dm00272641

AN4836
Application note
STEVAL-ISA174V1: VIPer0P 7 W double output non-isolated
flyback
Introduction
The STEVAL-ISA174V1 is a 7 W double output power supply (-5 V/+7 V) set in a non-isolated flyback
topology using VIPer0P, STMicroelectronics latest innovative IC for building smart power supplies with
energy green management.
The evaluation board has the following characteristics:







Zero-power input consumption ratified as per IEC62301 Clause 4.5 (PIN_ZPM < 5 mW @ 230 VAC)
Five-star energy efficiency when operating under no load (PIN_no_load < 10 mW @ 230 VAC)
Compliant with the ErP Lot 6 Tier 2 requirements for household and office equipment in off mode
Compliant with the 10% load efficiency and 4-point average active-mode efficiency targets
prescribed by the European CoC ver. 5 Tier 2
Meets European regulation 1275/2008 regarding eco-design requirements for standby and offmode electric power consumption for household and office equipment
Meets IEC55022 Class B conducted EMI even with reduced EMI filter, thanks to the frequency
jittering feature
RoHS compliant
These targets are achieved because of the following features of the VIPer0P:





800 V avalanche rugged Power MOSFET
Embedded HV start-up
Zero-Power Mode function
Pulse frequency modulation (PFM) and ultra-low standby consumption of the internal circuitry
under light load conditions
60 kHz fixed switching frequency with jittering
Other VIPer0P features facilitating system design with minimum component counts are:



On-board trans-conductance error amplifier internally referenced to 1.2 V ± 2% with separate
ground to easily set a negative output
Self-biasing option to avoid auxiliary winding and bias components
Current mode PWM controller with drain current limit protection for easy compensation
Enhanced system reliability is ensured by the built-in soft start function and by the following set of
protections:





Pulse skip mode to avoid flux-runaway
delayed overload protection (OLP)
max. duty cycle counter
VCC clamp
thermal shutdown
All protections are auto restart mode, except for pulse-skip mode.
April 2016
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www.st.com
Contents
AN4836
Contents
1
Adapter features ............................................................................. 7
2
Circuit description .......................................................................... 8
3
Schematic and bill of materials ..................................................... 9
3.1
Schematic diagram .......................................................................... 9
3.2
Bill of material................................................................................. 10
4
Transformer .................................................................................. 12
5
Testing the board ......................................................................... 14
6
7
5.1
Efficiency ........................................................................................ 14
5.2
Light load performances ................................................................. 15
5.3
Typical waveforms ......................................................................... 16
ICs features ................................................................................... 18
6.1
Soft start ......................................................................................... 18
6.2
Overload protection ........................................................................ 18
6.3
Pulse skip mode ............................................................................. 19
6.4
VCC clamp protection .................................................................... 21
6.5
Max duty cycle counter protection .................................................. 22
6.6
Overtemperature protection ........................................................... 23
6.7
Zero power mode ........................................................................... 24
Feedback loop calculation guidelines ........................................ 27
7.1
Transfer function ............................................................................ 27
7.2
Compensation procedure ............................................................... 28
8
Thermal measurements ............................................................... 31
9
EMI measurements ....................................................................... 33
10
Immunity tests .............................................................................. 34
10.1
SURGE immunity test (IEC 61000-4-5).......................................... 34
10.2
ESD immunity test (IEC 61000-4-2) ............................................... 36
10.3
Burst immunity test (IEC 61000-4-4) .............................................. 37
10.4
Summary and conclusion ............................................................... 37
11
Board layout ................................................................................. 40
12
Conclusion .................................................................................... 41
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Contents
13 Appendix A: Test equipment and measurement of efficiency
and low load performance .................................................................... 42
14
References .................................................................................... 45
15
Revision history ........................................................................... 46
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List of tables
AN4836
List of tables
Table 1: STEVAL-ISA174V1 electrical specification .................................................................................. 7
Table 2: Bill of material ............................................................................................................................. 10
Table 3: Transformer characteristics ........................................................................................................ 12
Table 4: Transformer characteristics ........................................................................................................ 14
Table 5: CoC5 requirement and performance at 10% output load ........................................................... 15
Table 6: CoC5 Energy consumption criteria for no load & evaluation board performances .................... 15
Table 7: Light load performance ............................................................................................................... 15
Table 8: Efficiency @ PIN = 1 W................................................................................................................ 16
Table 9: Classification of the tests ............................................................................................................ 34
Table 10: Common mode surge test results ............................................................................................. 36
Table 11: Differential mode surge test results .......................................................................................... 36
Table 12: ESD contact discharge test results ........................................................................................... 36
Table 13: ESD air discharge test results .................................................................................................. 36
Table 14: Burst test results ....................................................................................................................... 37
Table 15: EMC summary .......................................................................................................................... 39
Table 16: Document revision history ........................................................................................................ 46
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AN4836
List of figures
List of figures
Figure 1: STEVAL-ISA174V1 top view ....................................................................................................... 7
Figure 2: STEVAL-ISA174V1 bottom view ................................................................................................. 7
Figure 3: STEVAL-ISA174V1 schematic diagram ...................................................................................... 9
Figure 4: VCC waveforms external biasing (diode D3 connected)............................................................. 11
Figure 5: VCC waveforms self-biasing (diode D3 not connected) ............................................................. 11
Figure 6: Transformer: electric and pins diagram (a) ............................................................................... 12
Figure 7: Transformer: electric and pins diagram (b) ............................................................................... 12
Figure 8: Transformer size (bottom view) ................................................................................................. 13
Figure 9: Transformer size (top view) ....................................................................................................... 13
Figure 10: Output load connection of STEVAL-ISA174V1 for board performances evaluation ............... 14
Figure 11: Drain current/voltage @ 115VAC, max load ............................................................................. 16
