cd00161912

AN2559
Application note
System power supply board for digital solutions
Introduction
This document describes a power supply reference board designed for powering digital
applications, such as CPUs, FPGAs, memories, etc. The main purpose of the board is to
illustrate the basic principles used for the design of the power supply and to give designers a
usable prototype for testing and use.
The trend in recent years in the supplying of power to MCUs, CPUs, memories, FPGAs, etc.
is to reduce the supply voltage, increase the supply current and provide different voltage
levels for different devices in one platform. A typical example of this situation is the FPGA.
The FPGA contains a core part which works at a low level voltage, the interface part placed
between the core and the output, the system part, etc. It is important to note that each
FPGA family has a slightly different voltage level and the trend is to decrease the voltage for
each new family. The lowest operating voltage currently available is 1 V, and this can be
expected to decrease to 0.9 V or 0.8 V in the near future. A similar situation exists with other
digital applications. Typically, the main CPU, memory and interfaces require different supply
voltage levels. Low operating voltages also present another challenge - transient. Digital
devices are typically sensitive to voltage level. If the voltage drops below or crosses over a
specific limit, the device is reset. This limit is typically ± 3 or ± 5%. On the other hand, digital
device consumption can change very quickly (several amps in a few hundred nanoseconds).
A power supply must be able to react very quickly with a minimum of over (or under) voltage,
especially in cases where very low output voltage is required. There is additional stress
placed on power supplies for digital applications in the industrial environment.
The industrial standard bus is 24 V, but this voltage fluctuates and the maximum input
voltage level required can reach 36 V. Additional surge protection is also a mandatory part of
power supply input for industrial applications.
The goal of the board described in this application note is to cover all of the issues outlined
above. It is intended mainly to satisfy industrial input requirements (operating voltages up to
36 V) and generate several output voltages for mid-range power applications (up to several
amps). The main output voltage level can simply be set.
September 2007
Rev 1
1/35
www.st.com
Contents
AN2559
Contents
1
Main characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2
Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.1
3
Input part . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
PM6680A block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
3.0.1
Power management block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
3.0.2
Start-up/enable block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
3.0.3
Step-down parts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
3.1
DC-DC converters based on the L5970AD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
3.2
Reset circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
4
PCB layout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
5
Bill of materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
6
Measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
6.1
6.2
PM6680A block - measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
6.1.1
Efficiency and light load consumption modes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
6.1.2
Output voltage ripple . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
6.1.3
Start-up sequence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
6.1.4
Transient response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
L5970AD blocks - measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
6.2.1
Efficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
6.2.2
Output voltage ripple . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
6.2.3
Transient . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
7
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
8
Revision history . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
2/35
AN2559
List of figures
List of figures
Figure 1.
Figure 2.
Figure 3.
Figure 4.
Figure 5.
Figure 6.
Figure 7.
Figure 8.
Figure 9.
Figure 10.
Figure 11.
Figure 12.
Figure 13.
Figure 14.
Figure 15.
Figure 16.
Figure 17.
Figure 18.
Figure 19.
Figure 20.
Figure 21.
Figure 22.
Figure 23.
Figure 24.
Figure 25.
Figure 26.
Figure 27.
Figure 28.
Figure 29.
Figure 30.
Figure 31.
Figure 32.
Figure 33.
Figure 34.
Figure 35.
The STEVAL-PSQ001V1 demo board . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Block diagram of System Supply board . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Schematic of input part . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Location and correct polarity of the input supply connector on the board . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Electrical diagram of the PM6680A section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
The placement of the jumpers for start-up/enable settings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Skip mode connector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Output connector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Jumper placement for VCORE voltage level setting. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Jumper placement for VI/O voltage level setting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Output voltages of L5970A parts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Schematic of the two SMPS’s based on the L5970AD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Jumper placement for enable/disable function of analog output and output3 . . . . . . . . . . 16
Schematic of the reset circuit and board placement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
PCB top layer layout and first internal layer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
PCB second internal layer and bottom layer layout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Efficiency of the dual step-down converter at full load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
PM6680A consumption at no load condition, in the different modes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Output voltage ripple in different modes of light load operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Output voltage ripple of VCORE at the minimum input voltage (5 V) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Output voltage ripple of VCORE at the maximum output voltage (36 V) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Output voltage ripple of VI/O at the minimum input voltage (5 V) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Output voltage ripple of VI/O at the maximum input voltage (36 V). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Start-up without setting the sequence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Start-up with a set sequence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Load transient response on VCORE output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Load transient response on VI/O output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Efficiency of output 3, by input voltage level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Efficiency of analog output, by input voltage level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Analog 5 V - output voltage ripple. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
VSYS - output voltage ripple . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Analog 3.3 V - output voltage ripple . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
VAUX 2.5 V - output voltage ripple. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Transient response of VSYS based on the L5970AD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Transient response of VAUX generated by the LDO KF25 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
3/35
Main characteristics
1
AN2559
Main characteristics
The main characteristics of the SMPS are listed below:
●
Input: 5 V - 36 V DC, surge protection
●
Outputs: the performance of the 6 outputs are described in Table 1 below.
Table 1.
