. The goal is a minimum of 300 G. Field strength can be maximized by using high quality magnetic material, and by minimizing the distance between the sensor and the magnet. Another challenge is overcoming the inherent non-linearity of the magnetic field vector generated at the edge of a magnet. The device has two linearization algorithms that can compensate for much of the geometric error. Harmonic linearization is recommended for off-axis applications. VCC = 5 V 0.1 µF 3.3 V Diameter *A sintered Neodymium magnet with 10 mm (or greater) diameter and 4 mm thickness is the recommended magnet for redundant applications. 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 2 1 VCC VCC SA1 BYP A1332 SCL SDA TEST AGND AGND AGND DGND DGND DGND Host/Master Microprocessor 1 kΩ S N 3 SA0 1 kΩ Thickness Angle Error (±°) OFF-AXIS APPLICATIONS Thickness (mm) Neodymium (sintered)* ON-AXIS APPLICATIONS Some common on-axis applications for the device include digital potentiometer, motor sensing, power steering, and throttle sensing. The A1332 is designed to operate with magnets constructed with a variety of magnetic materials, cylindrical geometries, and field strengths, as shown in Table 1. The device has two internal linearization algorithms that can compensate for much of the error due to alignment. Contact Allegro for more detailed information on magnet selection and theoretical error. Diameter (mm) 0.1 µF 0 0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 Eccentricity of SOC Chip Relative to Magnet Rotation Axis (mm) Figure 6: Simulated Error versus Eccentricity for a 10 mm x 4 mm Neodymium Magnet at a 2.7 mm Air Gap. Typical Systemic Error versus magnet to sensor eccentricity (daxial), Note: “Systemic Error” refers to application errors in alignment and system timing. It does not refer to sensor IC device errors. The data in this graph is simulated with ideal magnetization. Figure 5: Typical A1332 Configuration A1332 set up for serial address 0xC Allegro MicroSystems, LLC 115 Northeast Cutoff Worcester, Massachusetts 01615-0036 U.S.A. 1.508.853.5000; www.allegromicro.com 11 A1332 Precision Hall Effect Angle Sensor IC with I2C Interface Effect of Orientation on Signal +|B| 0G 360° +|B| Detected Rotation Magnetic Flux 0G Zero Crossing Figure 7: Magnetic Field Flux Lines The magnetic field flux lines run fixed field lines coming out of the north pole and going into the south pole of the magnet. The peak flux densities are between the poles. 90° 180° 270° 0° 360° Figure 8: Hall Element Detects Rotating Relative Polarity of Magnetic Field As the magnet rotates, the Hall element detects the rotating relative polarity of the magnetic field (solid line); when the center of rotation is centered on the Hall element, the magnetic flux amplitude is constant (dashed line). daxial(on-axis) Axis of Rotation daxial(off-axis) AG (off axis) AG (on axis) AG (on axis, centered) Magnetic Flux Lines Hall element Figure 9: Centering the Axis of Magnet Rotation on the Hall Element Centering the axis of magnet rotation on the Hall element provides the strongest signal in all degrees of rotation. Figure 10: Rapid Degeneration of Magnetic Flux Density The magnetic flux density degenerates rapidly away from the plane of peak north-south polarity. When the axis of rotation is placed away from the Hall element, the device must be placed closer to the magnetic poles to maintain an adequate level of flux at the Hall element. Allegro MicroSystems, LLC 115 Northeast Cutoff Worcester, Massachusetts 01615-0036 U.S.A. 1.508.853.5000; www.allegromicro.com 12 A1332 Precision Hall Effect Angle Sensor IC with I2C Interface Linearization Magnetic fields are generally not completely linear throughout the full range of target positions. This can be the result of nonuniformities in mechanical motion or of material composition. In some applications, it may be required to apply a mathematical transfer function to the angle that is reported by the A1332. The A1332 has built-in functions for performing linearization on the acquired angle data. It is capable of performing one of two different linearization methods: harmonic linearization and piecewise (segmented) linearization. Segmented linearization breaks up the output dynamic range into 16 equal segments. Each segment is then represented by the equation of a straight line between the two endpoints of the segment. Using this basic principle, it is possible to tailor the output response to compensate for mechanical non-linearity. One example is a fluid level detector in a vehicle fuel tank. Because of requirements to conform the tank and to provide stiffening, fuel tanks often do not have a uniform