Figure 12: Drain current/voltage @ 230VAC, max load ............................................................................. 16
Figure 13: Drain current/voltage @ 90VAC, max load ............................................................................... 17
Figure 14: Drain current/voltage @ 265VAC, max load ............................................................................. 17
Figure 15: Soft start .................................................................................................................................. 18
Figure 16: OLP: fault applied during steady state operation; tOVL............................................................. 19
Figure 17: OLP: fault applied during steady state operation; tRESTART ...................................................... 19
Figure 18: OLP: fault maintained; tSS and tOVL .......................................................................................... 19
Figure 19: OLP: fault removed and autorestart ........................................................................................ 19
Figure 20: VIN = 265VAC, D4 and D5 shorted, steady-state ...................................................................... 20
Figure 21: VIN = 265VAC, D4 and D5 shorted, steady-state ...................................................................... 20
Figure 22: VIN = 265VAC, D4 and D5 shorted, zoom ................................................................................. 21
Figure 23: VIN = 265VAC, D4 and D5 shorted, steady-state ...................................................................... 21
Figure 24: VCC clamp protection: tripping.................................................................................................. 22
Figure 25: VCC clamp protection: tripping, autorestart and resume operation after fault removal ............ 22
Figure 26: Shut down by max. duty cycle counter (first tripping and restart) ........................................... 23
Figure 27: Shut down by max. duty cycle counter (steady state) ............................................................. 23
Figure 28: Shut down by max. duty cycle counter (zoom of Figure 27) ................................................... 23
Figure 29: First of the 10 consecutive switching cycles at max. duty cycle (zoom of Figure 28) ............. 23
Figure 30: OTP tripping and steady-state ................................................................................................. 24
Figure 31: Turn on for thermal check during OTP .................................................................................... 24
Figure 32: Entering ZPM ........................................................................................................................... 25
Figure 33: entering ZPM (zoom) ............................................................................................................... 25
Figure 34: Exiting ZPM ............................................................................................................................. 25
Figure 35: Exiting ZPM (zoom) ................................................................................................................. 25
Figure 36: Exiting ZPM: tDEB_ON and pulse skip mode ............................................................................... 26
Figure 37: Exiting ZPM: pulse skip mode ................................................................................................. 26
Figure 38: Control loop block diagram ...................................................................................................... 27
Figure 39: Thermal camera @ VIN = 90VAC, max load, TAMB = 25 °C, VIPer0P side ................................ 31
Figure 40: Thermal camera @ VIN = 90VAC, max load, TAMB = 25 °C, transformer side ........................... 31
Figure 41: Thermal camera @ VIN = 115VAC, max load, TAMB = 25 °C, VIPer0P side .............................. 31
Figure 42: Thermal camera @ VIN = 115VAC, max load, TAMB = 25 °C, transformer side ......................... 31
Figure 43: Thermal camera @ VIN = 230VAC, max load, TAMB = 25 °C, VIPer0P side .............................. 32
Figure 44: Thermal camera @ VIN = 230VAC, max load, TAMB = 25 °C, transformer side ......................... 32
Figure 45: Thermal camera @ VIN = 265VAC, max load, TAMB = 25 °C, VIPer0P side .............................. 32
Figure 46: Thermal camera @ VIN = 265VAC, max load, TAMB = 25 °C, transformer side ......................... 32
Figure 47: Average measurements @ 115 VAC, full load, TAMB = 25 °C ................................................... 33
Figure 48: Average measurements @ 230 VAC, full load, TAMB = 25 °C ................................................... 33
Figure 49: STEVAL-ISA174V1 surge-improved schematic ...................................................................... 35
Figure 50: STEVAL-ISA174V1 filtering to pass EMC tests ...................................................................... 38
Figure 51: Board layout - complete........................................................................................................... 40
Figure 52: Board layout - top layer + top overlay...................................................................................... 40
Figure 53: Board layout - bottom layer + top overlay ............................................................................... 40
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List of figures
AN4836
Figure 54: Connections of the UUT to the wattmeter for power measurements ...................................... 43
Figure 55: Switch in position 1 - setting for standby measurements ........................................................ 43
Figure 56: Switch in position 2 - setting for efficiency measurements ...................................................... 44
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1
Adapter features
Adapter features
The electrical specifications of the evaluation board are listed in the following table.
Table 1: STEVAL-ISA174V1 electrical specification
Parameter
Symbol
Value
Input voltage range
VIN
[85VAC; 265VAC]
Output voltage 1
VOUT1
-5 V
Max output current 1
IOUT1
0.84 A
Output voltage 2
VOUT2
+7 V
Max output current 2
IOUT2
0.4 A
Total output power (POUT1+POUT2)
POUT_tot
7W
Precision of output 1 regulation
ΔVOUT1_LF
± 5%
High frequency output 1 voltage ripple
ΔVOUT1_HF
50 mV
Max ambient operating temperature
TAMB
60 °C
Switching frequency
FOSC
60 kHz
Figure 1: STEVAL-ISA174V1 top view
Figure 2: STEVAL-ISA174V1 bottom view
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Circuit description
2
AN4836
Circuit description
The power supply is set in non-isolated flyback topology, schematic is given in Figure 3:
"STEVAL-ISA174V1 schematic diagram", bill of materials in Table 2: "Bill of material" . The
input section includes a resistor R1 for inrush current limiting, a diode D1 and a Pi filter for
EMC suppression. The FB pin is the inverting input of an error amplifier and is an accurate
1.2 V voltage reference respect to EAGND. This pin is a separate ground which can float
down to -12.5 V with respect to the ground of the device (SGND). This allows the negative
output voltage VOUT1 to be set and tightly regulated by simply connecting EAGND to the
negative rail and a voltage divider between FB, EAGND and SGND, according to the
following formula (with reference to the schematic in Figure 3: "STEVAL-ISA174V1
schematic diagram"):
Equation 1
The secondary output VOUT2 is semi-regulated to +7 V by magnetic coupling through the
turn ratio of the two output windings. The C-R-C network from COMP (the output of the
error amplifier) to SGND pin provides frequency compensation to the feedback loop that
regulates the voltage of the main output. PGND, the ground reference of the power section,
is connected to SGND with the shortest track and with the lowest impedance, in order to
avoid mismatches between the ground references of the signal part and the power part of
the IC. At power-up, as VDRAIN exceeds VHVSTART, the internal HV current generator charges
the VCC capacitor, C5, to VCCon, the Power MOSFET starts switching, the current generator
is turned off and the IC is powered by the energy stored in C5.
Generally speaking, the VIPer0P can be self-biased or externally biased. If VCC can fall
down to VCSon, the IC biasing is referred to as "self-biasing"; as soon as this happens, the
HV source is activated until VCC is recharged to VCCon; this results in a sawtooth VCC shape
between VCSon and VCCon (see Figure 5: "VCC waveforms self-biasing (diode D3 not
connected)"). The use of self-biasing allows ommitting the transformer auxiliary winding
and auxiliary rectifier (only a capacitor across VCC and SGND is needed), at the expense of
higher power dissipation and worse standby performance. If VCC is prevented from falling
down to VCSon, the IC biasing is referred to as "external biasing". Since the maximum value
of VCSon (from the VIPer0P datasheet) is 4.5 V, this is easily obtained by simply connecting
the small signal diode D3 from the +7 V output, VOUT2, to VCC (see Figure 4: "VCC
waveforms external biasing (diode D3 connected)") . The HV current source is never
activated and, thanks to the low consumption of the internal blocks of the VIPer0P and to
an adequate design, very low input power consumption in no load condition is reached
(less than 10 mW @ 230VAC).
