ANP017

ANP017
Application Note
AP1511/AP1514 300KHz 5A PWM Buck DC/DC Converter
Contents
1.
Features
2.
Introduction
3.
Regulator Design Procedure
4.
Design Example
This application note contains new product information. Diodes, Inc. reserves the right to modify the product specification without notice. No liability is
assumed as a result of the use of this product. No rights under any patent accompany the sale of the product.
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ANP017
Application Note
AP1511/AP1514 300KHz 5A PWM Buck DC/DC Converter
1.0
Features
Ⴗ Small Board Size
- Entire circuit can fit in less than 1 square inch of PCB space
Ⴗ Low Implementation Cost
- Fewer than 4 discrete components required
Ⴗ
ON /OFF Control
- Be controlled by external logic level signal
Ⴗ Thermal Shut-down and Current Limit
- Thermal Shutdown function built in and current limit level can be set by outside resistor
Ⴗ Simple Feedback Compensation
- Lead compensation using external capacitor
Ⴗ Immediate Implementation
- Schematic, board-of-materials and board layout available from Anachip
2.0
Introduction
This application note discusses simple ways to select all necessary components to implement a
step-down (BUCK) regulator and gives a design example. In this example, the AP1511/AP1514 monolithic IC
is used to design a cost-effective and high-efficiency miniature switching buck regulator. Please refer to the
datasheet for more complete information, pin descriptions and specifications for the AP1511/AP1514 as they
will not be repeated here.
This demonstration board allows the designer to evaluate the performance of the AP1511/AP1514 buck
regulator in a typical application circuit. The user needs only to supply an input voltage and a load. The
demonstration board can be configured to evaluate an adjustable output voltage setting by two resistors.
Operation at different voltages and currents may be accomplished by proper component selection and
replacement.
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Application Note
AP1511/AP1514 300KHz 5A PWM Buck DC/DC Converter
3.0 Regulator Design Procedure
3.0.1 Given Power Specification
V
V
V
V
I
I
IN (max)
IN (min)
OUT
= Maximum Input Voltage
= Minimum Input Voltage
= Regulated Output Voltage
RIPPLE
= Ripple Voltage (peak-to-peak), typical value is 0.6% of the output voltage
LOAD(max)
LOAD(min)
= Maximum Load Current
= Minimum Load Current before the circuit becomes discontinuous, typical value is 10% of
the Maximum Load Current
F = Switching Frequency (fixed at a nominal 300 KHz)
3.0.2 Programming Output Voltage (refer to 4.0.4 Demo Board Schematic P7)
The output voltage is programmed by selection of the divider R3 and R6. The designer should use
resistors R3 and R6 with ±1% tolerance in order to obtain best accuracy of the output voltage. The output
voltage can be calculated from the following formula:
VOUT = 0.8 x (1 + R3 / R6)
Select a value for R6 between 1Kȍ and 10Kȍ. The lower resistor values minimize noise pickup in the
sensitive feedback pin.
3.0.3 Programming Current Limit Level (refer to 4.0.4 Demo Board Schematic P7)
Select a value for R4 to set the current limit level by using this formula:
I
LOAD
u R DS ( on )
I
OCSET
u ROCSET
In this application we use R4 to be the ROCSET and in the example we use 2.7K resistor, the RDS(ON) is
40mȍ and the IOCSET is 90uA, so we limit the maximum load current to 6A.
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Application Note
AP1511/AP1514 300KHz 5A PWM Buck DC/DC Converter
3.0.4 Inductor Selection
A. The minimum inductor
L
(min)
can be calculated from the following design formula table:
Calculation
Step-down (buck) regulator
V OUT V F Duty
T
T
L
V
ON
OFF
>V
(min)
V
V
SAT
F
V
IN (min)
IN (min)
V
IN (min)
V SAT V F
OUT
V F V SAT V OUT
@
V SAT V OUT u T ON (max)
2 u I LOAD (min)
= Internal switch saturation voltage of the AP1511/AP1514 =
I
LOAD
u R DS ( on ) V
= Forward voltage drop of output rectifier D1 = 0.5V
B. The inductor must be designed so that it does not saturate or significantly saturate at DC current bias of
IPK. ( PK = Peak inductor or switch current = I LOAD (max) I LOAD (min) )
I
3.0.5 Output Capacitor Selection
A.
The Output Capacitor is required to filter the output and provide regulator loop stability. When
selecting an Output Capacitor, the important capacitor parameters include the 100kHz Equivalent Series
Resistance (ESR), the RMS ripples current rating, voltage rating, and capacitance value. For the output
capacitor, the ESR value is the most important parameter. The ESR can be calculated from the following
formula:
ESR
·
§ V
RIPPLE
¸ ------------------------ (3)
¨
¸
¨ 2u I
LOAD (min) ¹
©
An aluminum electrolytic capacitor's ESR value is related to the capacitance and its voltage rating. In
most cases, higher voltage electrolytic capacitors have lower ESR values. Most of the time, capacitors with
much higher voltage ratings may be needed to provide the low ESR values required for low output ripple
voltage. If the selected capacitor's ESR is extremely low, it results in an oscillation at the output. It is
recommended to replace this low ESR capacitor by using two general standard capacitors in parallel.