shape. A level detector with a linear sensor in this application would not correctly indicate the remaining volume of fuel in the tank without some mathematical conversion. Figure 11 graphically illustrates the general concept. Harmonic linearization utilizes the Fourier series in order to compensate for periodic error components. In the most basic of terms, the Fourier series is used to represent a periodic signal Meter and Sender using a sum of ideal periodic waveforms. The A1332 is capable of utilizing up to 15 Fourier series components to linearize the output transfer function. While it can be used for many applications, harmonic linearization is most useful for 360-degree applications. The error curve for a rotating magnet that is not perfectly aligned will most often have an error waveform that is periodic. This is phenomenon is especially true for systems where the sensor is mounted off-axis relative to the magnet. Figure 12 illustrates this periodic error. An initial set of linearization coefficients is created by characterizing the application experimentally. With all signal processing options configured, the device is used to sense the applied magnetic field, B: at a target zero-degrees of rotation reference angle and at regular intervals. For segmented linearization, 16 samples are taken: at nominal zero degrees and every 1/16 interval (22.5°) of the full 360° rotational input range. Each angle is read from the ANG[ANGLE] register and recorded. These values are loaded into the Allegro ASEK programming utility for the device, or an equivalent customer software program, and to generate coefficients corresponding to the values. The user then uses the software load function to transmit the coefficients to the EEPROM. Each of the coefficient values can be individually overwritten during normal operation by writing directly to the corresponding SRAM. Fill pipe Linear Depth Linearized rate Uniform walls Angled walls Wall stiffener cavities Angled walls, uneven bottom Fuel Volume 0 Figure 11: Varying Volumes in an Integrated Vehicle Fuel Tank An integrated vehicle fuel tank has varying volumes according to depth due to structural elements. As shown in the chart, this results in a variable rate of fuel level change, depending on volume at the given depth, and a linearized transfer function can be used against the integral volume. Allegro MicroSystems, LLC 115 Northeast Cutoff Worcester, Massachusetts 01615-0036 U.S.A. 1.508.853.5000; www.allegromicro.com 13 A1332 Precision Hall Effect Angle Sensor IC with I2C Interface Correction for Eccentric Orientation ∆daxial ∆daxial = + phase, + amplitude ∆daxial ∆daxial ∆daxial = + phase, + + amplitude ∆daxial ∆daxial = + phase, – amplitude ∆daxial = + phase, – – amplitude 360 rs Ta r io n ge t Fu nc tio n 180 n io ag ne tic In Li pu t ne ar iz at In With the axis of rotation aligned with the Hall element, linearization coefficients are a simple inversion of the input. ve Figure 12a: Linearization Coefficients Detected Angle (°) 270 M 90 0 Systematic eccentricity can be factored out by appropriate linearization coefficients. For off-axis applications, the harmonic linearization method is recommended. 0 Error Correction (V) Figure 12b: Any Eccentricity is Evaluated as an Error. 90 180 Target Rotational Position (°) 270 360 +V ∆daxial Correction Corrected Angle Output Inversion Result 0 0 90 180 Device Output Position (°) 270 360 Allegro MicroSystems, LLC 115 Northeast Cutoff Worcester, Massachusetts 01615-0036 U.S.A. 1.508.853.5000; www.allegromicro.com 14 A1332 Precision Hall Effect Angle Sensor IC with I2C Interface HARMONIC COEFFICIENTS PCB Layout The device supports up to 15 harmonics. Each harmonic is characterized by an amplitude and a phase coefficient. Bypass and decoupling capacitor should be placed as close as possible to corresponding pins, with low impedance traces. Capacitors should be tied to a low impedance ground plane whenever possible. To apply harmonic linearization, the device: 1. Calculates the error factors. 2. Applies any programmed offsets. 