Another key feature of the IC is Zero-Power-Mode: an idle state during which the device is
totally shut down and the residual consumption from the mains @ 230 V AC is kept below 5
mW. The IC enters ZPM by forcing OFF to SGND for more than 10 ms, and exits ZPM
(resuming normal switching) forcing ON to SGND for more than 20 µs. This function can be
tested by pressing the tactile switches connected across ON and OFF vs SGND.
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AN4836
Schematic and bill of materials
3
Schematic and bill of materials
3.1
Schematic diagram
- 5 V - 800 mA
C12
GND
1
2
3
ZERO POWER
D2
C17
C7
COMP
+
2
IN
1
R1
D6
D1
R4
C1 +
R3
L2
L1
C6
6
FB
C5
Vcc
5
R5
4
IC1
8
9
7
ON
D3
2 TR1
OFF
C4
0
C15
10
D5
0
ON 1 7
13
14
15
16
C2 +
1 8
OFF
EAGND Drain
Drain
Drain
Drain
C3
2
SGND
PGND
R2
4
1
3
C16
D4
C8
1
C9
L3
2
R6
+ C11
+ 7V - 400 mA
C10
OUT
1
2
3
Figure 3: STEVAL-ISA174V1 schematic diagram
GSPG2303161005SG
DocID029032 Rev 1
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Schematic and bill of materials
3.2
AN4836
Bill of material
Table 2: Bill of material
Ref
Part number
Manufacturer
Description
Package
R1
ROX1SJ10R
TE Connectivity
10 Ω 1 W flameproof
Ø3 mm - p9 mm
R2
ERJ-P08J224V
Panasonic
220 kΩ±5% - 0.33 W - 200 V
1206
R3
ERJP03F1002V
Panasonic
10 kΩ±1% - 0.2 W
0603
R4
ERJP03F3301V
Panasonic
3.3 kΩ ±1% - 0.2 W
0603
R5
ERJP03F8202V
Panasonic
82 kΩ ±1% - 0.2 W
0603
C1
UVC2G150MPD
Nichicon
Elcap 15 µF - 400 V
Ø10 mm - p5 mm - h18 mm
C2
UVC2G150MPD
Nichicon
Elcap 15 µF - 400 V
Ø10 mm - p5 mm - h18 mm
C3
C3216C0G2J102J085AA
TDK
MLCC capacitor 1 nF - 630 V
1206
C4
GRM1885C1H101JA01D
Murata
MLCC capacitor 100 pF - 50 V
0603
C5
C2012X5R1E106K125AB
TDK
MLCC capacitor 10 µF - 25 V
0805
C6
C1608C0G1H102J080AA
TDK
MLCC capacitor 1 nF - 50 V
0603
C7
06035C153KAT2A
AVX
MLCC capacitor 15 nF - 50 V
0603
C8
16ZLJ470M8X11.5
Rubycon
Elcap 470 µF - 16 V
Ø8 mm - p5 mm - h11.5 mm
C9
16ZLK470M8X16
Rubycon
Elcap 470 µF - 16 V
Ø8 mm - p5 mm - h16 mm
C10
GRM188C81E105KAADD
Murata
MLCC capacitor 1 µF - 25 V
0603
C11
16YXF100M6.3X11
Rubycon
MLCC capacitor 100 µF - 16 V
Ø6.3 mm - p2.5 mm - h11 mm
C12
GRM188C81E105KAADD
Murata
MLCC capacitor 1 µF - 25 V
0603
C15
C0805C221J5GACTU
Kemet
MLCC capacitor 220 pF 50 V
0603
C16
C0805C221J5GACTU
Kemet
MLCC capacitor 220 pF 50 V
0603
C17
C0805C221J5GACTU
Kemet
MLCC capacitor 220 pF 50 V
0603
D1
MRA4007T3G
ON Semiconductor
1 A-1000 V Power rectifier diode
SMA
D2
MRA4007T3G
ON Semiconductor
1 A-1000 V Power rectifier diode
SMA
D3
BAT41ZFILM
STMictroelectronics
0.15 A-100 V Signal schottky
SOD-123
D4
STPS1L60A
STMictroelectronics
1 A-60 V Power schottky
SMA
D5
STPS2L60A
STMictroelectronics
2 A-60 V Power schottky
SMA
D6
MRA4007T3G
ON Semiconductor
1 A-1000 V Power rectifier diode
SMA
L1
B82144A2105J
Epcos
1 mH axial inductor
L2
B82144A2105J
Epcos
1 mH axial inductor
L3
74404042033
Wurth
Power induction 3.3 µA
(4x4x1.8) mm
IC1
VIPer0PL
STMicroelectronics
Power Switcher
SO-16
TF
750314288 Rev0
Wurth Elektronik
Flyback transformer
E16
R6
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AN4836
Schematic and bill of materials
Figure 4: VCC waveforms external biasing (diode D3
connected)
Figure 5: VCC waveforms self-biasing (diode D3 not
connected)
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Transformer
4
AN4836
Transformer
The transformer characteristics are listed in the table below.
Table 3: Transformer characteristics
Parameter
Value
Test conditions
Manufacturer
WURTH
Part number
750314288 Rev0
Primary inductance (pins 3 - 4)
2.5 mH ±10%
Meas. at 10 kHz, 0.1VAC
Leakage inductance
42 µH to 84 µH
Meas. at 10 kHz, 0.1VAC
Primary to sec 1 turn ratio (4 - 2)/(8 - 7)
(14.23):(1.00), ±1%
Primary to sec 2 turn ratio (4 - 2)/(10 - 9)
(10.27):(1.00), ±1%
The following images show the transformer electric diagram, size and pin distances (in
mm)
Figure 6: Transformer: electric and pins diagram (a)
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Figure 7: Transformer: electric and pins diagram (b)
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AN4836
Transformer
Figure 8: Transformer size (bottom view)
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Figure 9: Transformer size (top view)
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Testing the board
AN4836
5
Testing the board
5.1
Efficiency
The active mode efficiency is defined as the average of the efficiencies measured at 25%,
50%, 75% and 100% maximum load, at nominal input voltages (VIN = 115 VAC and VIN =
230 VAC ). External power supplies (in a separate housing from the devices they are
powering) need to comply with the code of conduct, version 5 "Active mode efficiency"
criterion requiring, for a power throughput of 7 W, an active mode efficiency higher than
77% (CoC5 tier1, effective since January 2014) and 80% (CoC5 tier2, starting from
January 2016). Another applicable standard is the United States Department of Energy
(DOE) recommendation, whose active mode efficiency requirement for the same power
throughput is 79.8%.
