CN0269: 18-Bit, 1.33 MSPS, 16-Channel Data Acquisition System

Circuit Note
CN-0269
Devices Connected/Referenced
AD7984
18-Bit, 1.33 MSPS PulSAR 10.5 mW ADC in MSOP/QFN
AD8475
Circuits from the Lab™ reference circuits are
engineered and tested for quick and easy system
AD8065
integration to help solve today’s analog, mixed-signal,
ADG5208
and RF design challenges. For more information
and/or support, visit www.analog.com/CN0269.
ADG5236
Precision, Selectable Gain, Fully Differential Funnel Amp
High Performance, 145 MHz FastFET Op Amps
High Voltage, Latch-Up Proof, 8-Channel Multiplexers
High Voltage Latch-Up Proof, Dual SPDT Switches
Ultralow Noise, 4.096 V, LDO XFET Voltage References with
Current Sink and Source
ADR444
18-Bit, 1.33 MSPS, 16-Channel Data Acquisition System
EVALUATION AND DESIGN SUPPORT
A single channel can be sampled at up to 1.33 MSPS with 18-bit
resolution. A channel-to-channel switching rate of 250 kHz
between all input channels provides 16-bit performance.
Circuit Evaluation Boards
CN-0269 Circuit Evaluation Board (EVAL-CN0269-SDPZ)
System Demonstration Platform (EVAL-SDP-CB1Z)
Design and Integration Files
Schematics, Layout Files, Bill of Materials
The signal processing circuit combined with a simple 4-bit updown binary counter provides a simple and cost effective way to
realize channel-to-channel switching without an FPGA, CPLD,
or high speed processor. The counter can be programmed to
count up or count down for sequentially sampling multiple
channels, or can be loaded with a fixed binary word for
sampling a single channel.
CIRCUIT FUNCTION AND BENEFITS
The circuit shown in Figure 1 is a high performance industrial
signal level multichannel data acquisition circuit that has been
optimized for fast channel-to-channel switching. It can process
16-channels of single-ended inputs or 8-channels of differential
inputs with up to 18-bit resolution.
+5V
+12V
VDD
AI0
AI1
AI2
AI3
AI4
AI5
AI6
AI7
S1
S2
S3
S4
S5
S6
S7
S8
AI0+
AI1+
AI2+
AI3+
AI4+
AI5+
AI6+
AI7+
–12V
VSS
GND
P4
D
AGND
+12V
–12V
EN
A0
A1
A2
VDD
GND
S1A
VSS
D1
–12V
IN1
S2A
1kΩ
NC_1
NC_2
NC_3
+12V
VDD
DIFFERENTIAL
VSS
GND
D
NC_4
NC_5
ADG5236
1.25kΩ
2 –IN_0.4*
1kΩ
S1B
0.1µF
+12V
–12V
0Ω
VCOM
JP3
1
+12V
+IN_0.8*
2
+IN_0.4*
1
JP4
1.25kΩ
1kΩ
+VS
NC
1kΩ
1.25kΩ
+OUT
3 –IN_0.8*
VCOM
3
IN2
–12V
0.1µF
50V
22µF
6.3V
+5V
AD8065
S2B
AI0–
AI1–
AI2–
AI3–
AI4–
AI5–
AI6–
AI7–
0.1µF
50V
DGND
1kΩ
D2
AI8
AI9
AI10
AI11
AI12
AI13
AI14
AI15
+2.5V
+4.096V
TP_2
NC_2
VOUT
TRIM
ADR444
ADG5208
S1
S2
S3
S4
S5
S6
S7
S8
TP_1
VIN
NC_1
GND
0.1µF
50V
1.25kΩ
–OUT
VIO
10kΩ
10Ω
2.2nF
REF VDD
IN+
2.2nF
IN–
VIO
SDI
SCK
SDO
CNV
33Ω
33Ω
33Ω
TCLKBF
DATA
TFS
GND
10Ω
AD7984
–VS
AD8475
+3.3V
AD8065
CH0 CH1 CH2 CH3
33Ω
33Ω
33Ω
EN
A0
A1
A2
SPORT
33Ω
33Ω
33Ω
Q0
Q1
Q2
Q3
B
Y
74LVC1G00
A
VCC
GND
CEP
CET
TC
15Ω
GPIO
CP
PE
U/D
PL
U/D
P0
P1
P2
P3
P0
P1
P2
P3
74LVC169
ADG5208
S_D
EN
10563-001
SINGLE ENDED
Figure 1. Multichannel Data Acquisition Circuit (Simplified Schematic: All Components, Connections, and Decoupling Not Shown)
Rev. 0
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CN-0269
Circuit Note
signals by modern low voltage differential input ADCs, the
attenuation and level shifting stage is necessary.
This circuit is an ideal solution for a multichannel data
acquisition card for many industrial applications including
process control, and power line monitoring.
The AD8475, fully differential, attenuating (funnel) amplifier with
integrated precision gain resistors provides precision attenuation
(by 0.4× or 0.8×), common-mode level shifting, and singleended-to-differential conversion along with input overvoltage
protection. Fast settling time (50 ns to 0.001%), and low noise
performance (10 nV/√Hz) make the AD8475 well suited to drive
18-bit differential input ADCs at sampling rates up to 4 MSPS.
CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION
The circuit shown in Figure 1 is a classic multichannel nonsynchronous data acquisition signal chain consisting of a
multiplexer, amplifiers, and an ADC.
The architecture allows fast sampling of multiple channels using
a single ADC, providing low cost and excellent channel-tochannel matching.
The AD7984, 18-bit, PulSAR® ADC selected in this circuit
provides 18-bit resolution at 1.33 MSPS when sampling a single
channel. However, the settling time of various components in
the signal chain limit the overall accuracy when sequentially
switching between channels. For example, 16-bit performance is
achieved when switching between channels at a 250 kHz rate.
Channel-to-channel switching speed is limited by the settling
time of the various components following the multiplexer in the
signal chain, because the multiplexer can present a full-scale
step voltage output to the downstream amplifier and ADC. The
components in this circuit have been specifically chosen to
minimize the settling time and maximize channel-to-channel
switching speed.
Timing Analysis
When the circuit shown in Figure 1 is operating in the continuous
switching mode, all the 16-channel signal-ended or 8-channel
differential signal streams are merged into a time-division
multiplexed signal by the two stage multiplexer comprised of
the ADG5208 and the ADG5236. The multiplexed signal drives
the buffer circuit (AD8065) and the attenuation and level shift
circuit (AD8475). The output signal of the AD8475 drives the
differential input ADC through an RC filter (2.2 nF, 10 Ω).
Component Selection
The ADG5208 multiplexer switches one of eight inputs to a
common output, as determined by the 3-bit binary address
lines. The ADG5236 contains two independently selectable
single-pole/double throw (SPDT) switches. Two ADG5208
switches, combined with one ADG5236, allow 16 single-ended
channels or 8 true differential channels to be connected to the
rest of the signal chain using a 4-bit digital control signal.
The multiplexed input signal typically consists of large voltage
steps when switching between channels. In the worst case, one
channel is at negative full scale, while the next channel is at
positive full scale. Therefore, the step can be as large as the full
range of input signal, in this case, 20 V. It is a tremendous challenge
for the analog signal chain to settle to high precision from such
a large step signal level in a short time. The timing of the circuit
must be carefully examined to determine the amount of settling
time available at various sampling rates and the settling time
required by the circuits in the signal chain.
The 4-bit digital signal is generated by a 4-bit binary up/down
counter triggered by the same signal used for the convert (CNV)
input to the 18-bit, 1.33 MSPS AD7984 ADC.
The AD8065 JFET input op amp has a 145 MHz bandwidth and
is configured as a unity-gain buffer to provide excellent settling
time performance and extremely high input impedance. The
AD8065 also provides very low impedance output to drive the
AD8475 funnel amp attenuation stage.
Figure 2 shows the basic timing diagram of the system, and this
is where the analysis starts.
The advantages of fully differential signal chain are good
common-mode rejection and reduction in second-order
distortion products. In order to process ±10 V industrial level
tS
CNV
tCONV
[CH3 TO CH0]
VOUT_SW
CONVERSION
ACQUISITION
[0000]
ACQUISITION
[0001]
SETTLING TO CH0
SETTLING TO CH1
tDD
tMD
tSETTLE
Figure 2. Multichannel Data Acquisition Circuit Timing
Rev. 0 | Page 2 of 12
10563-002
STATUS
tACQ
Circuit Note
CN-0269
Digital Delay
So tMD is calculated using the equation:
In the circuit shown in Figure 1, the ADC and multiplexer are
both triggered by the rising edge of CNV signal from digital
controller. At this point, the SAR ADC has completed the
acquisition of the sample and starts the conversion cycle.
tMD = tTRANSITION − tSETTLE (90%)
The maximum settling time left for analog signal chain at a
sampling rate of 𝑓𝑠 can be estimated by the equation:
tSETTLE(fs) = 1/fS – tDD − tMD
Ideally, the signal chain has one full sampling period to settle to
the next channel, but there are delays in the digital circuits that
decrease the available settling time. In Figure 2, tDD is the sum of
the delay through the NAND gate and the counter CLK-toOUT delay. This digital delay can be found from the data sheet
of each component, and is approximately 8 ns total.
The time for switch to settle to within a % error can be
calculated by the equation below. See the AN-1024 Application
Note, “How to Calculate the Settling Time and Sampling Rate of
a Multiplexer” for more details.
The test circuit for measuring the transition delay with a load of
300 Ω||35 pF is shown in Figure 3. Under this test configuration,
the settling time can be estimated by Equation 3.
Since the ADG5208 and ADG5236 are switched simultaneously
in this circuit, the tMD marked in Figure 2 is equal to the delay
generated by the slower one, which is the ADG5208.
 % error
t SETTLE = – ln 
 100
The transition time delay of multiplexer is easy to find in the
data sheet. However, the transition delay on the data sheet is the
delay time between the 50% of the digital input and the 90%
point of the digital output as shown in Figure 3.
3V
50%
50%
tr < 20ns
tf < 20ns
VDD
VSS
VDD
VSS
  R ON R L


  R ON + R L

 (C + C
L
 D

A0
S1
0V
VIN
tMD
A1
50Ω
VS1
S2 TO S7
A2
tTRANSITION
(2)
A good first order approximation for estimating multiplexer
settling time is to treat the multiplexer in the on state as a
simple RC circuit with time constant of RON × CD.