B. The capacitor voltage rating should be at least 1.5 times greater than the output voltage, and often much
higher voltage ratings are needed to satisfy the low ESR requirements needed for low output ripple voltage.
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AP1511/AP1514 300KHz 5A PWM Buck DC/DC Converter
3.0.6 Output Rectifier Selection
A. The current rating of the output rectifier D1 must be greater than the peak switch current IPK. The
reverse voltage rating of the output rectifier D1 should be at least 1.25 times the maximum input voltage.
B. The output rectifier D1 must be fast (short reverse recovery time) and must be located close to the
AP1511/AP1514 using short leads and short printed circuit traces. Because of their fast switching speed
and low forward voltage drop, Schottky diodes provide the best performance and efficiency, and should
be the first choice, especially in low output voltage applications.
3.0.7 Input Capacitor Selection
A. The RMS current rating of the input capacitor can be calculated from the following formula table. The
capacitor manufactured by datasheet must be checked to assure that this current rating is not
exceeded.
Calculation
Step-down (buck) regulator
G
Ton/(Ton + Toff)
I
I
'I
I
I
I
PK
m
LOAD (max)
LOAD (max)
L
IN ( rms )
I LOAD (min)
I LOAD (min)
2 u I LOAD(min)
ª
¬
G u «I PK u I m 1
' I L 2 º»
3
¼
B. This capacitor should be located close to the IC using short leads and the voltage rating should be
approximately 1.5 times the maximum input voltage.
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AP1511/AP1514 300KHz 5A PWM Buck DC/DC Converter
4.0 Design Example
4.0.1 Summary of Target Specifications
V
V
V
Input Power
Regulated Output Power
Output Ripple Voltage
Output Voltage Load Regulation
Efficiency
Switching Frequency
IN (max)
OUT
= + 5V;
RIPPLE
V
= +12V;
I
= +12V
IN (min)
LOAD (max)
= 5A;
I
LOAD (min)
= 0.5A
d 50 mV peak-to-peak
0.6% (0.5A to 5A)
87% minimum at full load
f = 300kHz ± 15 %
4.0.2 Calculating and Components Selection
Calculation Formula
Vout = Vref x ((R3/R6) + 1)
L(min) t
>V
IN (min)
@
V SAT V OUT u T ON (max)
2 u I LOAD (min)
·
§ V
RIPPLE
¸
¨
¸
¨ 2u I
LOAD (min) ¹
©
V WVDC t 1.5 uV OUT
I
RRM
t 1.25 uV IN (max)
IN ( rms )
V
WVDC
ª
¬
G u «I PK u I m t 1.5 uV IN (max)
1
' I L 2 º»
3
¼
Component spec.
R6 = 1.3Kȍ; R3 = 6.8Kȍ
L
Select L1 = 10~15uH
(min)
t 9.7uH
ESR d 125mȍ
Select C3
470uF/10V*1pcs
V
Select D1:
20V/5A
V WVDC t 7.5V
ESR
V
Select Condition
1Kȍ d R6 d 10Kȍ
I
RRM
ripple
V
t 15V
t
WVDC
I
IN ( rms )
= 3.23A
Select C4
680uF/35V*1pcs
t 18V
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AP1511/AP1514 300KHz 5A PWM Buck DC/DC Converter
4.0.3 Parts List (Board of Materials)
Item
Part Number
MFG/Dist.
