dm00064521

AN4164
Application note
STEVAL-ISA113V1: 12 V/4 W, 115 kHz non-isolated flyback
By Mirko Sciortino
Introduction
This document describes a 12 V-350 mA power supply set in non-isolated flyback topology
with the new VIPer06 offline high voltage converter by STMicroelectronics.
The features of the device are:
■
800 V avalanche rugged power section
■
PWM operation at 115 kHz with frequency jittering for lower EMI
■
Limiting current with adjustable set point
■
Onboard soft-start
■
Safe auto-restart after a fault condition (overload, short-circuit)
■
SSO-10 package
Moreover, the VIPER06 does not require a biasing circuit to operate because the IC can be
supplied by an internal current generator, therefore saving the cost of the transformers
auxiliary winding (self-biasing). If the device is biased through an auxiliary winding or
through a diode connected to the output (external biasing), it can reach very low standby
consumption (< 50 mW at 265 VAC).
Both cases are treated in the present document.
The available protection features are: thermal shutdown with hysteresis, delayed overload
protection, and open loop failure protection (the last is available only if the IC is externally
biased).
Figure 1.
February 2013
Demonstration board image
Doc ID 023660 Rev 1
1/38
www.st.com
Contents
AN4164
Contents
1
Adapter features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2
Circuit description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
3
Schematic and bill of material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
4
Transformer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
5
Testing the board . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
6
7
5.1
Typical waveforms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
5.2
Line/load regulation and output voltage ripple . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
5.3
Burst mode and output voltage ripple . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
5.4
Efficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
5.5
Light load performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Functional check . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
6.1
Soft-start . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
6.2
Overload protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
6.3
Feedback loop failure protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Feedback loop calculation guidelines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
7.1
Transfer function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
7.2
Compensation procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
8
Thermal measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
9
EMI measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
10
Board layout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
11
Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
2/38
Doc ID 023660 Rev 1
AN4164
Contents
Appendix A Test equipment and measurement of efficiency and light load
performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
A.1
Measuring input power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
12
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
13
Revision history . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Doc ID 023660 Rev 1
3/38
List of tables
AN4164
List of tables
Table 1.
Table 2.
Table 3.
Table 4.
Table 5.
Table 6.
Table 7.
Table 8.
Table 9.
Table 10.
Table 11.
4/38
Electrical specifications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Bill of material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Transformer characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Output voltage line-load regulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Output voltage ripple at no/light load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
No load input power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Energy consumption criteria for no load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Light load performance POUT=25 mW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Light load performance POUT=50 mW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
POUT @ PIN=1 W . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Document revision history . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Doc ID 023660 Rev 1
AN4164
List of figures
List of figures
Figure 1.
Figure 2.
Figure 3.
Figure 4.
Figure 5.
Figure 6.
Figure 7.
Figure 8.
Figure 9.
Figure 10.
Figure 11.
Figure 12.
Figure 13.
Figure 14.
Figure 15.
Figure 16.
Figure 17.
Figure 18.
Figure 19.
Figure 20.
Figure 21.
Figure 22.
Figure 23.
Figure 24.
Figure 25.
Figure 26.
Figure 27.
Figure 28.
Figure 29.
Figure 30.
Figure 31.
Figure 32.
Figure 33.
Figure 34.
Figure 35.
Figure 36.
Figure 37.
Figure 38.
Figure 39.
Figure 40.
Figure 41.
Figure 42.
Figure 43.
Figure 44.
Figure 45.
Figure 46.
Figure 47.
Demonstration board image. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Application schematic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
VDD waveforms IC externally biased (J1 selected) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
VDD waveforms IC self-biased (J1 not selected) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Transformer, pin distances. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Transformer, electrical diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Transformer side view 1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Transformer side view 2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Drain current/voltage at 115 Vac, max. load. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Drain current/voltage at 230 Vac, max. load. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Drain current/voltage at 90 Vac, max. load. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Drain current/voltage at 265 Vac, max. load. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Line regulation, IC externally biased (J1 selected) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Line regulation, IC self-biased (J1 not selected) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Load regulation, IC externally biased (J1 selected) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Load regulation, IC self-biased (J1 not selected). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Output voltage ripple at 115 VAC no load. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Output voltage ripple at 230 VAC no load. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Output voltage ripple at 115 VAC 25 mA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Output voltage ripple at 230 VAC 25 mA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Active mode efficiency of the demonstration board and comparison
with energy efficiency standards (IC externally biased) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
PIN vs. VIN at no load and light load; IC externally biased (J1 selected) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
PIN vs. VIN at no load and light load, IC self-biased (J1 not selected) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Efficiency at PIN = 1 W; IC externally biased (J1 selected) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Efficiency at PIN = 1 W; IC self biased (J1 not selected) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
PIN at POUT = 250 mW; IC externally biased (J1 selected) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
PIN at POUT = 250 mW; IC self biased (J1 not selected) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Soft-start @ startup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Soft-start @ startup (zoom) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
OLP short-circuit applied: OLP tripping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Output short-circuit maintained: OLP steady-state . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Output short-circuit maintained: OLP steady-state (zoom) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Output short-circuit removal and converter restart. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Feedback loop failure protection: tripping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Feedback loop failure protection: steady-state . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Feedback loop failure protection: steady-state, zoom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Feedback loop failure protection: converter restart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Control loop block diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Thermal measurement at VIN = 90 VAC, full load, IC externally biased . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Thermal measurement at VIN = 115 VAC, full load, IC externally biased . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Thermal measurement at VIN = 230 VAC, full load, IC externally biased . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Thermal measurement at VIN = 265 VAC, full load, IC externally biased . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Thermal measurement at VIN = 90 VAC, Iout = 310 mA, IC self biased . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Thermal measurement at VIN = 115 VAC, Iout = 310 mA, IC self biased . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Thermal measurement at VIN = 230 VAC, full load, IC self biased . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Thermal measurement at VIN = 265 VAC, full load, IC self biased . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Average measurements at full load, TAMB=25 ×C, 115 VAC, IC externally biased . . . . . . 29
Doc ID 023660 Rev 1
5/38
List of figures
Figure 48.
