AMIS-42700/AMIS-42770 - Redundant Bus Connection

AND8348/D
AMIS-42700/AMIS-42770 Redundant Bus Connection
Prepared by: Pavel Drazdil
ON Semiconductor
Purpose and Scope
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This application note discusses a redundant high−speed
CAN bus system created with help of the AMIS−42700/
42770 dual−CAN transceivers. In first approximation, the
redundant connection could be simply achieved by
interconnecting multiple transceivers in parallel with two
twisted pairs and keeping both channels constantly enabled
in all nodes. Only in case of one of the buses failing would
individual control of the transceivers be necessary.
From practical experiments, both in a real application and
on a simplified bench, it turns out that such a connection can
lead to failures in communication due to logical loops
occurring in the architecture. This document introduces the
proposed application and analyzes the reason for its failure.
It then briefly shows how the application should be modified
in order to work correctly. The note concludes with a report
of bench measurements illustrating the problem.
The statements and measurements presented in this
application note are equally valid for AMIS−42700 and
AMIS−42770 devices.
APPLICATION NOTE
block ensuring the repeating function between both buses.
The difference between both marketing codes is the allowed
length of transmitter dominant symbol. While AMIS−42700
features a transmission time−out fostering communication
speed above ca 48 kbps, AMIS−42770 allows bus speeds
below 1 kbps. For the problem discussed in this document,
both devices behave identically.
Figure 1 shows the considered application where two
high−speed CAN nodes are connected with two differential
lines. Both buses are supposed to transfer identical data
under normal conditions (when both differential lines are
correctly working). The CAN controllers inside the nodes
are related to the dual transceivers with only two pins: Rx0
and Tx0 – similar to the case with single transceivers. At the
same time, the internal logic of AMIS−42700/42770 ensures
that data from Tx0 are passed to both buses and the Rx0 will
reflect data received on both buses. The application diagram
can be therefore evaluated as correct.
Introduction and Analysis
AMIS−42700/42770 is a dual high−speed CAN
transceiver featuring two individual transceivers and a logic
VBAT
5V reg
CAN
controller
Vref
VCC
EN1B
EN2B
Rx0
Tx0
Text
Rint
12
8
10
13
2
AMIS−42700
14
7
4 AMIS−42770 19
3
9 5 6 15 16 17 18
CANH1
CANL1
120 W
CANH2
CANL2
120 W
GND
5V reg
CAN
controller
Vref
VCC
EN1B
EN2B
Rx0
Tx0
Text
Rint
12
8
10
13
2
7 AMIS−42700 14
4 AMIS−42770 19
3
9 5 6 15 16 17 18
CANH1
CANL1
CAN2
VBAT
CAN1
TRX1
120 W
CANH2
CANL2
120 W
GND
TRX2
Figure 1. AMIS−42700/42770: Principle Schematic of the Targeted Application
© Semiconductor Components Industries, LLC, 2008
October, 2008 − Rev. 1
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Publication Order Number:
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The goal is to have two buses permanently enabled under
normal conditions (all ENxB pins grounded) and controlled by
single CAN controllers in the individual nodes. In case of one
of the buses failing, it would be necessary to drive the enable
signals individually – a measure not reflected in the picture.
However, practical experiments with a real network have
shown that the communication in such a configuration can
fail, as both buses will (sometimes) become dominant
without external data being transmitted. This behavior is
strongly setup−dependent as other topologies (different bus
lengths, loads etc.) could lead to successful results.
After bench measurements, summarized in the next
chapters, and after analyzing the logical structure of the
application, the problem has been identified as depicted in
Figure 2. The connection of multiple (i.e. two or more) dual
CAN2
CAN transceivers creates several logical loops. The internal
loops inside individual transceivers, created by the
repetition logic, are treated with the “feedback suppression”
function, avoiding a dead−lock through the logic. One
example of such a loop is shown in Figure 2 and marked with
crosses indicating that this type of loop does not intervene.
However, other logical loops occur through different
transceivers as also shown in Figure 2. There is no feature
in the system blocking this type of loop, which is created by
any couple of dual transceivers with both buses enabled. The
exact effect depends on the dynamics of the full system – the
delays, the delay symmetry etc. These aspects define
whether the external loop does or does not intervene, in what
direction and with what exact effect (ringing, oscillations,
self−sustained dominant etc.)
CAN2
TRX1
CAN2
External
Loop
TRX2
TRXn
Internal
Loop
Rint
Rx0
Logic
CAN1
Text
Rint
Tx0
Rx0
Logic
Text
Rint
Tx0
Rx0
CAN1
Text
Logic
Tx0
CAN1
Figure 2. AMIS−42700/42770: Example of Logical Loops Existing in the Redundant CAN Bus
Connection with Simplified Models of the AMIS−42700/42770 Devices.