The time shown as tMD in Figure 2 is the delay through the two
stage multiplexer measured from the 50% point of the digital
input to the point that the analog output signal starts to settle.
ADDRESS
DRIVE (VIN)
(1)
tTRANSITION
S8
90%
ADG5208
2.0V
OUTPUT
D
EN
GND
VS8
OUTPUT
300Ω
35pF
10563-003
90%
Figure 3. ADG5208 Transition Delay Test Circuit
Rev. 0 | Page 3 of 12
)
(3)
CN-0269
Circuit Note
Actually, this digital delay of 147 ns due to the digital control
circuit and part of the transition delay from multiplexer can be
compensated by delaying the rising edge of the convert signal
with respect to the multiplexer update signal by an amount of
time equal to tDD + tMD. However, both tDD and tMD are a function
of temperature, power supply voltage, and normal variations
from part to part. The time margin must be enough to account
for the variation and drift. For example, under this configuration
with 147 ns digital delay, switching the multiplexer 100 ns to
120 ns ahead of the ADC convert signal (tAHEAD) increases the
available settling time by the same amount.
For the ADG5208, RON is 160 Ω, and CD is 52 pF. The transition
delay of ADG5208 is 160 ns. So, the 90% settling time of the
ADG5208 is
 10 
 (160 || 300 Ω )( 52 pF + 35 pF ) = 21 ns
t SETTLE ( 90%) = – ln 

 100 
From Equation 1,
tMD = tTRANSITION – tSETTLE(90%) = 160 ns – 21 ns = 139 ns
Therefore, under this circuit configuration with the ADG5208
and the ADG5236, the total extra time delay due to the digital
circuits is
The optimized timing is shown in Figure 4, but was not
implemented in the actual circuit in order to minimize
complexity.
tDD + tMD = 8 ns + 139 ns = 147 ns
tS
tAHEAD
tCONV
tACQ
CONVERSION
ACQUISITION
CNV
STATUS
MUX CTRL
[0000]
VOUT_SW
TO CH0
[0001]
SETTLING TO CH1
tDD
tMD
tSETTLE
Figure 4. Optimized Timing of Multichannel Data Acquisition Circuit
Rev. 0 | Page 4 of 12
10563-004
[CH3:CH0]
Circuit Note
CN-0269
Settling Time Analysis
Settling Time for the Multiplexer Stage
When the circuit shown in Figure 1 is operating in the
continuous switching mode, all the 16-channel signal-ended or
8-channel differential signal streams are merged into a timedivision multiplexed signal by the two stage multiplexer, the
ADG5208 and ADG5236. The signal is then buffered by the
AD8065 that has a high impedance, low capacitance input.
The equivalent circuit for a CMOS switch can be approximated
as an ideal switch in series with a resistor (RON) and in parallel
with two capacitors (CS, CD). The multiplexer stage and
associated filters can therefore be modeled as shown in Figure 6.
PART 3
PART 4
ATTENUATION
RC + ADC
ADG5208
ADG5236
AD8065
AD8475
AD7984
tS_MUX
tS_BUF
tS_ATN
tS_RC
2
2
CD
VSS
VSS
VSS
CIN
VSS
The RS is the 1 kΩ resistor in series with non-inverting input of
the AD8065, and CIN is the input capacitance of AD8065. The
input impedance of AD8065 is 1 GΩ||2.2 pF, and the 1 GΩ
resistance can be ignored.
Then the total settling time is estimated to be the root sum
square (rss) of settling time of each stage
2
CS
The pre-filter in front of multiplexer is not shown in Figure 1.
This pre-filter is used for noise suppression. Also, the RP resistor
combined with protection diodes and the TVS provides
additional transient and over-voltage protection for hostile
environments. The protection components are shown in the
complete circuit schematic contained in the CN-0269 Design
Support Package.
Figure 5. Sub-Stage Block Diagram for Settling Time Analysis
t S _ ALL = t S _ MUX + t S _ BUF + t S _ ATN + t S _ RC
CS
VSS
RS
CD
Note that the ADG5236 model does not show the series switch
because it only switches when changing from single-ended to
differential mode inputs.
10563-005
PART 2
BUFFER
CP
VSS
RON SW2
AD8065
Figure 6. First-Order Model for Input Pre-Filter, Multiplexer, and AD8065 Input
For the purposes of calculating settling time, the circuit can be
divided into four parts as shown in Figure 5.
MUX
VSS
RP
RON
D
CS
CP
VSS
AI 2
ADG5236
RON SW1
10563-006
AI 1
Then the low impedance output of AD8065 buffer drives the
AD8475 stage that attenuates, level shifts, and performs the
single-ended to differential conversion. An RC (10 Ω, 2.2 nF)
filter is placed at the input of the AD7984 ADC in order to limit
out-of-band noise and attenuate the kickback from the switched
capacitor input of the ADC. The −3 dB bandwidth of the filter
is 7.2 MHz. (See Front-End Amplifier and RC Filter Design for a
Precision SAR Analog-to-Digital Converters, Analog Dialogue
46-12, December 2012).