Figure 49.
Figure 50.
Figure 51.
Figure 52.
Figure 53.
Figure 54.
6/38
AN4164
Average measurements at full load, TAMB=25 ×C, 230 VAC, IC externally biased . . . . . . . 29
Board layout - complete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Board layout - top layer + top overlay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Board layout - bottom layer + top overlay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Connection of the UUT to the wattmeter for power measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Switch in position 1 - setting for standby measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Switch in position 2 - setting for efficiency measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Doc ID 023660 Rev 1
AN4164
1
Adapter features
Adapter features
The electrical specifications of the demonstration board are listed in Table 1.
Table 1.
Electrical specifications
Parameter
Symbol
Value
VIN
[90 VAC; 265 VAC]
Output voltage
VOUT
12 V
Max. output current
IOUT
0.35 A
Precision of output regulation
ΔVOUT_LF
± 5%
High frequency output voltage ripple
ΔVOUT_HF
50 mV
Max. ambient operating temperature
TAMB(1)
Input voltage range
30 ° C (self biasing)
60 ° C (external biasing)
1. see Section 2: Circuit description
Doc ID 023660 Rev 1
7/38
Circuit description
2
AN4164
Circuit description
The power supply is set in flyback topology. The schematic is given in Figure 2, and the bill
of material in Table 2. The input section includes a resistor R0 for inrush current limiting, a
diode bridge (D0) and a Pi filter for EMC suppression (Cin1, Lin, Cin2). The transformer core
is a standard E13. The output voltage value is set in a simple way through the RfbH-RfbL
voltage divider between the output terminal and the FB pin, according to the following
formula:
Equation 1
⎛
RfbH ⎞
⎟
V OUT = 3 .3V ⋅ ⎜⎜1 +
RfbL ⎟⎠
⎝
In fact, the FB pin is the input of an error amplifier and is an accurate 3.3 V voltage
reference. In the schematic the upper resistor RfbH has been split into RfbH1 and RfbH2;
and the lower resistor RfbL into RfbL1 and RfbL2 in order to allow a better tuning of the
output voltage value. The compensation network is connected between the COMP pin
(which is the output of the error amplifier) and the GND pin, and is made up of Cp, Cc and
Rc.
The resistor RLIM, placed between the LIM and GND pins, has the purpose of reducing the
drain current limitation, from IDLIM to about 250 mA in order to limit the deliverable output
power of the converter and keep safe the power components. At power-up, as the rectified
input voltage rises over the VDRAINSTART threshold, the high voltage current generator starts
charging the VDD capacitor, CVDD, from 0 V up to VDDon. At this point the Power MOSFET
starts switching, the HV current generator is turned off and the IC is biased by the energy
stored in CVDD.
In this demonstration board, if the jumper J1 is not selected, the IC is biased through the
internal high-voltage startup current generator, which is automatically turned on as the VDD
voltage drops down to VDDCSon and switched off as VDD is charged up to VDDon (selfbiasing).
Self-biasing is excluded by keeping the VDD pin voltage always above the VDDCSon threshold.
In this board, since the output voltage is higher than VDDCSon, this is obtained by just
selecting the jumper J1, which connects the output terminal to the VDD pin through a small
signal diode. If the output voltage is lower than VDDCSon, the self-biasing can be excluded
only using an auxiliary winding. The IC biasing through auxiliary winding or through the
output is referred to as external biasing. In Figure 3 the VDD waveforms for both cases (IC
external biased and self-biased) are shown.
The use of self-biasing means higher power dissipation across the IC (which must be
avoided if low standby consumption and/or high efficiency is required) and higher IC
temperature respect to external biasing (at given ambient temperature, the maximum
deliverable output power is lower; or, a lower maximum ambient temperature is required to
deliver the same power throughput).
