ISL97522 ® Data Sheet December 13, 2006 4-Channel TFT-LCD Supply Features The ISL97522 represents a 4-channel supply control IC for use in large panel TFT-LCD displays. Supporting inputs from 4.5V to 13V, the ISL97522 includes a boost controller to achieve the required AVDD output voltage. Both VON and VOFF are generated using off-chip charge-pumps which are then post regulated using on-board LDO controllers. • 4.5V to 13V input The logic supply is generated using an internal nonsynchronous buck controller. This controller runs at 180° out of phase with the AVDD supply to minimize input noise. The AVDD, VOFF, and VON outputs are automatically sequenced as AVDD, VOFF, and VON. By using an optional external series transistor with AVDD (Q1), the start-up sequence can be adjusted to VOFF, AVDD and then VON. A VON slicing circuit is also included to reduce LCD flicker. The ISL97522 also incorporates a fault protection circuit that can disable the IC and turn off all outputs when an output short is detected. (Note that to protect AVDD a single external transistor is required). Ordering Information • Buck controller for logic output • VON slicing circuit • Fully fault-protected • Programmable sequence • 1MHz switching frequency • 38 Ld QFN package • Pb-free plus anneal available (RoHS compliant) Applications • LCD-TVs (up to 50”+) • LCD monitors (15”+) • Industrial/medical LCD displays Pinout PKG. DWG. # NOTE: Intersil Pb-free plus anneal products employ special Pb-free material sets; molding compounds/die attach materials and 100% matte tin plate termination finish, which are RoHS compliant and compatible with both SnPb and Pb-free soldering operations. Intersil Pb-free products are MSL classified at Pb-free peak reflow temperatures that meet or exceed the Pb-free requirements of IPC/JEDEC J STD-020. 32 VCC2 33 CDLY 34 CTL 13” 38 Ld QFN L38.5x7B (4k pcs) 35 ENL ISL97522IRZ-T 36 DRN 13” 38 Ld QFN L38.5x7B (1k pcs) ISL97522 (38 LD QFN) TOP VIEW 37 COM TAPE & PACKAGE REEL (Pb-Free) ISL97522IRZ-TK ISL 97522IRZ DRVN 1 31 FBP DELB 2 30 VREF 29 ACGND FBN 3 28 NC VCC1 4 27 DRVP FBB 5 ISADJB 6 26 NC THERMAL PAD ILADJB 7 25 VDCP CINTB 8 24 VDC DRVB 9 23 ISADJL PGNDB 10 22 CINTL VHIB 11 21 ILADJL 1 PGNDP 19 DRVL 18 LX 17 VHIL 16 20 PBL ISINB 13 NC 12 EN 15 ISL 97522IRZ • Regulated LDOs for VOFF and VON VIN 14 PART MARKING • Boost controller for AVDD 38 SRC PART NUMBER (Note) FN7445.0 CAUTION: These devices are sensitive to electrostatic discharge; follow proper IC Handling Procedures. 1-888-INTERSIL or 1-888-468-3774 | Intersil (and design) is a registered trademark of Intersil Americas Inc. Copyright Intersil Americas Inc. 2006. All Rights Reserved All other trademarks mentioned are the property of their respective owners. ISL97522 Absolute Maximum Ratings (TA = +25°C) Thermal Information Maximum Pin Voltages, all pins except below . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.5V VIN,EN,ENL,LX,VHIL. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .25V VDELB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .36V VDRVP, VSINB, SRC, COM, DRN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .36V VDRVN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -20V Thermal Resistance θJA (°C/W) θJC (°C/W) 33 4.5 38 Ld QFN Package (Notes 1, 2). . . . . Operating Conditions Input Voltage Range, VIN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.5V to 13V Boost Output Voltage Range, AVDD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . +15V to +25V VON Output Range, VON . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . +15V to +32V VOFF Output Range, VON . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -15V to -5V Input Capacitance, CIN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2x10µF Boost Inductor, L1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3µH to 10µH Output Capacitance, COUT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4x10µF Buck Inductor, L2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3µH to 10µH Operating Ambient Temperature Range . . . . . . . . . .-40°C to +85°C Operating Junction Temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .-40°C to +125°C CAUTION: Stresses above those listed in “Absolute Maximum Ratings” may cause permanent damage to the device. This is a stress only rating and operation of the device at these or any other conditions above those indicated in the operational sections of this specification is not implied. NOTES: 1. θJA is measured in free air with the component mounted on a high effective thermal conductivity test board with “direct attach” features. See Tech Brief TB379. 2. For θJC, the “case temp” location is the center of the exposed metal pad on the package underside. IMPORTANT NOTE: All parameters having Min/Max specifications are guaranteed. Typ values are for information purposes only. Unless otherwise noted, all tests are at the specified temperature and are pulsed tests, therefore: TJ = TC = TA Electrical Specifications PARAMETER VIN = 5V, AVDD = 15V, VON = 20V, VOFF = -9V, VLOGIC = 3V, Over Temperature from -40°C to +85°C DESCRIPTION CONDITION MIN TYP MAX UNIT 13.2 V GENERAL VIN Input Voltage IS Sum Quiescent Current into Vin 4.5 FOSC Oscillator Frequency VREF Reference Voltage EN = 0, ENL = 0 3 mA EN = ENL = 1, switching 15 mA TA = +25°C 850 1000 1100 kHz 1.192 1.215 1.235 V 1.190 1.215 1.237 V 1.195 1.208 1.221 V 1.193 1.208 1.223 V 0.85 0.9 0.95 V 19 25 % AVDD VFBB Feedback Reference Voltage VF_FBB FBB Fault Trip Point DMIN Minimum Duty Cycle DMAX Maximum Duty Cycle Eff TA = +25°C VFBB falling 86 % Boost Efficiency 90 % IFBB FBB Input Bias Current 25 nA RLINEB Line Regulation CINT = 2.2nF, VIN = 4.5V to12V, IO =100mA 0.01 0.25 %/V RLOADB Load Regulation CINT = 2.2nF, VIN = 