AN9929: Single Stage Two Phase Regulator for Mobile Microprocessor Core Voltage

Single Stage Two Phase Regulator for Mobile
Microprocessor Core Voltage (ISL6223EVAL2)
TM
Application Note
May 2001
AN9929
Author: Chuck Wong
Introduction
New mobile microprocessors demand much higher current
than their older counterparts. As a result, a single phase
PWM converter will have difficulty to cost-effectively handle
the required load current. In addition, the power
management of these microprocessors dynamically change
the core voltage and the core frequency to minimize the
power consumption for given applications. The VID code is
dynamically adjusted in these processors, which can be
referred to as “VID-on-the-fly.” The ISL6223 two-phase PWM
controller IC is designed for powering these new mobile
microprocessors. The ISL6223EVAL2 evaluation board will
demonstrate the performance of the ISL6223 for singlestage power conversion, converting directly from a battery
voltage to a microprocessor core voltage. Features of the
controller, such as VID-on-the-fly, are demonstrated.
Board Description
A simplified view of the ISL6223EVAL2 board is shown in
Figure 1. The required components for the converter are the
ones inside in the Controller and Power Components blocks.
The components in the VID Selection and 5V Bias blocks
are auxiliary, just for the convenience of the demonstration. It
is important to know the terminals, jumpers, and the
switches of this evaluation board.
Terminals
Three pairs of terminals are on the board. The pair on the
top edge of the board are the battery voltage input terminals,
labeled as VBAT and GND. The pair labeled with VCORE
and GND on the bottom edge are the core voltage output
terminals. The 5V and GND pair is for the bias voltage of the
controller IC. This terminal pair can be a 5V input or output,
depending on whether or not the 5V on-board linear
regulator is populated. Currently the linear regulator is not
populated so an external 5V bias should be connected.
Jumpers
On the left edge of the board are one set of VID jumpers as
well as one set of SVID jumpers. These jumpers are for
setting up the VID inputs of the DC-DC converter.
Switches
In the upper left corner is the Enable (EN) switch. The EN
switch enables or disables the converter depending on its
position. When the switch in flipped to the left position
(position 1), the converter is enabled.
Also in the upper left corner is the FLY push button. The
controller will take the code either labeled with VID or SVID
as its input VID code. One can switch between the two sets
of VID by pushing the FLY push button. Such setting is for
demonstrating the VID-on-the-fly feature. At power up, the
controller always takes VID as the initial input, not SVID.
Power Good Indicator
Finally, on the top and center portion of the board is the
PGOOD LED. When the core voltage is within the specified
value, the LED lights up.
VID Selection
Controller
Power Components
5V Bias
FIGURE 1. TOP VIEW OF ISL6223EVAL2 EVALUATION BOARD (ACTUAL BOARD SIZE)
1
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Application Note 9929
Powering Up
Before powering up, connect a voltage source capable of
24V output voltage and 10A output current to the VBAT and
its GND. Also connect a 5V bias voltage to the 5V and GND
terminals. The 10A current is required to avoid triggering
over current protection during load transient. Connect a load
of up to 22A to the VCORE and GND terminals. Then the
board can be applied power. No special sequencing is
required for the 5V and the battery voltages. Neither is there
a requirement for the initial position of the EN switch. After
applying power, the converter can be enabled or disabled by
flipping the EN switch.
TIME: 5ms/DIV.
PWM1 (10V/DIV.)
0V
PGOOD (10V/DIV.)
0V
VCORE (1V/DIV.)
Design Parameters
Input Voltage (VBAT):
Bias Voltage (5V):
Output Voltage (VCORE):
Load Current:
Switching Frequency:
ESL of the output capacitors can not be seen here. Figure 4
does show that the inductor current reaches the full-load
current in about 10μs and the approximately 50mV droop
voltage at the VCORE output.
0V
5V to 24V
5V +/- 5%
Set by VID
0A to 22A
200kHz
EN (5V/DIV.)
0V
FIGURE 2. START UP INITIATED BY EN SWITCH
Schematic and Layout
See the Appendix for the schematic, the bill-of-materials,
and the layout layers.
12V VBAT (10V/DIV.)
Evaluation Measurements
The following sections show the evaluation measurements
taken from this evaluation board. Refer to the schematic for
the test point names used below.
0V
PGOOD (5V/DIV.)
0V
VCORE (1V/DIV.)