For this reason, two different maximum TAMB values, in full load condition, are indicated in
Table 1, depending on the selection of weather self biasing or external biasing. These
values are confirmed by the thermal measurements reported in Section 8.
8/38
Doc ID 023660 Rev 1
-
D0
+
Cin1
+
Cin2 +
Lin
Doc ID 023660 Rev 1
CVDD
+
GND
Cf ilt1
VDD
Cf b
RLIM
LIM
VIper06SH
FB
Cp
COMP
DRAIN DRAIN DRAIN DRAIN DRAIN
J1
Cc
Rc
T1
+
Daux
Cout
D2
Cf ilt2
Rf bL2
Rf bL1
Rf bH2
Rf bH1
-
VOUT
Figure 2.
AC IN
R0
3
AC IN
AN4164
Schematic and bill of material
Schematic and bill of material
Application schematic
AM13328v1
9/38
Schematic and bill of material
Table 2.
AN4164
Bill of material
Ref.
Part
Description
Package
Cin1
2.2 µF, 400 V NHG series electrolytic capacitor
Cin2
4. 7 µF, 400 V AX series electrolytic capacitor
Saxon
CVDD
1 µF, 50 V electrolytic capacitor
1206
Cfilt1
100 nF, 50 V ceramic capacitor
0805
Cc
10 nF, 50 V ceramic capacitor
1206
Cp
1 nF, 50 V ceramic capacitor
1206
Cfb
1 nF, 50 V ceramic capacitor
0805
Cout
330 µF, 16 V ZL series ultra-low ESR electrolytic cap.
Cfilt2
MB6S
D2
STPS2H100
Daux
1N4148W
600 V 1 A diode bridge
Rubycon
TO-269AA
Vishay
100 V, 2 A, power schottky rectifier
SMA
ST
Surface mount fast switching diode
SOD-123
Zetex
4.7 Ω 3/4 W resistor
R0
RLIM
15 kΩ 5% 1/4 W resistor
0805
Rc
47 kΩ 5% 1/4 W resistor
0805
RfbH1
33 kΩ 1% 1/4 W resistor
0805
RfbH2
0Ω
1206
RfbL1
12 kΩ 1% 1/4 W resistor
1206
RfbL2
0.47 kΩ 1% 1/4 W resistor
0805
IC1
VIPer06HS
Offline high-voltage PWM controller
T1
1921.0040
Transformer
SSO-10
ST
Magnetica
B82144A2105J 1 mH inductor LBC series
Figure 3.
VDD waveforms IC externally biased Figure 4.
(J1 selected)
AM13329v1
10/38
Murata
Not mounted
D0
Lin
Manufacturer
Doc ID 023660 Rev 1
Epcos
VDD waveforms IC self-biased
(J1 not selected)
AM13330v1
AN4164
4
Transformer
Transformer
The characteristics of the transformer are listed in the table below.
Table 3.
Transformer characteristics
Parameter
Value
Manufacturer
Magnetica
Part number
1921.0040
Primary inductance (pins 3 - 4)
Leakage inductance
Primary to secondary turn ratio (3 - 4)/(5 - 8)
Primary to auxiliary turn ratio (3 - 4)/(2 - 1)
Test conditions
1.2 mH ± 15%
Measured at 1 kHz 0.1 V
2.8%
Measured at 10 kHz 0.1 V
6.11 ± 5%
Measured at 10 kHz 0.1 V
5 ± 5%
Measured at 10 kHz 0.1 V
The following figures show the electrical diagram, size and pin distances (in mm) of the
transformer.
Figure 5.
Transformer, pin distances
Figure 6.
Transformer, electrical diagram
AM13331v1
Figure 7.
Transformer side view 1
AM13332v1
Figure 8.
AM13333v1
Doc ID 023660 Rev 1
Transformer side view 2
AM13334v1
11/38
Testing the board
AN4164
5
Testing the board
5.1
Typical waveforms
Drain voltage and current waveforms in full load condition are shown for the two nominal
input voltages in Figure 9 and 10, and for minimum and maximum input voltage in Figure 11
and 12 respectively.
Figure 9.
Drain current/voltage at 115 Vac,
max. load
Figure 10. Drain current/voltage at 230 Vac,
max. load
AM13335v1
Figure 11. Drain current/voltage at 90 Vac,
max. load
AM13336v1
Figure 12. Drain current/voltage at 265 Vac,
max. load
AM13337v1
12/38
Doc ID 023660 Rev 1
AM13338v1
AN4164
Testing the board
5.2
Line/load regulation and output voltage ripple
The output voltage of the board has been measured in different line and load conditions.
The results are shown in Table 4. The output voltage is practically not affected by the line
condition and by the IC biasing (self-biasing or external biasing).
Table 4.