Output voltages (positive version)
Label
4/35
VOUT
IOUT max
Tolerance
Output1 (VCORE)
Selectable from:
0.9, 1.0, 1.2, 1.5, 1.8 or 2.5 V
4 A continuous
6 A peak
3%
Output2 (VI/O)
Selectable from:
1.0, 1.2, 1.5, 1.8, 2.5 V or 3.3 V
2 A continuous
3 A peak
3%
Output3 VSYS
3.3 V
0.4 A (0.8 A peak)
4%
Output3 VAUX
2.5 V
0.4 A
2%
Analog 5 V
5V
0.8 A
4%
Analog 3.3 V
3.3 V
0.15 A
2%
AN2559
2
Description
Description
The System Supply board described in this application note is a dedicated design which
illustrates a typical solution for complete system supply, and can also be used as a direct
supply for customer solutions during the design process.
Figure 1.
The STEVAL-PSQ001V1 demo board
The block diagram of the System Supply board is shown in Figure 2. There are four DC-DC
converters, two linear regulators and a reset circuit. These parts are split into five relatively
independent units: the input part, a dual DC-DC converter based on the PM6680A and
generating 2 outputs (Output 1 and Output 2), two single DC-DC converters based on the
L5970A (Output 3 and Output 4) with linear regulator, and the reset circuit.
Figure 2.
Block diagram of System Supply board
STM6719
E/D analog
Input
5 - 36 V
Input
L5970AD
protection
LK112
M33
L5970AD
KF25
Skip mode
settings
Vcore
Reset signal
E/D Vsys + Vaux
PM6680A
Output 3
Vsys 3.3 V 400 mA
Vaux 2.5 V 400 mA
Output 2
Vi/o 1.0 - 3.3 V 2 A
FB Vi/o
Vi/o voltage settings
FB Vcore
Output 1
Vcore 0.9 - 2.5 V 4 A
Vcore voltage settings
Vi/o
E/D + start up
sequence settings
Analog
5 V analog 500 mA
3.3 V analog 150 mA
AI12693
5/35
Description
2.1
AN2559
Input part
The input part shown in Figure 3 consists of the input connectors (industrial - J16 or power
jack - J3), input storage capacitor (C1) and transil (D1). The input electrolytic capacitor and
transil serve to reduce input voltage spikes (surge).
Figure 3.
Schematic of input part
Vin
J16
J3
1
2
3
D1
SM6T39A
C1
47 µF / 50 V
AI12691
Figure 4 displays the placement of the input connectors on the board. The board can be
supplied either from the jack connector (J3) or the industrial removable terminal plate (J16).
The polarity of the input voltage must be correctly applied in accordance with the illustration
in Figure 4. If the connection is made incorrectly, the input protection D1 shorts the input
voltage. It should be pointed out that the total input current is about 4 A at maximum output
power and minimum input voltage.
Figure 4.
Location and correct polarity of the input supply connector on the board
+
+
6/35
R102
2 kΩ
R101
1 kΩ
R107
9.1 kΩ
S10
1.2 V
S9
1V
Vio
S12
1.8 V
R108
820 kΩ
C39
22 µF / 6.3 V
R105
200 R
S8
2.5 V
R109 3.3 kΩ
R103 R106 R104
3 kΩ 6.8 kΩ 3 kΩ
S11
1.5 V
R110
4.7 kΩ
5.0 µH / 3 A
R39 3.3 kΩ
C22
330 µF / 6.3 V
R11 560 R
D8
STPS1L40
C18
4.7 µF / 50 V/X7R
C35 10 nF R40 100 kΩ
L3
C41
4.7 µF / 50 V/X7R
Vin
1
8
7
3
6
5
C21
91 pF
C20 1.8 nF
2
4
VLDO
13
11
10
9
R25
10R
SHDN
3
U5
PM6680
R34 10 kΩ
R35
51 kΩ
2
5
7
27
2
8
17
R10 1.8 kΩ 12
R24 0R
R23 0R
C19
100 nF
S3
1
CH2 EN/SUS
R31 10 kΩ
VLDO R28 10 kΩ
Q1
STS4DNF60
C31
220 nF
C14
4.7 µF / 1 0 V
4
2 S4
1
32
24
S5
R36
51 kΩ
CH1 EN/SUS
3
BOOT1
3
6
S7
C30
100 nF
SKIP mode
S6
26
30
29
14
D10
4V7
R29
51 kΩ
R22 0R
R21 0R
C25
100 nF
VLDO
VLDO
R32 10 kΩ
C26
C27
120 pF
R20 680 R
2.2 nF
C28
330 µF / 6.3 V
R38 3.3 kΩ
C29
330 µF /
6.3 V
C24
4.7µF / 50 V / X7R
R27 62 kΩ C34 12 nF
L4 3.8 µH / 6 A
C23
4.7µF / 50 V / X7R
Vin
SHDN
D9
STPS1L40
Q2
STS7NF60L
Q3
STS7NF60L
20 R19 1 kΩ
15
21
22
28
FB1 1
SGND1 16
SGND2
PGOO D1
COMP1
OUT1
PGND
CSENSE1
LGATE1
PHASE1
HGATE1
23
C17
100 nF
D7
BAW56/SOT
R26
10R
C16
3.3 µF / 3 5 V
EN1
SK IP
VRE F
FSE L NC
25
EN2
SHDN
FB2
PGOO D2
COMP2
OUT2
V5SW
CSENSE2
LGATE2
PHASE2
HGATE2
BOOT2
19
Vi n
LDO 5
18
VCC
31
R37 47R
C15
470 nF
R9
3.3 Ω
S15
1.5 V
S14
1.2 V
R208
820 kΩ
AI14512
R207
9.1 kΩ
R202 R201
2 kΩ 1 kΩ
S16
1.8 V
R203
3 kΩ
S17
2.5 V
R204
3 kΩ
R205 200 R
C40
22 µF / 6.3 V
R206
6.8 kΩ
S13
1V
V
core
Figure 5.