Start-up Transient
Figure 2 shows the start up waveforms initiated by closing
the EN switch. From top to bottom, the waveforms are
PWM1, PGOOD, VCORE, and EN switch output. The EN
switch output is also the gate voltage of Q18. As the EN
output falls, Q18 is turned off and the ISL6223 softly starts
up the output. The delay time from the falling edge of the EN
signal to the rising edge of PGOOD is about 20ms. Both 5V
bias and the 12V battery voltage are available before closing
the EN switch in this case.
Figure 3 shows the start-up waveforms initiated by the UVLO
(undervoltage lockout) of ISL6223. In a battery-powered
system, the battery voltage is always available before any
other voltages. Figure 3 demonstrates such a case with the
12V battery input available before the 5V bias. The EN
switch is flipped to the left position, i.e. the enable position. It
is shown that the PGOOD signal is asserted after the
VCORE is completely within regulation range.
Load Transient Response
Figure 4 shows the transient in response to a step-up load.
The input battery voltage is 12V and the output voltage is set
to 1.3V nominal. The load current steps from 0A to 22A with
its slew rate limited by the electronic load (Chroma 63103) at
2.5A/μs. Because of the slow slew rate of the electronic load,
the initial drop of the output voltage caused the ESR and
2
0V
0V
5V BIAS (5V/DIV.)
TIME: 5ms/DIV.
FIGURE 3. START UP INITIATED BY UVLO
TIME: 10μs/DIV.
0V
VCORE (50mV/DIV.)
COMP (0.5V/DIV.)
0V
INDUCTOR CURRENT
(5A/DIV.)
0A
FIGURE 4. LOAD FROM 0A TO 22A TRANSIENT
Application Note 9929
Figure 5 shows the load step response from 22A to 0A. The
slew rate of the load is again limited by the electronic load at
2.5A/μs. The VCORE shows a 70mV overshoot. For a singlestage conversion with large voltage step-down conversion
ratio, the transient voltage for load step up and down are
usually not symmetrical. This is because for such
applications, the steady-state duty ratio is quite small. For the
case shown here, the duty ratio is about 12% with 12V input
and 1.3V output. The converter has much larger range of duty
ratio (hence, much larger voltage) in response to load step up
than to load step down; therefore, it usually responds faster
with smaller transient voltage for load step up than for load
step down. Fortunately, the power requirement for mobile
microprocessor core voltage allows larger window for load
step down transient (overshoot) than for load step up transient
(undershoot), such as what is specified in reference [1] from
AMD. The specification in reference [1] allows 150mV
overshoot and only 100mV undershoot.
battery charger is plugged into a mobile computer. Figure 9
shows the response when BVAT changes from 5V to 19V in
20μs. The output is set to 1.2V with 10A load current. A
40mV perturbation is observed at the VCORE output. Figure
10 shows the step down transition for the input voltage with
the same output and load condition. The slew rate of the
input voltage is dependent on the discharging current of the
input capacitors. A transient voltage of 20mV is observed in
this case.
.
TIME: 10μs/DIV.
0V
COMP (0.5V/DIV.)
0V
VID-on-the-Fly
The two sets of jumpers on the ISL6223EVAL2 board allow
the demonstration of VID-on-the-fly. After power up, the FLY
button can be pushed to dynamically change the VID code
from one value to another, set by the VID jumpers and SVID
jumpers. As mentioned earlier, at power up, the core voltage
is always set by the VID jumpers first.
Figure 6 and 7 demonstrate the behavior during VID-on-thefly. Figure 6 shows the case when the core voltage changes
from 1.3V to 1.6V while Figure 7 shows the case when the
core voltage changes from 1.6V to 1.3V. In both cases the
core voltage is loaded with 10A current. From top to bottom,
the waveforms are the DACOUT pin voltage, the core
voltage, and the two inductor currents. For the step up
transition shown in Figure 6, the transient finishes in less
than 50μs. The total inductor current peaks at about 27A.
The transition speed is determined by C14, the capacitor
that is connected between the GND and the DACOUT pin.
The current value for C14 is 22nF. Increasing the value of
C14 will slow down the voltage transition and reduce the
peak inductor current. These two figures also demonstrate
how well the two inductor currents track each other during
the transient and the steady-state operation.
VCORE (50mV/DIV.)
INDUCTOR CURRENT
(5A/DIV.)
0A
FIGURE 5. LOAD FROM 22A TO 0A TRANSIENT)
DACOUT (0.5V/DIV.)
VCORE (0.5V/DIV.)