Output voltage line-load regulation
VOUT[V]
No load
VIN [VAC]
50% load
75% load
100% load
IC externally
biased
IC self
biased
IC externally
biased
IC self
biased
IC externally
biased
IC self
biased
IC externally
biased
IC self
biased
90
12.04
12.05
12.00
11.98
12.00
11.98
11.99
11.97
115
12.05
12.05
12.00
11.99
12.00
11.98
11.99
11.97
150
12.05
12.05
12.00
11.98
12.00
11.98
11.99
11.97
180
12.05
12.04
12.00
11.98
12.00
11.98
11.99
11.97
230
12.05
12.04
12.00
11.98
12.00
11.98
11.99
11.97
265
12.05
12.04
12.00
11.98
12.00
11.98
11.99
11.97
Figure 14. Line regulation, IC self-biased
(J1 not selected)
12.2
12.2
12.1
12.1
12
12
VOUT [V]
VOUT [V]
Figure 13. Line regulation, IC externally
biased (J1 selected)
0
11.9
25%
0
11.9
25%
50%
11.8
50%
11.8
75%
75%
100%
100%
11.7
11.7
80
105
130
155
180
205
230
VIN[V AC ]
80
255
Figure 15. Load regulation, IC externally
biased (J1 selected)
130
180
205
230
12.2
12.1
12.1
12
90
12
90
11.9
115
115
230
11.8
255
AM11689v1
Figure 16. Load regulation, IC self-biased
(J1 not selected)
12.2
11.9
155
VIN [V AC ]
VOUT [V]
VOUT [V]
105
AM11688v1
11.8
230
265
265
11.7
11.7
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2 0.25
IOUT [A]
0.3
0.35
0.4
0
AM11690v1
Doc ID 023660 Rev 1
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2 0.25
IOUT [A]
0.3
0.35
0.4
AM11691v1
13/38
Testing the board
5.3
AN4164
Burst mode and output voltage ripple
When the converter is lightly loaded, the COMP pin voltage decreases. As it reaches the
shutdown threshold, VCOMPL (1.1 V, typical), the switching is disabled and the energy is
not transferred to the secondary side anymore. At this point, the feedback reaction to the
stop of the energy delivery makes the COMP pin voltage increase again. As it rises 40 mV
above the VCOMPL threshold, the normal switching operation is resumed. This results in a
controlled on/off operation which is referred to as “burst mode”. This mode of operation
keeps the frequency-related losses low when the load is very light or disconnected, making
it easier to comply with energy saving regulations.
The figures below show the output voltage ripple when the converter is no/lightly loaded and
supplied with 115 VAC and with 230 VAC respectively.
Figure 17. Output voltage ripple at 115 VAC
no load
Figure 18. Output voltage ripple at 230 VAC
no load
AM11692v1
Figure 19. Output voltage ripple at 115 VAC
25 mA
AM11693v1
Figure 20. Output voltage ripple at 230 VAC
25 mA
AM11694v1
14/38
Doc ID 023660 Rev 1
AM11695v1
AN4164
Testing the board
Table 5 shows the measured value of the burst mode frequency ripple measured in different
operating conditions. The ripple in burst mode operation is very low.
Table 5.
Output voltage ripple at no/light load
VOUT [mV]
VIN [VAC]
25 mA load
90
2
7
115
2
7
230
4
8
265
4
9
Efficiency
The active mode efficiency is defined as the average of the efficiencies measured at 25%,
50%, 75% and 100% of maximum load, at nominal input voltage (VIN = 115 VAC and VIN =
230 VAC).
External power supplies (the power supplies are contained in a separate housing from the
end-use devices they are powering) need to comply with the Code of Conduct (version 4.0)
“active mode efficiency” criterion, which states an active mode efficiency higher than
71.18% for a power throughput of 4.2 W.
Another standard to be applied to external power supplies in the coming years is the DOE
(Department of energy) recommendation, whose active mode efficiency requirement for the
same power throughput is 76.6%.
If the IC is externally biased, the presented demonstration board is compliant with both
standards, as can be seen from Figure 21, where the average efficiencies of the board at
115 VAC (81.6%) and at 230 VAC (77.2%) are plotted with dotted lines, together with the
above limits. In the same figure the efficiency at 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% of output load
for both input voltages is also shown.
Figure 21. Active mode efficiency of the demonstration board and comparison with
energy efficiency standards (IC externally biased)
85
83
81
79
eff [%]
5.4
No load
77
DOE limit
75
73
71
CoC4 limit
69
115
230
av @ 115 Vac
av @ 230 Vac
67
65
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
Iout [% I OUT ]
Doc ID 023660 Rev 1
1
AM13342v1
15/38
Testing the board
5.5
AN4164
Light load performance
The input power of the converter has been measured in no load condition for different input
voltages and the results are reported in Table 6.
Table 6.
No load input power
PIN [mW]
VIN [VAC]
IC externally biased
IC self-biased
90
17.6
108
115
18.9
138
150
20.9
179
180
23.1
214
230
26.9
275
265
30.2
317
In version 4 of the Code of Conduct, also the power consumption of the power supply when
it is no loaded is considered. The criteria to be compliant with are reported in the table
below:
Table 7.