3. Calculates the linearization factor as: An × sin(n × t + φn ) 4095 fun ctio O n ut pu tf un ct io n Interpolated Linear Position (y-axis values represent 16 equal intervals) ut Inp A Maximum Full Scale Input on cti n t fu A –xLIN_3 u Inp –640 A Coefficients stored in BIN10 BIN3 BIN2 0 BIN16 2432 n ct io un tf ut pu xLIN_10 O BIN1 BIN0 Minimum Full Scale Input Magnetic Input Values (15 x-axis values read and used to calculate coefficients) EEPROM Figure 13: Sample of Linearization Function Transfer Characteristic. Allegro MicroSystems, LLC 115 Northeast Cutoff Worcester, Massachusetts 01615-0036 U.S.A. 1.508.853.5000; www.allegromicro.com 15 A1332 Precision Hall Effect Angle Sensor IC with I2C Interface TYPICAL CHARACTERISTICS 1 0.8 Angle Error (Degrees) 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 -0.2 -0.4 -0.6 -0.8 -1 0 50 100 150 250 200 Encoder Position (Degrees) 300 350 Figure 14: Angle Error versus Encoder Position 1 2.0 1.8 Mean Mean ±3 Sigma ±3 Sigma 1.5 1.4 Drift (Degrees) Angle Error (Degrees) 1.6 1.2 1.0 0.8 1.0 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.2 -1 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 Temperature (ºC) 80 100 Figure 15: Peak Angle Error over Temperature 120 -1 0 50 Temperature (ºC) 100 Figure 16: Maximum Absolute Drift from 25ºC Measurement Allegro MicroSystems, LLC 115 Northeast Cutoff Worcester, Massachusetts 01615-0036 U.S.A. 1.508.853.5000; www.allegromicro.com 16 A1332 Precision Hall Effect Angle Sensor IC with I2C Interface 1 16 125ºC 25ºC –40ºC 14 Mean +3 Sigma -3 Sigma 0.8 A1332 NOISE in Degrees Frequency (%) 12 10 8 6 4 0.6 0.4 0.2 2 0 0 0.4 0.2 0 -50 1 0.8 0.6 Noise in Degrees 0 50 100 150 Ambient Temperature (ºC) Figure 17: Noise Distribution vs. Temperature (1 σ, 300 G, VCC = 4.5 V) Figure 18: Noise Distribution vs. Temperature (1 σ, 300 G, VCC = 4.5 V) 20 12 125ºC 25ºC –40ºC 10 19 18 17 A1332 ICC in mA Frequency (%) 8 6 4 16 15 14 Mean 2 13 +3 Sigma -3 Sigma 0 12 14 16 18 ICC in mA Figure 19: ICC Distribution vs. Temperature (VCC = 5.5 V) 20 12 -50 0 50 100 Ambient Temperature in Degrees C 150 Figure 20: ICC vs. Temperature (VCC = 5.5 V) Allegro MicroSystems, LLC 115 Northeast Cutoff Worcester, Massachusetts 01615-0036 U.S.A. 1.508.853.5000; www.allegromicro.com 17 A1332 Precision Hall Effect Angle Sensor IC with I2C Interface PACKAGE OUTLINE DRAWING For Reference Only – Not for Tooling Use (Reference MO-153 AB-1) NOT TO SCALE Dimensions in millimeters Dimensions exclusive of mold flash, gate burrs, and dambar protrusions Exact case and lead configuration at supplier discretion within limits shown 5.00 ±0.10 1.45 0.45 8º 0º D 14 0.65 14 0.20 0.09 1.70 E D 4.40 ±0.10 6.00 6.40 BSC 0.60 A +0.15 –0.10 1.00 REF 1 2 16X 0.10 1.10 MAX C 0.30 0.19 1 0.25 BSC Branded Face C SEATING PLANE B SEATING PLANE GAUGE PLANE 2 PCB Layout Reference View 0.15 0.00 0.65 BSC A Terminal #1 mark area B Reference land pattern layout (reference IPC7351 TSOP65P640X120-14M); All pads a minimum of 0.20 mm from all adjacent pads; adjust as necessary to meet application process requirements and PCB layout tolerances; when mounting on a multilayer PCB, thermal vias at the exposed thermal pad land can improve thermal dissipation (reference EIA/JEDEC Standard JESD51-5) C Branding scale and appearance at supplier discretion D Hall element, not to scale E Active Area Depth = 0.36 mm (Ref) NNNNNNNNNNNN YYWW LLLLLLLLLLLL 1 C Standard Branding Reference View N = Device part number = Supplier emblem Y = Last two digits of year of manufacture W = Week of manufacture L = Lot number Figure 21: Package LE, 14-Pin TSSOP (Single Die Version) Allegro MicroSystems, LLC 115 Northeast Cutoff Worcester, Massachusetts 01615-0036 U.S.A. 1.508.853.5000; www.allegromicro.com 18 A1332 Precision Hall Effect Angle Sensor IC with I2C Interface Revision History Revision No. Revision Date – September 11, 2014 1 January 21, 2015 Description Initial release Added K Variant and Typical Characteristic Graphs 2 January 23, 2015 Revised Noise Distribution plots 3 December 1, 2015 Status of product changed to “Not for New Design” 4 December 17, 2015 Corrected CVH location in single-die package outline drawing Copyright ©2011-2015, Allegro MicroSystems, LLC I2C™ is a trademark of Philips Semiconductors. Allegro MicroSystems, LLC reserves the right to make, from time to time, such departures from the detail specifications as may be required to permit improvements in the performance, reliability, or manufacturability of its products. Before placing an order, the user is cautioned to verify that the information being relied upon is current. Allegro’s products are not to be used in any devices or systems, including but not limited to life support devices or systems, in which a failure of Allegro’s product can reasonably be expected to cause bodily harm. The information included herein is believed to be accurate and reliable. However, Allegro MicroSystems, LLC assumes no responsibility for its use; nor for any infringement of patents or other rights of third parties which may result from its use. For the latest version of this document, visit our website: www.allegromicro.com Allegro MicroSystems, LLC 115 Northeast Cutoff Worcester, Massachusetts 01615-0036 U.S.A. 1.508.853.5000; www.allegromicro.com 19