0V
0V
INDUCTOR CURRENT
(5A/DIV.)
0A
TIME: 20μs/DIV.
FIGURE 6. VID-ON-THE-FLY, CHANGING FROM 1.3V TO 1.6V
TIME: 20μs/DIV.
Input Ripple Current
The input ripple current is shown in Figure 8. No filtering
inductor is employed except for a pair of #18 gauge wires of
5 inches each connecting the power supply to the VBAT and
GND terminals. From top to bottom are the two phase node
voltages, the input current, and the input voltage. The ripple
voltage caused by the pulsating current is obviously seen.
The input battery voltage is 12V and the output is 1.2V with
22A load.
DACOUT (0.5V/DIV.)
VCORE (0.5V/DIV.)
0V
0V
0A
INDUCTOR CURRENT
(5A/DIV.)
Input Step Response
Figure 9 shows the output VCORE in response to a step
battery input change. Such large input step occurs when the
3
FIGURE 7. VID-ON-THE-FLY, CHANGING FROM 1.6V TO 1.3V
Application Note 9929
PH1
(10V/DIV.)
TIME: 20ms/DIV.
VCORE (0.5V/DIV.)
0V
PH2
(10V/DIV.)
0V
0V
INPUT CURRENT (1A/DIV.)
INDUCTOR
CURRENT
(10A/DIV.)
INPUT VOLTAGE (5V/DIV.)
0A
0A
TIME: 2μs/DIV.
0V
T0
FIGURE 8. INPUT RIPPLE CURRENT
FIGURE 11. OUTPUT OVERCURRENT PROTECTION
Output Overcurrent Protection
VBAT (10V/DIV.)
0V
VCORE (50mV/DIV.)
0V
COMP (0.5V/DIV.)
INDUCTOR CURRENT (5A/DIV.)
TIME: 20μs/DIV.
0V
0A
FIGURE 9. INPUT VOLTAGE STEP UP TRANSIENT RESPONSE
Figure 11 demonstrates the converter’s reaction to an output
overcurrent event. At time T0, the converter is loaded with a
40A current from the Chroma 63103 electronic load. The
converter quickly ramps up the inductor current, hits the 35A
overcurrent protection threshold, and then triggers the over
current protection function. The converter shuts down. After
a waiting period of approximately 20ms, the converter tries
to start up again. When the output voltage reaches 1V, the
electronic load is enabled again with the 40A load, triggering
another overcurrent event. If the over current persists, the
converter operates in the hiccup mode. The average heat
generated in the hiccup mode is less than the heat
generated under a full-load condition so the converter is
protected and operates safely.
Droop Voltage vs Load Current
TIME: 2ms/DIV.
VBAT (10V/DIV.)
0V
VCORE (50mV/DIV.)
0V
COMP (0.5V/DIV.)
INDUCTOR CURRENT (5A/DIV.)
0A
0V
The purpose of the droop voltage is to enlarge the allowed
transient voltage window so as to reduce the number of the
output capacitors. By adjusting the values of the RISEN (R2
and R10) and the feedback resistor (R6), one can design the
droop slope to a different value. Of course, when adjusting
these resistor values, the overcurrent protection tripping
level is changed and the loop compensation components
need adjustment as well. Figure 12 shows the measured
droop voltage vs. load current at three different input
voltages with the resistor values given in the bill-of-materials.
The nominal voltage is set to 1.3V for this case. The droop
voltage is quite independent of the input voltage. A 45mV
droop is measured as the load moves from 0A to 22A.
Efficiency
FIGURE 10. INPUT VOLTAGE STEP DOWN TRANSIENT
4
Figure 13 shows the measured efficiency at various input
voltages and load currents. One top MOSFET and two
bottom MOSFETs are employed in the evaluation board, all
ISL9N308. The measurements were made at room
temperature with natural convection cooling only.
Application Note 9929
Conclusion
1.33
VCORE (V)
1.32
The ISL6223EVAL2 is designed to provide a convenient
platform to evaluate the performance of ISL6223 for singlestage power conversion for mobile computing applications.
This evaluation board demonstrates that using ISL6223
results in a high efficiency, cost-effective solution to meet all
the power requirements posed by the mobile microprocessor
core.