The abovementioned requirements only refer to single output converters, which is not the
case for the STEVAL-ISA174V1, which has two outputs. However, just to give an indication
of its performance, the measurements were conducted on the equivalent single-output 12
V/7 W converter, simply obtained by connecting the load across the V OUT1 and VOUT2 lines,
as shown in the following figure.
Figure 10: Output load connection of STEVAL-ISA174V1 for board performances evaluation
D3
D4
+7V
+
C8
R6
C10
OUT = 12V/0.58A
GND
C9
D5
C11
C12
L3
-5V
GSPG0504160955SG
From the following table, the equivalent single-output SMPS is code of conduct 5 (Tier1
and Tier2) and DOE compliant, despite its efficiency being adversely affected by the double
voltage drop across D4 and D5. In a true 12 V/7 W SMPS (with a single secondary rectifier)
it is reasonable to expect 3-4% higher efficiency values.
Table 4: Transformer characteristics
Active mode efficiency
CoC5 requirements (POUT = 7 W)
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Tier 1
Tier 2
77%
80%
DOE requirement (POUT = 7 W)
79.80%
DocID029032 Rev 1
Board performance
VIN= 115VAC
81.60%
VIN= 230VAC
81.50%
AN4836
5.2
Testing the board
Light load performances
CoC5 also has efficiency requirements when the output load is 10% of the nominal output
power. The equivalent single-output SMPS is compliant with both Tier 1 and Tier2
requirements, as shown in the following table.
Table 5: CoC5 requirement and performance at 10% output load
Minimum efficiency requirement at 10% of full load
VIN
Board performance
115 VAC
78.01%
230 VAC
71.40%
CoC5 requirements for POUT = 7 W
Tier 1
Tier 2
66.7%
70.0%
In version 5 of the code of conduct, the power consumption of the power supply when it is
not loaded is also considered. The compliance criteria for EPS converters with nominal
output power below 49 W and the no-load input power consumption measurements of the
evaluation board at nominal input voltages (115 VAC and 230 VAC), are given in the
following table. The performance results are well above both Tier 1 and Tier 2
requirements.
In the same table the consumption in Zero Power Mode (ZPM) is also given (see Section
6.7: "Zero power mode").
Table 6: CoC5 Energy consumption criteria for no load & evaluation board performances
Max PIN req. in no load (0.3 W < Pno < 49 W)
Tier 1
Tier 2
150 mW
75 mW
Evaluation board PIN consumption
No load
ZPM
VIN = 115VAC
6.5 mW
0.8 mW
VIN = 230VAC
9.1 mW
3.5 mW
Depending on the equipment being powered, there may be several criteria for measuring
converter performance. In particular, one requirement for light load performance (EuP lot 6)
is that the input power should be less than 500 mW when the converter is loaded with 250
mW. The evaluation board can satisfy this requirement, as it can be seen from following
table, where the efficiencies measured under other light load conditions, P OUT = 25 mW and
POUT = 50 mW, are also provided.
Table 7: Light load performance
VIN [VAC]
eff [%]
@ POUT = 25 mW
@ POUT = 50 mW
@ POUT = 250 mW
115
55.6
60.8
72.2
230
51.3
57.0
66.3
Another criterion is the measurement of the output power (or the efficiency) when the input
power is equal to one watt (see following table).
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Testing the board
AN4836
Table 8: Efficiency @ PIN = 1 W
5.3
VIN [VAC]
eff @ PIN = 1 W[%]
115
78.3
230
71.1
Typical waveforms
Drain voltage and current waveforms under full load conditions for the two nominal input
voltages are reported in Figure 11: "Drain current/voltage @ 115VAC, max load " and
Figure 12: "Drain current/voltage @ 230VAC, max load ", and for minimum and maximum
input voltage in Figure 13: "Drain current/voltage @ 90VAC, max load " and Figure 14:
"Drain current/voltage @ 265VAC, max load " respectively.
Figure 11: Drain current/voltage @ 115VAC, max load
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Figure 12: Drain current/voltage @ 230VAC, max load
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AN4836
Testing the board
Figure 13: Drain current/voltage @ 90VAC, max load
Figure 14: Drain current/voltage @ 265VAC, max load
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ICs features
6
ICs features
6.1
Soft start
AN4836
An internal soft-start function progressively increases the cycle-by-cycle current limitation
point from zero up to IDLIM in eight 50 mA steps. In this way, the drain current is limited
during the output voltage increase, thus reducing the stress on the secondary diode. The
soft-start time tSS (the time needed for the current limitation point to reach its final value) is
internally fixed at 8 ms. This function is activated at any converter startup attempt and after
a fault event. The soft start phase is shown in the following figure.
Figure 15: Soft start
6.2
Overload protection
In case of overload or short circuit, the drain current value reaches I DLIM. For every cycle
where this condition is met, an internal OCP counter is incremented; if the overload
continues for the time tOVL (50 ms typical, internally fixed), the protection is triggered
(Figure 16: "OLP: fault applied during steady state operation; tOVL"); the power section is
turned off and the converter is disabled for a tRESTART time (1 s typical). After this time has
elapsed, the IC resumes switching and, if the fault is still present, the protection persists
indefinitely in the same way (Figure 17: "OLP: fault applied during steady state operation;
tRESTART"). This ensures restart attempts of the converter at a low repetition rate so that
it works safely with extremely low power throughput and avoids IC overheating due to
repeated overload events.
Furthermore, for any startup following a triggered protection, the internal soft start-up
function is invoked (Figure 18: "OLP: fault maintained; tSS and tOVL") to reduce the stress
on the secondary diode. After the fault removal, the IC resumes working normally. If the
fault is removed during tSS or tOVL (before the protection is triggered), the counter counts on
a cycle-by-cycle basis down to zero and the protection is not tripped. If the short circuit is
removed during tRESTART, the IC still waits for tRESTART to elapse before resuming switching
(Figure 19: "OLP: fault removed and autorestart").