5V, IAVDD = 100mA to 350mA 0.03 0.25 % RONB Gate Drive on Resistance Pull-up 3.6 Ω Pull-down 1.9 Ω 2 80 FN7445.0 December 13, 2006 ISL97522 Electrical Specifications PARAMETER IPEAKB VIN = 5V, AVDD = 15V, VON = 20V, VOFF = -9V, VLOGIC = 3V, Over Temperature from -40°C to +85°C DESCRIPTION Peak Drive Current CONDITION MIN TYP MAX UNIT Source 600 mA Sink 900 mA IISADJB ISADJB Output Current RSADJB = 30kΩ 10 15 25 µA IILADJB ILADJB Output Current RLADJB = 30kΩ 10 17 25 µA FBP Regulation Voltage IDRVP = 0.2mA,TA = +25°C 1.176 1.2 1.224 V IDRVP = 0.2mA 1.174 1.2 1.226 V 0.82 0.87 0.92 V VON LDO VFBP VF_FBP FBP Fault Trip Point VFBP falling IFBP FBP Input Bias Current VFBP = 1.35V 150 RLOADP VON Load Regulation I(VON) = 0mA to 20mA 0.5 IDRVP DRVP Sink Current Max VFBP = 1.1V, VDRVP = 25V IL_DRVP DRVP Leakage Current VFBP = 1.5V, VDRVP = 35V FBN Regulation Voltage IDRVN = 0.2mA,TA = +25°C 2 nA 0.75 4 % mA 0.3 2 µA 0.186 0.213 0.24 V IDRVN = 0.2mA 0.183 0.213 0.243 V 0.45 0.5 0.55 V VOFF LDO VFBN VF_FBN FBN Fault Trip Point VFBN rising IFBN FBNInput Bias Current VFBN = 0.2V 40 RLOADN VOFF Load Regulation I(VOFF) = 0mA to 20mA 0.4 IDRVN DRVN Source Current Max VFBN = 0.3V, VDRVN = -6V IL_DRVN DRVN Leakage Current VFBN = 0V, VDRVN = -20V FBL Regulation Voltage TA = 25°C 2 nA 0.85 4 % mA 0.4 5 µA 1.178 1.2 1.222 V 1.176 1.2 1.224 V VLOGIC VFBL DMIN Minimum Duty Cycle 20 % DMAX Maximum Duty Cycle 85 % EFFL Logic Buck Efficiency 90 % IFBL FBL Input Bias Current 20 nA ILINEL VLOGIC Line Regulation CINT = 2.2nF, VIN = 5V to 12V 0.03 0.25 %/V ILOADL VLOGIC Load Regulation CINT = 2.2nF, ILOGIC = 100mA to 450mA 0.1 0.5 % RONL Gate Drive on Resistance Pull-up 3.6 Ω Pull-down 1.9 Ω Source 600 mA Sink 900 mA IPEAKL Peak Drive Current IISADJL ISADJB Output Current RSADJB = 30kΩ 15 µA IILADJL ILADJB Output Current RLADJB = 30kΩ 17 µA VON -SLICE CIRCUIT ILEAKCTL CTL Input Leakage Current CTL = AGND or VIN tDrise CTL to OUT Rising Prop Delay 1kΩ from DRN to 8V, VCTL = 0V to 3V step, no load on OUT, measured from VCTL = 1.5V to OUT = 20% 3 -1 1 100 µA ns FN7445.0 December 13, 2006 ISL97522 Electrical Specifications PARAMETER VIN = 5V, AVDD = 15V, VON = 20V, VOFF = -9V, VLOGIC = 3V, Over Temperature from -40°C to +85°C DESCRIPTION tDfall CTL to OUT Falling Prop Delay VSRC SRC Input Voltage Range ISRC SRC Input Current CONDITION MIN TYP MAX 100 1kΩ from DRN to 8V, VCTL = 3V to 0V step, no load on OUT, measured from VCTL = 1.5V to OUT = 80% UNIT ns 30 V Start-up sequence not completed 0.2 1.25 mA Start-up sequence completed 150 250 µA RONSRC SRC On Resistance Start-up sequence completed 5 14 Ω RONDRN DRN On Resistance Start-up sequence completed 30 60 Ω RONCOM COM to GND On Resistance Start-up sequence not completed 1000 1800 Ω tON Turn On Delay CDLY = 0.22µF 30 ms tSS Soft-start Time CDLY = 0.22µF 2 ms tDEL1 Delay Between AVDD and VOFF CDLY = 0.22µF 10 ms tDEL2 Delay Between VON and VOFF CDLY = 0.22µF 17 ms tDEL3 Delay Between VOFF and Delayed VBOOST CDLY = 0.22µF 10 ms IDELB_ON DELB Pull-Down Current or Resistance VDELB > 0.9V when Enabled by the Start-Up VDELB < 0.9V Sequence 400 SEQUENCING IDELB_OFF 35 50 65 µA 1.2 1.6 2 KΩ 500 nA DELB Pull-Down Current or Resistance VDELB < 20V when Disabled FAULT DETECTION TFAULT Fault Time Out OT Over-temperature Threshold CDLY = 0.22µF 50 ms 140 °C LOGIC VHI Logic High Threshold VLO Logic Low Threshold ILOW Logic Low Bias Current IHIGH Logic High Bias Current 4 2.2 V 0.8 0.1 16 23 V µA 30 µA FN7445.0 December 13, 2006 ISL97522 Typical Performance Curves 0 90 -0.2 LOAD REGULATION (%) 100 EFFICIENCY (%) 80 70 VIN = 5V, AVDD = 12V 60 50 40 VIN = 12V, AVDD = 17V 30 20 VIN = 12V, AVDD = 17V -0.4 VIN = 5V, AVDD = 12V -0.6 -0.8 -1 -1.2 -1.4 -1.6 10 -1.8 0 0 500 1000 1500 2000 0 2500 500 2000 2500 100 17.04 90 17.02 EFFICIENCY (%) 80 17 AVDD(V) 1500 FIGURE 2. BOOST AVDD LOAD REGULATION FIGURE 1. BOOST AVDD EFFICIENCY VO = 17V 16.98 16.96 16.94 16.92 70 VIN = 5V, VLOGIC = 3V 60 50 VIN = 12V, VLOGIC = 3V 40 30 20 16.9 10 0 16.88 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 0 16 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 ILOGIC (mA) VIN (V) FIGURE 4. BUCK VLOGIC EFFICIENCY FIGURE 3. BOOST AVDD LINE REGULATION 0 19.75 19.74 -0.2 VON = 20V 19.73 VIN = 5V, VLOGIC = 3V -0.4 19.72 VON (V) LOAD REGULATION (%) 1000 IAVDD (mA) IAVDD (mA) -0.6 VIN = 12V, VLOGIC = 3V -0.8 19.71 19.7 19.69 19.68 -1 19.67 -1.2 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 ILOGIC (mA) FIGURE 5. BUCK VLOGIC LOAD REGULATION 5 19.66 0 5 10 15 20 25 IVON (mA) FIGURE 6. VON LOAD REGULATION FN7445.0 December 13, 2006 ISL97522 Typical Performance Curves (Continued) -8.875 VOFF (V) -8.880 VOFF = -9V -8.885 CH1 = COM (10V/DIV) -8.890 -8.895 -8.900 -8.905 CH2 = CTL (2V/DIV) 0 5 10 15 IVOFF (mA) 20 FIGURE 7. VOFF LOAD REGULATION 25 FIGURE 8. 4ms/DIV VON SLICE CIRCUIT OPERATION CDLY CDLY EN AVDD AVDD VOFF VLOGIC VON FIGURE 9. START-UP SEQUENCE FIGURE 10. START-UP SEQUENCE AVDD (BOOST) VLOGIC (BOOST MODE) IIN IIN FIGURE 11. IN RUSH CURRENT 6 FIGURE 12. IN RUSH CURRENT FN7445.0 December 13, 2006 ISL97522 Typical Performance Curves (Continued) VLOGIC (BUCK MODE) AVDD (BUCK) IIN IIN FIGURE 13. IN RUSH CURRENT 7 FIGURE 14. IN RUSH CURRENT FN7445.0 December 13, 2006 ISL97522 Pin Descriptions PIN # PIN NAME PIN DESCRIPTION 1 DRVN Negative LDO base drive; open drain of an internal P-Channel MOSFET. 2 DELB Active low control output for optional delay control for external AVDD P-Channel FET; when fault is detected, this pin goes to high. 3 FBW Negative LDO voltage feedback input pin; regulates to 0.2V nominal. 4 VCC1 Supply input, connect to VIN. 5 FBB 6 ISADJB Current feedback adjust for AVDD. 7 ILADJB With a resistor connected from this pin to GND sets the current limit of the external N-channel FET for AVDD. 8 CINTB AVDD integrator output, connect 2.2nF to analog GND. 9 DRVB Gate driver output for the external N-Channel switch. 