Description
Value
Quantity
C1
0805 cap
Viking
Ceramic Capacitor
1nF, 25V
1
C2
0805 cap
Viking
Ceramic Capacitor
0.1uF, 25V
1
C3
OST
Aluminum Electrolytic
470uF, 10V
1
C4
OST
Aluminum Electrolytic
680uF, 25V
1
Viking
Ceramic Capacitor
0.1uF, 25V
1
C5
0805 cap
C6
Optional
C7
0805 cap
Viking
Ceramic Capacitor
0.1uF, 25V
1
C8
0805 cap
Viking
Ceramic Capacitor
0.1uF, 25V
1
D1
B540
Schottky Diode
40V, 5A
1
Inductor
15uH, 5A
1
U1
L1
AP1511/AP1514
Anachip
PWM Buck Converter
300kHz, 5A
1
R1
0805 reg
Viking
Film Chip Resistor
2.2ȍ
1
1
R2
Optional
R3
0805 reg
Viking
Film Chip Resistor
6.8Kȍ
R4
0805 reg
Viking
Film Chip Resistor
2.7Kȍ
R5
0805 reg
Viking
Film Chip Resistor
100Kȍ
1
R6
0805 reg
Viking
Film Chip Resistor
1.3Kȍ
1
4.0.4 Demo Board Schematic
VIN = +12V
1
2
2.2
R5
100K
R4
3K
3
C4
C5
4
680uF
0.1uF
5
6
0.1uF
C7
VOUT = +5V
U1
R1
0.1uF
C8
7
8
L1 15uH
VSS
VSS
VSS
VSS
FB
NC
CE
NC
OCSET
VG
VCC
PVCC
Output
Output
Output
Output
16
1
15
14
D1
B540
13
2
R2
100
optional
C6
0.1uF
optional
12
R3
6.8K
C1
1nF
C2
0.1uF
C3
470uF
R6
1.3K
11
10
9
AP1511S/1514s
VOUT = 0.8 x (1 + R3 / R6)
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AP1511/AP1514 300KHz 5A PWM Buck DC/DC Converter
4.0.5
Demo Board Efficiency and Temperature
Vin (V)
Iin (A)
Vout (V)
Iout (A)
Efficiency (%)
12.00
0.254
5.059
0.5
82.90%
12.00
0.483
5.056
1.0
87.30%
12.00
0.941
5.036
2.0
89.18%
12.00
1.411
5.025
3.0
89.02%
12.00
1.888
5.008
4.0
88.38%
12.00
2.376
4.987
5.0
87.41%
Vin (V)
Iin (A)
Vout (V)
Iout (A)
Efficiency (%)
12.00
0.181
3.336
0.5
76.78%
12.00
0.335
3.333
1.0
83.01%
12.00
0.657
3.323
2.0
84.32%
12.00
0.988
3.314
3.0
83.85%
12.00
1.327
3.303
4.0
82.94%
12.00
1.677
3.293
5.0
81.79%
Vin (V)
Iin (A)
Vout (V)
Iout (A)
Efficiency (%)
5.00
0.362
3.295
0.5
91.15%
5.00
0.715
3.289
1.0
92.03%
5.00
1.443
3.282
2.0
91.00%
5.00
2.198
3.272
3.0
89.28%
5.00
2.982
3.257
4.0
87.35%
5.00
3.803
3.239
5.0
85.15%
AP1511/AP1514 Temperature vs. Efficiency
Temperature (°C)
Parameter
-20
0
25
50
85
Vin (V)
12.03
12.06
12.07
12.14
12.16
Iin (A)
0.334
0.327
0.323
0.320
0.318
Vout (V)
3.43
3.41
3.39
3.37
3.34
Iout (A)
1
1
1
1
1
Efficiency (%)
85.37
86.47
86.95
86.75
86.37
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AP1511/AP1514 300KHz 5A PWM Buck DC/DC Converter
4.0.6 Typical PC Board Layout
(1). Top Side Layout Guide
Use vias to conduct the heat into the backside of PCB layer .
The PCB heat sink copper area should be solder-painted
(2). Bottom Side Layout Guide
without being masked. This approaches a “best case” pad heat
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AP1511/AP1514 300KHz 5A PWM Buck DC/DC Converter
4.0.6
Typical PC Board Layout (continued)
A. Layout is very important in switching regulator design. The heavy current line should be wide printed
circuit traces and should be kept as short as possible.
B. The PC board layout should allow for maximum possible copper area at the Output pins of the
AP1511/1514. The Output pins (7~9) on the SOP-16 package are internally connected, but lowest
thermal resistance will result if these pins are tightly connected on the PC board. This will also aid heat
dissipation at high power levels.
C. The maximum power dissipation depends on the thermal resistance of IC package, PCB layout, the rate
of surrounding airflow and temperature difference between junction to ambient. The maximum power
dissipation can be calculated by the following formula:
PD(MAX) = ( TJ(MAX) - TA ) /șJA
Where TJ(MAX) is the maximum operation junction temperature 125°C, TA is the ambient
temperature and the șJA is the junction to ambient thermal resistance. For recommended operating
conditions specification of AP1511/1514, where TJ(MAX) is the maximum junction temperature of the die
(125°C) and TA is the maximum ambient temperature. The junction to ambient thermal resistance șJA is
layout dependent. For SOP-16 packages, the thermal resistance șJA is 50°C/W on the Multi-layer 2S
demo board. The maximum power dissipation at TA = 25°C can be calculated by the following formula:
PD(MAX) = ( 125°C - 25°C ) / 50 = 2.0 W for SOP-16 packages
The maximum power dissipation depends on operating ambient temperature for fixed TJ(MAX) and
thermal resistance șJA.
Written by Maverick Huang/ Wesley Liu
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