Vin
3
VLDO
AN2559
PM6680A block
PM6680A block
Electrical diagram of the PM6680A section
7/35
PM6680A block
AN2559
The PM6680A block is most important part of board. It contains two DC-DC converters.
Each output has a selectable output voltage level. The first converter is capable of delivering
up to 4 A for each voltage level, while the second converter can deliver up to 2 A on the
output.
Both converters are controlled by the PM6680A device. The PM6680A is a dual step-down
controller specifically designed to provide extremely high efficiency conversion, with lossless current sensing. The constant on-time architecture assures fast load transient response
and the embedded voltage feed-forward provides nearly constant switching frequency
operation. An embedded integrator control loop compensates the DC voltage error due to
the output ripple. The pulse skipping technique increases efficiency at very light loads.
Moreover, a minimum switching frequency of 33 kHz is selectable to avoid audio noise
issues. The PM6680A provides a selectable switching frequency, allowing either 200 / 300
kHz, 300 / 400 kHz or 400 / 500 kHz operation of the two switching sections. The output
voltages OUT1 and OUT2 can be adjusted from 0.9 V to 5 V and from 0.9 V to 3.3 V,
respectively. A detailed description of this device can be found in the datasheet.
Figure 5 shows the full electrical diagram of the block with the PM6680A that controls the
two DC-DC converters. The components around the PM6680A form several functional
blocks: the power management block, VCORE step down block, VI/O step down block and
start-up/enable control system block.
3.0.1
Power management block
The PM6680A has two supply voltage inputs - VCC and VIN. The VCC pin should be
connected to the 5 V bus (maximum input voltage is 6 V, minimum 4.5 V) and it is dedicated
for the supply of the chip itself. The VIN pin should be connected to the input power bus and
it is used inside the chip for two reasons. The first is to supply the integrated LDO. The
second is the fact that the controller must sense the converter input voltage level for proper
functioning of the converter.
The VCC pin is supplied from the integrated LDO (connected output of LDO and VCC) on the
reference board. The V5SW feature of the LDO is disabled.
The power management block consists of components C14 - C17, C31, R9, R29, R37 and
D10. The important parts of the power management block of the device are the low pass
filters (R9, C16, C17 and R37, C31) applied to reduce the influence of transience on the
device VCC and VIN main power inputs. The resistor R29 and the diode D10 generate the
SHDN (shut down) signal, which is active in low level. This signal activates the PM6680A
immediately after VIN is connected to the input. The VREF and LDO signals start to work
simultaneously with activation of the SHDN pin.
3.0.2
Start-up/enable block
The PM6680A has several inputs and outputs dedicated to the control of each channel.
Each channel has an independent Enable signal (EN - active in high level) and "power good"
signal (PGOOD - open collector) activated by channel in cases where the output voltage is
within 10% tolerance. These control pins can be used either for simple enabling/disabling or
for delaying the start-up of one channel rather than another.
The jumpers S3 and S4 with resistors R28, R31, R32, R34, R35 and R36 are used for
systems independently allowing either enabling or disabling of each channel or setting up a
different start-up sequence of both channels. Figure 6 displays the placement of jumpers S3
and S4 on the board, and the settings are shown in Table 2.
8/35
AN2559
PM6680A block
Figure 6.
The placement of the jumpers for start-up/enable settings
Table 2.
Start-up/enable jumper settings
Jumper settings
Function
V c o re
1st
Both channels are disabled. An open connector for each channel means
that the channel is disabled.
V i/o
1st
V c o re
1st
Both channels are disabled.
V i/ o
1st
V c o re
1st
Both channels are enabled and start at same time.
V i/o
1st
V c o re
1st
VCORE voltage starts first, and VI/O starts second.
V i/ o
1st
V c o re
1st
V i/ o
VI/O voltage starts first, and VCORE starts second.
1st
The Skip mode connector (shown in the schematic as S5 - S7) is dedicated for the control of
Skip mode. This connector setting is common for both channels. Figure 7 shows the
placement of the Skip mode connector, while the settings are shown in Table 3. There are
three possible settings. Standard Skip mode, No Audible mode or PWM mode. In Standard
Skip mode the converter reduces the switching frequency at light load to maintain good
efficiency even in this condition. There is no lower limit for switching frequency. In No
Audible mode the converter reduces switching frequency at light load, but this frequency
never drops below 30 kHz to avoid possible audible noise caused by the mechanical
9/35
PM6680A block
AN2559
construction of passive components (inductors or ceramic capacitors). In PWM mode the
converter maintains a constant switching frequency independently on the load.
The FSEL pin the PM6680A dedicated for operating frequency setting is connected to GND.
This means that the switching frequency of the VCORE branch is 200 kHz and switching
frequency of VI/O is 300 kHz.
Figure 7.
Skip mode connector
Table 3.
Skip mode connector jumper settings
Jumper settings
S k ip
Function
A u d io
PW M
S k ip
Skip mode at light load.
A u d io
PWM
No Audible Skip mode at light load (frequency never drops below 30 kHz).
S k ip
3.0.3
A u d io
PW M
PWM mode. Constant frequency even at light or zero load.