Energy consumption criteria for no load
Nameplate output power (Pno)
Maximum power in no load for AC-DC EPS
0 W ≤ Pno ≤ 50 W
< 0.3 W
50 W < Pno < 250 W
< 0.5 W
The performance of the presented board (when the self-biasing function is not used) is
much better than required; the power consumption is more than ten times lower than the
limit fixed by version 4 of the Code of Conduct. Even though the performance seems to be
disproportionally better than requirements, it is worth noting that often AC-DC adapter or
battery charger manufacturers have very strict requirements about no load consumption and
if the converter is used as an auxiliary power supply, the line filter is often the big line filter of
the entire power supply that increases greatly the standby consumption.
Even though version 4 of the Code of Conduct does not have other requirements regarding
light load performance, in order to give a more complete overview we report the input power
and efficiency of the demonstration board also in two other light load cases. Table 8 and
Table 9 show the performance when the output load is 25 mW and 50 mW respectively.
16/38
Doc ID 023660 Rev 1
AN4164
Testing the board
Table 8.
Light load performance POUT=25 mW
PIN [mW]
VIN [VAC]
POUT [mW]
Efficiency (%)
IC externally
biased
IC self-biased
IC externally
biased
IC self-biased
90
25
49.7
128
50.30
19.6
115
25
51.5
157
48.54
15.9
150
25
54.7
200
45.70
12.5
180
25
57.3
236
43.63
10.6
230
25
61.7
296
40.52
8.4
265
25
64.8
337
38.58
7.4
Table 9.
Light load performance POUT=50 mW
PIN [mW]
VIN [VAC]
POUT [mW]
Efficiency (%)
IC externally
biased
IC self-biased
IC externally
biased
IC self-biased
90
50
82.4
167
60.71
29.94
115
50
85.0
198
58.82
25.25
150
50
89.3
242
55.99
20.66
180
50
93.0
280
53.76
17.86
230
50
98.0
341
51.02
14.66
265
50
101.1
384
49.46
13.02
The input power vs. input voltage for no load and light load condition (Table 6, 8 and 9) is
shown in the figures below.
Figure 22. PIN vs. VIN at no load and light
load; IC externally biased
(J1 selected)
200
Figure 23. PIN vs. VIN at no load and light load,
IC self-biased (J1 not selected)
400
0
25mW
150
PIN [mW]
50mW
350
300
PIN [mW]
250
100
200
150
50
0
100
25mW
50
0
50mW
0
80
105
130
155
180
VIN [V AC ]
205
230
255
80
AM11543v1
Doc ID 023660 Rev 1
105
130
155
180
VIN [V AC ]
205
230
255
AM11544v1
17/38
Testing the board
AN4164
Depending on the equipment supplied, it’s possible to have several criteria to measure the
standby or light load performance of a converter. One criterion is the measurement of the
output power when the input power is equal to one watt. In Table 10 the output power
needed to have 1 W of input power in a different line conditions is given. Figure 24 and 25
show the diagram of the output powers corresponding to PIN = 1 W for different values of the
input voltage.
Table 10.
POUT @ PIN=1 W
POUT [W]
VIN [VAC]
PIN [W]
Efficiency (%)
IC externally
biased
IC self-biased
IC externally
biased
IC self-biased
90
1
0.78
0.64
78
64
115
1
0.77
0.60
77
60
150
1
0.73
0.55
73
55
180
1
0.70
0.49
70
49
230
1
0.68
0.43
68
43
265
1
0.65
0.40
65
40
Figure 24. Efficiency at PIN = 1 W; IC externally Figure 25. Efficiency at PIN = 1 W; IC
biased (J1 selected)
self biased (J1 not selected)
80
80
75
75
70
70
65
eff [%]
eff [%]
65
60
55
60
55
50
50
45
45
40
35
40
80
110
140
170
VIN [V AC ]
200
230
260
80
AM11545v1
110
140
170
200
VIN [VAC]
230
260
AM11546v1
Another requirement (EuP lot 6) is that the input power should be less than 500 mW when
the converter is loaded with 250 mW. The performances are shown in Figure 26 for external
biasing and in Figure 27 for self biasing. In the former case the converter can satisfy even
this requirement.
18/38
Doc ID 023660 Rev 1
AN4164
Testing the board
Figure 26. PIN at POUT = 250 mW; IC externally Figure 27. PIN at POUT = 250 mW;
biased (J1 selected)
IC self biased (J1 not selected)
0.8
0.5
0.75
0.7
0.45
0.6
0.4
PIN [W]
PIN [W]
0.65
0.35
0.55
0.5
0.45
0.4
0.3
0.35
0.25
0.25
0.3
80
110
140
170
VIN [V AC ]
200
230
260
80
AM13108v1
Doc ID 023660 Rev 1
110
140
170
200
VIN [V AC ]
230
260
AM13109v1
19/38
Functional check
6
Functional check
6.1
Soft-start
AN4164
At startup, the current limitation value reaches IDLIM after an internally fixed time, tSS,
whose typical value is 8.5 msec. This time is divided into 16 time intervals, each
corresponding to a current limitation step progressively increasing. In this way the drain
current is limited during the output voltage increase, therefore reducing the stress on the
secondary diode.