10 PGNDB 11 VHIB 12 NC 13 ISINB 14 VIN Main supply input. 15 EN Enable pin; high enable, low disabled. 16 VHIL VLOGIC boost strap mode. 17 LX VLOGIC switch connection. 18 DRVL 19 PGNDP 20 FBL 21 ILADJL With resistor connected from this pin to GND sets the current limit of the external N-channel FET. 22 CINTL VLOGIC integrator output, connect 2.2nF to analog GND. 23 ISADJL Current feedback adjust for VLOGIC. 24 VDC 25 VDCP 26 NC 27 DRVP 28 NC 29 ACGND 30 VREF 31 FBP Positive LDO voltage feedback input pin; regulates to 1.2V nominal. 32 CC2 Supply input, connect to VIN. 33 CDLY With a capacitor connect from this pin to GND, sets the delay time for start-up sequence and fault detection timeout. 34 CTL Input control for switch output. 35 ENL Enable pin for VLOGIC high enable; low disabled. 36 DRN Lower reference voltage for switch output. 37 COM Switch output; when CTL = 1, COM is connected to SRC through a 15Ω resistor, when CT: = 0, COM is connected to DRN through a 30Ω resistor. 38 SRC Upper reference voltage for switch output. AVDD regulator voltage feedback input pin; regulates to 1.2V nominal. Power GND for AVDD. Internal Drive of Boost controller, Connect to VDCP. Sense the drain voltage of the external N-channel FET and connected to the internal current limit comparator. Gate driver output for external N-channel switch. Power GND. VLOGIC regulator voltage feedback pin; regulates to 1.2V nominal. Positive supply for all internal analog circuits. Positive supply for external N-Channel FET gate drives. Positive LDO base drive; open drain of an internal N-Channel MOSFET. Low noise signal ground. Bandgap voltage bypass terminal; bypass with a 0.1µF to analog GND; can be used as charge pump reference. 8 FN7445.0 December 13, 2006 ISL97522 Typical Application Diagram VN D11 D21 C25 0.1µF C24 C11 0.1µF 0.1µF D1 L1 6.8µH VBOOST VP 15V AVDD Q3 VIN C2 ION FX3 10µFX2 VIN C30 4.7NF R10 10kΩ CINTB C1 DRVB BOOST CONTROLLER R20 30k ISADJB R19 30k ILADJB VHIB INTERNAL SUPPLY VDC Q1 R1 FBB VDCP C23 4.7µF 12k VDCP C7 220nF R22 104k R21 20k VREF C25 1µF R29 10k DRVP VON LDO VCC2 CTL VP R4 3k R12 237k FBP VSW VON SLICE DRN TO GATE DRIVER R21 VIN Q2 VCCL CLOCK/ TIMING VLOGIC R12 210k C32 100nF LX PGNDB FBL BUCK CONTROLLER PGNDP R13 118k VHIL C28 0.47µ ACGND R15 30k R22 68k L2 6.8µF C3 D2 10µFX4F DRVL ENL R23 1k R11 12k COM FAULT PROTECTION 25V VON C15 1µF Q11 SRC DELB C27 4.7nF C20 4.7µF VOFF LDO EN R28 10k -8V VOFF Q21 FBN POWER ON SEQUENCING CDLY CONTROL INPUT VN R3 3k DRVN C24 4.7µF C9 0.01µF R8 300k VSW R2 140k ISINB C16 0.01µF R9 1MΩ ISADJL CINTL R17 2kΩ ILADJL R16 30k 9 FN7445.0 December 13, 2006 ISL97522 Applications Information AVDD Converter The ISL97522 provides a multiple output power supply solution for TFT-LCD applications. The system consists of a high efficiency boost controller, two low cost linear-regulator controllers (VON and VOFF) and a buck reglator (VLOGIC). The main boost converter is a current mode PWM controller operating at a fixed frequency. The 1MHz switching frequency enables the use of low profile inductor and multilayer ceramic capacitors, which results in a compact, low-cost power system for LCD panel design. Table 1 below lists the recommended components. TABLE 1. RECOMMENDED COMPONENTS DESIGNATION DESCRIPTION C1, C2, C3 10µF, 16V, X7R ceramic capacitor (1206) TDK C3216X7R1C106M C20 4.7µF, 16V X5R ceramic capacitor (1206) TDK C3216X5R1A475K C15 1µF, 25V X7R ceramic capacitor (1206) TDK C3216X7R1E105K D1 1A 20V low leakage schottky rectifier (CASE 457-04) ON SEMI MBRM120ET3 D11, D12, D21 200mA 30V schottky barrier diode (SOT-23) Fairchild BAT54S L1 6.8mH 4.6A inductor Coilcraft DO3316P-682ML Q1,Q2 6.3A 30V single N-Channel logic level PowerTrench MOSFET (SOT-23) Fairchild FDC655AN Q3 -2A -30V single P-Channel logic level PowerTrench MOSFET (SuperSOT-3) Fairchild FDN360P Q11 200mA 40V PNP amplifier (SOT-23) Fairchild MMBT3906 Q21 200mA 40V NPN amplifier (SOT-23) Fairchild MMBT3904 The AVDD converter can operate in continuous or discontinuous inductor current mode. The ISL97522 is designed for continuous current mode, but it can also operate in discontinuous current mode at light load. In continuous current mode, current flows continuously in the inductor during the entire switching cycle in steady state operation. The voltage conversion ratio in continuous current mode is given by (in boost mode): A VDD 1 ---------------- = ------------1–D V IN where D is the duty cycle of switching MOSFET. Figure 15 shows the function diagram of the boost controller. It uses a summing amplifier architecture consisting of GM stages for voltage feedback, current feedback and slope compensation. A comparator looks at the peak inductor current cycle by cycle and terminates the PWM cycle if the current limit is reached. An external resistor divider is required to divide the output voltage down to the nominal reference voltage. Current drawn by the resistor network should be limited to maintain the overall converter efficiency. The maximum value of the resistor network is limited by the feedback input bias current and the potential for noise being coupled into the feedback pin. A resistor network in the order of 200kΩ is recommended. The boost converter output voltage is determined by the following equation: R1 + R2 A VDD = --------------------- × V FBB R1 10 (EQ. 1) (EQ. 2) FN7445.0 December 13, 2006 ISL97522 VREF VIN REFERENCE GENERATOR OSCILLATOR SLOPE COMPENSATION OSC Σ VBOOST PWM LOGIC CONTROLLER DRVB BUFFER ISADJ FBB CINTB GM AMPLIFIER ISIN CURRENT AMPLIFIER SHUTDOWN & STARTUP CONTROL UVLO COMPARATOR CURRENT LIMIT REF GENERATOR ILADJ CURRENT