Step-down parts
The PM6680A is a dual step-down controller and drives two step-down converters. The
schematic of both channels are almost identical, with only a few small differences. Since
each channel is for a different output power, the main difference is in the components’
values. Figure 8 displays the output connector polarities of the PM6680A section.
10/35
AN2559
PM6680A block
Figure 8.
Output connector
The power components of the step-down part are input capacitors (C23, C24 or C18, C41),
the half bridge driver containing two N-channel MOSFETs (Q2, Q3 or Q1), inductors (L4 or
L3) and output capacitors (C28, C29, C40 or C22, C39).
Ceramic high-capacitance capacitors are used as input capacitors. 60 V MOSFETs are
used for the half bridge driver. A relatively high breakdown voltage is used to guarantee
operation in industrial applications. Because the VI/O output is designed for lower currents
(2 A), both MOSFETs are integrated in one SO-8 package (Q1 - STS4NF60). This helps to
reduce the size on the PCB. Two discrete MOSFETs (STS7NF60) are used for the VCORE higher power output (4 A). Schottky diodes are also used in each channel (D9 or D8). These
diodes work mainly during dead time and are not mandatory for proper functioning, but their
application increases efficiency.
The 5 µH inductor (L3) is used for the VI/O output with saturation current at 3 A. The inductor
L4 has value of 3.8 µH with saturation current at 6 A.
A combination of tantalum low ESR and ceramic type are used as output capacitors.
Ceramic capacitors help to reduce total output ESR and reduce total output voltage ripple.
The PM6680A includes a half bridge driver for each channel. The external bootstrap diode
and capacitor must be applied (D7, C19 or C25) in order to drive the gates of the high side
MOSFETs.
The feedback signal is generated by the output voltage divider (R10x or R20x). The board
allows the setting of different output voltages for both channels. Figure 9 and Figure 10
display the output voltage connector placement on the board for each channel. The jumper
settings are shown in Table 4 and Table 5, respectively.
In classic Constant On Time control, the system regulates the valley value of the output
voltage and not the average value. In this condition, the output voltage ripple is a source of
DC static error. To compensate for this error, an integrator network is introduced in the
control loop by connecting the signal output voltage to the COMP1/COMP2 pin through a
capacitor (C20 or C26). An additional R-C network (R11 and C21 or R20 and C27) is
implemented as a low pass filter to reduce noise on the input of the COMP pin.
Since the feedback signal of the SMPS working in Constant On Time control is directly
connected to the PWM comparator, the stability of the SMPS is more sensitive to noise
injected into the FB signal. It is possible to attenuate the affect of the noise to stabilize the
SMPS by implementing the so called "Virtual ESR" network, which increases the amplitude
of the feedback ripple voltage and improves signal-to-noise ratio. The Virtual ESR network
does not increase the output ripple voltage. It is recommended to use the Virtual ESR
network in cases where the output voltage ripple is below 30 mV. However, it is necessary to
11/35
PM6680A block
AN2559
take into consideration that the influence of noise on the performance of the SMPS strictly
depends on the PCB layout. Therefore, the 30 mV is an indicative value. Virtual ESR
Networks are applied for each channel on the reference board described in this application
note. The main reason for this is the fact that the SMPS based on the PM6680A device can
generate different output voltages at a wide input voltage range. As output voltage ripple
depends also on input and output voltage level, there are configurations where the Virtual
ESR network could be mandatory. Virtual ESR networks consists of R40, R39, C35 or R27,
R38 or C34. The ESR network can be removed to observe influence of ESR network to
board function. To remove the Virtual ESR Network, R40 and R27 must be removed and
R39 and R38, respectively, must be shorted.
Figure 9.
Jumper placement for VCORE voltage level setting
Table 4.
VCORE voltage level jumper settings
Jumper settings
VCORE
2.5 V
1.8 V
1.5 V
1.2 V
1.0 V
0.9 V
12/35
AN2559
PM6680A block
Figure 10. Jumper placement for VI/O voltage level setting
Table 5.
VI/O voltage level jumper settings
Jumper settings
VCORE
3.3 V
2.5 V
1.8 V
1.5 V
1.2 V
1.0 V
13/35
PM6680A block
3.1
AN2559
DC-DC converters based on the L5970AD
There are two converters based on the L5970AD on the System Supply board: the analog
output and VSYS output voltage. Figure 11 shows the arrangement of output voltages on
connector J18.
Figure 11. Output voltages of L5970A parts
The L5970AD is a step-down monolithic power switching regulator with a switch current limit
of 1.5 A, capable of delivering more than 1 A of DC current to the load depending on the
application conditions. The output voltage can be set from 1.235 V to 35 V. The device uses
an internal P-channel D-MOS transistor (with a typical RDSON of 200 mΩ) as a switching
element to avoid the use of a bootstrap capacitor and to guarantee high efficiency. An
internal oscillator fixes the switching frequency at 500 kHz to minimize the size of external
components. Having a minimum input voltage of only 4.4 V, it is particularly suitable for 5 V
buses, found in all computer-related applications. Pulse-by-pulse current limiting with
internal frequency modulation offers effective constant current short circuit protection.
The schematic of both SMPS’s is displayed in Figure 12. As the schematic shows, designing
with the L5970AD is very simple. It consists of a power part, feedback and enable/disable
connectors. The power part contains an input capacitor (C2 or C8 - ceramic is
recommended), an inductor (L1 or L2), an output capacitor (C5 or C11) and a freewheeling
diode (D4 or D6). The feedback part consists of a voltage divider (R2, R3, R4 or R6, R7, R8)
and a compensation RC network (R1, C3, C4 or R5, C9, C10).