The soft-start phase is shown in Figure 28 and 29.
Figure 28. Soft-start @ startup
Figure 29. Soft-start @ startup (zoom)
AM13094v1
6.2
AM13095v1
Overload protection
In the case of overload or short-circuit (see Figure 30), the drain current reaches the IDLIM
value (or the one set by the user through the RLIM resistor). In every cycle where this
condition is met, a counter is incremented; if it is maintained continuously for the time tOVL
(50 msec typical, internally fixed), the overload protection is tripped, the power section is
turned off and the converter is disabled for a tRESTART time (1 second typ.). After this time
has elapsed, the IC resumes switching and, if the short is still present, the protection occurs
indefinitely in the same way (Figure 31). This ensures restart attempts of the converter with
low repetition rate, so that it works safely with extremely low power throughput and avoids
the IC overheating in the case of repeated overload events.
Furthermore, every time the protection is tripped, the internal soft-startup function is invoked
(Figure 32), in order to reduce the stress on the secondary diode.
After the short removal, the IC resumes normal working. If the short is removed during tSS or
tOVL, i.e. before the protection tripping, the counter is decremented on a cycle-by-cycle basis
down to zero and the protection is not tripped.
If the short-circuit is removed during tRESTART, the IC must wait for the tRESTART period to
elapse before switching is resumed (Figure 33).
20/38
Doc ID 023660 Rev 1
AN4164
Functional check
Figure 30. OLP short-circuit applied: OLP
tripping
Figure 31. Output short-circuit maintained:
OLP steady-state
Output is shorted here
Normal
operation
tRESTART
AM13096v1
Figure 32. Output short-circuit maintained:
OLP steady-state (zoom)
tSS
AM13097v1
Figure 33. Output short-circuit removal and
converter restart
tOVL
tRESTART
Normal
operation
tRESTART
Output short is
removed here
AM13098v1
6.3
AM13099v1
Feedback loop failure protection
This protection is available any time the IC is not self-biased. As the loop is broken (RfbL
shorted or RfbH open), the output voltage VOUT increases and the VIPER06 runs at its
maximum current limitation. The VDD pin voltage increases as well, because it is linked to
the VOUT voltage either directly or through the auxiliary winding, depending on the cases.
If the VDD voltage reaches the VDDclamp threshold (23.5 V min.) in less than 50 msec, the IC
is shut down by open loop failure protection (see Figure 34 and 35), otherwise by OLP, as
described in the previous section. The breaking of the loop has been simulated by shorting
the low-side resistor of the output voltage divider, RfbL = RfbL1+RfbL2. The same behavior
can be induced opening the high-side resistor, RfbH = RfbH1+RfbH2.
Doc ID 023660 Rev 1
21/38
Functional check
AN4164
The protection acts in auto-restart mode with tRESTART = 1sec (Figure 35). As the fault is
removed, normal operation is restored after the last tRESTART interval has been completed
(Figure 37).
Figure 34. Feedback loop failure protection:
tripping
Figure 35. Feedback loop failure protection:
steady-state
Fault is applied here
tRESTART
VDD reaches VDDCLAMP
Normal
operation
< tOVL
Normal
operation
Output short is
removed here
tRESTART
AM13204v1
AM13203v1
Figure 36. Feedback loop failure protection:
steady-state, zoom
Figure 37. Feedback loop failure protection:
converter restart
Fault is removed here
tRESTART
< tOVL
AM13205v1
22/38
Doc ID 023660 Rev 1
Normal
operation
AM13206v1
AN4164
Feedback loop calculation guidelines
7
Feedback loop calculation guidelines
7.1
Transfer function
The set PWM modulator + power stage is indicated with G1(f), while C(f) is the “controller”,
i.e. the network which is in charge to ensure the stability of the system.