LIMIT COMPARATOR FIGURE 15. FUNCTION DIAGRAM OF THE BOOST CONTROLLER The internal current limit circuitry is shown in Figure 16. The circuit senses the voltage across the RDS(ON) when the MOSFET is on; then compare it to the internal voltage reference to realize the current limit. The internal voltage reference is generated by a 10mA current and any additional current set at ILADJB pin flowing through an 8kΩ resistor. The voltage reference is based on the following equation: VDD LX ISINB 10µA - ⎛ V ILADJB ⎞ V THRESHOLD = ⎜ ------------------------ + 10μA⎟ × 8K ⎝ R1 ⎠ (EQ. 3) + VREF 1k Where VILADJB is the voltage at pin ILADJ. Where VISAD is the voltage at pin ISAD. R1 8k LOGIC CONTROLLER DRVB ILADJB V ISAD = V REF – V BE – 1K × I SAD FIGURE 16. CURRENT LIMIT BLOCK DIAGRAM V ISAD I SAD = ----------------R1 (EQ. 4) Hence the maximum output current is determined by the following equation: Where VBE ≈ 0.7V The external resistor R1 should be chosen in the order of 100K to generate µA of current. V IN ⎛ V THRESHOLD ΔI L I OMAX = ⎜ --------------------------------------- – -------- ⎞ × --------⎠ R 2 VO ⎝ DSON (EQ. 5) Where ΔIL is the peak to peak inductor ripple current, and is set by: V IN D ΔI L = --------- × ----L fS 11 (EQ. 6) FN7445.0 December 13, 2006 ISL97522 Boost Inductor fS is the switching frequency; D is the duty cycle. V O – V IN D = -----------------------VO (EQ. 7) To overcome the variation in external LX driver RDS(ON) , an input is provided (ILADJ) to accommodate 5 different bands of RDS(ON) by using 5 different selection resistors. Internally, the ILADJ resistor adjusts two things: A 6.8µH inductor is recommended. The inductor must be able to handle the following average and peak current: IO I LAVG = ------------1–D (EQ. 8) ΔI L I LPK = I LAVG + -------2 (EQ. 9) BOOST MOSFET 1.the current limit; 2.the current feedback being used. This keeps the dc-dc loop stable and the current limit the same over a wide range of external drive FETs. Alternatively, the current limit can be changed for the same FET by varying the resistor. This would affect the stability of the system somewhat (because the current feedback changes) but be selected appropriately to accommodated the change. The integrator loop should keep the load regulation within limits as long as it doesn't run out of dynamic adjustment range when current feedback gets larger than intended. This could be determined by measuring how close to the upper clamp limit the voltage on the Cint pin voltage gets under maximum load current. Due to the parasitic inductance of the trace, the MOSFET will experience spikes higher that the output voltage when the MOSFET turns off. Thus, a MOSFET with enough voltage margin is needed. The RDS(ON) of the MOSFET is critical for power dissipation and current limit. A MOSFET with low RDS(ON) is desired to get high efficiency and output current, but very low RDS(ON) will reduce the loop stability. A MOSFET with 20mΩ to 50mΩ RDS(ON) is recommended. Some recommended MOSFETs are shown in Table 2. TABLE 2. RECOMMENDED MOSFETs PART NUMBER MANUFACTURER FEATURE FDC655AN Fairchild Semiconductor 6.3A, 30V, RDS(ON) = 23mΩ Here are the resistor settings on ILADJ which select the five RDS(ON) ranges: FDS4488 7.9A, 30V, RDS(ON) = 22mΩ 1/ 0ohms (Cfb factor 1, "Cfb" are the relative current feedback factors) Fairchild Semiconductor Si7844DP Vishay 10A, 30V, RDS(ON) = 22mΩ SI6928DQ Vishay 20A, 30V, RDS(ON) = 30mΩ 2/ 30K (Cfb factor 1/1.8) 3/ 83K (Cfb factor 1/3.3) Rectifier Diode 4/ 182K (Cfb factor 1/5.7) 5/ >370K (Cfb factor 1/10) 1/ sets maximum internal current feedback and minimum ILimit, used for low Ron fets. 5/ sets minimum internal current feedback and maximum ILimit, used for large Ron fets. The Current limit factors should be the inverse of the Cfb values. Input Capacitor The input capacitor is used to supply the current to the converter. It is recommended that CIN be larger than 10µF. The reflected ripple voltage will be smaller with larger CIN. The voltage rating of input capacitor should be larger than maximum input voltage. 12 A high-speed diode is desired due to the high switching frequency. Schottky diodes are recommended because of their fast recovery time and low forward voltage. The rectifier diode must meet the output current and peak inductor current requirements. Output Capacitor The output capacitor supplies the load directly and reduces the ripple voltage at the output. Output ripple voltage consists of two components: the voltage drop due to the inductor ripple current flowing through the ESR of output capacitor, and the charging and discharging of the output capacitor. IO V O – V IN 1 V RIPPLE = I LPK × ESR + ------------------------ × ---------------- × ----VO C OUT f S (EQ. 10) For low ESR ceramic capacitors, the output ripple is dominated by the charging and discharging of the output capacitor. The voltage rating of the output capacitor should be greater than the maximum output voltage. FN7445.0 December 13, 2006 ISL97522 PI mode CINT (C23) and RINT (R10) The IC is designed to operate with a minimum C23 capacitor of 4.7nF and a minimum C2 (effective) = 10µF. Note that, for high voltage AVDD, the voltage coefficient of ceramic capacitors (C2) reduces their effective capacitance greatly; a 16V 10µF ceramic can drop to around 3µF at 15V. To improve the transient load response of AVDD in PI mode, a resistor may be added in series with the C23 capacitor. The larger the resistor the lower the overshoot but at the expense of stability of the converter loop - especially at high currents. With L = 10µH, AVDD = 15V, C23 = 4.7nF, C2 (effective) should have a capacitance of greater than 10µF. RINT (R7) can have values up to 5kΩ for C2 (effective) up to 20µF and up to 10K for C2 (effective) up to 30µF. Larger values of RINT (R7) may be possible if maximum AVDD load currents less than the current limit are used. To ensure AVDD stability, the IC should be operated at the maximum desired current and then the transient load response of AVDD should be used to determine the maximum value of RINT Operation of the DELB Output Function An open drain DELB output is provided to allow the boost output voltage, developed at C2 (see application diagram), to be delayed via an external switch (Q3) to a time after the VBOOST supply and negative VOFF charge pump supply have achieved regulation during the start-up sequence shown in Figure 21. This then allows the AVDD and VON supplies to start-up from 0V instead of the normal offset voltage of VIN-VDIODE (D1) if Q3 were not present. When DELB is activated by the start-up sequencer, it sinks 50µA allowing a controlled turn-on of Q3 and charge-up of C9. C16 can be used to control the turn-on time of Q3 to reduce inrush current into C9. The potential divider formed by R9 and R8 can be used to limit the VGS voltage of Q3 if required by the voltage rating of this device. When the voltage at DELB falls to less than 0.6V, the sink current is increased to ~1.2mA to firmly pull DELB to 0V. The voltage at DELB is monitored by the fault protection circuit so that if the initial 50µA sink current fails to pull DELB below ~0.6V after the start-up sequencing has completed, then a fault condition will be detected and a fault time-out ramp will be initiated on the CDEL capacitor (C7). Linear-Regulator Controllers (VON, VOFF) The ISL97522 includes two independent linear-regulator controllers, in which one is a positive output voltage (VON), and one is negative. The VON and VOFF linear-regulator 13 controller function diagrams are shown in Figures 17, and 18, respectively. AVDD ISINB 0.1µF LDO_ON 0.9V PG_LDOP + - 36V ESD CLAMP CP (TO 36V) RBP 3kΩ 0.1µF VON (TO 35V) DRVP FBP RP1 CON RP2 + GMP 1 : Np FIGURE 17. VON FUNCTION BLOCK DIAGRAM Calculation of the Linear Regulator Base-Emitter Resistors ( RBP and RBN) For the pass transistor of the linear regulator, low frequency gain (Hfe) and unity gain freq. (fT) are usually specified in the datasheet. The pass transistor adds a pole to the loop transfer function at fp = fT/Hfe. Therefore, in order to maintain phase margin at low frequency, the best choice for a pass device is often a high frequency low gain switching transistor. Further improvement can be obtained by adding a base-emitter resistor RBE (RBP, RBL, RBN in the Functional Block Diagram), which increase the pole frequency to: fp = fT*(1+ Hfe *re/RBE)/Hfe, where re = KT/qIc. So choose the lowest value RBE in the design as long as there is still enough base current (IB) to support the maximum output current (IC). We will take as an example the VON linear regulator. If a Fairchild MMBT3906 PNP transistor is used as the external pass transistor, Q11 in the application diagram, then for a maximum VON operating requirement of 50mA the data sheet indicates HFE_min = 30. The base-emitter saturation voltage is: Vbe_max = 0.7V. For the ISL97522, the minimum drive current is: I_DRVP_min = 2mA. The minimum base-emitter resistor, RBP, can now be calculated as: RBP_min = VBE_max/(I_DRVP_min - Ic/Hfe_min) = 0.7V/(2mA - 50mA/30) = 2.1kΩ This is the minimum value that can be used - so, we now choose a convenient value greater than this minimum value; say 3KΩ. Larger values may be used to reduce quiescent current, however, regulation may be adversely affected, by supply noise if RBP is made too high in value. FN7445.0 December 13, 2006 ISL97522 ISINB Refer to Typical Application Diagram, the output voltages of VON, VOFF, and VLOGIC are determined by Equations 11 and 12: 0.1µF CP (TO -26V) LDO_OFF PG_LDON VREF + 0.1µF RN2 0.4V Set-Up LDOs Output Voltage R 12⎞ ⎛ V ON = V FBP × ⎜ 1 + ----------⎟ R ⎝ 11⎠ (EQ. 11) R 22 V OFF = V FBN + ---------- × ( V FBN – V REF ) R (EQ. 12) 21 FBN Charge Pump 1 : Nn RN1 VOFF (TO -20V) + GMN DRVN 36V ESD CLAMP RBN 3kΩ COFF To generate an output voltage higher than AVDD, single or multi stages of charge pumps are needed. The number of stage is determined by the input and output voltage. For positive charge pump stages: V OUT + V CE – V INPUT N POSITIVE ≥ -------------------------------------------------------------V INPUT – 2 × V F FIGURE 18. VOFF FUNCTION BLOCK DIAGRAM The VON power supply is used to power the positive supply of the row driver in the LCD panel. The DC/DC consists of an external diode-capacitor charge pump powered from the switch node (LXB) of the AVDD converter, followed by a low dropout linear regulator (LDO_ON). The LDO_ON regulator uses an external PNP transistor as the pass element. The onboard LDO controller is a wide band (>10MHz) transconductance amplifier capable of 5mA output current, which is sufficient for up to 50mA or more output current under the low dropout condition (forced beta of 10). Typical VON voltage supported by the ISL97522 ranges from +15V to +36V. A fault comparator is also included for monitoring the output voltage. The undervoltage threshold is set at 16.7% below the 1.2V reference. The VOFF power supply is used to power the negative supply of the row driver in the LCD panel. The DC/DC consists of an external diode-capacitor charge pump powered from the switch node (LXB) of the AVDD converter, followed by a low dropout linear regulator (LDO_OFF). The LDO_OFF regulator uses an external NPN transistor as the pass element. The onboard LDO controller is a wide band (>10MHz) transconductance amplifier capable of 5mA output current, which is sufficient for up to 50mA or more output current under the low dropout condition (forced beta of 10). Typical VOFF voltage supported by the ISL97522 ranges from -5V to -25V. A fault comparator is also included for monitoring the output voltage. The undervoltage threshold is set at 20% above the 1.0V reference level.SetUp LDOs Output Voltage. 