14/35
Vin
C8
4.7 µF / 50 V
L5 10 µH / 1 A
C2
4.7 µF / 50 V
C9
220pF
C3
220 pF
U1 L5970AD
COMP
VCC
2
6
7
2
6
7
3
5
1
R 42 51 kΩ
D6
STPS2L40
5
1
R41 51 kΩ
D4
STPS2L40
OUT
3
FB
V R EF
S YNC
G N D INH
COMP
S2 V sys EN
C10
22 nF
R5
4.7 kΩ
4
VCC
U3 L5970AD
S1 V analog EN
8
OUT
FB
V R EF
S YNC
G N D INH
C4
22 nF
R1
4.7 kΩ
4
8
Vin
R8
10 kΩ
R6
18 kΩ
R3
20 kΩ
C11
100 µF / 6 V
R7
240 kΩ
C5
47 µF / 10 V
L2 33 µH / 1.5 A
Vin
R4
5.6 kΩ
R2
120 kΩ
L1 33 µH / 1.5 A
C12
100 nF
C6
100 nF
8
5
2
3
1
5
4
VOUT
KF 25_SOIC8
OUT
2 3 6 7
G ND
G N D G N D G ND
VIN
INH
U4
GN D
BYPASS
SHDN
IN
U2 LK112_3 3
1
AI12694
C 13
10 µF / 4 V
V aux
V sys
GN DA
C7
10 µF / 6 V
V3A3
V5A
AN2559
PM6680A block
Figure 12. Schematic of the two SMPS’s based on the L5970AD
Both converters can be switched on or off using the inhibit pin of L5970AD connected to
jumpers S1 and S2. If the jumper is left open, the DC-DC converter will not operate. Thus
the jumper must be shorted for the converter to operate (see Figure 13 for board placement
of the jumper and Table 6 for the jumper settings).
15/35
PM6680A block
AN2559
Figure 13. Jumper placement for enable/disable function of analog output and
output3
Table 6.
Jumper settings for enable/disable function of analog output and output3
Jumper settings
VCORE
Analog disable
E/D
Analog enable
E /D
Output3 disable
E/D
Output3 enable
E/D
There is an LDO linear regulator (U2 and U4) on the output of each DC-DC converter. The
LK112_33 is a 3.3 V linear regulator in a SOT23-5 package. The KF25 is a very low dropout
regulator with an output voltage of 2.5 V and output current of up to 400 mA.
3.2
Reset circuit
The board also features a reset circuit which supervises the output voltages. It is based on
the STM6719 series of low voltage / low supply supervisors, which are designed to monitor
three system power supply voltages. Two monitored supplies (VCC1 and VCC2) have fixed
(factory trimmed) thresholds (VRST1 and VRST2). The third voltage is monitored using an
externally adjustable RSTIN threshold (0.626 V internal reference). If any of the three
monitored voltages drop below its factory-trimmed or adjustable thresholds, or if MR is
asserted to logic low, an RST is asserted (driven low). Once asserted, RST is maintained at
Low for a minimum delay period after ALL supplies rise above their respective thresholds
and MR returns to High. This device is guaranteed to be in the correct reset output logic
state when VCC1 and / or VCC2 is greater than 0.8 V. This device is available in a standard 6pin SOT23 package.
16/35
AN2559
PM6680A block
Figure 14 shows the schematic and placement of the reset part on the board. Typically in
real applications the reset circuit senses if the supply voltage drops below about 10% of
nominal value. This feature cannot be implemented on the System Supply board due to the
fact that the output voltage is selectable, while the reset voltage is factory set. There are
several types of reset circuits in the STM6719 family (see datasheet). Of these, the
STM6719TGWB6F was selected as optimal. The voltage thresholds of this device are
3.075 V, 1.11 V and 0.626 V.
Figure 14. Schematic of the reset circuit and board placement
Vsys
U6
STM6719TEWB6F
6
Vio
4
Vcore
5
VCC1
RST
R209
110 kΩ
1
J14
Reset
J15
Reset GND
VCC2
RSTIN
3
MR
VSS
2
C32
1 nF
C33
1 nF
AI12695
17/35
PCB layout
4
AN2559
PCB layout
The System Supply board utilizes a four-layer PCB. The copper layout of each layer is
shown in Figure 15 and Figure 16. The top and bottom layers show also the placement of
the components. To reduce the size of board while maintaining the ability to change some
components, size 0603 was used for the majority of the passive components. All views of
the PCB are from top side.
Figure 15. PCB top layer layout and first internal layer
Figure 16. PCB second internal layer and bottom layer layout
18/35
AN2559
Bill of materials
5
Bill of materials
Table 7.
Bill of materials
Item
Part
Description
Type
Size
Manufacturer
Part number
1
C1
47 µF / 50 V
TH
6.3 x 11
2
C2
4.7 µF / 50 V
SMD
1812
3
C3
220 pF
SMD
0603
4
C4
22 nF
SMD
0603
5
C5
100 µF / 10 V
SMD
C
6
C6
N.A.