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ICs features
Figure 16: OLP: fault applied during steady state
operation; tOVL
Figure 17: OLP: fault applied during steady state
operation; tRESTART
Figure 18: OLP: fault maintained; tSS and tOVL
Figure 19: OLP: fault removed and autorestart
6.3
Pulse skip mode
Any time the drain peak current, IDRAIN, exceeds IDLIM within the minimum on-time tON_MIN,
one switching cycle is skipped. The check is made on a cycle-by-cycle basis, and the
cycles can be skipped down to the minimum switching frequency F OSC_MIN (15 kHz, typ). If
the above condition persists indefinitely, when the internal OCP counter reaches its end-ofcount, the IC is stopped for tRESTART (1 s, typical) and activated again, with a soft-start
phase. Whenever IDRAIN does not exceed IDLIM within tON_MIN, one switching cycle is
restored. The check is made on a cycle-by-cycle basis, and the cycles can be restored until
reaching the nominal switching frequency, FOSC.
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Providing, when needed, an inductor discharge time longer than what would be allowed at
nominal switching frequency, the protection helps limit the so called "flux runaway" effect,
often present at converter startup when the primary MOSFET, charged during the minimum
on-time through the input voltage, cannot discharge the same amount during the off-time
because the output voltage is very low. The result is a net increase of average inductor
current, that can reach dangerously high values where the output capacitor is not charged
enough to ensure the inductor discharge rate needed for the volt-second balance.
In order to test this protection, the secondary diodes D4 and D5 were shorted while the
converter was operated at 265VAC. In Figure 20: "VIN = 265VAC, D4 and D5 shorted,
steady-state" and Figure 21: "VIN = 265VAC, D4 and D5 shorted, steady-state", the first
part of the protection intervention is captured.
In figure Figure 21: "VIN = 265VAC, D4 and D5 shorted, steady-state":



IDLIM is exceeded in the first cycle so the next one is skipped, resulting in a 30 kHz
switching frequency
IDLIM is exceeded again and the switching frequency is further halved to 15 kHz
IDLIM is exceeded again and the switching frequency is kept at 15 kHz indefinitely.
Figure 20: VIN = 265VAC, D4 and D5 shorted, steadystate
Figure 21: VIN = 265VAC, D4 and D5 shorted, steadystate
A magnification of one of the switching cycles of Figure 21: "VIN = 265VAC, D4 and D5
shorted, steady-state" shows the DRAIN current rising very quickly so as to exceed I DLIM
within tON_MIN (Figure 22: "VIN = 265VAC, D4 and D5 shorted, zoom"). The converter will
operate indefinitely at 15 kHz and the OCP internal counter will increment at every
switching cycle. As it is designed to reach its end of count (defining t OVL) after 50 ms at 60
kHz operation, the overload time will be incremented to 200 ms, as shown in Figure 23:
"VIN = 265VAC, D4 and D5 shorted, steady-state".
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ICs features
Figure 22: VIN = 265VAC, D4 and D5 shorted, zoom
6.4
Figure 23: VIN = 265VAC, D4 and D5 shorted, steady-state
VCC clamp protection
VCC clamp protection can be used as an overvoltage protection of sorts. In fact, if the IC is
supplied by a diode from the output voltage (or by auxiliary winding as well), an output
overvoltage will produce a VCC increase. If VCC reaches the clamp voltage VCCclamp (30 V
min. with respect to EAGND), the current ICC injected into the pin is monitored and, if it
exceeds the internal threshold Iclamp_max (30mA, typ.) for more than tclamp_max (5 ms, typ.), the
IC is stopped for tRESTART (1 s, typ.) and then activated again with soft-start phase until the
fault is removed. During tRESTART, VCC is maintained between the VCSon and VCCon levels by
the HV current source periodical activation. If the fault is removed during t RESTART, the IC
has to wait for tRESTART to elapse before resume switching. The protection is disabled during
the soft start time.
In this evaluation board, the output overvoltage and consequent protection activation was
produced by shorting R4 to EAGND. The resulting operation is shown in Figure 24: "VCC
clamp protection: tripping" and Figure 25: "VCC clamp protection: tripping, autorestart and
resume operation after fault removal ".
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Figure 24: VCC clamp protection: tripping
6.5
Figure 25: VCC clamp protection: tripping, autorestart and
resume operation after fault removal
Max duty cycle counter protection
The IC embeds a max. duty-cycle counter, which disables the PWM if the MOSFET is
turned off by maximum duty cycle (70% min., 80% max.) for ten consecutive switching
cycles. Following protection tripping, the PWM is disabled for t RESTART and reactivated with
soft-start phase until the fault condition is removed.
In some cases (e.g., breaking of the loop at low input voltage) even if V COMP is saturated
high, the OLP cannot be triggered because, at every switching cycle, the PWM is turned off
by the max. duty cycle before the DRAIN peak current can reach IDLIM. As a result, the
output voltage VOUT may increase uncontrollably and be maintained indefinitely at a value
far higher than the nominal one, with the risk of damaging the output capacitor, the output
diode and the IC itself, as the 800 V breakdown threshold may be exceeded.
The max. duty cycle counter protection prevents this kind of failure. To test this protection,
heavy load and low input voltage were selected. The IC is protected in autorestart mode for
tRESTART (1 s typ.), then attempts startup with soft-start phase until the fault condition is
removed (Figure 26: "Shut down by max. duty cycle counter (first tripping and restart) " and
Figure 27: "Shut down by max. duty cycle counter (steady state) ").
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ICs features
Figure 26: Shut down by max. duty cycle counter
(first tripping and restart)
Figure 27: Shut down by max. duty cycle counter
(steady state)
In Figure 28: "Shut down by max. duty cycle counter (zoom of Figure 27) ", the ten cycles
causing the protection intervention are highlighted; in Figure 29: "First of the 10
consecutive switching cycles at max. duty cycle (zoom of Figure 28)" the magnification of
one of them is shown, with the duty cycle measurement: 11.4 / (11.4 + 4.2) = 73.1%.
Figure 28: Shut down by max. duty cycle counter
(zoom of Figure 27)
6.6
Figure 29: First of the 10 consecutive switching
cycles at max. duty cycle (zoom of Figure 28)
Overtemperature protection
If the VIPer0P junction temperature rises higher than the internal threshold T SD (160 °C,
typ.), the PWM is disabled for tRESTART. Following this, a single switching cycle is performed,
during which the temperature sensor embedded in the Power MOSFET section is checked.
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If the measured junction temperature is still above T SD, the PWM is kept disabled for
tRESTART time (Figure 30: "OTP tripping and steady-state" and Figure 31: "Turn on for
thermal check during OTP").
On the evaluation board, overheating was produced after several minutes at low input
voltage (60 VDC) and heavy load (12 V / 0.55 A). The IC shuts down when a case
temperature of approximately 152 °C is measured (through a thermal camera). As the load
is decreased, the converter restarts with the soft start phase when the case temperature
reaches about 120 °C.