PART 1
ADG5208
PRE-FILTER
RP
The circuit in Figure 6 was simulated using NI Multisim™ as
shown in Figure 7, with the following component values:
2
Pre-filter: RP = 300 Ω; CP = 120 pF;
In order to settle to within a specific error band at a sampling
rate, fS , the relationship below must be satisfied.
ADG5208: RON =160 Ω; CS = 5.5 pF; CD = 52 pF;
tS_ALL + tDD + tMD < 1/fS
ADG5236: RON =160 Ω; CS = 2.5 pF; CD = 12 pF;
Or, fS <1/(tS_ALL + tDD + tMD)
AD8065: RS =1 kΩ; CIN = 2.2 pF;
XSC1
G
T
A B C
V1
259kHz
4V
FIRST
RC
D
SECOND
RC
THIRD
RC
ADG5208
RON1
160Ω
RP1
FOURTH
RC
ADG5236
RON3
160Ω
SW1
RS
1kΩ
300Ω
CP1
120pF
S1
10V
C A1
10pF
CS1
5.5pF
CD1
52pF
RON2
160Ω
RP2
CS3
2.5pF
C D2
15pF
CIN
2.2pF
SW2
300Ω
CP2
120pF
CA2
10pF
CS2
5.5pF
10563-007
S2
–10V
Figure 7. NI Multisim Simulation Circuit for the Pre-Filter, Multiplexer, and AD8065 Input
Rev. 0 | Page 5 of 12
Circuit Note
CN-0269
The simulation result is shown in Figure 8. From the simulation
result, the settling of the circuit shown in Figure 7 is:
tS_MUX = 10.1300 – 8.0011 = 2.129 µs
2
1
Settling time is also a function of the op amp closed-loop gain and
the feedback network, as well as the compensation. Settling time
depends on the amplitude of the output voltage step. A large
output step generally has a longer settling time than a small one.
OUTPUT
23.6
(10.13µ 10)
VOLTAGE (V)
19.1
Measuring 0.01% or 0.001% settling time for a 10 V or 20 V output
step is an extremely difficult task due to the effects of oscilloscope
overdrive, sensitivity, and the difficulty of generating an input pulse
that settles to the required accuracy.
14.7
10.3
(8.0011µ –10)
5.9
MUX_CTRL
–2.9
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
TIME (µs)
10563-008
1.5
Figure 8. Pre-Filter, Multiplexer, and AD8065 Input Settling Time Simulation
Because the multiplexer settling time is 2.1 µs, this will limit the
maximum throughput rate per channel to 476 kSPS (1/2.1 µs),
even if the multiplexer was the only element in the signal chain.
Since the settling time contributions of each stage in the signal
chain add on an rss basis, stages having settling times of less
than approximately 2.1 µs ÷ 3 = 700 ns will have a minimum
effect on the total settling time.
Settling Time for AD8065 Buffer and AD8475
Attenuation Stages
OUTPUT
FINAL
SETTLING
SETTLING TIME
10563-009
ERROR
BAND
RECOVERY
TIME
The AD8475 differential attenuating amplifier has a settling
time specification of 50 ns to 0.0001%, and a slew rate of
50 V/µs for a 2 V output step. In the circuit, the output is 8 V, so
assuming that the settling time is proportional to the output
voltage step, the 8 V settling time will be approximately 200 ns.
Settling Time for the Noise Filter and the AD7984 ADC
The settling time of an amplifier is defined as the time it takes the
output to respond to a step change at the input and come into and
remain within a defined error band, as measured relative to the
50% point of the input pulse, as shown in Figure 9.
DEAD SLEW
TIME TIME
The AD8065 op amp has a 0.1% settling time specification of
250 ns for a 10 V output step and a slew rate of 180 V/µs. The
slew time for the output to swing 10 V is approximately 55 ns,
and the slew time for a 20 V output step is approximately
110 ns. We can estimate the 0.1 % settling time for a 20 V step
by adding the additional slew time to the specification for a
10 V step, and obtain approximately 250 ns + 55 ns = 305 ns.
Based on empirical data, we will assume the 0.01% settling time
is approximately 600 ns for a 20 V output step.
Figure 9. Settling Time of an Op Amp
The error band is usually defined to be a specific percentage of the
step, such as 0.1%, 0.01%, 0.001%, etc. As shown in Figure 9, the
dead time, slew time, and recovery time together constitute the
total settling time.
The AD7984 ADC is a member of the PulSAR® family and is
based on a charge-redistribution digital-to-analog converter
capacitive DAC. The output code is determined in two phases.
The first phase is the acquisition phase. The internal capacitive
DAC is switched to the ADC input pins in order to acquire the
signal. The external support circuitry driving the ADC input
must be able to settle to the required voltage at the end of
acquisition phase. The ADC then enters the conversion phase,
and the capacitive DAC is disconnected from the input. The
conversion is then performed during this phase using the SAR
conversion algorithm.
The equivalent analog input circuit combined with the external
RC filter is shown in Figure 10. The REXT and CEXT are the
external filter in front of the ADC, which is 10 Ω and 2.2 nF in
this circuit. The pin capacitance (CPIN) of several pF can be
ignored because of the large CEXT.The value of RIN is typically
400 Ω, and CIN is typically 30 pF.
REF
For a high speed fast settling op amp, such as AD8065, the dead
time is only a small percentage of the total settling time and can
usually be ignored.