The internal loop is created through the repetition logic
and is “solved” by the feedback suppression feature of the
dual transceivers. The external loop is not treated however,
and can intervene into the signal propagation in an
un−predictable way as it depends on many dynamic
parameters of the application. The shown logical loops are
not exhaustive – the internal loop exists in every dual
transceiver and the external loop can be drawn through any
two dual transceivers with both buses enabled.
In order to keep using the connection of two CAN buses
through all nodes, the application must be extended as
principally shown in Figure 3. The host MCU firmware must
ensure that at most one dual transceiver is fully enabled at
any time. It can be achieved by keeping only one of the buses
enabled as long as it is working, toggling the enable based
on a pre−defined schedule etc. The exact algorithm is out of
this document’s scope.
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5V reg
VBAT
Vref
VCC
Host
MCU
CAN
controller
EN1B
EN2B
Rx0
Tx0
Text
Rint
8
10 12
13
2
7 AMIS−42700 14
4 AMIS−42770 19
3
9 5 6 15 16 17 18
CANH1
CANL1
120 W
CANH2
CANL2
120 W
GND
5V reg
VBAT
Vref
VCC
Host
MCU
CAN
controller
EN1B
EN2B
Rx0
Tx0
Text
Rint
CAN2
CAN1
TRX1
12
8
10
13
2
7 AMIS−42700 14
4 AMIS−42770 19
3
9 5 6 15 16 17 18
CANH1
CANL1
120 W
CANH2
CANL2
120 W
GND
TRX2
Figure 3. AMIS−42700/42770: Principle Schematic of the Solution
The host MCUs in individual nodes must ensure at any moment, that no two nodes have both transceivers enabled at the same time.
Bench Measurements
Setup Description
long. Only CANL and CANH nodes were inter−
connected, the shield of the cables was left floating.
• All 4 terminal points of the two CAN buses were
terminated with 120 W resistors.
• All 4 transceivers were enabled (all corresponding
ENxB signals were set Low).
• The transmission was controlled by Tx0 signals on
either TRX1 or TRX2 from a function generator.
• Whenever possible, the scope probes were connected
on the side of TRX1 with their grounds connected to
the ground of TRX1.
An example of the full setup connection is shown in
Figure 5.
To emulate a redundant CAN bus, the PCB shown in was
used in the following way:
• Both transceivers (TRX1 and TRX2, AGA mask set)
were supplied with independent power supplies
decoupled with 150 nF + 33 mF on the PCB. Unless
otherwise specified, these supplies are set to 5 V.
• Whenever possible, the grounds of both transceivers
were separated (which was not possible, e.g., when the
same oscilloscope was used to probe simultaneously on
both transceivers)
• CAN1 and CAN2 connectors, respectively, were
connected with industrial−grade CAN cables 120 cm
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AND8348/D
T
R
X
1
GND
CAN1
CAN2
VCC
Tx0
Tx0
T
R
X
2
CAN1
VCC
CAN2
GND
Figure 4. AMIS−42770: Photograph of the Setup without External Connections – the Board
Contains Two AMIS−42770 CAN Repeaters with Separated VCC and GND Connections.
Figure 5. AMIS−42770: Photograph of the Setup with External Connections
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• Depending on how the scope probes were connected
The depicted situation corresponds to probing of: CANH1
and CANH2 of TRX1 (the respective CANLx signals being
grounded) and Rx0 of both transceivers. Because of the Rx0
probing, the ground of both transceivers is connected
through the oscilloscope in this case.
The following variations of the behavior have been
observed:
• Identical buses vs. buses with forced delay asymmetry
(achieved by capacitive loading of one of the buses)
• In function of which transceiver initiated the communi−
cation (might be a result of not fully identical samples)
•
(causing, again, different capacitive loading)
Depending on the exact VCC voltage supplied to the
transceivers, which directly influences the delays inside
the logical loops
Measurements of Bus Voltages
The below waveforms were probed on TRX1 – all four
bus signals were captured by individual scope probes
grounded to the ground of TRX1.
CANH1(TRX1)
CANH1(TRX1)
CANL1(TRX1)
CANL1(TRX1)
CANH2(TRX1)
CANH2(TRX1)
CANL2(TRX1)
CANL2(TRX1)
Figure 6. AMIS−42770: Bus Voltages in Case of Normal Termination
(120 W resistor on both extremities of both buses)
Low pulse of 4 ms is applied on Tx0 pin of transceiver 1 (left picture) or transceiver 2 (right picture). In both situations,
virtually identical shapes are seen on both buses with differential levels corresponding to a single transmitter.