Figure 30: OTP tripping and steady-state
6.7
Figure 31: Turn on for thermal check during OTP
Zero power mode
The Zero power mode is an idle state of the converter characterized by the following
features:



no switching activity, and so no voltage nor power available at the output
the HV current source charges the VCC voltage at 13 V and does not perform its usual
functions
all the IC circuits except those needed to exit ZPM are turned off, reducing controller
consumption to very low values
In ZPM, the power supply can draw less than 5 mW @ 230VAC from the mains, which is
regarded as a “zero power consumption” condition. The IC enters ZPM when, by pressing
on the relevant tactile switch in Figure 3: "STEVAL-ISA174V1 schematic diagram", the OFF
pin is forced to SGND for more than tDEB_OFF (10 ms typ.): switching is stopped, VCC is
charged to 13 V (see Figure 32: "Entering ZPM" and Figure 33: "entering ZPM (zoom)").
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ICs features
Figure 32: Entering ZPM
Figure 33: entering ZPM (zoom)
The IC exits ZPM when, by pressing the relevant tactile switch in Figure 3: "STEVALISA174V1 schematic diagram", the ON pin is forced to SGND for more than tDEB_ON (20 μs
typ.); the device resumes switching (with soft start phase) and the delivery of power to the
output (see Figure 34: "Exiting ZPM" and Figure 35: "Exiting ZPM (zoom)") resumes. At
startup, the pulse skip mode may also be invoked (Figure 36: "Exiting ZPM: tDEB_ON and
pulse skip mode" and Figure 37: "Exiting ZPM: pulse skip mode").
Figure 34: Exiting ZPM
Figure 35: Exiting ZPM (zoom)
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Figure 36: Exiting ZPM: tDEB_ON and pulse skip mode
Figure 37: Exiting ZPM: pulse skip mode
In real appliances such as dishwashers or washing machines, ZPM can be managed by a
microcontroller (MCU), supervising the operation of the appliance and entering OFF mode
when the end of the working cycle is recognized. Once in this state, the SMPS delivers no
voltage at its output terminals (consuming less than 5 mW from the power line at 230 V AC)
and waits for a manual restart from the user.
If the MCU is rated for a 3.3 V supply voltage and features an ultra-low consumption
standby mode, it can be powered during ZPM also using the resistive pull-up available at
the ON pin (RON, 41 kΩ typ.). In this case, the MCU shuts the SMPS down by pulling the
OFF pin low and wakes it up by pulling the ON pin low.
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Feedback loop calculation guidelines
7
Feedback loop calculation guidelines
7.1
Transfer function
In the following diagram, the set PWM modulator plus power stage is indicated by G1(f),
while C(f) is the controller; i.e., the network which ensures the stability of the system.
Figure 38: Control loop block diagram
The mathematical expression of the power system G1(f) is:
Equation 2
fp is the pole due to the output load and fz the zero due to the ESR of the output capacitor:
Equation 3
Equation 4
where COUT_eq, ESR_eq and ROUT_eq are obtained referencing the output capacitance, ESR
and output resistance of the unregulated output, VOUT2, to the regulated output, VOUT1,
through the turn ratio of the transformer:
Equation 5
Equation 6
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Equation 7
The mathematical expression of the compensator C(f) is:
Equation 8
where:
Equation 9
Equation 10
Equation 11
are to be chosen in order to censure the stability of the overall system. G M is the VIPer0P
transconductance, HCOMP = (VCOMPH - VCOMPL)/(IDLIM – IDLIM_PFM) is the slope of the VCOMP vs
IDRAIN characteristic.
7.2
Compensation procedure
The first step is to choose the pole and zero of the compensator and the crossing
frequency:
Equation 12
Equation 13
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Feedback loop calculation guidelines
Equation 14
where x and y are arbitrarily chosen. G1(fcross) can be calculated from equation (2) and,
since by definition │C(fcross)*G1(fcross)│= 1, C0 is obtained from equation (8) thus:
Equation 15
At this point the bode diagram of G1(f)*C(f) can be plotted to check the phase margin for
stability. If the margin is not sufficiently high, alternative values should be chosen for fZc,
fPc and fcross and the procedure repeated. Once stability is achieved, the values of the
schematic components to implement C(f) are chosen as follows:


R3 is set in the range of some ten kohms
R4 is calculated from (1)
Equation 16

C6 is calculated combining (9), (10) and (11):
Equation 17

C7 is obtained from the combination of (10) and (11):
Equation 18
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Feedback loop calculation guidelines

AN4836
Finally, R5 is derived from (11)
Equation 19
After selecting commercial values for R3, R4, C6, C7 and R5, the actual values of C 0, fZc
and fPc should be calculated using equations (9), (10) and (11), to obtain C0_act , fZc_act
and fPc_act respectively. Substituting these values in equation (8), the actual compensator,
C_act(f), is obtained.
The Bode diagram of G1(f)*C_act(f) can be plotted to check whether the phase margin for
the stability is still ensured.
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8
Thermal measurements
Thermal measurements
A thermal analysis of the board was performed using an IR camera for 90 VAC, 115 VAC,
230 VAC and 265 VAC mains input, under full load condition. The results are shown in the
following figures.
Figure 39: Thermal camera @ VIN = 90VAC, max load,
TAMB = 25 °C, VIPer0P side
Figure 40: Thermal camera @ VIN = 90VAC, max load,
TAMB = 25 °C, transformer side
Figure 41: Thermal camera @ VIN = 115VAC, max
load, TAMB = 25 °C, VIPer0P side
Figure 42: Thermal camera @ VIN = 115VAC, max
load, TAMB = 25 °C, transformer side
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Thermal measurements
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Figure 43: Thermal camera @ VIN = 230VAC, max
load, TAMB = 25 °C, VIPer0P side
Figure 44: Thermal camera @ VIN = 230VAC, max
load, TAMB = 25 °C, transformer side
Figure 45: Thermal camera @ VIN = 265VAC, max
load, TAMB = 25 °C, VIPer0P side
Figure 46: Thermal camera @ VIN = 265VAC, max
load, TAMB = 25 °C, transformer side
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9
EMI measurements
EMI measurements
A pre-compliance test against the EN55022 (Class B) European normative with average
detector was performed using an EMC analyzer and a LISN. The results are shown in the
following figures.
Figure 47: Average measurements @ 115 VAC, full load, TAMB = 25 °C
Figure 48: Average measurements @ 230 VAC, full load, TAMB = 25 °C
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Immunity tests
10
AN4836
Immunity tests
The board has been submitted to immunity tests according IEC61000 and the results are
presented in the following sections.