Figure 38. Control loop block diagram
AM11582v1
The mathematical expression of the power plant G1(f) is the following:
Equation 2
ΔVOUT
G1 (f) =
=
ΔI pk
j ⋅ 2 ⋅π ⋅ f
j⋅ f
)
VOUT ⋅ (1 +
)
z
fz
=
j ⋅2 ⋅π ⋅ f
j⋅ f
) Ipkp( fsw, Vdc) ⋅ (1 +
)
Ipkp( fsw, Vdc ) ⋅ (1 +
p
fp
VOUT ⋅ (1 +
where VOUT is the output voltage, Ipkp is the primary peak current, fp is the frequency of the
pole due to the output load and fz the frequency of the zero due to the ESR of the output
capacitor:
Equation 3
fp =
1
π ⋅ C OUT ·(R OUT + 2ESR)
Equation 4
fz =
1
2 ⋅ π ⋅ C OUT ·ESR
Doc ID 023660 Rev 1
23/38
Feedback loop calculation guidelines
AN4164
The mathematical expression of the compensator C(f) is:
Equation 5
C( f ) =
ΔI pk
ΔVOUT
C0
=
⋅
HCOMP
f⋅j
fZc
⎛
f ⋅ j⎞
2 ⋅ π ⋅ f ⋅ j ⋅ ⎜⎜1 +
⎟
fPc ⎟⎠
⎝
1+
where:
Equation 6
Co = −
Gm
RfbL
⋅
Cc + Cp RfbL + RfbH
Equation 7
fZc =
1
2 ⋅ π ⋅ Rc ⋅ Cc
Equation 8
fPc =
Cc + Cp
2 ⋅ π ⋅ Rc ⋅ Cc ⋅ Cp
are chosen in order to censure the stability of the overall system. Gm = 2 mA/V (typical) is
the VIPER06 transconductance.
7.2
Compensation procedure
The first step is to choose the pole and zero of the compensator and the crossing frequency,
for instance:
–
fZc = fp/2
–
fPc = fz
–
fcross = fcross_sel ≤fsw/10
G1(fcross_sel) can be calculated from equation (2) and, since by definition it is
| C(fcross_sel)*G1(fcross_sel)| = 1, C0, can be calculated as follows:
Equation 9
2 ⋅ π ⋅ fcross _ sel ⋅ j ⋅ 1 +
C0 =
1+
24/38
fcross _ sel ⋅ j
fPc
fcross _ sel ⋅ j
fZc
Doc ID 023660 Rev 1
⋅
HCOMP
G1( fcross _ sel )
AN4164
Feedback loop calculation guidelines
At this point the bode diagram of G1(f)*C(f) can be plotted, in order to check the phase
margin for the stability. If the margin is not high enough, another choice for fZc, fPc and
fcross_sel should be made, and the procedure repeated. When the stability is ensured, the
next step is to find the values of the schematic components, which can be calculated, using
the above formulas, as follows:
Equation 10
RfbL =
RfbH
Vout
−1
3. 3V
Equation 11
Cp =
fZc Gm
RfbL
⋅
⋅
fPc C 0 RfbL+ RfbH
Equation 12
⎛ fPc ⎞
Cc = Cp ⋅ ⎜⎜
− 1⎟⎟
⎝ fZc ⎠
Equation 13
Rc =
Cc + Cp
2 ⋅ π ⋅ fPc ⋅ Cc ⋅ Cp
Doc ID 023660 Rev 1
25/38
Thermal measurements
8
AN4164
Thermal measurements
A thermal analysis of the demonstration board in full load condition at TAMB = 25 °C, both
with and without the self-biasing function, has been performed using an IR camera.
The results are shown in the following figures. When the self-biasing function is used the
VIPER06 temperature is higher, due to the power dissipated by the HVstartup generator.
Figure 39. Thermal measurement at VIN = 90 VAC, full load, IC externally biased
AM13343v1
Figure 40. Thermal measurement at VIN = 115 VAC, full load, IC externally biased
AM13344v1
26/38
Doc ID 023660 Rev 1
AN4164
Thermal measurements
Figure 41. Thermal measurement at VIN = 230 VAC, full load, IC externally biased
AM13345v1
Figure 42. Thermal measurement at VIN = 265 VAC, full load, IC externally biased
AM13346v1
Figure 43. Thermal measurement at VIN = 90 VAC, Iout = 310 mA, IC self biased
AM13347v1
Doc ID 023660 Rev 1
27/38
Thermal measurements
AN4164
Figure 44. Thermal measurement at VIN = 115 VAC, Iout = 310 mA, IC self biased
AM13348v1
Figure 45. Thermal measurement at VIN = 230 VAC, full load, IC self biased
AM13349v1
Figure 46. Thermal measurement at VIN = 265 VAC, full load, IC self biased
AM13350v1
28/38
Doc ID 023660 Rev 1
AN4164
9
EMI measurements
EMI measurements
A pre-compliance test to the EN55022 (class B) european normative has been performed
using an EMC analyzer and an LISN. Average measurements are reported in the following
figures.
Figure 47. Average measurements at full load, TAMB=25 ° C, 115 VAC, IC externally
biased
AM13351v1
Figure 48. Average measurements at full load, TAMB=25 ° C, 230 VAC, IC externally
biased
AM13352v1
Doc ID 023660 Rev 1
29/38
Board layout
10
AN4164
Board layout
Figure 49. Board layout - complete
AM13339v1
Figure 50. Board layout - top layer + top overlay
AM13340v1
30/38
Doc ID 023660 Rev 1
AN4164
Board layout
Figure 51. Board layout - bottom layer + top overlay
AM13341v1
Doc ID 023660 Rev 1
31/38
Conclusions
11
AN4164
Conclusions
The VIPER06 allows a non-isolated converter to be designed in a simple way and with few
external components. In this document a flyback has been described and characterized.