14 (EQ. 13) where VCE is the dropout voltage of the pass component of the linear regulator. It ranges from 0.3V to 1V depending on the transistor. VF is the forward-voltage of the charge pump rectifier diode. The number of negative charge pump stages is given by: V OUTPUT + V CE N NEGATIVE ≥ ------------------------------------------------V INPUT – 2 × V F (EQ. 14) To achieve high efficiency and low material cost, the lowest number of charge pump stages, which can meet the above requirements, is always preferred. Charge Pump Output Capacitors A ceramic capacitor with low ESR is recommended. With ceramic capacitors, the output ripple voltage is dominated by the capacitance value. The capacitance value can be chosen by Equation 15. I OUT C OUT ≥ -----------------------------------------------------2 × V RIPPLE × f OSC (EQ. 15) Where fSOC is the switching frequency. High Charge Pump Output Voltage (>36V) Applications In the applications where the charge pump output voltage is over 36V, an external npn transistor need to be inserted into between DRVP pin and base of pass transistor Q3 as shown in Figure 19; or the linear regulator can control only one stage charge pump and regulate the final charge pump output as shown in Figure 20. FN7445.0 December 13, 2006 ISL97522 The following equation gives the boundary between discontinuous and continuous boost operation. For continuous operation (LX switching every clock cycle) we require that: CHARGE PUMP VIN OUTPUT OR AVDD I(AVDD_load) > D*(1-D)*VIN/(2*L*FOSC) 3kΩ where the duty cycle, D = (AVDD - VIN)/AVDD Q3 DRVP NPN CASCODE TRANSISTOR For example, with VIN = 5V, FOSC = 1.0MHz and AVDD = 12V we find continuous operation of the boost converter can be guaranteed for: VON ISL97522 L = 10µH and I(AVDD) > 61mA L = 6.8µH and I(AVDD) > 89mA FBP L = 3.3µH and I(AVDD) > 184mA Buck Converter FIGURE 19. CASCODE NPN TRANSISTOR CONFIGURATION FOR HIGH CHARGE PUMP OUTPUT VOLTAGE (>36V) The buck converter is the step down converter, which supplies the current to the logic circuit of the LCD system. In the continuous current mode, the relationship between input voltage and output voltage is as following: LX 0.1µF V LOGIC -------------------- = D V IN AVDD 0.1µF (EQ. 16 3kΩ DRVP Q3 0.1µF 0.1µF VON 0.47µF 0.1µF ISL97522 (>36V) 0.22µF FBP Where D is the duty cycle of the switching MOSFET. Because D is always less than 1, the output voltage of buck converter is lower than input voltage. The Feedback Resistors The buck converter output voltage is determined by the following equation: FIGURE 20. THE LINEAR REGULATOR CONTROLS ONE STAGE OF CHARGE PUMP Discontinuous/Continuous Boost Operation and its Effect on the Charge Pumps The ISL97522 VON and VOFF architecture uses LX switching edges to drive diode charge pumps from which LDO regulators generate the VON and VOFF supplies. It can be appreciated that should a regular supply of LX switching edges be interrupted, for example during discontinuous operation at light AVDD boost load currents, then this may affect the performance of VON and VOFF regulation depending on their exact loading conditions at the time. To optimize VON/VOFF regulation, the boundary of discontinuous/continuous operation of the boost converter can be adjusted, by suitable choice of inductor given VIN, VOUT, switching frequency and the AVDD current loading, to be in continuous operation. 15 R 12 + R 13 V LOGIC = --------------------------- × V FBL R 13 (EQ. 17) Where R12 and R13 are the feedback resistors of buck converter to set the output voltage Current drawn by the resistor network should be limited to maintain the overall converter efficiency. The maximum value of the resistor network is limited by the feedback input bias current and the potential for noise being coupled into the feedback pin. A resistor network in the order of 300Ω is recommended. Buck Converter Input Capacitor The capacitor should support the maximum AC RMS current which happens when D = 0.5 and maximum output current. I acrms ( C IN ) = (EQ. 18) D ⋅ ( 1 – D ) ⋅ IO Where IO is the output current of the buck converter. FN7445.0 December 13, 2006 ISL97522 Buck Inductor An inductor value in the range 3.3-10µH is recommended for the buck converter. Besides the inductance, the DC resistance and the saturation current should also be considered when choosing buck inductor. Low DC resistance can help maintain high efficiency, and the saturation current rating should be at least maximum output current plus half of ripple current. minimum load can be adjusted by the feedback resistors to FBL. The bootstrap capacitor can only be charged when the higher side MOSFET is off. If the load is too light which can not make the on time of the low side diode be sufficient to replenish the boot strap capacitor, the MOSFET can’t turn on. Hence there is minimum load requirement to charge the bootstrap capacitor properly. Buck MOSFET Start-Up Sequence The principle to select Buck MOSFET is similar to that of Boost. The voltage of stress of buck converter should be maximum input voltage plus reasonable margin, and the current rating should be over the maximum output current. The rDS(ON) of this MOSFET should be in the range from 20mΩ to 50mΩ. Figure 21 shows a detailed start-up sequence waveform. For a successful power-up, there should be six peaks at VCDLY. When a fault is detected, the device will latch off until either EN is toggled or the input supply is recycled. Rectifier Diode (Buck Converter) A Schottky diode is recommended due to fast recovery and low forward voltage. The reverse voltage