REXT
Op amp settling time is nonlinear; it may take 30 times as long
to settle to 0.01% as to 0.1%. Thermal effects within the op amp
can cause the op amp to take hundreds of microseconds to settle to
GND
Rev. 0 | Page 6 of 12
AD7984
D1
IN+ OR IN–
CEXT
CPIN
GND
RIN
CIN
D2
GND
Figure 10. AD7984 Input Equivalent Circuit
10563-010
28.0
0.01%, although 0.1% settling may be less than 100 ns. Some op
amps that have a settling time specified to 0.1% may never settle
to 0.01% or 0.001% due to low amplitude ringing and/or long
term thermal effects.
Circuit Note
CN-0269
1
During the conversion phase, the switch is open and the REXT
and CEXT time constant determines the input settling time.
2
OUT
When the switch is closed and the ADC enters the acquisition
phase, the internal RIN and CIN is connected in parallel with the
external network, and a charge transient can be injected onto
the input.
(11.0469µ 4)
RCEXT
In this circuit, with a 0.4× gain of the AD8475 and a 20 V
single-ended input step, the voltage step into the AD7984 is 4 V
single-ended and 8 V differential.
SW_ADC
When the step voltage is initially applied, the AD8475 is in the
conversion mode, and the switch is open. The REXT and CEXT
time constant is 22 ns, and 12.48 time constants is 275 ns (time
required to settle to 18 bits shown in Table 1), which is less than
the 500 ns allowable conversion time when sampling at 1 MSPS.
When the AD7984 enters the acquisition mode at the end of the
500 ns interval, the switch closes. At this point, the voltage at the
RC filter input can be positive full-scale, and the voltage on CIN
can be negative full-scale, or vice-versa. The settling time of the
voltage across CIN is now a function of REXT, CEXT, RIN, and CIN.
The settling time for this circuit can be simulated by the Multisim
and is shown in Figure 11. The SIN is a component of Multisim
named PULSE_VOLTAGE which provides the 4 V step input with
50% duty cycle. Another PULSE_VOLTAGE in Figure 11 is
SW_ADC. This PULSE_VOLTAGE combined with ideal switch
A1 controls the CONVERSION and ACQUISITION cycle
timing of the SAR ADC. The pulse is 500 ns wide which equals
the CONVERSION time of the AD7984. The 5 μs is the halfperiod of the input switching signal. The SIN and SW_ADC are
controlled by the same phase of the clock. The switch A1 is
open during the first 500 ns after SIN is switched. Switch A1
then closes, allowing the capacitive DAC to acquire the input
signal from the external RC filter.
XSC1
9
SIN
0.5V, 4.5V
5µs, 10µs
13
14
15
16
Table 1 is useful and shows the number of time constants
required to settle to a given accuracy for a simple RC network.
Table 1. Number of Time Constants Required to Settle to a
Given Accuracy for an Simple RC Network
Resolution,
No. of Bits
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
LSB (%FS)
1.563
0.391
0.0977
0.0244
0.0061
0.00153
0.00038
0.000095
0.000024
No. of Time Constants =
−In (%Error/100)
4.16
5.55
6.93
8.32
9.70
11.09
12.48
13.86
15.25
The total settling time of the entire circuit shown in Figure 1
can now be estimated:
2
2
2
t S _ ALL  t S _ MUX  t S _ BUF  t S _ ATN  t S _ RC
D
2
 2129 2  600 2  200 2  469 2  2270 ns
U1
NOT
CEXT
2.2nF
Therefore for settling to 18 bits, the maximum switching rate of
this circuit is:
ADCINPUT
A1
fS < 1/(2270 ns + 147 ns) = 414 kHz
RIN
400Ω
4.5V, 0.5V
Noise Analysis
The Noise of the AD8065 Buffer Stage
CIN
30pF
SW_ADC
0V, 5V
500ns, 5µs
10563-011
REXT
10Ω
12
Figure 12. Settling Time Waveforms for AD7984 Front End Simulation Model
T
RC FILTER
11
TIME (µs)
G
A B C
10
10563-012
SIN
Figure 11. Multisim Settling Time Model of the AD7984 Front End
The simulation result is shown in Figure 12. The blue label
shows that the voltage on CIN settled to 4 V with 18-bit accuracy
469 ns after the input step signal. Therefore the total settling
time of the front end of the AD7984 is tSRC = 469 ns.
The noise sources in the signal chain of this circuit are the
thermal noise from resistors and the voltage and current noise
from the AD8065 and the AD8475. The on resistance of the two
switches is small enough to ignore.
A simplified noise analysis model for the AD8065 circuit is
shown in Figure 13.
Rev. 0 | Page 7 of 12
CN-0269
Circuit Note
RS
eRp
When the AD8475 is operating at a gain of 0.8 (worst case noise
condition) the input rms noise to the ADC is therefore
iP
+
AD8065
iN
–
eRs
eV
eRf
Rf
V TOTAL _ RMS = (15.1 nV/ Hz × 1.57 × 7.23 MHz = 51 μV
10563-013
RP
AI
VTOTAL_PP = 6.6 × 51 µV = 337 µV
Figure 13. AD8065 Noise Model
The noise sources shown in Figure 13 must be converted to the
output by multiplying the noise gain, which is 1 for a unity-gain
buffer.
eAD8065_RTO =
For the 18-bit AD7984 with reference voltage of 4.096 V, the
differential input span is 8.196 V. The LSB value is 31 µV. The
peak-to-peak noise of 337 µV therefore corresponds to 11 LSBs
peak-to-peak.