The results are classified according the criterions reported in the standard and listed in the
following table:
Table 9: Classification of the tests
10.1
A
Normal performance
B
Temporary degradation or loss of function or performance, with automatic return to normal
operation
C
Temporary degradation or loss of function with external intervention to re-cover normal
operation
D
Degradation or loss of function, need substitution of damaged components to recover normal
operation
SURGE immunity test (IEC 61000-4-5)
The surge test conditions are as below:




Repetition rate: 1 minute (5 positive and 5 negative surges)
Applied to: input lines vs. EARTH – Common Mode
Applied to: both input line (L vs. N) – Differential Mode
Reference plane connected to Protected Earth according to the normative
In order to pass the test, the STEVAL-ISA174V1 schematic has been modified with the
additions highlighted in the following figure, consisting of an input filter made up of a 275
VAC varistor and two 2.2 nF Y1 capacitor in series. The common point of the capacitors is
the Protected Earth, which during the tests is to be connected to the reference plane,
according to the normative recommendation.
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Immunity tests
-5 V -800 mA
D2
R2
C17
C7
COMP
3
+
R3
D6
275Vac
C0a
C0b
R1
D1
R4
C1
+
L2
L1
C6
6
FB
Vcc
5
R5
4
IC1
ON
C5
C15
OFF
C4
ON 1 7
0
13
14
15
16
+
18
OFF
0
EAGND Drain
Drain
Drain
Drain
C3
2
C16
SGND
PGND
C2
4
1
2
1
2
3
ZERO POWER
7
8
9
TR1
D3
10
D5
D4
C8
1
C9
L3
2
+
C11
GND
C12
C10
R6
+7 V -400 mA
OUT
1
2
3
Figure 49: STEVAL-ISA174V1 surge-improved schematic
IN
2
2
1
1
GSPG0604161415SG
The input voltage has been set to 230 VAC and the output at 10% of full load, proper
operation has been checked through a current probe connected on the output.The test
results are listed in the following tables.
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Table 10: Common mode surge test results
Noise injection
Surge level
Polarity
Result
Criterion
L vs. PE
2 kV
Positive
PASS
A
N vs. PE
2 kV
Positive
PASS
A
L vs. PE
2 kV
Negative
PASS
A
N vs. PE
2 kV
Negative
PASS
A
Table 11: Differential mode surge test results
Noise injection
Surge level
Polarity
Result
Criterion
L vs. N
2 kV
Positive
PASS
A
L vs. N
2 kV
Negative
PASS
A
Performed tests show that the tested board is able to withstand the lightning disturbances
applied to input line in Common Mode and Differential Mode for each severity level.
10.2
ESD immunity test (IEC 61000-4-2)
The test conditions are as below:



Contact discharge and Air discharge methods
Discharge circuit: 150 pF / 330 ohm
Polarity: positive / negative
The setting of Figure 49: "STEVAL-ISA174V1 surge-improved schematic" allows ESD to be
passed as well . The key point is the filtering of the sensitive pins ON, OFF and EAGND
through 220 pF ceramic capacitors to SGND. The purpose of the input filter (varistor +
series of the 2.2 nF Y1 capacitors C0a and C0b) is only to provide the Protected Earth
(common point of the capacitors) for the correct coupling of the ESD signal according to the
IEC 61000-4-2 normative.
The input voltage has been set to 230 VAC and the output at 10% of full load, proper
operation has been checked through a current probe connected on the output.The test
results are listed in the following tables.
Table 12: ESD contact discharge test results
Noise injection
ESD level
Polarity
Result
Criterion
L vs. PE
10 kV
Positive
PASS
A
L vs. PE
10 kV
Negative
PASS
A
N vs. PE
10 kV
Positive
PASS
A
N vs. PE
10 kV
Negative
PASS
A
Table 13: ESD air discharge test results
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Noise injection
ESD level
Polarity
Result
Criterion
Horizontal coupling plane
20 kV
Positive
PASS
A
Horizontal coupling plane
20 kV
Negative
PASS
A
Vertical coupling plane
20 kV
Positive
PASS
A
Vertical coupling plane
20 kV
Negative
PASS
A
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10.3
Immunity tests
Burst immunity test (IEC 61000-4-4)
The test conditions are as below:





Polarity: positive/negative
Burst duration: 15 ms ± 20 % at 5 kHz
Burst period: 300 ms ± 20 %
Duration time: 1 minute
Applied to: AC lines through integrated capacitive coupling clamp
The tests can be passed with the original setting (Figure 3: "STEVAL-ISA174V1 schematic
diagram"), the key point is the filtering of the sensitive pins ON, OFF and EAGND through
220 pF ceramic capacitors to SGND . The input voltage has been set to 230 VAC and the
output at 10% of full load, proper operation has been checked through a current probe
connected on the output.
The test results are listed in the following table.
Table 14: Burst test results
10.4
Noise injection
Burst level
Polarity
Result
Criterion
L / PE
8 kV
Positive
PASS
B
N / PE
8 kV
Positive
PASS
B
L/N
8 kV
Positive
PASS
B
L / PE
8 kV
Negative
PASS
B
N / PE
8 kV
Negative
PASS
B
L/N
8 kV
Negative
PASS
B
Summary and conclusion
In the following Figure and Table, the EMC board behavior with the above mentioned filters
is summarized.
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IN
2
1
275Vac
C0b
Added VR, C0a and C0b to
improve immunity against:
- Surge (IEC61000-4-5)
- ESD (IEC61000-4-2)
Filter 1
2
C0a
D6
D1
R4
L2
R3
C1
+
L1
C6
C7
C4
COMP
FB
C5
+
R5
6
5
C2
+
3
1
R1
C15
Vcc
ON
C3
D2
ON 1 7
0
OFF
18
OFF
0
DocID029032 Rev 1
2
C16
R2
EAGND Drain
Drain
Drain
Drain
13
14
15
16
SGND
PGND
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C17
4
1
IC1
4
2
7
8
9
10
1
2
3
D5
D4
1
C8
C9
L3
2
Added C15, C16 and C17 to
improve immunity against:
- Burst (IEC61000-4-4)
- ESD (IEC61000-4-2)
Filter 2
ZERO POWER
TR1
D3
C11
-5 V -800 mA
+
GND
R6
C12
C10
+7 V -400 mA
OUT
1
2
3
Immunity tests
Figure 50: STEVAL-ISA174V1 filtering to pass EMC tests
AN4836
GSPG0104161410SG
AN4836
Immunity tests
Table 15: EMC summary
VIPer0P + Filter 1 + Filter 2
air discharge
EN/IEC 61000-4-2 (Applicative ESD)
EN/IEC 61000-4-4 (BURST simulation)
EN/IEC 61000-4-5 (SURGE simulation)
20 kV
contact discharge
(1)
10 kV (1)
common mode
6 kV
(1)
8 kV
10 kV (1)
differential mode
(2)
6 kV (1)
8 kV (2)
common mode
differential mode
2 kV (1)
2 kV (1)
Notes:
(1)
criterion A: normal performance.