7
C7
10 µF / 6 V
SMD
B
8
C8
4.7 µF / 50 V
SMD
1812
9
C9
220 pF
SMD
0603
10
C10
22 nF
SMD
0603
11
C11
100 µF / 10 V
SMD
C
12
C12
100 nF
SMD
0805
13
C13
10 µF / 6.3 V
SMD
B
CTS 10 M / 6.3 V
14
C14
6.8 µF / 10 V
SMD
B
CTS 6 M 8 / 10 V
15
C15
470 nF
SMD
0805
16
C16
3.3 µF / 50 V
SMD
1812
17
C17
100 nF
SMD
0603
18
C18
4.7 µF / 50 V / X7R
SMD
1812
19
C19
100 nF
SMD
0603
20
C20
1.8 nF
SMD
0603
21
C21
100 pF
SMD
0603
22
C22
330 µF / 6.3 V
SMD
23
C23
4.7 µF / 50 V / X7R
24
C24
25
E47M/50VMXA RM5
AVX
18125C475KAT2A
AVX
TPSC107M010X0150
CTS 10M / 6.3 V
AVX
18125C475KAT2A
AVX
TPSC107M010X0150
C1210C335K5RAC
AVX
18125C475KAT2A
D
AVX
TPSD337M006X0045
SMD
1812
AVX
18125C475KAT2A
4.7 µF / 50 V / X7R
SMD
1812
AVX
18125C475KAT2A
C25
100 nF
SMD
0603
26
C26
2.2 nF
SMD
0603
27
C27
120 pF
SMD
0603
28
C28
330 µF / 6.3 V / 45 mΩ
SMD
D
AVX
TPSD337M006X0045
29
C29
330 µF / 6.3 V / 45 mΩ
SMD
D
AVX
TPSD337M006X0045
30
C30
100 nF
SMD
0603
31
C31
220 nF
SMD
0805
32
C32
1 nF
SMD
0603
19/35
Bill of materials
Table 7.
AN2559
Bill of materials (continued)
Item
Part
Description
Type
Size
Manufacturer
Part number
33
C33
1 nF
SMD
0603
34
C34
12 nF
SMD
0603
35
C35
10 nF
SMD
0603
36
C39
22 µF / 6.3 V
SMD
1206
AVX
12066D226KAT2A
37
C40
100 µF / 6.3 V
SMD
1210
AVX
12104D107MAT2A
38
C41
4 µF 7 / 50 V / X7R
SMD
1812
AVX
18125C475KAT2A
39
D1
SM6T39A
SMD
SMB
ST
SMA6T39A
40
D4
STPS2L40
SMD
SMB
ST
STPS2L40
41
D6
STPS2L40
SMD
SMB
ST
STPS2L40
42
D7
BAW56/SOT
SMD
SOT23
43
D8
STPS1L40M
SMD
DO216-AA
ST
STPS1L40M
44
D9
STPS1L40M
SMD
DO216-AA
ST
STPS1L40M
45
D10
4.7 V
SMD
SOD80
46
S1
Header 1 x 2
TH
47
S2
Header 1 x 2
TH
48
S3
Header 1 x 3
TH
49
S4
Header 1 x 3
TH
50
VI/O level
Header 2 x 5
TH
51
VCORE level
Header 2 x 5
TH
52
Skip
Header 2 x 3
TH
53
J3
Jack - PCB
TH
54
J14
Header 1 x 1
TH
55
J15
Header 1 x 1
TH
56
J16
Ind. Con. 2
TH
Ph. Con.
MSTBA 2,5 / 2-G-5,08
57
J17
Ind. Con. 4
TH
Ph. Con.
MSTBA 2,5 / 4-G-5,08
58
J18
Ind. Con. 6
TH
Ph. Con
MSTBA 2,5 / 6-G-5,08
59
L1
33 µH / 1.5 A
SMD
Coilcraft
MSS7341-333MLB
60
L2
33 µH / 1.5 A
SMD
Coilcraft
MSS7341-333MLB
61
L3
5.0 µH / 3 A
SMD
Coilcraft
MSS7341-502MLB
62
L4
3.8 µH / 6 A
SMD
Coilcraft
MSS1038-382NLB
63
L5
1 µH / 1 A
SMD
Coilcraft
ME3220-102MLB
64
Q1
STS4DNF60
SMD
ST
STS4DNF60L
65
Q2
STS7NF60L
SMD
ST
STS7NF60L
66
Q3
STS7NF60L
SMD
ST
STS7NF60L
67
R1
4. 7 kΩ
SMD
20/35
0603
AN2559
Table 7.
Bill of materials
Bill of materials (continued)
Item
Part
Description
Type
Size
68
R2
36 kΩ / 1%
SMD
0603
69
R3
200 kΩ/ 1%
SMD
0603
70
R4
10 kΩ / 1%
SMD
0603
71
R5
4.7 kΩ
SMD
0603
72
R6
18 kΩ / 1%
SMD
0603
73
R7
240 kΩ / 1%
SMD
0603
74
R8
10 kΩ / 1%
SMD
0603
75
R9
3.3 Ω
SMD
0805
76
R10
1.8 kΩ
SMD
0603
77
R11
560 Ω
SMD
0603
78
R110
4.7 kΩ / 1%
SMD
0603
79
R19
1 kΩ
SMD
0603
80
R20
680 Ω
SMD
0603
81
R21
0Ω
SMD
0603
82
R22
0Ω
SMD
0603
83
R23
0Ω
SMD
0603
84
R24
0Ω
SMD
0603
85
R25
10 Ω
SMD
0603
86
R26
10 Ω
SMD
0603
87
R27
62 kΩ
SMD
0603
88
R28
10 kΩ
SMD
0603
89
R29
51 kΩ
SMD
0603
90
R31
10 kΩ
SMD
0603
91
R32
10 kΩ
SMD
0603
92
R34
10 kΩ
SMD
0603
93
R35
51 kΩ
SMD
0603
94
R36
51 kΩ
SMD
0603
95
R37
47 Ω
SMD
0603
96
R38
3.3 kΩ
SMD
0603
97
R39
3.3 kΩ
SMD
0603
98
R40
100 kΩ
SMD
0603
99
R41
51 kΩ
SMD
0603
100
R42
51 kΩ
SMD
0603
101
R101
1 kΩ / 1%
SMD
0603
102
R102
2 kΩ / 1%
SMD
0603
Manufacturer
Part number
21/35
Bill of materials
Table 7.