Special attention has been given to light load performance. The efficiency performance has
been compared to the requirements of the Code of Conduct (version 4) for an external ACDC adapter with very good results, the measured active mode efficiency is always higher
with respect to the minimum required.
32/38
Doc ID 023660 Rev 1
AN4164
Test equipment and measurement of efficiency and light load performance
Appendix A
Test equipment and measurement of
efficiency and light load performance
The converter input power has been measured using a wattmeter. The wattmeter measures
simultaneously the converter input current (using its internal ammeter) and voltage (using its
internal voltmeter). The wattmeter is a digital instrument so it samples the current and
voltage and converts them to digital form. The digital samples are then multiplied giving the
instantaneous measured power. The sampling frequency is in the range of 20 kHz (or higher
depending on the instrument used). The display provides the average measured power,
averaging the instantaneous measured power in a short period of time (1 second typ.).
Figure 52 shows how the wattmeter is connected to the UUT (unit under test) and to the AC
source and the wattmeter internal block diagram.
Figure 52. Connection of the UUT to the wattmeter for power measurements
Switch
1
WATT METER
2
U.U.T
(Unit Under test)
Voltmeter
AC
SOURCE
+
V
Multiplier
A
X
Ammeter
INPUT
OUTPUT
AVG
DISPLAY
AM13105v1
An electronic load has been connected to the output of the power converter (UUT), allowing
to set and measure the converter's load current, while the output voltage has been
measured by a voltmeter. The output power is the product between load current and output
voltage. The ratio between the output power, calculated as previously stated, and the input
power, measured by the wattmeter, is the converter's efficiency, which has been measured
in different input/output conditions.
A.1
Measuring input power
With reference to Figure 52, the UUT input current causes a voltage drop across the
ammeter's internal shunt resistance (the ammeter is not ideal as it has an internal
resistance higher than zero) and across the cables connecting the wattmeter to the UUT.
If the switch of Figure 52 is in position 1 (see also the simplified scheme of Figure 53), this
voltage drop causes an input measured voltage higher than the input voltage at the UUT
input that, of course, affects the measured power. The voltage drop is generally negligible if
the UUT input current is low (for example when measuring the input power of UUT in light
load condition).
Doc ID 023660 Rev 1
33/38
Test equipment and measurement of efficiency and light load performance
AN4164
Figure 53. Switch in position 1 - setting for standby measurements
Wattmeter
Ammeter
AC
SOURCE
~
A
+
U.U.T.
AC
INPUT
V
-
UUT
Voltmeter
AM13106v1
In the case of high UUT input current (i.e. for measurements in heavy-load conditions), the
voltage drop can be relevant compared to the UUT real input voltage. If this is the case, the
switch in Figure 52 can be changed to position 2 (see simplified scheme of Figure 54) where
the UUT input voltage is measured directly at the UUT input terminal and the input current
does not affect the measured input voltage.
Figure 54. Switch in position 2 - setting for efficiency measurements
Wattmeter
Ammeter
A
AC
SOURCE
+
~
V
-
U.U.T.
AC
INPUT
UUT
Voltmeter
AM13107v1
On the other hand, the position of Figure 54 may introduce a relevant error during light load
measurements, when the UUT input current is low and the leakage current inside the
voltmeter itself (which is not an ideal instrument and doesn't have infinite input resistance) is
not negligible. This is the reason why it is recommended to use the setting of Figure 53 for
light load measurements and Figure 54 for heavy load measurements.
If it is not clear which measurement scheme has the lesser effect on the result, try with both
and register the lower input power value.
As noted in IEC 62301, instantaneous measurements are appropriate when power readings
are stable. The UUT is operated at 100% of nameplate output current for at least 30 minutes
(warm-up period) immediately prior to conducting efficiency measurements. After this warmup period, the AC input power is monitored for a period of 5 minutes to assess the stability of
the UUT. If the power level does not drift by more than 5% from the maximum value
34/38
Doc ID 023660 Rev 1
AN4164
Test equipment and measurement of efficiency and light load performance
observed, the UUT can be considered stable and the measurements can be recorded at the
end of the 5-minute period. If AC input power is not stable over a 5-minute period, the
average power or accumulated energy is measured over time for both AC input and DC
output.
Some wattmeter models allow the measured input power to be integrated in a time range
and then the energy absorbed by the UUT to be measured during the integration time. The
average input power is calculated by dividing it by the integration time itself.
Doc ID 023660 Rev 1
35/38
References
12
36/38
AN4164
References
1.
Code of conduct on energy efficiency of external power supplies, version 4
2.
VIPER06 datasheet
Doc ID 023660 Rev 1
AN4164
13
Revision history
Revision history
Table 11.
Document revision history
Date
Revision
08-Feb-2013
1
Changes
Initial release.
Doc ID 023660 Rev 1
37/38
AN4164
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