Effect of Multiplexer Switching Transients
e RP + e RS + e Rf + e V + ( R P + R S ) i p + R f i p
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
The multiplexer has source and drain capacitance. The drain
capacitance of the multiplexer holds the voltage of previous
input channel. When the multiplexer switches to the next
channel, this can create a transient or kick-back glitch through
the RON resistance. This transient can affect the next conversion.
Therefore, the pre-filter driver needs to have a very low output
impedance and a fast settling time to the transient.
2
The noise from resistors can be calculated from the equation:
R
eR = 4×
nV/ Hz at 25°C
1000
where R is in Ω.
eRP = 2.2 nV/√Hz
+10V
PRE-FILTER
RP
ADG5208
P1
SW1
AI 1
eRS =eRf= 4 nV/√Hz
–10V
eV = 7 nV/√Hz
CP
CS
VSS
RP VSS
AI 2
CP
VSS
ip = iN = 1 pA/√Hz
P2
CS
VSS
RON
ADG5236
RON
D
CD
SW2
VSS
P3
CS
CD
VSS
VSS
RS
CIN
RON
eVAD8065 = 10 nV/√Hz
The Noise of the AD8475Attenuation Stage
P3
eAD8475_RTO
eAD8065_RTO
+
AD8475
–
VN
VP
10563-014
eAD8065_RTO
Figure 14. AD8475 Noise Model
The AD8475 output voltage noise is also 10 nV/√Hz, including
amplifier voltage and current noise, as well as noise of internal
resistors.
The noise density of the whole signal chain in front of ADC is
e TOTAL _ GAIN =
2 × ( GAIN AD8475 × e AD8475_RTO
)
2
+ e AD8475_RTO
2
For the ±10 V input range, the GAINAD8475 = 0.4.
eTOTAL_0.4 = 11.5 nV/√Hz
For the ±5 V input range, the GAINAD8475 = 0.8.
eTOTAL_0.8 = 15.1 nV/√Hz
The total output noise of the AD8475 is applied to the RC filter
(10 Ω, 2.2 nF) that has a bandwidth of 7.23 MHz. The
bandwidth of the AD8065 is 145 MHz, and the bandwidth of
the AD8475 is 150 MHz. The input bandwidth of the AD7984
ADC is 10 MHz, therefore the noise at the input of the AD7984
is limited by the RC noise filter to 7.23 MHz.
P1
SW_A0
BACK-CHARGE
FORWARD-CHARGE
10563-015
The eAD8065_RTO term is the noise from the circuit at the input to
AD8475 stage. This noise is reflected to the output of the
AD8475 by multiplying the signal gain (0.4) of AD8475 stage as
shown in Figure 14.
KICK
P2
Figure 15. Multiplexer Switching Transients
The driver needs to be able to charge the input to the required
accuracy (forward-charge) before the switch opens. The backcharge occurs when the switch opens, and generally is short and
doesn’t present a problem.
In order to make the circuit easy to drive, a buffer can be placed
in front of the multiplexer (front buffer). The evaluation board
EVAL-CN0269-SDPZ has footprints for the input buffer on
each input channel and has an AD8065 installed in Channel 1
to Channel 4. Adding the buffer slightly increases the noise
density and the settling time. However, in a practical application,
the parasitic inductance and capacitance from the input cable
or terminal connector will significantly increase the time of
settling time and generate ringing due to the forward and back
charge without the buffer. The additional input buffer isolates
the parasitic effects and provides very low impedance to the
multiplexer. The difference in performance between the circuit
with or without input buffer is shown in the test part of this
circuit note.
Another reason for adding the input buffer is for that an
additional filter can be placed ahead of it for anti-aliasing and
noise reduction.
Rev. 0 | Page 8 of 12
CN-0269
Histogram Test Results
Switching Speed and Settling Time Test Results
Figure 16 shows the results of a 10,000 sample histogram taken
by shorting the 16 single-ended channels together and connecting
them to the GND of the PCB. Note that the peak-to-peak noise
is approximately 12 LSBs, including the input buffer.
The follow figures show the settling performance. The lab test
setup is shown in Figure 18.
B & K TYPE 1051
SINE GENERATOR
TRIPLE DC POWER SUPPLY
AGILENT E3631A
10563-016
SHORTING CABLE
Figure 16. DC Histogram at 0 V Input, 1 MSPS Sampling Rate, 10,000 Samples
1.5V BATTERY STACK
AC Test Results
EVAL-CN0269-SDPZ
EVAL-SDP-CB1Z
10563-018
Circuit Note
Figure 18. Switching Speed and Settling Time Lab Test Setup
The ac performance was tested at the system level with the
AD7984 sampling at 300 kSPS with 2.5 V p-p 10.675 kHz input
sine wave signal provided by a Type 1051 B&K sine generator,.
The circuit was sampling continuously on Channel 4, and does
not include the effects of the input buffer. The FFT shows an
SNR = 91.33 dBFS.