CANH1(TRX1)
CANH1(TRX1)
CANL1(TRX1)
CANH2(TRX1)
CANL1(TRX1)
CANH2(TRX1)
CANL2(TRX1)
CANL2(TRX1)
Figure 7. AMIS−42770: Bus Voltages in Case of Normal Termination
(120 W resistor on both extremities of both buses) + 1 nF capacitor connected between bus lines on CAN1 of TRX1.
Low pulse of 4 ms is applied on Tx0 pin of TRX 1. Right picture is a zoom−in of the left one. The dominant voltage on CAN1
is higher than the signal on CAN2, indicating that both transmitters on the bus are active. Because of the delay on CAN1 (caused
by the capacitor), the second transceiver starts to “repeat” the signal on CAN2 before it receives the signal on CAN1 – it is
seen as a step on the zoomed snapshot.
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CANH1(TRX1)
CANH1(TRX1)
CANL1(TRX1)
CANH2(TRX1)
CANL1(TRX1)
CANH2(TRX1)
CANL2(TRX1)
CANL2(TRX1)
Figure 8. AMIS−42770: Bus Voltages in Case of Normal Termination
(120 W resistor on both extremities of both buses) + 1 nF capacitor connected between bus lines on CAN2 of TRX1.
Low pulse of 4 ms is applied on Tx0 pin of transceiver 1. Right picture is a zoom−out of the left one. This time, the dominant
signal on bus 2 is higher because of the delay introduced by the additional capacitor. Additionally, this situation leads to a
dead−lock – after the active transmission is supposed to finish (Tx0 gets High), a complex transient occurs stabilizing in a
permanent dominant. Only after the built−in time−out (see the right zoom−out), the dominant is cut.
CANH1(TRX1)
CANL1(TRX1)
CANH2(TRX1)
CANL2(TRX1)
Figure 9. AMIS−42770: Bus Voltages in Case of Normal Termination
(120 W resistor on both extremities of both buses) + 1 nF capacitor connected between bus lines on CAN2 of TRX1.
Low pulse of 4 ms is applied on Tx0 pin of TRX2. Compared to Figure 8, the only difference is the signal Tx0. When Tx0
Low was applied to TRX1, a dead−lock resulted. When Tx0 Low is applied on TRX2 in the same bus configuration, only
increased voltage on bus 2 occurs, but the transmission is ended as expected.
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CANH1(TRX1)
CANL1(TRX1)
CANH2(TRX1)
CANL2(TRX1)
Figure 10. AMIS−42770: Bus Voltages in Case of Normal Termination
(120 W resistor on both extremities of both buses) + 1 nF capacitor connected between bus lines on CAN1 of TRX1.
Low pulse of 4 ms is applied on Tx0 pin of TRX2.
CANH1(TRX1)
CANL1(TRX1)
CANH2(TRX1)
CANL2(TRX1)
Figure 11. AMIS−42770. Bus Voltages in Case of Normal Termination
(120 W resistor on both extremities of both buses) + 1 nF capacitor connected between bus lines on CAN2 of TRX1.
VCC of TRX1 is 6 V, VCC of TRX2 is 5 V. Application of Tx0 Low results in self−sustained oscillations on the buses.
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Measurement of Logical Signals
In the following pictures, the bus voltages were measured by single probes on the side of TRX1 – the probe was connected
to the corresponding CANH signal, while CANL was grounded. The behavior of the bus was partly changed compared to the
previous paragraphs (with two probes per channel).
CAN1(TRX1)
CAN2(TRX1)
Rx0(TRX2)
Rx0(TRX1)
Figure 12. AMIS−42770: signals on buses and Rx0 pins in case of normal termination.
Tx0 applied to TRX1.
CAN1(TRX1)
CAN2(TRX1)
Rx0(TRX2)
Rx0(TRX1)
Figure 13. AMIS−42770: Signals on Buses and Rx0 Pins in Case of Normal Termination +
1 nF on bus 1 of TRX1. Tx0 applied to TRX1.
Together with a higher voltage on bus1, a dominant deadlock occurs – this is different from the case when the CAN signals
are probed individually (see Figure 7).The different probe connection probably changes impedance/reflection properties of the
bus.
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AND8348/D
CAN1(TRX1)
CAN1(TRX1)
CAN2(TRX1)
CAN2(TRX1)
Rx0(TRX2)
Rx0(TRX2)
Rx0(TRX1)
Rx0(TRX1)
Figure 14. Figure 15 AMIS−42770: Signals on Buses and Rx0 Pins in Case of Normal Termination +
1 nF on bus2 of TRX1.
Tx0 applied to TRX1. Together with a higher voltage on bus2, a dominant deadlock occurs. The right picture is a zoom−out
of the left one.
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