7V
12V
19V
1.31
1.3
1.29
1.28
1.27
References
0
5
10
15
20
LOAD CURRENT (A)
FIGURE 12. CORE VOLTAGE vs LOAD CURRENT
For Intersil documents available on the internet, see web site
www.intersil.com
Intersil Technical Support 1-888-INTERSIL
[1] AMD, Mobile AMD Athlon™ and Mobile AMD DuronTM
Processor 24W Power Module Design Guide, 10/18/00.
95
[2] ISL6223 Data Sheet, Intersil Corporation, Power
Management Products Division.
EFFICIENCY (%)
90
85
80
7V
12V
75
19V
70
65
0
5
10
15
20
LOAD CURRENT (A)
FIGURE 13. EFFICIENCY MEASUREMENT.
5
Athlon™ is a trademark of Advanced Micro Devices, Inc.
Application Note 9929
Appendix
Schematic
VBAT
U1 BAT54C
20
C8
1μF
D4
9
R1
10kΩ
Q19
19
U3
VCC
4
PWM1
PWM1
GND
15
2
R3
100kΩ
3
PGOOD
PGOOD
1
2
3
4
5
ISEN1
VID3
C26
1μF
VID0
14
R4
115kΩ
Q18
C31
1nF
PWM2
FS/DIS
SW2
11
C14
22nF
ISEN2
DACOUT
FB
COMP
VSEN
6
7
10
R5
8.0kΩ
R6
0.8kΩ
C11
2.2nF
COMP
U2
D1
MBRS130LT3
TP1
PH1
C5
10μF
C6
10μF
Q4
L2
ISL9N308 1.6μH
2
7
IN U5 SW
R9
100kΩ
DRVL 5
3 DLY
GND
6
C4
1μF
C13
0.22μF
BST
8
DRVH
U5
Q5, Q6
ISL9N308
D2
MBRS130LT3
TP2
13
PH2
R10
1.74kΩ
VCORE
C22-C25
1μF
D3
MBRS340
C12
SPARE
R8
40.2kΩ
L1
1.6μH
Q2, Q3
ISL9N308
1
4
C27
15pF
DACOUT
5
U4 BAT54C
PWM2
8
6
C3
10μF
Q1
ISL9N308
7
R2 1.74kΩ
+5V
R19
10kΩ
DLY
DRVL
GND
+5V
ISL6223
SW
U2
IN
C2
10μF
16
VID2
VID1
C1
1μF
BST 8
DRVH
C10
15pF
VID4
C7
0.22μF
1
VCC
R26
3kΩ
C9
1μF
VCC
+5V
C19
SPARE
C15-C18, C20, C21
220μF
R7
SPARE
VBAT
VID SELECTION CIRCUITRY FOR DEMONSTRATING VID-ON-THE-FLY
+5V BIAS SUPPLY
SVID4
U7
Q17
C32
1μF
SVID3
SHDN
IN
GND
FB
OUT
SVID2
Q15
SVID1
JUMPERS
Q16
+5V
C33
10μF
C34
1μF
R28
750kΩ
R27
250kΩ
Q14
SVID0
Q11
Q8
Q9
R18
100kΩ
Q13
6
VID0
VID1
VID2
VID3
JUMPERS
VID4
R24
R23
R22
R21
R20
Q10
Q7
R15
R14
R13
R12
R11
C29
0.1μF
R16
VIDSL
Q12
+5V
U6
74HC74
Q CK
PR
SW1
C28
0.1μF
R17
1kΩ
+5V
CLR
D
Q
+5V
R25
100kΩ
C30
SPARE
Application Note 9929
Bill of Materials
QTY
REFERENCE
2
C1, C4
4
2
9
DESCRIPTION
PCB FOOTPRINT
PART#
VENDOR
1μF, Y5V, 25V
SM/C_1206
PCC1903CT-ND
Digikey
C2, C3, C5, C6
10μF, Y5V, 35V
SM/C_1210
GMK325F106ZH
Taiyo Yuden
C7, C13
0.22μF, Y5V, 16V
SM/C_0603
PCC1790CT-ND
Digikey
C8, C9, C22, C23, C24, C25, C26, 1μF, Y5V, 16V
C32, C34
SM/C_0805
PCC1849CT-ND
Digikey
2
C10, C27
15pF, NPO, 50V
SM/C_0603
PCC150ACVCT-ND Digikey
1
C11
2.2nF, X7R, 50V
SM/C_0603
PCC222BCVCT-ND Digikey
1
C12
SPARE
SM/C_0603
1
C14
22nF, X7R, 25V
SM/C_0603
6
C15, C16, C17, C18, C20, C21
220uF, 2.5V, UE
SERIES SP CAP
2
C19, C30
SPARE
SM/C_0603
1
C28
0.1μF, Y5V, 16V
Digikey
EEFUE0E221R
Panasonic
SM/C_0805
PCC1849CT-ND
Digikey
C29
0.1μF, Y5V, 16V
SM/C_0603
PCC1788CT-ND
Digikey
C31
1nF, X7R, 50V
SM/C_0603
PCC1772CT-ND
Digikey
1
C33
10μF, 10V, TANTALUM
TPSA106*010#1800 AVX
2
D2, D1