AN2559
Bill of materials (continued)
Item
Part
Description
Type
Size
Manufacturer
Part number
103
R103
3 kΩ / 1%
SMD
0603
104
R104
3 kΩ / 1%
SMD
0603
105
R105
200 Ω / 1%
SMD
0603
106
R106
6.8 kΩ / 1%
SMD
0603
107
R107
9.1 kΩ / 1%
SMD
0603
108
R108
820 kΩ / 1%
SMD
0603
109
R109
3.3 kΩ / 1%
SMD
0603
110
R201
1 kΩ / 1%
SMD
0603
111
R202
2 kΩ / 1%
SMD
0603
112
R203
3 kΩ / 1%
SMD
0603
113
R204
3 kΩ / 1%
SMD
0603
114
R205
200 Ω / 1%
SMD
0603
115
R206
6.8 kΩ / 1%
SMD
0603
116
R207
9.1 kΩ / 1%
SMD
0603
117
R208
820 kΩ / 1%
SMD
0603
118
R209
51 kΩ
SMD
0603
119
U1
L5970AD
SMD
SO-8
ST
L5970AD
120
U2
LK112_33
SMD
SOT23-5
ST
LK112M33TR
121
U3
L5970AD
SMD
SO-8
ST
L5970AD
122
U4
KF25_SOIC8
SMD
SO-8
ST
KF25BD-TR
123
U5
PM6680A
SMD
VFQFPN32 5X5
ST
PM6680A
124
U6
STM6719TEWB6F
SMD
SOT23-6
ST
STM6719TGWB6F
22/35
AN2559
6
Measurements
Measurements
The performance and properties of each part of the board is indicated in the measurements
below. These measurements were performed for the PM6680A and L5971AD blocks
independently.
6.1
PM6680A block - measurements
The performance measurements of the PM6680A part focus mainly on efficiency, light load
consumption, output ripple and transients.
6.1.1
Efficiency and light load consumption modes
Since the device consists of three power parts (two controllers and one LDO) it makes
sense to measure total efficiency. Figure 17 displays how efficiency depends on input
voltage level at full load output (VCORE 2.5 V / 4 A, VI/O 3.3 V / 2 A).
Figure 17. Efficiency of the dual step-down converter at full load
Efficency (%)
100.0
90.0
80.0
70.0
60.0
50.0
40.0
30.0
20.0
10.0
0.0
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
AI12696
Vin (V)
The efficiency is in the range of 83 - 91%. It should be noted that the total efficiency strictly
depends on the performance of each component. The System Supply board was designed
to satisfy a wide input voltage range. Therefore, 60 V MOSFETS are used on the board. If
the input voltage of the end application is less (up to 30 V for instance), efficiency can be
improved by using lower RDSON 30 V MOSFETs in the same package. The expected
efficiency gain is about 3 - 4%.
The PM6680A can work in several modes with regard to light load. These options are mainly
used for battery applications where relatively high consumption at light load can drain the
battery even when no power is requested. The PM6680A allows three modes (see 3.0.2):
PWM, No Audible Noise and Skip. Figure 18 shows the consumption of the board for
different modes of the PM6680A. There is no load on the output and other parts of the
SMPS are disabled.
23/35
Measurements
AN2559
Figure 18. PM6680A consumption at no load condition, in the different modes
lin (mA)
70.0
60.0
PWM
50.0
40.0
30.0
20.0
No Audible
10.0
SKIP
0.0
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
AI12697
Vin (V)
In analyzing the data in Figure 18, it should be noted that the consumption is slightly
increased by several passive components which generate inhibit of the L5970ADs. Total
consumption of these parts at 35 V on the input is about 1.5 mA. This is not compensated
for in the chart in Figure 18. It is possible to see the effect of the different operating modes of
the converter by observing the output ripple voltage waveforms in Figure 19. These
measurements are made under the following conditions: VCORE output set to 2.5 V, no load,
at 12 V on the input.
Figure 19. Output voltage ripple in different modes of light load operation
6.1.2
Output voltage ripple
Output voltage ripple depends on the current ripple flowing through the choke. The current
ripple depends on the input and output voltage levels. Therefore, it is mandatory to measure
the output voltage ripple for different input and output voltage conditions. Figure 20 shows
the output voltage ripple of VCORE at the minimum input voltage (5 V), while Figure 21
displays the output voltage ripple of VCORE at the maximum output voltage (36 V). Figure 22
shows the output voltage ripple of VI/O at the minimum input voltage (5 V), and Figure 20
displays the output voltage ripple of VI/O at the maximum input voltage (36 V). All of the
figures represent the minimum and maximum output voltages at maximum load (0.9 V and