The CN-0269 evaluation board was configured in the 16channel singled input mode, the 8 odd channels were shorted
together, and the 8 even channels were shorted together.
A battery stack was used to generate the different dc input
voltages for low noise and low impedance.
The odd and even channels were connected to different
voltages. The LabVIEWTM software controls the EVAL-SDPCB1Z channel-to-channel and switches continually between the
input channels. The switching rate was varied from 100 Hz to
1 MHz in 1 kHz increments. There were 10 samples taken at
each switching rate, and the results averaged. The average value
at the lowest switching rate was used as a reference point. The
error at each different switching rate was calculated by taking
the difference between the 10-sample and the reference value.
The test results are shown in Figure 19 to Figure 23.
10563-017
In the figures, an error of 2 LSBs corresponds to 17-bit settling,
and an error of 4 LSBs corresponds to 16-bit settling.
Figure 17. FFT with a Kaiser Window (Parameter = 20), 2.5 V p-p 10.675 kHz
Input, 300 kSPS Sampling Rate on CH4 Without Input Buffer
Rev. 0 | Page 9 of 12
CN-0269
Circuit Note
80
25
20
60
CH 2, 4, 6… 16 SETTLE TO –7V
CH 2, 4, 6, 8 SETTLE TO –7V
15
40
10
ERROR (LSB)
0
–20
–40
CH 1, 3, 5… 15 SETTLE TO +7V
0
–5
–10
–15
–60
CH1, 3, 5, 7 SETTLE TO +7V
–20
–80
–25
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
SWITCHING RATE (kHz)
–30
10563-019
–100
5
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
SWITCHING RATE (kHz)
Figure 19. Errors vs. Switching Rate Without Front Buffer at 16-Channel
Single-Ended, 14 V Step
10563-022
ERROR (LSB)
20
Figure 22. Errors vs. Switching Rate with Front Buffer, 8-Channel
Differential Mode, 14 V Step
6
30
CH 2, 4, 6, 8 SETTLE TO –7V
20
10
2
ERROR (LSB)
ERROR (LSB)
CH 2, 4, 6, 8 SETTLE TO –1V
4
0
–10
0
–2
–20
CH 1, 3, 5, 7 SETTLE TO +7V
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
SWITCHING RATE (kHz)
–6
10
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
Figure 21, Figure 22, and Figure 23 show that with the input
buffer connected the circuit settles to 16 bits at channel-tochannel switching rates up to 250 kHz.
5
0
–5
COMMON VARIATIONS
–10
The 18-bit AD7984 is available in a 10-lead MSOP or a 10-lead
QFN (LFCSP) package. There are a number of other PulSAR
ADCs available in the same package with 14-bit, 16-bit, and 18bit resolutions having various sampling rates.
–15
CH 1, 3, 5, ... 15 SETTLE TO +7V
–20
–25
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
SWITCHING RATE (kHz)
Figure 21. Errors vs. Switching Rate with Input Buffer, 16-Channel
Single-Ended Mode, 14 V Step
10563-021
ERROR (LSB)
300
From the figures above, we can see the circuit with the input
buffer has a better settling performance than the circuit without
front buffer at switching rates less than 1 MHz.
15
–30
200
Figure 23. Errors vs. Switching Rate with Input Buffer, 8-Channel
Differential Mode, 2 V Step
CH 2, 4, 6, ...16 SETTLE TO –7V
20
100
SWITCHING RATE (kHz)
Figure 20. Errors vs. Switching Rate Without Input Buffer, 8-Channel
Differential Mode, 14 V Step
25
0
10563-023
0
10563-020
–40
CH 1, 3, 5, 7 SETTLE TO +1V
–4
–30
Another possible choice for the buffer amplifiers is the AD8021.
If programmable gain is required, the AD8250, AD8251, and
AD8253 have 685 ns settling time to 0.001%. The ADG12xx
series of multiplexers can be used if lower capacitance is required.
Rev. 0 | Page 10 of 12
Circuit Note
CN-0269
CIRCUIT EVALUATION AND TEST
±12 V dc power supply to the pins on CN1, CN2 marked with
+6 V, ±12 V and GND on the board. If available, a 6 V wall wart
can be connected to the barrel connector on the board and used
in place of the 6 V power supply. Connect the USB cable supplied
with the SDP-B board to the USB port on the PC. Do not connect
the USB cable to the Mini-USB connector on the SDP-B board at
this time. Turn on the 6 V and ±12 V power supply at the same
time and then connect the USB cable to the Mini-USB
connector.
This circuit uses the EVAL-CN0269-SDPZ circuit board and
the EVAL-SDP-CB1Z SDP-B System Demonstration Platform
controller board. The two boards have 120-pin mating connectors,
allowing for the quick setup and evaluation of the performance
of the circuit. The EVAL-CN0269-SDPZ board contains the circuit
to be evaluated, as described in this note, and the SDP-B controller
board is used with the CN-0269 evaluation software to capture
the data from the EVAL-CN0269-SDPZ circuit board.
Test
Equipment Needed
With the 6 V and ±12 V power supply on, launch the evaluation
software. Once USB communications are established, the SDP-B
board can be used to send, receive, and capture data from the
EVAL-CN0269-SDPZ board and do the data analysis under
time and frequency domain to evaluate the performance of the
whole circuit.