(2)
criterion B: temporary degradation or loss of function or performance, with automatic return to normal
operation.
criterion C: temporary degradation or loss of function, with external intervention
to re-cover normal operation.
criterion D: degradation or loss of function, substitution of damaged components
is needed to recover normal operation.
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Board layout
11
AN4836
Board layout
Figure 51: Board layout - complete
Figure 52: Board layout - top layer + top overlay
Figure 53: Board layout - bottom layer + top overlay
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12
Conclusion
Conclusion
The STEVAL-ISA174V1 two-output converter set in flyback non-isolated topology,
demonstrates that the VIPer0P facilitates the design of a non-isolated converter compliant
with the most stringent energy regulations, with relatively few external components. The
STEVAL-ISA174V1 in fact consumes less than 10 mW at 230 VAC mains under no load
condition and even less than 5 mW in the special ZPM idle state that can be optionally
managed by a microcontroller. The 800 V avalanche rugged Power MOSFET and the
embedded protections add reliability to the power converter, making VIPer0P the ideal
choice when both robustness and energy saving performance are required.
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Appendix A: Test equipment and measurement of
efficiency and low load performance
13
AN4836
Appendix A: Test equipment and measurement of
efficiency and low load performance
The converter input power was measured using a wattmeter. The wattmeter simultaneously
measures the converter input current (using its internal ammeter) and voltage (using its
internal voltmeter). Being a digital instrument, it samples the current and voltage at 20 kHz
frequency (or higher, depending on the instrument) and converts them into digital forms.
Digital samples are then multiplied to give the instantaneous measured power. The display
provides the average measured power, averaging the instantaneous measured power in a
short period of time (1 s typ.).
Figure 54: "Connections of the UUT to the wattmeter for power measurements" shows how
the wattmeter is connected to the UUT (unit under test) and to the AC source and the
wattmeter internal block diagram. An electronic load is connected to the output of the
power converter (UUT), allowing the setting and measurement of the converter load
current, while the output voltage is measured by a voltmeter. The output power is the
product between load current and output voltage. The ratio between the output power,
calculated as previously mentioned, and the input power, measured by the wattmeter,
represents the converter efficiency.
The measurements were taken under different input/output conditions set on the AC source
and on the electronic load.
Measuring input power notes:
With reference to Figure 54: "Connections of the UUT to the wattmeter for power
measurements" , the UUT input current causes a voltage drop across the ammeter internal
shunt resistance (the ammeter is not ideal so it has an internal resistance higher than zero)
and across the cables connecting the wattmeter to the UUT. If the switch of Figure 54:
"Connections of the UUT to the wattmeter for power measurements" is in position 1 (see
the simplified schematic in Figure 55: "Switch in position 1 - setting for standby
measurements") this voltage drop causes an input measured voltage higher than the input
voltage at the UUT input which, of course, affects the measured power.
The voltage drop is generally negligible if the UUT input current is low (e.g., when we are
measuring the input power of UUT under light load condition). In case of high UUT input
current, the voltage drop can be significant (compared to the UUT real input voltage); if this
is the case, the switch in Figure 54: "Connections of the UUT to the wattmeter for power
measurements" can be set to position 2 (see simplified schematic in Figure 56: "Switch in
position 2 - setting for efficiency measurements") where the UUT input voltage is measured
directly at the UUT input terminal and the input current does not affect the measured input
voltage.
The voltage across the voltmeter causes a leakage current inside the voltmeter itself (which
is not ideal and so doesn’t have an infinite input resistance). If the switch in Figure 54:
"Connections of the UUT to the wattmeter for power measurements" is in position 2 the
voltmeter leakage current is measured by the ammeter together with the UUT input current,
causing a measurement error. The error is negligible when the UUT input current is much
higher than the voltmeter leakage. If not, it may be preferable to set the switch in Figure 54:
"Connections of the UUT to the wattmeter for power measurements" to position 1. If you
are not certain which measurement scheme less affects the result, you can try both and
record the lower input power value.
As noted in IEC 62301, instantaneous measurements are appropriate when power
readings are stable. The UUT should be operated at 100% of the nameplate output current
output for at least 30 minutes (warm up period) immediately prior to conducting efficiency
measurements. After this warm-up period, the AC input power is monitored for a period of 5
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Appendix A: Test equipment and measurement of
efficiency and low load performance
minutes to assess the stability of the UUT. If the power level does not drift by more than 5%
of the maximum observed value, the UUT is considered stable and the measurements can
be recorded at the end of the 5 minute period. If the AC input power is not stable over a 5
minute period, the average power or accumulated energy is measured over time for both
AC input and DC output. Some wattmeter models allow the integration of the measured
input power over a time interval and then measure the energy absorbed by the UUT during
the integration time. Dividing by this very integration time gives the calculated average
input power.
Figure 54: Connections of the UUT to the wattmeter for power measurements
Switch
1
WATT METER
U.U.T
(Unit Under test)
Voltmeter
AC
SOURCE
+
V
Multiplier
2
A
X
Ammeter
INPUT
OUTPUT
AVG
DISPLAY
GSPG0504161630SG
Figure 55: Switch in position 1 - setting for standby measurements
Wattmeter
Ammeter
AC
SOURCE
~
A
+
V
-
U.U.T.
AC
INPUT
UUT
Voltmeter
GSPG0504161635SG
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Appendix A: Test equipment and measurement of
efficiency and low load performance
AN4836
Figure 56: Switch in position 2 - setting for efficiency measurements
Wattmeter
Ammeter
A
AC
SOURCE
+
~
V
-
U.U.T.
AC
INPUT
UUT
Voltmeter
GSPG0504161640SG
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14
References
References
1.
2.
3.
4.
VIPER0P – datasheet
IEC 61000-4-2
IEC 61000-4-4
IEC 61000-4-5
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Revision history
15
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Revision history
Table 16: Document revision history
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Date
Version
Changes
15-Apr-2016
1
Initial release.
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