rating should be higher than the maximum input voltage. The average current should be as the following equation, I AVG = ( 1 – D )*I O (EQ. 19) Where IO is the output current of buck converter. Output Capacitor (Buck Converter) Four 10µF or two 22µF ceramic capacitors are recommended for this part. The overshoot and undershoot will be reduced with more capacitance, but the recovery time will be longer. PI Loop Compensation (Buck Converter) The buck converter of ISL97522 can be compensated by a RC network connected from CINTL pin to ground. C27 = 4.7nF and R17= 2k RC network is used in the demo board. The larger value resistor can lower the transient overshoot, however, at the expense of stability of the loop. The stability can be optimized in a similar manner to that described in the section on "PI Loop Compensation (Boost Converter)”. Bootstrap Capacitor (C28) This capacitor is used to provide the supply to the high driver circuitry for the buck MOSFET. The bootstrap supply is formed by an internal diode and capacitor combination. A 1µF is recommended for ISL97522. A low value capacitor can lead to overcharging and in turn damage the part. If EN is L, the device is powered down. If EN is H, and the input voltage (VIN) exceeds 2.5V, an internal current source starts to charge CDLY to an upper threshold using a fast ramp followed by a slow ramp. If EN is low at this point, the CDLY ramp will be delayed until EN goes high. The first four ramps on CDLY (two up, two down) are used to initialize the fault protection switch and to check whether there is a fault condition on CDLY or VREF. If a fault is detected, the outputs and the input protection will turn off and the chip will power down. If no fault is found, CCDLY continues ramping up and down until the sequence is completed. During the second ramp, the device checks the status of VREF and over temperature. Initially the boost is not enabled so VBOOST rises to VINVDIODE through the output diode. Hence, there is a step at VBOOST during this part of the start-up sequence. If this step is not desirable, an external PMOS FET can be used to delay the output until the boost is enabled internally. The delayed output appears at AVDD. VBOOST soft-starts at the beginning of the third ramp. The soft-start ramp depends on the value of the CDLY capacitor. For CDLY of 220nF, the soft-start time is ~2ms. VOFF turns on at the start of the fourth peak. At the fifth peak, the open drain o/p DELB goes low to turn on the external PMOS Q3 to generate a delayed VBOOST output. VON is enabled at the beginning of the sixth ramp. AVDD, VOFF, DELB and VON are checked at end of this ramp. Vlogic’s start-up is controlled by ENL. When ENL is L, Vlogic is off, and when ENL is H, VLOGIC is on. If the load is too light, the on-time of the low side diode may be insufficient to replenish the bootstrap capacitor voltage. In this case, if VIN-VBUCK < 1.5V, the internal MOSFET pull-up device may be unable to turn-on until VLOGIC falls. Hence, there is a minimum load requirement in this case. The 16 FN7445.0 December 13, 2006 CHIP DISABLED FAULT DETECTED VON SOFT-START DELB ON VOFF ON AVDD, SOFT-START VREF ON ISL97522 VCDLY EN ENL VLOGIC VREF VBOOST tON tOS VOFF tDEL1 DELAYED VBOOST tDEL2 VON FAULT PRESENT START-UP SEQUENCE TIMED BY CDLY NORMAL OPERATION VON SLICE FIGURE 21. ISL97522 START-UP SEQUENCE 17 FN7445.0 December 13, 2006 ISL97522 Fault Protection Component Selection for Start-Up Sequencing and Fault Protection During the startup sequence, prior to BOOST soft-start, VREF is checked to be within ±20% of its final value and the device temperature is checked. If either of these are not within the expected range, the part is disabled until the power is recycled or EN is toggled. The CREF capacitor is typically set at 220nF and is required to stabilize the VREF output. The range of CREF is from 22nF to 1µF and should not be more than five times the capacitor on CDEL to ensure correct start-up operation. If CDELAY is shorted low, then the sequence will not start, while if CDELAY is shorted H, the first down ramp will not occur and the sequence will not complete. The CDEL capacitor is typically 220nF and has a usable range from 47nF minimum to several microfarads - only limited by the leakage in the capacitor reaching µA levels. Once the start-up sequence is completed, the chip continuously monitors CDLY, DELB, FBP, FBL, FBN, VREF and FBB for faults. During this time, the voltage on the CDLY capacitor remains at 1.15V until either a fault is detected, or the EN pin is pulled low. CDEL should be at least 1/5 of the value of CREF (See above). Note with 220nF on CDEL the fault time-out will be typically 50ms and the use of a larger/smaller value will vary this time proportionally (e.g. 1µF will give a fault time-out period of typically 230ms). A fault on CDELAY, VREF or temperature will shut down the chip immediately. If a fault on any other output is detected, CDELAY will ramp up linearly with a 5µA (typical) current to the upper fault threshold (typically 2.4V), at which point the chip is disabled until the power is recycled or EN is toggled. If the fault condition is removed prior to the end of the ramp, the voltage on the CDLY capacitor returns to 1.15V. Fault Sequencing Typical fault thresholds for FBP, FBL, FBN and FBB are included in the tables. DELB fault threshold is typically 0.6V. CINTB and CINTL have an internal current-limited clamp to keep the voltage within their normal ranges. If they are shorted low, the regulators will attempt to regulate to 0V. If any of the regulated outputs (AVDD, VON, VOFF or VLOGIC) are driven above their target levels the drive circuitry will switch off until the output returns to its expected value. If AVDD and VLOGIC