The following equipment is needed:
•
PC with a USB port and Windows® XP (32 bit), Windows
Vista®, or Windows 7
EVAL-CN0269-SDPZ circuit board
EVAL-SDP-CB1Z SDP-B controller board
CN-0269 SDP Evaluation Software
6 V dc (500 mA), ±12 V(300 mA) power supply
Low distortion signal generator to provide ±10 V output
with frequency from dc to 1MHz
•
•
•
•
•
Figure 25 shows a photo of the EVAL-CN0269-SDPZ evaluation
board connected. Information regarding the SDP-B board can
be found in the SDP-B User Guide.
Information and details regarding test setup and calibration, and
how to use the evaluation software for data capture can be found in
the CN-0269 Software User Guide.
Getting Started
Load the evaluation software by placing the CN-0269
evaluation software into the CD drive of the PC. Using My
Computer, locate the drive that contains the evaluation software.
Functional Block Diagram
See Figure 1 for the circuit block diagram and the EVAL-CN0269SDPZ-SCH-RevX.pdf file for the complete circuit schematic. This
file is contained in the CN-0269 Design Support Package. A
functional block diagram of the test setup is shown in Figure 24.
6V DC ± 12V DC
POWER SUPPLY
PC
CN1 AND CN2
Figure 25. EVAL-CN0269-SDPZ Evaluation Board
JP3
G
–
JP4
120
PINS
Connectivity for Prototype Development
EVAL-SDP-CB1Z
SDP BOARD
10563-024
10.000V
+
USB
J2 ~ J5
SDP
CONNECTOR
SIGNAL
GENERATOR
10563-025
USB
CABLE
EVAL-CN0269-SDPZ
BOARD
Figure 24. Test Setup Block Diagram
Setup
Connect the 120-pin connector on the EVAL-CN0269-SDPZ
circuit board to the CON A connector on the EVAL-SDP-CB1Z
controller board (SDP-B). Use nylon hardware to firmly secure
the two boards, using the holes provided at the ends of the 120-pin
connectors. With power to the supply off, connect a 6 V and
The EVAL-CN0269-SDPZ evaluation board is designed to be
evaluated with the EVAL-SDP-CB1Z SDP-B board based on the
Black-Fin DSP through SPORT port; however, any microprocessor
can be used to interface to serial port of AD7984 through the 14
pin PMOD connector. In order for another controller to be used
with the EVAL-CN0269-SDPZ evaluation board, software must
be developed by a third party.
There are existing interposer boards that can be used to interface to
the Altera and Xilinx field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs).
The BeMicro SDK board from Altera can be used with the
BeMicro SDK/SDP interposer using Nios Drivers. Any Xilinx
evaluation board that features the FMC connector can be used
with the FMC-SDP Interposer board.
Rev. 0 | Page 11 of 12
Circuit Note
CN-0269
LEARN MORE
MT-035, Op Amp Inputs, Outputs, Single-Supply, and Rail-toRail Issues, Analog Devices.
CN-0269 Design Support Package:
http://www. analog. com/CN0269-DesignSupport
MT-046 Tutorial, Op Amp Settling Time, Analog Devices.
UG-277 User Guide, SDP-B User Guide, Analog Devices.
MT-048 Tutorial, Op Amp Noise Relationships: 1/f Noise, RMS
Noise, and Equivalent Noise Bandwidth, Analog Devices.
Alan, Walsh. Front-End Amplifier and RC Filter Design for a
Precision SAR Analog-to-Digital Converter, Analog Dialogue
46-12, December 2012.
MT-074 Tutorial, Differential Drivers for Precision ADCs,
Analog Devices.
Ardizzoni, John. A Practical Guide to High-Speed Printed-CircuitBoard Layout, Analog Dialogue 39-09, September 2005.
MT-088 Tutorial, Analog Switches and Multiplexers, Analog
Devices.
Kester, Walt, Data Conversion Handbook, Chapter 8, Section
8.2, Multichannel Data Acquisition Systems, Elsevier.
MT-101 Tutorial, Decoupling Techniques, Analog Devices.
Manning, Michael. Switch and Multiplexer Design
Considerations for Hostile Environments, Ask the
Applications Engineer-40, Analog Dialogue, Volume 45,
May 2011.
CN-0269 Circuit Evaluation Board (EVAL-CN0269-SDPZ)
AN-359 Application Note, Settling time of Operational
Amplifiers, Analog Devices.
AD8475 Data Sheet
AN-931, Application Note, Understanding PulSAR ADC
Support Circuitry, Analog Devices.
ADG5236 Data Sheet
AN-1024 Application Note, How to Calculate the Settling Time
and Sampling Rate of a Multiplexer, Analog Devices.
ADR444 Data Sheet
Data Sheets and Evaluation Boards
System Demonstration Platform (EVAL-SDP-CB1Z)
AD8065 Data Sheet
ADG5208 Data Sheet
MT-004 Tutorial, The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly Aspects of
ADC Input Noise—Is No Noise Good Noise? Analog Devices.
MT-031 Tutorial, Grounding Data Converters and Solving the
Mystery of “AGND” and “DGND”, Analog Devices.
AD7984 Data Sheet
REVISION HISTORY
11/13—Revision 0: Initial Version
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CN10563-0-11/13(0)
Rev. 0 | Page 12 of 12