1A, 30V, Schottky Diode SMB
MBRS130LT3
1
D3
3A, 40V, Schottky Diode SMC
MBRS340LT3
On Semi
1
D4
LED
L63311CT-ND
Digikey
4
JP1, JP2, JP3, JP4
Banana Binding Post
S9001-ND
Digikey
2
L1, L2
1.6μH Inductor
8
Q1, Q2, Q3, Q4, Q5, Q6, Q21, Q22 Power MOSFET
13 Q7, Q8, Q9, Q10, Q11, Q12, Q13,
Q14, Q15, Q16, Q17, Q18, Q19
C21 SPARE
SPARE
1
2-Pin Jumper
C32 SPARE
SPARE
PCC223BVCT-ND
1
10 JP5, JP6, JP7, JP8, JP9, JP10,
JP11, JP12, JP13, JP14
COMMENTS
BINDING/POST
On Semi
Various
ETQP6F1R6S
Panasonic
SO-8
ISL9N308ASK8T
Intersil
MOSFET
SM/SOT23_GSD
2N7002
Fairchild
PZT2222AT1
Motorolla
Q21, Q22 SPARE
1
Q20
NPN Transistor
SOT-223
1
R1
10K, 5% Res
SM/R_0603
Various
2
R10, R2
1.74K, 1%
SM/R_0603
Various
2
R3, R9
100K, 5% Resistor
SM/R_0603
Various
1
R4
115K, 1%
SM/R_0603
Various
1
R5
8K, 1% Res
SM/R_0603
Various
1
R6
0.8K, 1% Res
SM/R_0603
Various
1
R7
SPARE
SM/R_0603
Various
1
R8
40.2K, 1% Res
SM/R_0603
Various
11 R11, R12, R13, R14, R15, R19,
R20, R21, R22, R23, R24
10K, 5% Res
SM/R_0603
Various
1
R16
3.3K, 5%
SM/R_0603
Various
1
R17
1K, 5% Res
SM/R_0603
Various
2
R25, R18
100K, 5% Res
SM/R_0603
Various
1
R26
3K, 5% Res
SM/R_0805
Various
1
R27
250kΩ, 1% Res
SM/R_0603
Various
SPARE
1
R28
750K, 1% Res
SM/R_0603
Various
SPARE
SM/R_0603
1
R29
0Ω Jumper
1
SW1
SW Pushbutton
SW_P8007S-ND
Digikey
1
SW2
SW MAG-SPST
SW-GT12MSCKE
Digikey
1
VCORE
Probe Socket
Tektronics
2
TP21, TP22
Connector
Digikey
2
U4, U1
Schottky Diode
SOT-23
BAT54C
Fairchild
2
U5, U2
Gate Driver
SOIC
ADP3412
ADI
1
U3
Two-Phase Controller
SSOP
ISL6223
Intersil
1
U6
Dual D FlipFlop
SOIC
74AHC74/SO
TI
1
U7
Voltage regulator
SOT23-5
MAX1616
Maxim
Test Point
TP
5002K-ND
Digikey
10 Test Points
7
SPARE
SPARE
Various
SPARE
Application Note 9929
Layout Drawings
All Intersil products are manufactured, assembled and tested utilizing ISO9000 quality systems.
Intersil Corporation’s quality certifications can be viewed at website www.intersil.com/design/quality
Intersil products are sold by description only. Intersil Corporation reserves the right to make changes in circuit design and/or specifications at any time without notice.
Accordingly, the reader is cautioned to verify that data sheets are current before placing orders. Information furnished by Intersil is believed to be accurate and reliable. However, no responsibility is assumed by Intersil or its subsidiaries for its use; nor for any infringements of patents or other rights of third parties which may result from its use. No
license is granted by implication or otherwise under any patent or patent rights of Intersil or its subsidiaries.
For information regarding Intersil Corporation and its products, see web site www.intersil.com
8