2.5 V at 4 A for VCORE, and 1 V and 3.3 V at 2 A for VI/O).
24/35
AN2559
Measurements
Figure 20. Output voltage ripple of VCORE at the minimum input voltage (5 V)
Figure 21. Output voltage ripple of VCORE at the maximum output voltage (36 V)
Figure 22. Output voltage ripple of VI/O at the minimum input voltage (5 V)
25/35
Measurements
Figure 23. Output voltage ripple of VI/O at the maximum input voltage (36 V)
Figure 24. Start-up without setting the sequence
Figure 25. Start-up with a set sequence
26/35
AN2559
AN2559
6.1.3
Measurements
Start-up sequence
The correct start-up sequence of the supply voltage is typically requested by the FPGA
device. Therefore, there it is possible to set a dedicated start-up sequence on the System
Supply board (see 3.0.2. Figure 24) shows the start-up sequence waveform of VCORE and
VI/O outputs when the jumpers described in Table 2 are set in accordance with line 3 in the
table.
The waveforms shown in Figure 25 illustrate different start-up sequences in accordance with
the jumper settings displayed in Table 2, lines 4 and 5.
6.1.4
Transient response
Transient response refers to the behavior of the output voltage when the load changes fast.
This test was also performed on the outputs of the PM6680A branch. The load was changed
between maximum and zero load (0 ↔ 2 A on VI/O output and 0 ↔ 4 A on the VCORE
output). The input voltage was 12 V and output voltage was 3.3 V and 2.5 V, respectively.
The repetition of load change was 500 Hz. The results of the measurements are shown in
Figure 26 and Figure 27. The voltage spikes caused by increasing the load are quite low. It
is possible to observe that the converter reacts very fast to a rising load and the
undervoltage is small (left waveform in figures). If the load is decreasing fast the overvoltage
spikes appear on the output (right side of picture). This effect depends partly on the reaction
of the controller and partly on the parameters of the output filter. There is remaining energy
stored in the inductor and if the load decreases this energy should be stored in the output
capacitor. This effect can be reduced by either reducing the value of the inductor (to reduce
the amount of energy stored in the inductor), or by increasing the value of the output
capacitor (a higher capacitance is capable of absorbing more energy from the inductor).
Figure 26. Load transient response on VCORE output
27/35
Measurements
Figure 27. Load transient response on VI/O output
28/35
AN2559
AN2559
Measurements
6.2
L5970AD blocks - measurements
6.2.1
Efficiency
The L5970AD is a powerful converter with very good performance and efficiency. Because a
diode is used as a low side switch, however, the efficiency is a slightly less compared to a
synchronous converter such as the PM6680A. Theoretically, the efficiency declines when
output voltage is decreasing and input voltage is increasing. Figure 28 displays the
efficiency of Output 3, depending on the input voltage at full load (800 mA). Figure 29
displays the same measurement for the Analog output. The efficiency of the Analog output
is better thanks to the higher output voltage level. The efficiency of the Analog output
voltage was measured in a range of 7 - 35 V. It should be noted that the output voltage is
5 V, so the device does not work as a switching converter in cases where the input and
output voltage are similar or lower than the required output. In this case the L5973AD works
with 100% duty cycle.
Figure 28. Efficiency of output 3, by input voltage level
Efficency (%)
90.0
80.0
70.0
60.0
50.0
40.0
30.0
20.0
10.0
0.0
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Vin (V)
AI12698
29/35
Measurements
AN2559
Figure 29. Efficiency of analog output, by input voltage level
Efficency (%)
100.0
90.0
80.0
70.0
60.0
50.0
40.0
30.0
20.0
10.0
0.0
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Vin (V)
6.2.2
AI14500
Output voltage ripple
The output voltage ripple of the switching parts of the Analog and VSYS outputs are shown in
Figure 30 and Figure 31. The measurements were made for different input voltages,
because the current ripple influence on the output voltage ripple depends on the input
voltage level. The output voltage ripple on the 3.3 V Analog output and the VAUX output are
displayed in Figure 32 and Figure 33. As these outputs are generated by LDOs, the output
voltage ripple is the same (independent) for all input voltages, and is very low. Therefore,
only one output voltage ripple image is shown in the figures 32 and 33. All of the
measurements were taken at full output load.
Figure 30. Analog 5 V - output voltage ripple
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Measurements
Figure 31. VSYS - output voltage ripple
Figure 32. Analog 3.3 V - output voltage ripple
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Measurements
Figure 33. VAUX 2.5 V - output voltage ripple
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6.2.3
Measurements
Transient
Transient responses were measured only for VAUX and VSYS. The transient responses are
displayed in Figure 34 and Figure 35. The transient waveforms of the L5970AD section
show the response time. The most visible difference between the L5970AD in classic
voltage mode and the PM6680A working in Constant On Time mode is the reaction when
there is a fast load increase. Whereas the PM6680A reacts asfast as possible on the rising
load, the L5970AD will wait short time as the compensation network is implemented in
feedback loop (see Figure 24 and Figure 25).
Figure 34. Transient response of VSYS based on the L5970AD
Figure 35. Transient response of VAUX generated by the LDO KF25
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References
7
8
AN2559
References
1.
Datasheet PM6680A
2.
Datasheet L5970AD
3.
Datasheet LK112
4.
Datasheet KF25
5.
STM6719
6.
AN1330 - designing with the L5970D, 1 A high efficiency DC-DC converter.
Revision history
Table 8.
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Document revision history
Date
Revision
25-Sep-2007
1
Changes
Initial release
AN2559
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