are excessively loaded, the current limit will prevent damage to the chip. While in current limit, the part acts like a current source and the regulated output will drop. If the output drops below the fault threshold, a ramp will be initiated on CDELAY and, provided that the fault is sustained, the chip will be disabled on completion of the ramp. In some circumstances, (depending on ambient temperature and thermal design of the board), continuous operation at current limit may result in the over-temperature threshold being exceeded, which will cause the part to disable immediately. All I/O also have ESD protection, which in many cases will also provide overvoltage protection, relative to either ground or VDD. However, these will not generally operate unless abs max ratings are exceeded. The ISL97522 has an advanced fault detection system which protects the IC from both adjacent pin shorts during operation and shorts on the output supplies. A high quality layout/design of the PCB, in respect of grounding quality and decoupling is necessary to avoid falsely triggering the fault detection scheme - especially during start-up. The user is directed to the layout guidelines and component selection sections to avoid problems during initial evaluation and prototype PCB generation. Over-Temperature Protection An internal temperature sensor continuously monitors the die temperature. In the event that the die temperature exceeds the thermal trip point of 140°C, the device will shut down. Layout Recommendation The device's performance including efficiency, output noise, transient response and control loop stability is dramatically affected by the PCB layout. PCB layout is critical, especially at high switching frequency. There are some general guidelines for layout: 1. Place the external power components (the input capacitors, output capacitors, boost inductor and output diodes, etc.) in close proximity to the device. Traces to these components should be kept as short and wide as possible to minimize parasitic inductance and resistance. 2. Place VREF, VDC and VDCP bypass capacitors close to the pins. 3. Minimize the length of traces carrying fast signals and high current. 4. All feedback networks should sense the output voltage directly from the point of load, and be as far away from LX node as possible. 5. The power ground (PGND) and signal ground (SGND) pins should be connected at only one point near the main decoupling capacitors. 18 FN7445.0 December 13, 2006 ISL97522 6. The exposed die plate, on the underneath of the package, should be soldered to an equivalent area of metal on the PCB. This contact area should have multiple via connections to the back of the PCB as well as connections to intermediate PCB layers, if available, to maximize thermal dissipation away from the IC. 7. To minimize the thermal resistance of the package when soldered to a multi-layer PCB, the amount of copper track and ground plane area connected to the exposed die plate should be maximized and spread out as far as possible from the IC. The bottom and top PCB areas especially should be maximized to allow thermal dissipation to the surrounding air. 8. A signal ground plane, separate from the power ground plane and connected to the power ground pins only at the exposed die plate, should be used for ground return connections for feedback resistor networks (R1, R11, R41) and the VREF capacitor, C25, the CDELAY capacitor C7 and the integrator capacitor C30, C27. 9. Minimize feedback input track lengths to avoid switching noise pick-up. 19 FN7445.0 December 13, 2006 ISL97522 Quad Flat No-Lead Plastic Package (QFN) Micro Lead Frame Plastic Package (MLFP) L38.5x7B (One of 10 Packages in MDP0046) 38 LEAD QUAD FLAT NO-LEAD PLASTIC PACKAGE (COMPLIANT TO JEDEC MO-220) A MILLIMETERS D N (N-1) (N-2) B 1 2 3 PIN #1 I.D. MARK E (N/2) 2X 0.075 C 2X 0.075 C 0.10 M C A B b (N-2) (N-1) N N LEADS TOP VIEW L SYMBOL MIN NOMINAL MAX NOTES A 0.80 0.90 1.00 - A1 0.00 0.02 0.05 - D 5.00 BSC - D2 3.50 REF - E 7.00 BSC - E2 5.50 REF - L 0.35 0.40 0.45 - b 0.23 0.25 0.27 - c 0.20 REF - e 0.50 BSC - N 38 REF 4 ND 7 REF 6 NE 12 REF 5 PIN #1 I.D. Rev 0 5/06 3 NOTES: 1 2 3 1. Dimensioning and tolerancing per ASME Y14.5M-1994. 2. Tiebar view shown is a non-functional feature. 3. Bottom-side pin #1 I.D. is a diepad chamfer as shown. (E2) 4. N is the total number of terminals on the device. 5. NE is the number of terminals on the “E” side of the package (or Y-direction). NE 5 (N/2) 6. ND is the number of terminals on the “D” side of the package (or X-direction). ND = (N/2)-NE. 7 (D2) 7. Inward end of terminal may be square or circular in shape with radius (b/2) as shown. BOTTOM VIEW 0.10 C e C (c) SEATING PLANE 0.08 C N LEADS & EXPOSED PAD C 2 A (L) SEE DETAIL "X" A1 SIDE VIEW N LEADS DETAIL X All Intersil U.S. products are manufactured, assembled and tested utilizing ISO9000 quality systems. Intersil Corporation’s quality certifications can be viewed at www.intersil.com/design/quality Intersil products are sold by description only. Intersil Corporation reserves the right to make changes in circuit design, software and/or specifications at any time without notice. Accordingly, the reader is cautioned to verify that data sheets are current before placing orders. Information furnished by Intersil is believed to be accurate and reliable. However, no responsibility is assumed by Intersil or its subsidiaries for its use; nor for any infringements of patents or other rights of third parties which may result from its use. No license is granted by implication or otherwise under any patent or patent rights of Intersil or its subsidiaries. For information regarding Intersil Corporation and its products, see www.intersil.com 20 FN7445.0 December 13, 2006